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MHMOLRS

OF THE

CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
1901-1904.

VOL.

W. J. HOLLAND, Editor.

J. B. HATCHER, Associate Editor.

188b1b

PITTSBURGH.
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE.

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PREFATORY NOTH.

The first volume of the Memoirs cf the Carnegie Museum is brought to its con-
clusion with the publication of Dr. William H. Ashmead’s exceedingly important
Monograph upon the Chalcidoidea, the descriptive portion of which is based upon
the collections made in South America by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, now the property
of the Carnegie Museum. No less valuable from a scientific standpoint than the
concluding paper of the series embodied in this volume are the papers of Mr.
Hatcher on Paleontology and the Osteological Monograph of Dr. Shufeldt.

It is with a feeling of satisfaction that the Editor contemplates the issue in final
form of this volume, which marks the initiation in the city of Pittsburgh of an
enterprise which is destined to give to it as the years go by an enduring reputation
as a center of scientific culture. To the fame of Pittsburgh as the seat of some
of the most Cyclopean industries of the age is being added reputation as a seat of
learning. Under the cloud of smoke, which attests the industry of her inhabitants,
and is the sign of her material prosperity, live men who find their pleasure in ex-
ploring the wonders of the material universe, and the record of their discoveries
and researches will from year to year be found in the Annals and the Memoirs of
the great Museum which the more than princely generosity of Mr. Andrew Car-
negie has called into being. Here are being brought together from all over the
globe materials for study illustrating the different arts and sciences, and upon these
collections is destined to be built up an extensive literature, which will add to the
sum of human knowledge. Among the first fruits of this movement the following
pages are found, and they are submitted to the attentive regard of students through-
out the world in the confident belief that those who are capable of correctly esti-

mating the value of such publications will find in them both pleasure and profit.
W. J. HoLuanp.

THE Carneciz Museum,
March 31, 1904.

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0, 1404 |

ia hh Ol, CON THINGS:

PAGE.

Preratory Note . : ; V

List oF Figures In TExt : : ; : vu

List or PLATES : : ; : : Tex
Memorr I. Diplodocus Marsh, Its Osteology, ‘Taxonomy, and Probable
Habits, with a Restoration of the Skeleton. J.B. Hatcher. (Pub-

lished July, 1901) 1l- 64

Memorr II. Oligocene Canide. J.B. Hatcher. (Published September,
1902) . . 65-108

Memorr III. ‘he Osteology of the Steganopodes. R. W.Shufeldt, M.D.

(Published September, 1902) . 109-224
Memoir IV. Monograph of the Chalcidoidea. William H. Ashmead,
Se.D. (Published March, 1904) : : 5 ASD
SpectaL InpEx to Monoarara or W. H. ASHMEAD Be 533
GENERAL INDEX TO VOLUME . , ; 553

Dist OR HiGWihHS GN Hx!

EBACE Sil
FIGURE. PAGE.
ems ullRotesOinlodocus longus Mars. ? % 2 ee. 6. ages. eee e osc ew ead matinee 5
PD emicivesonerol sOiplodocus LONGUS. oct as cs cele oe su eds eat veh sae sue@sse sd has: 8
epocciionmot Maxillary Bone of Myplodocus longus......-.-...-22-2++2+24---+: ee 09
See tlacsome Diplodocus longs, Side VieW. <2 .ax ia. i besa ete tn ecue wey ese duce ease 19
Dae tlasonOrplodocus longus, Mront ViCW = 0.0 52. os syste ee ee eee ee ee ee te ee ees 19
Ore eis Ome iplodocis: carmegi, seen trom Right Side. . 2.2... ss. .25-5.:2 se snare sss 20
7. Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Cervicals of Diplodocus carnegii, Seen from Right Side.. 22
8. Posterior View of Eleventh Cervical of Diplodocus carnegii.............-...2.+--. 23
J Lnterior Wiewot Sacrumiyand Ilia of Diplodocus carnegw.............2-2......-55. 30
10. Sacrum and Ilium of Diplodocus longus Marsh, Seen from Below............-..-.-- 33
ine CooscitiedsCaudalmViertebree of Diplodocus carnegi.. 5... 2. 221-222 shee eee ese ee 36
12. Superior View of Pair of Sternal Bones of Diplodocus carnegii..............55-- eae #240)
RSemonpposcds@lasicleron)iplodocus carnegw.. 24.2.2... sae nae oe ae eee ees te 4]
14. External View of Right Scapula and Coracoid of Diplodocus carnegu.........-+++-+- 14
ioptecoximalebind) of seth Hemur ot Diplodocus cannegi...-.-.--.2- 1.4250 - 62 s5=-- == 46
16. Distal End of Left-Femur of Diplodocus carnegii.........-0.- 25s eee e teen eee 46
17. Oblique Internal Front View of Left Femur of DD) plOMOCUSNCOT REGU wt yew 47
18. Proximal End of Right Tibia and Fibula of Diplodocus carnegii........++++++++++-- 48
19. Distal End of Right Tibia and Fibula of Diplodocus carnegit...........--++++++5-- 48
20. Superior View of Astragalus of Right Pes of Diplodocus carnegii.........--++++++-: 50
21. Front View of Right Hind Foot of Diplodocus carnegu......... +++. +522 eee eee e es 51
22. Front View of Right Hind Foot of Brontosaurus ewcelsus Marsh.........--..--+--- 52
23. Cross-sections of Left Femur of Diplodocus carnegu......----+ +2222 ee te tee eee 53
24. Cervical Vertebra of Diplodocus longus Marsh.........--- +--+ +s e- eee cee 56
PART Il.

len SulomMapicnius jelnmus Scots... 0. sana. 6: aac 2 oe ae ee ee 70
2. Inferior View of Basicranial Region of Skull of Canis familiaris.......-.. +0002 220s 73
3. Inferior View of Basicranial Region of Skull of Dapheenus felinus........-++.+.+-+- 74

4. Crown Glew of Right Superior Sectorials of Prodaphenus scottii, Daphenus felinus, and
Camis Inigo 52% ss os se ee een Ue tego 4a eid so Sa Soe cen tae Rainey lt
5. Crown View of Right M., of Dapheenus felinus.....--- +--+. +++ sss seer neers 78
6. Side View of Type of Proamphicyon nebrascensis Hatcher... ....-+++++++++++ +2000: 96
7. Crown View of Superior Dentition of Type of Proamphicyon nebrascensis Hatcher Geer 98

vil

Vill LIST OF FIGURES IN TEXT.

FIGURE. PAGE,
PART III.
1. Right Lateral View of the Skull of Phadthon wtheneus.5. 5.52225. sees ene sees: 118
2. Superior View or Mandible of teiadhomncetitencis eta s i ane eee 121
3. Left Lateral View of the Skull, Including Mandible, of a Specimen of Anhinga anhinga. 151
4, The Same Skull Seen from Above, Mandible Removed........................... 151
Oo. Ventral Aspect of the Stermumrot Anhaigoamiinga ene 160
6. Wet Lateral View ofthe Sane) Bone: Showin) mmlhWosro erie eee eee 160
i, Anterior Aspect of the os furcula of Amhingavaniengae) se ne enter tee 160
8. Mesial Side of the Scapular End of the Same Bone Shown in Fig. 7 ................ 160
9. Anconal Aspect of Right Humerus of Anhinga anhinga ............-..000.2- eee 162
10: “Anterior Wiew of Kieht sien ot Alig an hina cera ie en eee 162
ie ht Coracord or eAnimgaan ing cen eee CGN he ci Ske eet eth eee 162
12. Left Materal View of the Skull of Phalacrocoranunile:: 9-2 ee ee ene 166
32 Palatalikestonofva Woune: eialacroconaa inc comet rae oe ee 167
14. Dorsal Aspect of Anterior Part of Cranium of a Young Phalacrocoraa urile........... 167
5.) Wateral Aspect of Beak ofa Wounes/7hallacrocoraaaurilca atest tear ae 167
16. Right Lateral View of Sternum and Bones of the Shoulder-girdle of a Cormorant
(Phalaerocor dae Wrile) oo 51. sade eg ae nae ar aE 172
ic, Knee Jombor a Cormoranty Ge halacrocon cas cnt!) mease ieee eee ee eee 174
18. Knee Jomt of Phaldcroconaa uric. Seen} rom ai ekicoul aren ee eee 74
19: Ventral Aspect of Rostrum: ofeleallasi© ormonciieg eee et ene eee ee ee eee NITE
20; Waterall Aspectiot dostrum\ or elealllas a Comoran teen ee ieee eee WET
21. Right Ramus of Lower Mandible of Pallas’ Cormorant, External Aspect............. 177
22, might Ramus on lower Mandible mtintermalie Aspect ane es ele iei ieee ine eee WAT
23. Right Metacarpals!(Pallas? Cormorant) 99 ome) aoe ee Wad
24. Right Coracoid of Pallas? Cormorant, WentralyAcecte seis iei nt eer 178
252 Sternum\ ot Pallas’ Cormorant, AV entra Asp ectnes aetna nie ens eee 178
26. Femur of Pallas’ Cormorant, Anterior Aspect ...........-....--.-0- +2 sees eee 178
27, Marsus of Pallas’ Cormorant, Amterior Aspect: oe 1.) 55 eee ener einen eee 178
28. Mibiavof Pallas’ ‘Cormorant, Amteriom Aispectar sensi tas tei tetas cere ete 178
29, Wett ateral Aspechiot Pelvis tot Pallas aC onmionantt career ier ese teen ee eee 181
30; Dorsal Aspect of elvis of Pallas’ Cormorants siete te ene ae ee 181
ol. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, Ynferior Aspect of Cranium... 2... - 4-64-44 184
32. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, Left Ramus of Jaw, External Aspect................-. 184.
33. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, Mandible and Left Palatine External Aspect........... 184
34. Phalacrocoran ~penicillatus, Craniumie seein eee eee 186
oo... inlacrocoran pensprcilatus, @ramiuy = ere eee eect ik enna eee ee 186
36. Phalacrocoraz carbo, Cranium .:*. se sis 32 es en ee ee ee ee ee ee gece ee 186
oi. Dorsal Aspect-of the Pelwisiol Pregata, aouilde rin ca tet atten eee ee re eee 209

OLX:
XX.
XXI.

XXII.

LIST OF PLATES.

. Diagram of Quarry C.

. Skull of Diplodocus longus Marsh.

. Cervical Vertebre of Diplodocus carnegti Hatcher.

. Cervical Series of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher.

. Anterior View of Cervical Series of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher.

. Posterior View of Cervical Series of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher.

Anterior Dorsals of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher.
Anterior, Posterior, and Lateral Views of the Anterior Dorsals of Diplodocus carnegii
Hatcher.

. Posterior, Anterior, and Lateral Views of Twelve Anterior Caudals of Diplodocus car-

negiu Hatcher.

. Comparative Views of Pelvis of Diplodocus and Brontosaurus.

. Hind Limb and Foot of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher.

. Pelvis and Caudal Vertebree of Diplodocus longus Marsh, after Osborn.

. Restoration of the Skeleton of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher.

. Top and Side View of Skull of Daphenus felinus Scott.

. Side, Top, and Inferior View of Right Side of Skull of Protemnocyon inflatus Hatcher.
. Inferior View of Posterior Portion of Skull of Cynodictis gregarius Cope ; Left Ramus

of Daphenus felinus Scott; Crown View of Right Ramus of Protemnocyon inflatus
Hatcher ; Crown View of Right Ramus of Daphenus felinus Scott; Inferior View
of Left Side of Skull of Daphenus felinus Scott.

. Vertebree of Daphenus felinus Scott.
. Mesosterni of Daphenus felinus Scott, Seen from Above ; Os Penis of Cynodictis gregarius

Cope; Os Penis of Daphenus felinus Scott ; Axis of Protemnocyon inflatus Hatcher ;
Superior View of Atlas of Same ; Left Side of Third Cervical of Same; Front View
of Right Hind Foot of Daphenus felinus Scott ; Front View of Right Fore Foot of
Same.

Limb Bones of Daphenus felinus Scott.

Mounted Skeleton of Daphanus felinus Scott.

Dorsal Aspect of the Pelvis of Plotus levaillanti ; Basal View of the Skull of Phaéthon
cethereus ; Superior Aspect of the Skull of Phaéthon flavirostris ; Skeleton of the Left
Foot of Mregata aquila; Ventral View of the Sternum of Phaéthon ethereus ; Left
Lateral Aspect of the Trunk Skeleton of Phaéthon flavirostris.

Right Lateral View of the Skull and Mandible of Sula gossi; Basal View of Same
Skull; Basal View of the Skull of Sula brewsteri.

1x

x

PLATE.

XXIII.

XXIV.

DXGXVE

XXVI.

XXVIT.

XXVIII.

XXIX.
XXX.

LIST OF PLATES.

Superior Aspect of Skull of Sula goss; Superior Aspect of Skull of Sula brewsteri ;
Left Lateral View of Trunk Skeleton of Sula gossi.

Left Lateral View of Skull of Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus ; Left Lateral View
of Phalacrocoraa albiventris ; Left Lateral View of Skull of Phalacrocorax wrile ;
Basal View of Skull of Phajacrocorax melanoleucus ; Left Lateral View of Skull
and Mandible of Phalacrocorax dilophus ; Superior Aspect of Skull of Palacrocorax
p. robustus ; Superior of Skull of Phalacrocorax dilophus ; Superior Aspect of Skull
of Phalacrocorax melanoleucus ; Superior Aspect of Skull of Philacrocora albiventris.

Dorsal View of Trunk Skeleton of Phalacrocorax urile ; Left Lateral View of Trunk
Skeleton of Phalacrocorax urile.

Anconal Aspect of Right Carpo-metacarpus of Fregata aquila; Left Lateral View of
Skull of Phalacrocorax melanoleucus ; Anconal Aspect of Proximal Phalanx of the
Medius Digit of the Manus of Right Pectoral Limb of Mregata aquila ; Basal Aspect
of Skull of Phalacrocorax dilophus ; Basal Aspect of Skull of Phalacrocorax p.
robustus ; Basal Aspect of Skull of Phalacrocoraa albiventris ; Dorsal Aspect of
Sternum and Os Furcula of Phalacrocorax albwwventris.

Anconal Aspect, Right Ulna, Pelecanus sharpei; Anterior Aspect, Left Femur,
Pelecanus sharpei; Anterior Aspect of the Left Tibio-tarsus, Pelecanus sharpei ;
Palmar Aspect of Left Humerus, Pelecanus sharpei; Basal View of Skull of
Pelecanus fuscus ; Basai View of Skull of Pelecanus sharpei ; Left Lateral View of
Skull of Pelecanus sharpei ; Anterior Aspect of Right Coracoid of Pelecanus sharpei ;
Anconal Aspect of Left Carpo-metacarpus, Pelecanus sharpei ; Superior View of
Skull of Pelecanus fuscus ; Superior View of Mandible of Pelecanus fuscus.

Dorsal Aspect of Sternum and Coodssified Os Furcula of Pelecanus sharpei ; Palmar
Aspect of Left Pectoral Limb of Phalacrocorax wrile ; Inner Aspect of Right Pelvic
Limb of Phalacrocorax wrile.

Skull, Including Mandible, of Mregata aquila (No. 18,485, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

Ventral Aspect of Pelvis of Pelecanus sharpei ; Ventral Aspect of Sternum and

Shoulder-girdle of Fregata aquila ; Left Lateral Aspect of Sternum of Fregata aquila.

XXXI-XXXIX. Figures of New Genera and Species of Chalcidoidea, described by William

H. Ashmead.

DET Owen S

OF THE

een NGI MUSEUM.

WeOin ie INO rar

DIPLODOCUS (MARSH): ITS OSTEOLOGY, TAXONOMY, AND PROB-
ABLE HABITS, WITH A RESTORATION OF THE SKELETON.

By J. B. Hatrcuer.

The bringing together of a fairly representative collection of fossil vertebrates is
a work not only entailing the expenditure of considerable sums of money, but one
which also calls for no little skill, energy, and ability on the part of those to whom
the work is entrusted, whether they be curators, preparators, or collectors. The
experienced student of vertebrate fossils alone realizes how exasperating are the
many disappointments in his chosen branch of science. Many of these are unavoid-
able and will appear most unexpectedly even after he has been careful to eliminate
those formerly due to improper field or Jaboratory methods by the employment of
such painstaking care and improved methods of collecting and preparation as were
unknown to his predecessors. Where a generation ago the extinct vertebrate life of
America was but poorly represented in our museums by imperfect series of teeth
and isolated bones, we are now able to study many of these extinct animals from
more or less complete skeletons. For these improved conditions we are mainly
indebted to the late Professor Marsh, either directly by reason of the vast collec-
tions acquired by him, or indirectly through the improved laboratory and field
methods developed by him and his assistants.

It may be fairly said that there are no duplicates in any collection of vertebrate
fossils, no matter how extensive such collection may be. Owing to the vicissitudes
to which each skeleton was subjected immediately after the death of the animal and
prior to the imbedding of the bones in the matrix, or to other vicissitudes attending

2 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

the subsequent exhumation of the remains, especially to such part of this work as
has been accomplished by nature, there has resulted in the first instance, as a rule,
only a partial preservation of each skeleton, and in the second, frequently the com-
plete or partial destruction of such parts of the skeleton as were preserved in the
first instance. It seldom happens that in two fossil skeletons, or even skulls, no
matter how perfect they may appear, there will not be exhibited in one characters
wanting in the other, due either to age, sex, or differing degrees of preservation.

Of the many exasperating disappointments just referred to, that mentioned by
Professor Osborn in the second paragraph of his introduction to the description of
a skeleton of Dziplodocus, published as Part V., Vol. I. of the Memoirs of the
American Museum of Natural History, may be cited asa common example. He
says, In speaking of the discovery of the specimen, ‘‘At one time strong hopes were
aroused that the entire animal would be found together. The long tail stretched
off parallel with the cliff, interrupted only by a small gulley which had cut through
a small section of the caudals. In front of the sacrum the dorsals stretched forward
in a promising way, but the centra were wanting, and finally nothing but the neural
arches remained.” Strikingly similar disappointments have attended the discovery
and unearthing of at least a half dozen other skeletons of Diplodocus. Happily,
however, in the preserved and recovered remains of thesé various skeletons different
parts of the frame are represented; so that by combining all, we are enabled to
study the restored skeleton almost in its entirety, though still incomplete, in at least
one important character, to wit, the fore feet.

The difficulties arising from the fragmentary nature of which most remains of
vertebrate fossils consist when found imbedded in the rocks, are greatly increased in
the Dinosauria by the enormous size attained by the individual animals in many
genera. These difficulties are especially applicable to Dziplodocus and the allied
genera constituting the Sauropoda, which include the remains of the largest land
animals known to science. These animals frequently attain to a length of over
sixty feet, and there is evidence that representatives of some of the larger genera
fell but little, if any, short of one hundred feet in length. Every student of the
modern Cetacea is well aware of the great difficulty encountered in undertaking a
comprehensive study of the osteology of that order of mammals, due chiefly to the
trouble and expense incurred, on account of their size, in bringing together, prepar-
ing and caring for, sufficiently complete osteological collections. In the Dinosauria
these difficulties are rendered infinitely greater, so that the task of bringing together
an even fairly representative collection in any one institution, even though its re-
sources may be considerable, is rendered exceedingly difficult, if not quite hopeless.

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 3

It is only by encouraging the collecting and investigation of the remains of these
extinct and gigantic reptiles in as many institutions as possible, and by combining
the results of all, that we may hope eventually to be able to trace the phylogeny of
the different genera of Dinosaurs, in respect to the nature of which we are as yet
quite ignorant.

The obstacles to a systematic study of the Dinosauria just enumerated serve only
to increase the importance of the discovery of any additional information regarding
the structure and affinities of the different genera, and to render desirable the early
publication of such information. This is especially true when, as in the present
case, recent discoveries have brought to light many important and hitherto unknown
skeletal features and made it possible to describe, almost in its entirety, the osteology
of an animal belonging to a genus, which is representative of a great and highly in-
teresting suborder, as yet known only from fragmentary skeletons of different indi-
viduals, which for the most part pertain to different genera and species.

The material upon which the present paper is based belongs for the most part to
one of two skeletons (Nos. 84 and 94).*. The former skeleton was collected by Dr.
J. L. Wortman and party during the expedition of 1899, while the latter was secured
by Mr. O. A. Peterson and his assistants during the expedition of 1900, while en-
gaged in making further excavations in the same quarry on Sheep Creek, in Albany
County, Wyoming, which had yielded Dr. Wortman such excellent material during
the previous season. Aside from these two skeletons of Diplodocus this quarry, or bone
deposit,” has furnished a skull and considerable portion of the skeleton of Stegosawrus
as well as a great part of the skeletons of Brontosawrus and numerous remains of
other Dinosaurs as yet undetermined.

For all this, and much other valuable material, brought together by the expedi-
tion of 1899 conducted by Dr. Wortman and those of 1900 carried on by Mr. Peter-
son under the direction of the present writer, we are indebted to the well-known
generosity of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, the founder of this institution.

The work of freeing the bones from the matrix and preparing them for study has
been carried on under the immediate direction of Mr. A. 8. Coggeshall, chief pre-
parator in the paleontological laboratory. In this work Mr. Coggeshall has shown
exceptional skill and patience. He has been assisted by Mr. Louis 8. Coggeshall
and Mr. A. W. Vankirk, and in the winter months especially, by Mr. O. A. Peter-
son, the well-known collector as well as skilled preparator of vertebrate fossils.

1 The numbers in this paper refer to the Department numbers in the Card Catalogue of Vertebrate Fos-

sils in the Carnegie Museum.

2 Known as Quarry D on field labels and notebooks.

4 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The original photographs from which many of the figures have been made are
by Mr. A. 8. Coggeshall, while the drawings were made by Mr. Rudolph Weber and
Mr. W. J. Carpenter. .

The first skeleton (No. 84) has been entirely freed from the matrix and is found
to consist of the right femur and pelvis complete except for the left ilium, which is
for the most part wanting, right scapula and coracoid, two sternals, eighteen ribs and
forty-one vertebree divided as follows: fourteen cervicals including the axis, eleven
dorsals, four sacrals, and twelve caudals. These vertebree are for the most part
fairly complete, though unfortunately the sacrals and anterior cervicals are more or
less injured. This series of forty-one vertebree are believed to pertain to one indi-
vidual and to form an unbroken series from the axis to the twelfth caudal, although
as was shown in a previous paper,’ there is some evidence that there are perhaps
one or more interruptions in the series and that one or more vertebree are missing.
On the other hand, as will appear later, it is not entirely impossible that at least one
vertebra of this supposed series pertains to a second individual belonging perhaps to
a distinct genus.

Of the second skeleton (No. 94), which pertained to a somewhat smaller indi-
vidual than the first, there is a left femur, right tibia, fibula and foot, a complete
pelvis, both scapule and coracoids, and one sternal. ‘These remains were found as-
sociated with a few chevrons, fragments of ribs, forty-seven vertebrae consisting of
nine cervicals, eight dorsals, twenty caudals, and eleven other vertebrae which have
not as yet been sufficiently freed from the matrix to determine their characters.
There were also a second pair of ischia, thus demonstrating the presence of
remains of at least two individuals among these bones which were for the most
part found scattered over an area about twenty feet square situated a short dis-
tance (8-35 ft.) south of the position occupied by the anterior cervicals of the
first skeleton. (See Plate I., showing diagram of Quarry D from which the
remains were taken.)

In addition to the material already mentioned reference will be made to other
remains in the collection of this museum, consisting for the most part of disassociated
bones, but belonging undoubtedly to Diplodocus, while for the sake of completeness
in the description of the skull and dentition recourse will be had to the published
memoirs of Professor Marsh and free use will be made of the excellent description
by Professor Osborn of the splendid series of caudals in the collections of the Amer-
ican Museum of Natural History.

3See Science, N. §., Vol. XII., pp. 828-830, Nov. 80, 1900.

HATCHER : DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 5

THe SKULL.

Unfortunately there is no skull of Diplodocus in our collections.’ For complete-
ness the figures and descriptions of the skull and lower jaw of this genus given by
the late Professor Marsh in his “ Dinosaurs of North America” are introduced here.®
Vig. I., of the text, and Figs. 1, 2 and 3 Plate II., are after Marsh, and his description
accompanying these figures is as foliows:

“The skull of Diplodocus is of moderate size. The posterior region is elevated
and narrow. ‘The facial portion is elongate and the anterior part expanded trans-
versely. ‘The nasal opening is at the apex of the cranium, which from this point

Fie. 1. Skull of Diplodocus longus Marsh. One-sixth natural size; seen from below ; 0D, basioccipital
process; eo, exoccipital ; m, maxillary ; mp, maxillary plate; 0, occipital condyle ; p, palatine; pm, pre-

maxillary ; pt, pterygoid ; ps, parasphenoid ; qg, quadrate ; ¢, transverse bone; v, vomer. After Marsh.

slopes backward from the occiput. In front of this aperture the elongate face
slopes gradually downward to the end of the muzzle, as shown in Pl. IL., Fig. 1.°

“Seen from the side the skull of Diplodocus shows five openings: a small oval
aperture in front, a large antorbital vacuity, the nasal aperture, the orbit, and lower
temporal opening. The first of these has not been seen in any other Sauropoda, the
large antorbital vacuity is characteristic of the Theropoda also, while the other three
openings are present in all the known Dinosauria.

“On the median line, directly over the cerebral cavity of the brain, the type
specimen of Diplodocus has also a fontanelle in the parietals. This, however, may
be an individual peculiarity.

“The plane of the occiput is of moderate size, and forms an obtuse angle with
the fronto-parietal surface.

4The skull of Diplodocus reported in Science, Noy. 9, 1900, p. 718, when freed from the matrix proved

to belong to Stegosaurus.
5 Part I., Sixteenth Annual Report, U. 8. G. 8., pp. 148-244, Plates 2-85, with 66 text figures.
6 References to plates and figures are altered to agree with numbers for the same in the present paper.

6 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

“The occipital condyle is hemispherical in form, and seen from behind is slightly |
trilobate in outline. It is placed nearly at right angles to the long axis of the skull.
It is formed almost wholly of the basioccipital, the exoccipitals entering but slightly
or not at all into its composition. The basioccipital processes are large and rugose.
The paroccipital processes are stout and somewhat expanded at their extremities,
for union with the quadrates.

“The parietal bones are small and composed mainly of the arched processes
which join the squamosals. ‘There is no true pineal foramen, but in the skull here
figured (Plate II.) there is the small unossified tract mentioned above. In one spec-
imen of Morosawrus a similar opening has been observed, but in other Sauropoda
the parietal bones, even if thin, are complete. ‘The suture between the parietals
and frontal bones is obliterated in the present skull, and the union is firm in all the
specimens observed.

“The frontal bones in Diplodocus are more expanded transversely than in the
other Sauropoda. They are thin along the median portion, but quite thick over the
orbits.

“The nasal bones are short and wide and the suture between them and the
frontals is distinct. They form the posterior boundary of the large nasal opening,
and. also send forward a process to meet the ascending branch of the maxillary, thus
taking part in the lateral border of the same aperture.

“The nasal opening is very large, subcordate in outline, and is partially divided
in front by slender posterior processes of the premaxillaries. It is situated at the
apex of the skull, between the orbits, and very near the cavity for the olfactory lobes
of the brain.

“The premaxillaries are narrow below, and with the ascending processes very
slender and elongate. Along the median line these processes form an obtuse ridge,
and above they project into the nasal opening. Hach premaxillary contains four
functional teeth.

“The maxillaries are very largely developed, more so than in most other known
reptiles. The dentigerous portion is very high and slopes inward. The ascending
process 1s very long, thin, and flattened, including near its base an oval foramen, and
leaving a large unossified space posteriorly. Above, it meets the nasal and pre-
frontal bones. Along its inner border for nearly its whole length it unites with the
ascending process of the premaxillary. Hach maxillary contains nine teeth, all
situated in the anterior part of the bone (PI. IT., Fig. 1).

“Along their upper margin, on the inner surface, the maxillaries send off a thick,
ened ridge, or process, which meets its fellow, thus excluding the premaxillaries

HATCHER : DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) ff

from the palate, as shown in Fig. 1. Above this, for a large part of their length, the
ascending processes of the maxillaries underlap the ascending processes of the pre-
maxillaries and join each other on the median line.

“The orbits are situated posteriorly in the skull, being nearly over the articula-
tions in the lower jaw. ‘They are of medium size, nearly circular in outline, their
plane looking outward and slightly backward. No indications of the sclerotic plates
have been found either in Diplodocus or in the other genera of Sauropoda.

“The supratemporal fossa is small, oval in outline, and directed upward and out-
ward. The lateral temporal fossa is elongated, and oblique in position, bounded,
both above and below, by rather slender temporal bars.

“The prefrontal and lachrymal bones are both small; the suture connect-
ing them and also that uniting the latter with the jugal, cannot be determined
with certainty.

“The postfrontals are triradiate bones. ‘The longest and most slender branch is
that descending downward and forward for connection with the jugal; the shortest
is the triangular projection directed backward and fitting into a groove of the squa-
mosal; the anterior branch, which is thickened and rugose, forms part of the orbital
border above.

“The squamosal les upon the upper border of the paroccipital process. The
lower portion is thin and closely fitted over the head of the quadrate bone.

“The quadrate is elongate and slender, with its lower end projecting very much
forward. In front it has a thin plate extending inward and overlapping the pos-
terior end of the pterygoid.

“The quadratojugal is an elongate bone, firmly attached posteriorly to the quad-
rate by its expanded portion. In front of the quadrate it forms for a short distance
a slender bar, which is the lower temporal arcade.

“The palate is very high and roof-like, and composed chiefly of the pterygoids,
as shown in Fig. 1. The basipterygoid processes are elongate, much more so than in
the other genera of Sauropoda.

“The pterygoids have a shallow cavity for the reception of these processes, but
no distinct impression for a columella. Immediately in front of this cavity the
pterygoids begin to expand, and soon form a broad, flat plate, which stands nearly
vertical. Its upper border is thin, nearly straight, and extends far forward. The
anterior end is acute and unites along its inferior border with the vomer. A little
in front of the middle a process extends downward and outward, for union with the
transverse bone. In front of this process, uniting with it and with the transverse

bone, is the palatine.

8 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

“The palatine is a small semi-oval bone fitting into the concave anterior border
of the pterygoid, and sending forward a slender process for union with the small
palatine process of the maxillary.

“The vomer is a slender triangular bone, united in front by its base to a stout
process of the maxillary, which underlaps the ascending process of the premaxil-
lary. Along its upper and inner border it unites with the pterygoid, except at the
end, where for a short distance it joms a slender process from the palatine. Its.
lower border is wholly free.”

THe Lower JAWS.

The lower jaws are also wanting in our collections and the following brief de-
scription is taken from Marsh, as are also the figures referred to:

“The lower jaws of Diplodocus are more slender than in any of the other Sauro-
poda. The dentary especially lacks the massive character seen in Morosawrus, and

Fic. 2. Dentary bone of Diplodocus longus, seen from the left. One third natural size. a, edentulous

border; s, symphysis. After Marsh.

is much less robust than the corresponding bone in Brontosawrus. The short den-
tigerous portion in frontis decurved (PI. II., Fig. 1), and its greatest depth is at the
symphysis, as shown in Fig. 2. The articular, angular and surangular bones are
well developed, but the coronary and splenial appear to be small.”

Tae TEETH.

Marsh says, “The dentition of Diplodocus is the weakest seen in any of the known
Dinosauria and strongly suggests the possibility that some of the more specialized
members of this great group were edentulous. The teeth are entirely confined to
the front of the jaws (Pl. II., Fig. 1), and those in use were inserted in such shallow
sockets that they were readily detached. Specimens in the Yale Museum show that
entire series of upper and lower teeth could be separated from the bones supporting

oh 9?
.

them without losing their relative position * *

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 9

“The teeth of Diplodocus are cylindrical in form and quite slender. The crowns
are more or less compressed transversely and are covered with thin enamel, irregu-
larly striated. The roots are long and slender and the pulp cavity is continued
nearly or quite to the crown. In the type specimen of Diplodocus there are
four teeth, the largest of the series, in each premaxillary, nine in each maxil-
lary, and ten in each dentary of the lower jaw. There are no
palatine teeth.

“The jaws contain only a single row of teeth in actual use. These
are rapidly replaced, as they wear out or are lost, by a series of suc-
Fig. 3
represents a transverse section through the maxillary, just behind the
fourth tooth. ‘The latter is shown in place, and below it is a series of
five immature teeth, in various stages of development, preparing to

take its place.

cessional teeth more numerous than is usual in these reptiles.

These successional teeth are lodged in a large cavity,
which extends through the whole dental portion of the maxillary.
The succession is also similar in the premaxillary teeth and in those
of the lower jaws.”

THe VERTEBRA.

The skeleton of Diplodocus (No. 84) discovered by Dr. J. L. Wort-
man, in 1899, has the vertebral column especially well preserved, and

will be used as the basis for the following description of that part of Sines

Fie. 3.
tion of maxillary

the skeleton. In this individual alone forty-one vertebre were re-

covered, and they are believed to form an uninterrupted series ex- bone of Diplodocus

longus, showing

tending from the axis to the twelfth caudal. This exceptionally well
preserved series of vertebree was unearthed with great skill and care
during the season of 1899 under the immediate supervision of Dr.
Wortman, assisted by Messrs. W. H. Reed and A.8. Coggeshall. The
locality is designated as Quarry D, and is situated about one mile
south of Sheep Creek in the lower Sheep Creek Basin, in Albany
County, Wyoming. The horizon is the middle Atlantosaurus beds
of Marsh (the Como stage of later authors).

functional fourth
tooth in position
and five succes-
sional teeth in
dental cavity; one
half natural size.
After Marsh.

At this locality these: beds attain a

thickness of perhaps 300 feet, and are underlaid by the marine Baptonodon beds

and are overlaid by the Dakota sandstones, with no apparent unconformities between

the three series.

The surface in the immediate vicinity of the quarry is comparatively level, with

a gentle, northerly slope.

Most of the bones of the skeleton when discovered lay on

10 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

their right sides, so that this side is as a rule best preserved. The pelvis and caudal
vertebree were near the surface. ‘The caudals were interrupted at the twelfth, which
lay on the line of outcrop of the bone-bearing horizon. The succeeding caudals were
' missing, having been removed by surface erosion. From the twelfth caudal anteriorly
the vertebral column extended into the gently sloping hillside, with, however, some
displacements. Unfortunately no diagram of the quarry was made, at the time of
exhuming the remains, showing the relative position of each of the several vertebree
and other bones as they lay imbedded in the rock. Early the following spring
Mr. W. H. Reed, who assisted in taking up the skeleton, returned to the quarry
and made for the writer a diagram showing the location of the various parts of
the skeleton as he remembered them. This diagram has been submitted to Dr.
Wortman, under whose supervision the skeleton was unearthed, and to Mr. A.S. .
Coggeshall, who also assisted Dr. Wortman in unearthing the remains. Both these
gentlemen agree that it is essentially correct. It is reproduced in Pl. I., where it is
included in the diagram of the entire quarry as worked out during the season of
1900 by Mr. O. A. Peterson’and party. It occupies the central and lower portion
of the plate and includes all those bones lying within the space bounded by the
double full line and the broken line below, which latter marks the line of outcrop
of the bone-bearing horizon in the quarry.

This diagram shows that while there were some displacements in the vertebree,
these were not so great or of such a nature as to preclude the possibility of their
representing 1n so far as they go an uninterrupted series. On the other hand the’
different vertebree did not le in such relative positions as to make it certain that
nohe were missing from the series.

Mr. A. 8. Coggeshall, who assisted in unearthing the skeleton, contributes the
following statement concerning its disinterment and the relative position of the dif
ferent parts as they lay imbedded in the matrix. He says: ‘ Work was carried on
in both directions from the sacrum. Posteriorly the caudals extended in an almost
continuous series to the twelfth, where the bone-bearing horizon emerged on the
surface of the gently sloping plain. The animal had evidently fallen on his right
side, and that being more deeply imbedded, was better preserved than the left. The
ilia were in position, coéssified with the sacrum, but the left ium and a considerable
portion of the sacral vertebree were so near the surface as to have become badly dis-
integrated and in a hopeless condition. In front of the sacrum, with which the last
dorsal was codssified, the last seven dorsals extended in a continuous series, more or
less completely interlocked by their zygapophyses. The eighth and ninth presacrals
were interlocked, but shifted somewhat from their natural position, and stood on

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) iit

end, the ninth lying on top of the eighth. The tenth and eleventh were also
interlocked. The twelfth presacral or last (fifteenth) cervical was considerably re-
moved from the succeeding dorsals and less so from the preceding cervicals. Com-
mencing with the next vertebra (cervical fourteen), the direction of the entire cervi-
cal series was altered so that it lay with its axis almost at right angles to that of the
dorsal series. The cervicals extended in an almost straight line from the fourteenth
to the fifth, but there was a considerable gap between cervicals eleven and ten, while
the axis and cervicals three, four and five were doubled back under the succeeding
vertebre.”’

“Of the remainder of the skeleton the bones secured were found in the same
relative positions as shown in the diagram (PI. I.). Most of the ribs of the right side
_ were not shifted far from their original position in reference to the vertebral column.
The right femur was nearly in position, the left scapula and coracoid were shifted far
forward from their normal position and lay parallel with the cervical series. The
right pubis lay just in front of the ilium, parallel with the skeleton, with the
proximal end toward the ilium, while the left pubis’ was found near the tenth
caudal and lay at right angles to the caudal series. The ischia lay side by side,
mingled with the ribs in the mid-dorsal region, while not far distant were the two
sternal plates.”

Throughout the excavations attending the disinterment of the above-mentioned
remains strong hopes were entertained that the entire skeleton would be recovered,
save only the posterior caudals, which, if ever imbedded with the other remains, had
evidently been entirely removed by recent surface erosion. Late in the autumn of
1899 the work of excavating for the still missing portions was abandoned for the
season. During the latter part of April and first part of May, 1900, an additional
excavation was made by the present writer and a considerable area uncovered lying
immediately adjacent to that worked the previous season by Dr. Wortman. This
resulted in the discovery of portions of a second skeleton of Diplodocus. Early in
May the work of exhuming the remains of this second skeleton was entrusted to
Mr. W. H. Reed, who continued the work uninterruptedly until May 27th, when
Mr. O. A. Peterson took charge, making extensive additional excavations. He con-
tinued the work throughout most of the season of 1900, assisted by Mr. C. W.
Gilmore and Mr. Wm. Patton. Notwithstanding the extensive excavations made
in 1900 in search of the missing portions of the skeleton discovered and taken
up by Dr. Wortman during the previous season, not a single bone was found in
these subsequent excavations, which can be said without doubt to pertain to that
skeleton.

Wy MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN.

The Sauropoda have been considered as the least specialized of the Dinosauria,
and in many respects this is doubtless true, but in its adaptation for the application
of those mechanical principles which combine maximum strength with minimum
weight and increased surface for muscular attachment, the vertebral column of Dzip-
lodocus exhibits a remarkable degree of specialization, unsurpassed if not unequaled
by other vertebrates.

The centra throughout the entire series are invaded on either side by large
lateral cavities (plewrocentral cavities), while the interior instead of consisting of solid
bone is made up of numerous cavities enclosed by an intricate series of thin bony
plates. These meet and cross at every conceivable angle and abut against the thin
outer walls of the centra in such manner as to afford the greatest possible resistance
to external strains.

The neural arches, neural spines, transverse processes, and zygapophyses are either
constructed of or supported by laminee, which come in contact with the respective
parts in such manner as to give the greatest possible support with the least possible
weight. The position and direction of these laminge are so arranged in each ver-
tebra as to afford the greatest resistance in the direction of the greatest strains and
stresses which were brought to bear upon the various parts in the necessary move-
ments during the life of the individual. By reason of this the position and direc-
tion of these laminze are quite dissimilar in different parts of the vertebral column. —
Not only is any single vertebra unlike the preceding or succeeding one, but so vari-
able are the positions of the several laminze, buttresses, etc., that they frequently
occupy quite different positions, on opposite sides of the same vertebra, sometimes
resulting ina remarkable asymmetry. This asymmetry and the dissimilarity noticed
in adjacent vertebrae of Diplodocus render it necessary to give a detailed description
of each of the presacrals even at the risk of being tedious.

Before proceeding with the detailed description of the several vertebra, it may
be well to give a general description of the vertebral column as a whole.

By a glance at the accompanying restoration it will be seen that the sacrum is
the central or nodal point in the vertebral column. Not only are the presacral and
caudal regions subequal in length, but the individual vertebree of the former are
opisthoccelous, while those of the latter are proccelous. Moreover the long, co-
ossified sacral spines are replaced anteriorly and posteriorly by the free simple spines
of the adjacent dorsals and caudals, which, as we recede from the sacrum, rapidly
become shorter and emarginate at the apex, resulting anteriorly in a pair of trans-
versely placed neural spines widely separated above but converging below. ‘These

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 13

paired spines commence with the sixth dorsal and are continued anteriorly in dor-
sals 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, and in most of the cervicals.

GENERAL Descriprion AND NoMENCLATURE OF THE DIFFERENT VERTEBRAL
ELEMENTS.

A careful examination of any vertebra of Diplodocus, except it be a posterior
caudal or anterior cervical, will show it to consist of a centrum, neural arch, neural
spine, transverse processes, anterior and posterior zygapophyses, etc., or those ele-
ments usually met with in the vertebree of the reptilia and higher vertebrata. In ad-
dition to these elements, there will be seen in the vertebree of Diplodocus a number
of prominent laminze and buttresses which support the different processes and give
origin to certain rather deep cavities that appear as conspicuous characters on the ex-
ternal surfaces of the vertebrae. Owing to the extreme variation in the size, shape
and position, assumed by these laminze and cavities in the different vertebrae, no
little difficulty is encountered when a detailed description of the individual ver-
tebree is undertaken. This will be facilitated by first giving a careful description of
those elements as they are exhibited in that part of the vertebral column where any
particular lamina or cavity is best represented, and by the employment of a precise
nomenclature for each. For those elements usually found in the vertebre of all
vertebrated animals, the usual and well-established nomenclature will of course be
employed, while in referring to the different Jamie the excellent descriptive no-
menclature proposed by Osborn will be used, expanding it in one or two instances
to meet the further requirements made necessary by our present more perfect ma-
terial. For the different cavities a nomenclature has been devised and will be em-
ployed which it is believed is both explanatory and precise and will prove to be a
useful descriptive adjunct.

The Centra.—The centra throughout the entire extent of the vertebral column
have expanded extremities separated by very pronounced median constrictions, so
that each centrum is in form similar to that of an hour-glass. The centra are not
solid, but are composed internally of intersecting laminee arranged irregularly and
abutting against and supporting the thin external walls. Externally and laterally
each centrum is invaded by a pair of cavities, which may be called the plewro-central
cavities, while inferiorly there is, except in the dorsals and sacrals, a single median
infracentral cavity. The centra of all the presacral vertebree are opisthoccelous, while
those of the postsacrals are proccelous. They increase in length from the axis to the
fourteenth cervical, which is the longest in the vertebral column, and then grad-
ually decrease in length to the third dorsal. ‘Throughout the succeeding dorsals,

14 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

sacrals, and anterior caudals they remain subequal in length, increasing somewhat
in the mid-caudal region, while the posterior caudals are elongated, rod-like bones
without processes.

The Newral Arches—Throughout the entire cervical series the neural arches are
low. Commencing with the anterior dorsals they increase rapidly in height and
give rise superiorly to the broadly expanded diapophysial elements of the transverse
processes, which appear as quite prominent features throughout the entire dorsal
series.

The Newral Spines.—These are either paired, as in the cervicals and anterior dor-
sals, where they are placed transversely, or single, as in the posterior dorsals, sacrals
and caudals. There is no nodal vertebra separating the paired from the unpaired
spines, but the latter are gradually derived from the former by the convergence of the
paired spines.’ This commences as a fusion in their inner and inferior margins,
first noticed near the base of the spines of the second dorsal. This union becomes
gradually more pronounced in the succeeding vertebree until there is formed in the
ninth dorsal a simple spine with emarginate extremity and finally results in the
tenth and eleventh dorsals and sacrals in the production of a perfectly simple neural
spine with no indication of division. The neural spines of the three true sacrals are
firmly united into a single, powerful spinous process, which is the highest in the en-
tire vertebral column. Posteriorly the division just noticed in the spines of the
cervicals and anterior dorsals is partially imitated in the neural spines of the anterior
caudals, but never results in anything more than an emargination of the extremities.
This is most pronounced in the sixth caudal, where it attains a depth of some four
or five inches. It rapidly becomes less distinct in the succeeding caudals and en-
tirely disappears in the eleventh and posterior caudals. The sacral spines are the
longest in the vertebral column. Anterior to the sacrum the spines gradually de-
crease in length and are directed upward and forward. Posterior to the sacrum the
neural spines decrease more rapidly in length and are directed upward and backward.

The Transverse Processes.-—These are best developed on the posterior dorsals,
where they spring from the point of union of the long neural spines with the neural
arches, and terminate in widely expanded diapophyses. In this region the dia-

7It is more probable that the paired spines were derived from the simple by the gradual and increased
emargination of the summits of the latter. Thus the simple spines should be considered the primitive and
the paired the specialized conditions.

8 There may be some question as to the exact homology of these processes. Osborn has referred to
them both as metapophyses and as diapophyses or transyerse processes. Considering their position in the
anterior vertebrae I hardly think they can be other than homologous with the transverse processes of mam-

malian osteology.

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 15

pophyses and neural spines in their relations to each other have a certain resem-
blance to that of the yard-arms and masts of a ship. In the seven posterior dorsals
the diapophyses are situated high above the centra, all approximately in the same
plane. Commencing with the fourth dorsal and continuing anteriorly the dia-
pophyses gradually become shorter and assume a less elevated position, until in the
first dorsal the position is about on a level with the superior border of the centrum.
This relative position is maintained throughout the cervical series. There are promi-
nent rugosities developed near the extremities of the diapophyses. These are smaller
and look upward in the posterior dorsals, but larger, and with their surfaces directed
outward in the anterior dorsals. ‘They doubtless served for muscular attachment.

The Zygapophyses.—The caudals and posterior dorsal vertebree articulate by rather
small and in the latter series much elevated zygapophyses. In the posterior dorsals
the articular surfaces are small and continued into those characteristic compound
articulations designated by Marsh as the diplosphenal and by Cope as the hyposphenal
or hyposphene-hypantrum articulations.

In the anterior dorsals and in the cervicals the zygapophyses are lower, more ex-
panded transversely, with greatly enlarged articular surfaces, which describe more or
less accurately the are of a circle, the anterior looking upward and inward and the
posterior downward and outward.

Rib Facets—Each dorsal vertebra in Diplodocus bears a rib, and in all but the
last dorsal these ribs are movable and articulate with their respective vertebree by
two facets, a tubercular facet placed on the extremities of the diapophyses and a
capitular facet situated anterior and inferior to the tubercular facet and placed either
on the side of the neural arch, or of the centrum. The tubercular facets in dorsals
five to ten inclusive occupy the extremities of the diapophyses. They look directly
outward and during the life of the individual, when in its normal quadrupedal_po-
sition, these facets, together with the zygapophyses of these vertebre, lay in approx-
imately the same plane, which was inclined slightly forward. Commencing with
the fourth dorsai and in the preceding anterior dorsals the diapophyses rapidly as-
sume a position inferior to that of the zygapophyses of their respective vertebre,
and their extremities are deflected so that in the third and fourth dorsals the tuber-
cular facets look downward and outward. In dorsals one and two this deflection
becomes very pronounced, is continued as an inferior extension of the diapophyses,
and the tubercular facets look directly downward, so that in dorsal one they are on
a line with the middle of the centrum.

Commencing with dorsal six and continuing: throughout the succeeding dorsals
the capitular facets all occupy the same plane, which is slightly inferior to that of

16 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

the tubercular facets. They are circular in outline, and occupy the extremities of
short processes which spring from the sides of the anterior zygapophyses. Com-
mencing with the fifth and continuing throughout the anterior dorsals, these facets
are sessile and successively occupy less elevated positions. In the fifth dorsal the
capitular facet is on the middle of the neural arch, while in dorsals four and three
it has shifted down to the centrum and encroached upon the pleurocentral cavities
of these vertebree. -In dorsals two and one it lies wholly inferior to that cavity, and
in the latter vertebree it is situated quite on the anterior and inferior margins of the
centrum. In dorsals three, four, and five the capitular facet is much larger than in
the preceding and succeeding dorsals, and instead of being circularis obovate in outline.

The Lamine.—These form a rather complicated system of bony plates springing
from the external surfaces of the vertebre. They are quite effective as mechanical
adaptations, affording greater strength and increased surface for muscular attachment
with a minimum of weight. They are so arranged about the neural spines, diapo-
physes, transverse processes, and zygapophyses as to have afforded greatest support to
those elements in those directions against which, during the life movements of the
animal, there were exerted the greatest strains and stresses. The following nomen-
clature is in the main that of Osborn.

1. Prespinal Laminze.—Rising from the union of the prezygapophyses and ex-
tending to summit of the median or single neural spines.°

2. Postspinal Lamina.—Rising from union of postzygapophysial and extendas
to summit of median or single neural spines.

3. Horizontal Laminx.—Uniting the zygapophyses of opposite sides medially
and laterally connecting the prezygapophyses, diapophyses and postzygapophyses
of the same side. These laminze are divided by the diapophyses into anterior and
posterior blades. These blades occupy the same horizontal plane in each of the
posterior dorsals, but in the anterior dorsals and in the cervicals they are placed
obliquely to the longer axis of the vertebree, and instead of occupying the same
plane, they meet in the diapophyses and form a widely open letter V.

4, Prezygapophysial Lamina.—Descending from anterior border of paired spines,
or diverging from same border of single spines and usually passing through anterior
zygapophyses, capitular facets to superior and anterior margin of centrum. Super-
iorly they are usually simple, but below the zygapophyses they may be divided into
two or three blades as in the anterior dorsals and most cervicals.

9 This and the next lamina are not present in the paired spines. The laminz referred to by Osborn as
present on those spines are the superior blades of the pre- and postzygapophysial laminze, and not pre- and

postspinal laminze.

HATCHER : DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 7

5. Postzygapophysial Lamina.—Descending from posterior border of paired spines,
or diverging from middle of single spines and passing downward through postzyga-
pophyses to form posterior border of neural arch. Simple or branched below post-
zy gapophyses.

6. Diapophysial Lamina.—Best shown in seventh dorsal, where it rises from the
side of the simple neural spine and descends vertically through the diapophyses and
continues throughout about one-half the extent of the neural arch. This lamina is
divided by the diapophysis into superior and inferior blades. The superior blade is
suppressed in the anterior dorsals and in the cervicals.

7. Plewrocentral Lamina.—Present only in the median and posterior cervicals and
anterior dorsals, where it rises upon the anterior and superior border of the centrum,
extends downward and backward, crossing and dividing into two parts the large
pleurocentral cavities.

8. Oblique and Intersecting Laninz.—On the sides of the centra and neural arches,
the latter usually supporting the zygapophyses.

The relative prominence and position of these various lamin vary greatly in
the different vertebree. They are most constant in the posterior dorsals. In these
vertebrae the diapophysial and horizontal lamine meet at right angles and intersect
one another at a point midway between the top of the neural spine and base of cen-
trum and midway between the anterior and posterior zygapophyses. From this
point of intersection spring the tubercular or diapophysial rib facets. Thus the trans-
verse processes divide the diapophysial laminze into inferior and superior branches
and the horizontal laminze into anterior and posterior branches. The anterior
branch of the latter divides in the sixth and preceding dorsals and posterior cervi-
eals into superior and inferior blades.

Tor VERTEBRAL CAVITIES.

1. The Diapophysial Cavities.—The different branches of the horizontal and dia-
pophysial laminze radiate from the diapophyses in such manner as to form four
large and subequal cavities, or pockets, left open externally. These four cavities, or
pockets, are quite constant throughout the entire presacral series, and they are es-
pecially prominent in the anterior dorsals and posterior cervicals, where, from their
position in regard to the diapophyses, they may be dominated respectively as the
infra-, swpra-, post- and prediapophysial cavities. In these vertebree: the diapophysial
and horizontal laminx have shifted from the perpendicular and horizontal planes
they occupied in the postdorsals to oblique positions.

18 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

2. The Zygapophysial Cavities.—These are four in number and in regard to the
position occupied by each with reference to the zygapophyses, they may be called
the supra- and infra-, post- or prezygapophysial cavities. They appear as conspic-
uous features on all the presacrals save the anterior cervicals, where they are less
pronounced.

3. The Spinal Cavities—These are quite numerous and occur with more or less reg-
ularity as pockets in the surface of the single or paired spines. They are not unus-
ually of considerable extent, as in the posterior dorsals, where they are formed and
partially enclosed by the expansion of the free edges of the various laminz that
spring from the sides of such spines. Again they may be small and formed by the
irregular development of secondary laminz, or by inflections in the external walls
of the spines. .

4. The Plewrocentral Cavities.—These are constant throughout the entire vertebral
column of Diplodocus, though varying greatly in the different regions in size, form
and structure. As the name implies, they are located one on either side of each
centrum, though, as frequently happens in the posterior cervicals and anterior dor-
sals, they may each be divided by pleuro-central laminze into two or more partially
distinct cavities. The pleuro-central cavities of opposite sides of the same vertebra
are usually separated by a thin median partition, but occasionally this partition fails
and they become confluent. This condition is met with more especially in the pos-
terior cervicals.

5. The Infracentral Cavities.—Present on the inferior surface of cervicals and cau-
dals. Absent in dorsals and sacrals.

6. The Intramural Cavities.—Present not only within the external walls of the
centra, but within those of the neural spines, transverse processes, zygapophyses,
neural arches, the different laminz, ete.; thus these elements are reduced to a com-
plicated system of delicate intersecting laminee which enclose the intramural cavities
and abut against and give support to the external walls. They thus form a second
and exceedingly efficient method of combining strength and increased surface for
muscular attachment with lightness.

With this general description of the different vertebral elements we may proceed
with a description of the individual vertebre.

The Cervicals.—There are fourteen cervicals represented in our skeleton No. 84.
These appear to constitute a complete series from the axis to the last cervical inclu-
sive. The atlas would then be the only cervical vertebra missing from this series.
So far as is known there is no atlas of Diplodocus in our collections. Marsh has pub-
lished figures of the atlas which are reproduced here in Figs. 4 and 5. He nowhere

HATCHER : DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) : 19

gives any description of this vertebra. His description of the entire vertebral
column of Diplodocus in his “Dinosaurs of North America” is quite brief consider-
ing the highly interesting and remarkably specialized nature of this part of the
skeleton. He dispenses with the vertebral column in two short paragraphs of eleven
lines. From Marsh’s figures the atlas appears to be rather short and very narrow,
without expanded transverse processes. The neural spine is absent or very low, with
a short anterior projection and a rather long posterior projection, with small posterior
zygapophysial articular surfaces. There is a marked constriction between the neural
canal and the cavity for the odontoid process. A small cervical rib is seen on the
lower margin of either side of the posterior extremity.

The Axis.—The axis in this skeleton is quite complete and remarkably symmetri-
cal for a vertebra of Diplodocus. The greatest length of the centrum is a little less

Fic. 4. Atlas of Diplodocus longus; side view; one half natural size. a, articular face for axis; ¢,
cup; 7, face for rib ; 2, posterior zygapophyses. After Marsh.

Fic. 5. Atlas of Diplodocus longus ; front view ; one half natural size; c, cup ; 0, cavity for odontoid
process; J, neural canal. After Marsh.

than the distance from its ventral surface to the top of the neural spine. Promi-
nent postzygapophysial laminz spring from the posterior and superior border of
the neural arch. These diverge and extend upward and backward until they reach
the summits of the postzygapophyses, when they are directed suddenly forwards
and rapidly converge, meeting anteriorly and superiorly in the middle line to form
the prespinal lamina. ‘They thus enclose a deep postspinal cavity which opens pos-
teriorly and externally. The anterior zygapophyses are very small and low. They
occupy expansions projecting from near the middle of the sides of the neural arch,
do not project forward beyond its anterior border, and look directly upward. The
posterior zygapophyses are much eleyated and face outward, downward and back-

20 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

ward. There are prominent rugosities just above the postzygapophyses. There is
a prominent transyerse process springing from the middle of the sides of the neural
arch. It is broad and thin and is directed downward, backward and outward,
and terminates inferiorly in a small spatulate expansion. The posterior blade of
the horizontal lamina extends from the transverse process to the posterior zygapo-
physis at an ascending angle of 45°. The inferior blade of the diapophysial lamina
has a horizontal position and supports the posteriorly projected transverse process
by forming a short laminar buttress connecting that process with the sides of the
neural arch and separating the infradiapophysial cavity from the postdiapophysial
cavity. This latter cavity is separated from the supradiapophysial cavity by the
posterior blade of the horizontal lamina. There is no prediapophysial cavity in the
axis. A short cervical rib without anterior process springs from the side of the
centrum near its inferior margin and anterior extremity. Only the base of the
odontoid process is preserved, but this indicates that it was of moderate length, with
a slightly concave superior surface. The centrum is strongly opisthoccelous, as is
the case also in all the succeeding cervicals and anterior dorsals. The central artic-
ulations of the cervicals and anterior dorsals of Diplodocus are the most finished of
all the articular surfaces in the entire skeleton. There are deep pleuro-central
cavities which extend anteriorly into the base of the odontoid process. Posteriorly
these cavities are only separated from the cup for the ball of the succeeding vertebra
by a thin plate of bone. Thus the body of the centrum is
practically destroyed, and instead of consisting of a solid bony
cylinder it is reduced to four thin plates. These unite to form
the median longitudinal axis of the centrum. From this
axis these plates diverge at right angles and partially enclose
the neural canal and the infra- and pleuro-central cavities.
At their anterior extremities they are united by a convex disc
of bone, the ball or odontoid process ; while at their posterior

Fic. 6. Axis of Dip- extremities they are united by the concave disc of bone which
lodocus carnegit; seenfrom — forms the cup for the reception of the ball of the succeeding

cervical. With certain variations this structure prevails

right side, one fifth natural
size. From No. 84, Car- ; :
negie Museum collections, throughout the centra of all the cervicals. In this manner

the inferior border of the cervical centra are concave both
transversely and longitudinally instead of convex transversely and concave longi-
tudinally as in the dorsals. ‘The principal characters of the axis are well shown
in Fig. 6.

Cervicals Three, Four, and Five-—A1l of these vertebree are more or less injured.

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 21

The neural spines and transverse processes especially are not well preserved.
Fortunately the centra, neural arches and zygapophyses are for the most part com-
plete. These show that commencing with the third, the anterior zygapophyses are
prolonged anteriorly beyond the ball of the centrum. There are also in each of these
vertebre, prediapophysial cavities. Owing to their imperfect condition in the region
of the cervical ribs it is impossible to determine the nature of those elements in the
vertebree under consideration. In restoring these vertebree the cervical ribs have
been ignored and the vertebree restored as if they were wanting in each instance.
They were undoubtedly present, but it is impossible to determine whether the
transverse and capitular processes were in contact and enclosed a lateral canal and
whether or not there was an anterior branch of the cervical rib. The walls of the
pleuro-central cavities become successively less regular in these vertebree, and while
consisting in C. 3 of a more or less flat and level floor of bone, in C. 4 and 5 the
floors are invaded by several vacuities which open into intramural cavities enclosed
within the outer walls of the centra. Commencing with C. 3 the neural spines of
these vertebrae have been restored as bifid both anteriorly and posteriorly, each
spine consisting of a broad thin plate of bone formed by the union of the pre- and
postzygapophysial laminee of their respective sides. ‘These are made to appear free
anteriorly and posteriorly, but united, except at their apices, throughout the inner
sides; conditions which prevail in the succeeding cervicals.

Cervicals Six, Seven, Hight, Nine and Ten.—These vertebree differ so little in their
more important characters that they may be very conveniently described together.
They are all fairly well preserved and show certain characters which are gradually
more emphasized in the succeeding vertebree of the series. Commencing with C. 6
they regularly increase in length posteriorly. ‘The neural spines become more com-
pletely bifid, resulting in a pair of transversely placed perfectly free spines on the
tenth cervical consisting of triangular plates of bone diverging superiorly and ter-
minating at the summit in a rather blunt, rounded process. The walls of the centra
in the pleurocentral cavities are successively interrupted by an increased number of
vacuities and these cavities are more or less completely divided into anterior and
posterior portions by strong bony plates (the pleuro-central laminz), running from
the base of the prezygapophyses obliquely downward and backward to the inferior
border of each centrum. These are especially noticeable in cervicals nine and ten.
Posteriorly the zygapophyses rapidly increase in size and the articular surfaces are
successively more expanded, in order to gives a greater area to those surfaces of im-
pact which were to resist the strains brought to bear upon them by the necessary
movements -of the neck and head during the life of the individual. As we proceed

22 ; MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

posteriorly it will readily appear that the fulerum formed by each anterior vertebral
articulation would be subjected to successively greater strains during the process of
elevation of the skull and that portion of the cervical series anterior to such ver-
tebra. In order the better to resist these increased strains not only does the ball and
socket of each vertebra successively increase in size, but the zygapophyses expand
and the anterior ones, against which an increased proportion of the strain would be
directed, are greatly reinforced inferiorly by the development of a second or even
third inferior branch of the prezygapophysial lamine (three in C. 10). These
additional laminz extend from the inferior surface of the broadly expanded prezy-
gapophyses to the superior surface of the centrum, and are so arranged as to afford
the greatest resistance possible to any force exerted from above. In C. 10 the me-
dian septum, which in the mid-central region in most of the cervical vertebree alone
separates the pleuro-central cavities, fails, and there is in this vertebra a large vacuity

i

Fie. 7. Tenth, eleventh and twelfth cervicals of Diplodocus carnegii. Seen from right side; one

fifteenth natural size. From No. 84, Carnegie Museum collections.

connecting these cayities. Near the lower and posterior borders of the postdia-
pophysial cavities there are in most of the vertebre (absent in C. 9) rather promi-
nent foramina. In C. 10 these form a vacuity situated above the neural canal and
connecting the opposite cavities. The cervical ribs are prominent, bear anterior
and posterior branches, and are connected with the transverse processes thus enclos-
ing lateral foramina. Their position throughout the entire series is inferior to the
centra.

Eleventh Cervical.—This vertebra is so unlike either the immediately preceding or
succeeding vertebree that if it had been found isolated it would have been unhesi-
tatingly referred to a distinct genus. Mr. Coggeshall, however, assures me that it
was interlocked with the succeeding, or twelfth cervical. The right side of this ver-
tebra is very nearly perfect, the left was badly injured and the zygapophyses and left
neural spine have been restored, not as they are shown on its right side, but as rep-

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 23

resented in the succeeding and preceding vertebree.° A comparison of this vertebra
with C.10 and C. 12, as shown in PI. III. and in Figs. 7 and 8 of the text, will reveal
several striking differences. The zygapophyses are short and not so extended as the
extremities of the centrum. ‘The anterior and posterior blades of the horizontal
laminze are much reduced in length, and instead of uniting to form the transverse
process they are widely separated and connected by a broad plate extending through-
out one-half the length of the vertebra and overhanging the deep, pleuro-central
cavity. The inferior blade of the diapophysial lamina is very short and extends
obliquely forward and upward, meeting the descending
posterior blade of the horizontal lamina at an acute angle
just in front of the posterior. border of the pleuro-central
cavity, the two thus enclosing an exceedingly deep post-
diapophysial cavity. About 65 mm. (22 inches) in front of
the junction of the horizontal and diapophysial laminz
there is a large vertebrarterial canal. This opens internally
into the postdiapophysial cavity and externally on the outer
surface of the broad plate connecting the anterior and pos-
terior blades of the horizontal lamina. From the position
of this foramen it may possibly be homologous with the ver-

‘ ; : Fie. 8. Posterior view
tebrarterial canal commonly found in the cervicals of the

of eleventh ceryical of Dip-
mammalia. It is quite wanting on all the other cervicalsin —_Jodocus carnegii (No. 84, Car-
Diplodocus. The posterior blade of the horizontal laminain _negie Museum collections),
this vertebra sends backward a rather slender process some tenth natural size. .,
75 mm. (3 inches) in length, parallel with the external bor- A ia Sabot
der of the postzygapophyses, but separated from the latter _ posterior zygapophyses.

by a deep, narrow groove. This groove, together with the

vertebrarterial canal and the long, wide, deflected plate connecting the anterior and
posterior blades of the horizontal laminze are characters entirely wanting in the other
cervical vertebrie of this series. The pleuro-central cavity occupies most of the side
of the centrum. There isa vacuity in the mid-central region connecting the pleuro-
central cavities of the opposite sides. The bottom of the pleuro-central cavity is
otherwise interrupted by a complicated system of oblique and intersecting lamin
enclosing foramina leading to the intramural cavities. The infracentral cavity is very
pronounced in this and the succeeding cervicals and the centra in these vertebree are

vertebrarterial canal; v. g.,

10 The work of freeing these vertebre from the matrix and restoring them was for the most part done
during my absence in the field. Unfortunately no drawings or photographs were taken prior to the process

of restoring with colored plaster.

24 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

much constricted medially and expanded at their extremities. The zygapophyses
are broad, with the articular surfaces transversely expanded, but contracted antero-
posteriorly. The cervical rib is long and hes below the inferior border of the cen-
trum. The combined length of the anterior and posterior costal processes are but
little less than that of the centrum. ‘The apices of the neural spines are both want-
ing in this vertebra. They have been restored as rather low and broad superiorly.
In Fig. 7 are shown comparative views of this vertebra and cervicals 10 and 12, which
immediately precede and succeed it.

The Twelfth Cervical.—This does not materially differ from the succeeding cer-
vicals, but when seen from the side it contrasts strikingly with C. 11, as see Fig. 7,
and Pl. III. There is no vertebrarterial canal. ‘The bottom of the pleuro-central
cavity is less complicated. It is invaded by four large vacuities. Three of these
lie posterior and one anterior to the pleuro-central lamina, which in the vertebree of
this region starts from the anterior and superior border of the pleuro-central cavity
and extends downward and backward to the middle of the inferior border of the
centrum, thus dividing this cavity into an anterior and a posterior moiety. The
diapophysial and posterior horizontal laminee are long, occupying about two thirds
the total length of the centrum. The post-diapophysial cavity is open externally
throughout its entire length in marked contrast with the condition that obtains in
C. 11. There is in this vertebra a striking instance of asymmetry. On either side
of the neural arch and directly below the postzygapophyses there is in each of the
preceding and succeeding cervicals of this region a pair of large foramina about one
inch in diameter placed laterally and opening into the neural canal. In C. 12 this
foramen is present and of normal dimensions on the right side, but on the left in-
stead of opening into the neural canal it terminates in a shallow pit about three
fourths of an inch in depth and completely closed with bone at the bottom.

The Thirteenth Cervical_—The pleuro-central cavity is more restricted posteriorly
than in the preceding cervicals. ‘The pleuro-central lamina is especially prominent
and divides this cavity into a deep, rather small anterior and a somewhat larger
posterior cavity. The anterior zygapophyses are overhanging and project beyond the
ball of the centrum. They are each supported inferiorly, as in the other cervicals
of this region, by two prominent inferior blades of the prezygapophysial laminee
which spring from the external and superior margins of the centrum just posterior
to the ball and diverge to meet the zygapophyses superiorly. <A third pair of
branches, the internal of the prezygapophysial as also of the postzygapophysial
lamine, converge inferiorly, meet and intersect each other just above the middle of
the neural canal, where they are exceedingly thin. Below the point of intersection

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 25

they diverge again to form the superior walls of the neural canal. In this manner
anteriorly the left superior border of the neural canal is formed by the inferior ex-
tension of the right prezygapophysial lamina, and the right by the left, the inferior
portions of these laminze intersecting so as to form a letter X. Between the bifid
neural spines there is a short spinous process homologous perhaps with the single
spines of the posterior dorsals. This short median spine is present on the succeeding
cervicals and anterior dorsals. Its presence in these vertebrae has led me to believe
those laminee defined by Osborn as the prespinal and postspinal laminze of the bifid
vertebree to be homologous with the pre- and postzygapophysial laminze of vertebree
with only one spine, and I have therefore called them by the latter names.

The Fourteenth Cervical—This is the largest and slightly the longest vertebra in
the entire vertebral series. ‘The median constriction of the centrum is the most
marked in the vertebral column. The pleuro-central cavities are deep, but entirely
separated by a median septum. The anterior zygapophyses are supported inferiorly
by two powerful lamine. The postzygapophysial laminze are large, and the pre-
zygapophysial much reduced. Short median neural spine. Union of rib with cen-
trum marked by suture. The transverse process is supported inferiorly and an-
teriorly by a prominent lamina which is directly opposed to the posterior blade of
the horizontal lamina. ‘This is the inferior of the two anterior blades of the hori-
zontal lamina. It is present in the succeeding vertebrae and successively occupies
a more horizontal position, gradually approximating that of the superior blade. In
the sixth dorsal these blades are quite parallel, horizontal, and but little separated,
while in D. 7 and 8 they are united throughout a portion of their length, and in D.
9 the union is complete and the anterior blade of the horizontal lamina is quite
simple. See Plates III. and IV.

The Fifteenth Cervical.—The centrum of this vertebra is some two inches shorter
than that of the preceding. The ball is marked by a pronounced median vertical
groove also seen in the anterior dorsals. ‘The superior of the anterior blades of the
horizontal lamina has its external surface somewhat expanded and rugose. It no
doubt served as a support for the muscular attachment of the heavy scapular arch.
The suture for the capitular attachment of the rib is well marked. There is a dis-
tinct but short median neural spine between the two paired spines. ‘The principal
characters of the cervical vertebrze are well shown in Plates III., IV., V.

Tur DorsaAL VERTEBRA.

The dorsals are distinguished from the cervicals by supporting free instead of
fixed ribs and in having the inferior surface of the centra regularly convex trans-

26 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

versely instead of concave in either direction as in the cervyicals. Aside from
these there are no sudden changes in the transition from cervicals to dorsals. The
spines continue paired, the zygapophyses broadly expanded, while the centra are
long in the anterior dorsals but rapidly shorten posteriorly. All the vertebree
between the last cervical and first sacral bear ribs, so that there are no lumbars
in Duplodocus.

The First and Second Dorsals.—The superior branches of the anterior blades of the
horizontal laminze in these vertebrae are considerably modified in order to give a
more substantial support for the suspension of the scapule. ‘They are broadly ex-
panded and inflected externally so as to present a broad, rugose external surface,
much more continuous and prominent than that just described as obtaining in ©.
15. The prezygapophyses in these vertebree differ from those in the former by be-
ing supported inferiorly by a pair of intersecting lananx. ‘The paired spines are not
so broad and are more acutely terminated than in the cervicals, and there is a short
median spine. The pleuro-central cavities are deep and are not divided into two by
the pleuro-central laminze mentioned as present in the immediately preceding cervi-
cals. The inferior blade of the diapophysial lamina is obliquely directed down-
ward and backward, and opposes the modified superior branch of the anterior blade
of the horizontal lamina, while the posterior blade of the latter is directly opposed
to the inferior branch of its anterior blade. In this manner all these laminsze oc-
cupy oblique positions, but meet at right angles and enclose the pre-, post-, supra-,
and infradiapophysial cavities. The latter in these vertebrae occupy their normal
positions, which has suggested the names applied to them in this paper. The ex-
tremities of the transverse processes are continued into downwardly extended dia-
pophyses terminating inferiorly in the tubercular rib facets. The capitular facets
are small prominences seen on the anterior, inferior and external margins of the
centra just behind the ball and below the anterior borders of the pleuro-central cay-
ities. ‘The two lateral laminee projecting inferiorly and externally from the pos-
terior portions of the cervical centra are wanting in these and the succeeding dor-
sals, and the inferior surface of that portion of the centra in these vertebre is
uniformly convex, there being no infracentral cavity. The superior arms of the X
formed by the intersection of the inner of the inferior blades of the pre- and post-
zygapophysial laminee are much longer than the inferior arms. The pleuro-central
cavity in D. 2 is the smallest of any in the presacral series in proportion to the size
of the centrum. These increase in size both anteriorly and posteriorly from D. 2.
There is an elongated pit placed vertically on the apices of the balls of these cen-
tra. ‘The centra of these vertebree rapidly become shorter, as will be seen by a refer-

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 27

ence to the measurements. The prezygapophyses extend beyond the anterior ends
of the centra, while the posterior zygapophyses do not extend beyond the centra.
See Plates VI. and VIL.

The Third Dorsal.—Paired spines broad at base, but with pointed and widely
separated extremities presenting elongated external rugosities. These spines, as those
of the preceding dorsals and cervicals, are formed by the union of the superior blades
of the post- and prezygapophysial lamine. ‘The latter in this vertebra function as
the superior blades of the diapophysial laminze, which are rudimentary in D. 4 and
obsolete in D. 3. The post- and prezygapophyses are much elevated, as are also the
transverse processes. ‘The superior surfaces of these processes are almost ona line
with the zygapophyses. Thus the anterior and posterior blades of the horizontal
lamine in this and the succeeding dorsals occupy approximately the same plane.
There commences in this vertebra an approximation to the diplosphenal articula-
tions which obtain in the posterior dorsals. The support for the postzygapophyses
inferiorly is much modified. The inferior blades of the postzygapophysial laminze
instead of converging and intersecting, as in the succeeding vertebree, are each divided
into two branches, one vertical, the other horizontal. The former descend directly
from the inner sides of the zygapophyses in sharp parallel laminze to the outer walls
of the neural canal; the latter converge and meet in the middle line a little below the
zygapophyses, and form a long, very delicate, single median lamina, which descends,
parallel to and midway between the vertical branches, to the superior border of the
neural canal, where it again divides and sends off right and left laminze to meet the
inferior extremities of the vertical blades and form the superior border of the neural
canal. In this manner these laminee enclose and bisect longitudinally an oblong
with concave extremities, thus ue? as shown in PI. IV., Fig. 3. The transverse
processes are widely expanded, with their extremities turned downward and back-
ward and presenting two rugosities. The one larger and superior and external is
evidently for muscular attachment. The other smaller and inferior and external is
the capitular rib facet, and looks downward, outward and backward, instead of
directly downward as in Ds. 1 and 2. The inferior blade of the diapophysial lamina
is more perpendicular than in the preceding vertebree, but is still quite oblique. The
inferior branch of the anterior blade of the horizontal lamina is still widely separated
from the superior branch. The anterior zygapophyses are supported inferiorly by
very powerful lamine, but the inferior blades of the secondary intersecting lamina
are wanting. ‘The pleuro-central cavity is deep and is invaded by the capitular facet,
which is supported inferiorly by a short pleuro-central lamina which bisects the
pleuro-central cavity. Centrum strongly opisthoccelous. The external wall is

28 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

broken away over a portion of the posterior end of the centrum, revealing the intra-
mural lamine. See Pl. VI., and Fig. 3, Pl. IV.

The Fourth Dorsal_—Centrum short, with strongly convex anterior and shallow
concave posterior extremity. The latter is broadly expanded transversely and
vertically. Laterally and inferiorly there is a deep median constriction extending
into the pleuro-central cavities. These cavities are bisected by the short pleuro-
central laminee that support the large obovate capitular rib facets, which are borne
about equally by the centrum and neural arches, but extend into the pleuro-central
cavities. The neural arch is elevated. ‘The transverse processes are widely expanded,
broadly rugose distally and superiorly, and bear at their extremities the tubercular
facets, which look more outward and less downward and backward than in the pre-
ceding vertebree. Inferiorly the transverse process is supported by the inferior branch
of the anterior blade of the horizontal lamina and by the perpendicular inferior blade
of the diapophysial lamina, while on its upper side there is a rudiment of the superior
blade of the latter lamina. Inferiorly the prezygapophyses are supported by a single
lamina on the right side and a double one on the left. These extend from the inferior
side of the zygapophyses to the superior surface of the capitular facet. The posterior
zygapophyses are continued into the diplosphenal articulation so characteristic of
the succeeding dorsals. These unite below to form a very sharp median lamina ex-
tending to the superior border of the neural canal. Posteriorly the transverse proc-
esses present broad, flat surfaces continuous with those of the posterior aspect of the
neural arch. The extremities of the transverse processes show a rather deep posterior
cavity overhung by the expanded superior rugosity. The paired spines are con-
fluent for some distance above the superior surface of the posterior zygapophyses.
They are styliform and present at their extremities rather elongated and expanded
external rugosities. The median spine is less pronounced than in the preceding
vertebra.

The Fifth Dorsal—Centrum opisthoccelous, extremities widely expanded, deep
median constriction, a low median ventral keel, pleuro-central cavities deep, only
separated by a thin median lamina. Capitular facets obovate, very large, and borne
on sides of neural arch. Neural arch much extended vertically. Zygapophyses
not so broad as in preceding vertebre, continued into the characteristic diplosphenal
articulations, which are supported below by a thin median lamina posteriorly, and
anteriorly by a much stronger but shorter lamina parallel with that which supports
the prezygapophyses and like it confluent with the capitular facet. Widely extended
and stout transverse processes, with broad, distal, superior rugosities, bearing at their
extremities the rather large triangular tubercular rib facets. The latter are sup-

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 29

ported inferiorly and superiorly by the diapophysial laminze which present poster-
iorly broad, flat and thin plates. Anteriorly and posteriorly the transverse process
is supported by the horizontal lamina which in front has two branches. The bifid
spines are confluent throughout one third their length. They are supported pos-
teriorly by the postzygapophysial laminz, and anteriorly by the prezygapophysial
laminee, which at the base of the spine are suddenly deflected and merged with the
diapophysial laminee. Median spine low, with distinct pre- and postspinal lamine.

The Sixth Dorsal.—This differs from the preceding vertebre in the more elevated
and less expanded neural arch, in the bifid spines, which are confluent throughout
two thirds their length, and in the more elevated position of the capitular rib facets.
The emargination of the neural spines in this vertebrais 115 mm., or 42 inches.
For successive emargination of spines in dorsals compare figs. in Plate VII.

The Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Dorsals.—The centra in these vertebrie are
short, slightly opisthoccelous, with extremities expanded successively less constricted
medially. Pleuro-central cavities, large and subequal, extending into base of neural
arches. - Neural arches much restricted laterally and antero-posteriorly, not wider
than middle of centra. Capitular facets round and pedunculate, anterior and in- ‘
ferior to the small, circular, subequal, tubercular facets. The latter are borne at the
extremities of the transverse processes which are more slender and somewhat less
expanded than are those of the anterior dorsals, zygapophyses produced into the
diplosphenal articulations. The postzygapophyses are each supported inferiorly by
a narrow median lamina and by two diverging oblique laminz. Anterior zyga-
pophyses supported inferiorly by prezygapophysial lamin and a very strong oblique
lamina on sides of neural arches, which also give support to the capitular facets.
Neural spines simple, but emarginate in 7, 8 and 9; entirely simple in 10. Strong
post- and prespinal laminze; from the external sides and near the bases of these
spring the post- and prezygapophysial lamine. Neural spines much expanded
transversely by the expansion of the diapophysial lamin, which superiorly are
expanded into rather broad plates presenting extensive vertical external rugosities
enclosing rather deep posterior and more shallow anterior spinous cavities. The
former extend throughout the entire length of the neural spines. Horizontal laminze
with anterior blades bifid throughout half their length in dorsal seven, slightly bifid
anteriorly in eight, and quite simple in nine and ten. See Plate VI.

The Eleventh Dorsal.—This, the last in the dorsal series, is greatly modified and
functions asa sacral. It is codssified by the centrum with the true sacrals, but
supports a free spine. There is no true sacral rib. The transverse process is rugose
superiorly and is greatly expanded laterally and inferiorly into a broad, thin, dia-

30 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

pophysial lamina which abuts against and gives support to the anterior end of the
ilium and sends off a rather delicate inferior branch which comes in contact with
the lower border of the anterior blade of the ilium at its junction with the pubic
peduncle. ‘There is a large foramen between these two branches of the inferior dia-
pophysial lamina and another and larger between the diapophyses and the inferior
margin of the diapophysial lamina. ‘There is a third and smaller foramen in the
diapophysial lamina near its union with the neural arch. In addition to these fora-
mina the cavity enclosed between the diapophysial laminz of this and the first
sacral is left widely open both superiorly and inferiorly. The centrum is broad and

Fig. 9. Inferior view of sacrum and ilia of Diplodocus carnegit (No. 94), one tenth natural size; pb,

pubic peduncle ; is, ischiac peduncle ; a, anterior end ; p, posterior end.

short with pleuro-central cavity simple and of moderate depth. The zygapophyses
are small and short. The articular surfaces are less extended than in any of the
preceding dorsals. The neural spine is simple, very strong, and transversely ex-
panded and rugose at the summit. There are exceedingly strong and rugose pre-
spinal and postspinal laminze. The superior blades of the diapophysial laminze are
well developed and have prominent superior rugosities. There was a small ossicle
found between the spine of this vertebra and that of the first sacral. It is shown in
position in the restoration.

The Sacrals.—The sacrum in Dyplodocus may be regarded as composed of either

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 31

three, four, or five vertebre according to the individual conception as to which
should be considered as sacral vertebree. If the sacrals are made to include all
those vertebre that, though formerly belonging to the posterior dorsals or anterior
caudals, have laterally become so modified as to function as sacrals by affording
support to the ilia either by bearing true sacral ribs or by means of greatly ex-
panded transverse processes, or by both these methods, then the sacrum of Diplodocus
must be considered as composed of five vertebrae. These are usually firmly codéssi-
fied by their centra, though the centra of the posterior and anterior of these five
vertebrae may occasionally remain free or only slightly coéssified. The remaining
three median vertebra are always codssified by their centra and usually have their
neural spines coalesced into one powerful spine, subequally expanded transversely
and antero-posteriorly. These three median vertebrae constitute the sacrum of Diplo-
docus as understood and interpreted by the late Professor Marsh, who has described
the sacrum as consisting of three vertebrae. Osborn, on the other hand, has in-
cluded among the sacrals the posterior of the five modified vertebrae, while exclud-
ing the anterior chiefly because of the absence in it of a true sacral rib springing
from the body of the centrum which he finds present on all the four succeeding
sacral vertebree. He therefore considers the sacrum of Diplodocus as consisting of
four vertebree, the three anterior of which he considers as haying constituted the
primitive Dinosaur sacrum, while the fourth has been added posteriorly by the
modification of the anterior caudal. The two splendid sacra belonging with skele-
tons 84 and 94 in our collections are unusually complete and throw much light
upon the structure and development of this element in Dinosaurs. In each instance
the vertebree are all firmly coéssified with and give support to the ilia. In 84 the
right ilium alone is preserved, and this is united to all five of the vertebrae which
function as sacrals either by the means of true sacral ribs or the expanded diapo-
physial laminee or by both these elements. All are codssified by their centra, and
the three median have their neural spines coalesced. Thus in this skeleton it will
be seen that the conditions found to obtain in the sacral region are very similar to
those described by Osborn except that there is a rather greater modification of the
last dorsal in the direction of that which obtains in the true sacrals than was noticed
by the latter in his description. (Compare the description and figures given above
with those of Osborn.) In skeleton 94, however, there are noticeable certain other
more marked differences, which are worthy of especial notice as bearing directly
upon the nature of the primitive Dinosaurian sacrum. In this skeleton the sacrum
is present, with both ilia in position. The centra of the true sacrals are all codssified
as in other sacrum. The neural spines of sacrals one and two coalesce and are co-

om - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

ossified throughout their entire length as in 84, but the spine of sacral three is quite
free from, though closely applied inferiorly to, that of the second sacral. This
would seem to indicate that the primitive Dinosaurian sacrum consisted of two
rather than three vertebrae, a condition similar to that found in the Crocodilia and
most other living Reptiiia. The fourth sacral in No. 94 bears a free spine and is
coossified by its centrum with the third and does not differ in any essential respect -
from that described by Osborn or from that which has been found to obtain in No.
84 of our collections. From the characters noticed above we may draw the follow-
ing conclusions.

First.—That the primitive Dinosaurian sacrum consisted of not more than two
vertebree. ;

Second.—That in Diplodocus this primitive number of sacrals has been increased
to four by the successive modification of anterior caudals resulting in
the presence of three true sacrals with usually anchylosed spines and
a fourth less completely modified sacrocaudal supporting a perfectly
free neural spine.

Third.—That anterior to the true sacrals the last dorsal has been less modified
than the anterior caudals, but so changed as to function as a sacral
vertebra analogous to the so-called pelvic vertebra in Struthio.

The First, Second and Third, or True Sacrals.—As has already been noticed, these
have centra not only codssified with one another, but usually with those of the im-
mediately preceding and succeeding vertebree also. The neural spines of sacrals one
and two are always coalesced with each other and usually with that of the third.
The centra increase in size posteriorly. Laterally they each support a pair of sacral
ribs which expand and coalesce distally to form a broad, thick plate of bone coex-
tensive with and closely applied to the acetabular portion of the ilium with which
it is united by suture. This forms a considerable portion of the inner and superior |
portion of the acetabulum, as will be seen by a reference to Figs. 9 and 10. These
vertebree are further united with the ilia through their diapophysial lamine, the
inferior blades of which are greatly expanded and unite inferiorly with the sacral
ribs and externally with the plates and crests of the ilia. ‘They thus enclose on
either side two large sacral cavities which open inferiorly and superiorly. ‘The
diapophysial laminse in the sacral vertebre divide into two blades near the base of
the neural spines, one,anterior, the other posterior. These blades diverge in such
manner that the anterior blade of any vertebra abuts against, and coalesces with, the
posterior blade of the diapophysial lamina of the immediately preceding vertebra.
Thus the transverse process, as well as the inferior blade of each diapophysial lamina

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 33

in the sacrals, has its origin from two instead of one vertebra as in the dorsals and
cervicals. The diapophysial process supported by the first and second sacrals is
much stronger than those of the succeeding sacrals. The pleuro-central cavities are
rather deep and the centra are much constricted inferiorly and medially. Between
the summits of the spines of the first sacral and last dorsal there is a small bone

Fig. 10. Sacrum and ilium of Diplodocus longus Marsh ; seen from below. With anterior and pos-
terior ends of sacrum reversed. pb, pubic process; is, ischiac process; ac, acetabulum ; 3, ¢, d, sacral

ribs; f, f’, foramina. One tenth natural size. After Marsh.

with very rugose surface. This was present in No. 84 and in the American Mu-
seum skeleton.

The Fourth Sacral.—Pleuro-central cavities not so deep and centrum less con-
stricted inferiorly than in the three preceding true sacrals. Rather long and strong
sacral ribs spring from either side of the centrum and unite by suture with the pos-
terior blades of the ilia. They do not coalesce with the sacral ribs of the true
sacrals nor do they come in contact with the neck of the ilia in such manner as to
take part in forming the acetabulum. The neural spine is free and there is a broad
diapophysial process formed as in the true sacrals by the union of branches from
the superior blade of the diapophysial lamina of this and the preceding vertebree.

34 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The inferior blade of the diapophysial lamina has an extensive union with the crest
and posterior margin of the ilium. It encloses posteriorly a third and larger sacral
cavity which, like the two enclosed by the true sacrals, is left open superiorly and
inferiorly. ;

In Fig. 9 is shown an inferior view of the sacrum and ilia found with skeleton
94. In this skeleton all the pelvic elements are complete, including the ilia, ischia
and pubes, The sacrum is also complete save the first sacral, which is represented
only by the centrum and sacral ribs. ‘These are well preserved, but the neural
spine, neural arch and diapophysial laminze of this vertebra are for the most part
wanting. The pelvic vertebra is entirely missing, having evidently become detached
and removed from its normal position prior to the imbedding of the bones in the
matrix. The fact that this vertebra could have been detached and separated with
so little injury to the adjacent pelvic bones is in itself evidence of the imperfect
union between it and those bones through the medium of the centrum and of sacral
ribs. A comparison of Fig. 9 with that given by Marsh of the pelvis of Duplodocus
in his “Dinosaurs of North America,” and reproduced here in Fig. 10, will show
that while that author was right in considering three as the number of true sacrals
in Diplodocus, he mistook the anterior for the posterior end of the sacrum, since our
material abundantly proves that the posterior sacral is the larger and the anterior
the smaller of the series, instead of vice versa as Marsh supposed. The apparent
similarity in the sacral ribs of these vertebree in the two figures is due to the altered
view necessitated in the adjustment of the posterior end of the sacrum to the anterior
end of the ilium in the figure given by Marsh. His material having been found
isolated it was quite natural for Marsh to assume that the sacral with the larger cen-
trum was the anterior, but the reverse has proved to be the case. In Plate [X. may
be seen posterior and lateral views of the pelvis of No. 84 and a side view of a pelvis
of Brontosawrus for comparison.

The Caudals.—As in a previous paper, Osborn’s interpretation of the sacrals will
be accepted also in this paper. The number of sacrals is thus here placed at four,
while the caudals begin with the first vertebra posterior to that modified as a sacral.
The twelve anterior caudals are represented and for the most part are in an excellent
state of preservation in No. 84, while associated with No. 94 there were found be-
tween twenty and thirty other caudals and several chevyrons. These were for the
most part found disarticulated, and they doubtless pertain to two or more individ-
uals, ‘The excellent caudal series belonging to the American Museum of Natural
History furnishes much the most trustworthy evidence regarding the number, -
nature and structure of the caudals in Diplodocus. After a careful study of this

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 35

series Professor Osborn has estimated the number of caudals at 37. This number
will more than likely be increased by future discoveries through the addition of a
number of rod-like posterior caudals now known to obtain in the tails of certain
other Dinosaurs. ‘The caudal series in Diplodocus is in length about equal to that
of the presacral series. ‘The anterior caudals are short and subequal in length,
while posteriorly they are somewhat more elongated. ‘The inferior blades of the
diapophysial laminze are broadly expanded in the anterior caudals and terminate
externally and superiorly in broad rugosities. These gave great surface for the
attachment of the powerful dorsocaudal musculature which in life must have ob-
tained in this region of the vertebral column and which served to facilitate both the
movements of the tail and the alteration of the anterior portion of the body from
the usual horizontal or quadrupedal position to the more erect bipedal or tripodal
position which was perhaps less frequently assumed during the life of the individual.
The centra are invaded throughout by very deep infracentral cavities, while the
pleuro-central cavities are especially pronounced in the anterior caudals. All the
caudal centra are somewhat proccelous in contrast with the opisthoccelous centra of
the presacrals. The centra of all the caudals are constricted medially. The neural
arches are low and in the anterior caudals they are invaded by a complicated system
of cavities which extend down upon the superior border of the centra. Some of
these cavities are continued as foramina leading to the neural canal. Such doubt- ~
less served for the transmission of nerves. Commencing with the fourth caudal the
diapophysial laminze of this and the succeeding caudals are perforated by a number
of vacuities. These become elliptical in caudals five to eleven and the inner portion
of the inferior blades of the diapophysial laminze in these vertebrae are thus reduced
to a number of parallel bars, as shown in Pl. X. In all the anterior caudals except
the first the broad inferior diapophysial laminze are strongly bent forward over the
very deep and broad prediapophysial cavities. ‘The postdiapophysial cavities are
usually reduced to one or two rather large foramina just behind and at the base of
the diapophysial laminze. These lead either into the neural canal or the intramural
cavities of the centra or neural arches. The infradiapophysial cavities are wanting,
and the supradiapophysial, though present, are much reduced in size. The hori-
zontal laminee are short and their anterior and posterior blades unite to form the
broad inferior blade of the diapophysial. The superior branch of the latter is
wanting. The pre- and postspinal and the pre- and postzygapophysial lamine are
all present and well developed. The latter is continued superiorly and instead of
merging with the median postspinal lamina as in the dorsals, about midway up the
spine it assumes a lateral position and is continued superiorly into an extensive,

36 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

rugose, laterally expanded lamina probably homologous with the superior portion
of the superior blade of the diapophysial lamina of the dorsals. The zygapophyses
are small and have their anterior articular surfaces Jooking upward and inward,
while the posterior. look downward and outward. ‘The neural spines are simple,
directed upward and backward, and decrease in length rather rapidly, but gradually,
as we proceed posteriorly. The anterior spines are emarginate at the summit, and
this emargination is gradually accentuated, resulting in a cleft some five inches in
depth at the summit of the spine of the sixth caudal. Posteriorly to the sixth this
emargination becomes successively less pronounced and the spines of the tenth and
succeeding caudals terminate in rounded, somewhat expanded club-like rugosities.
All the caudal spines show numerous well-marked spinous cavities. In Nos. 84 and
94 of our collections the caudal spines point
more decidedly backward than they are
figured in Osborn’s paper. Caudals two
and three of No. 84 are codssified (patho-
logically) by their centra. In No. 94 cau-
dals seventeen and eighteen (?) are sim-
ilarly united, as shown in Fig. 11. The
principal vertebral characters mentioned
above are shown in Pls. III, IV., V., VL.,
VIL, VIII., and IX., and in the various
text figures.
The Chevrons—Commencing with the

second all the caudals bear intervertebral .
chevrons except perhaps the small posterior

Fic. 11. ‘Codssified caudal vertebree of
Diplodocus carnegii, with chevron codssified.
About the 17th and 18th of No. 84. Seen from
the right side. One tenth natural size.

ones where they are probably wanting.

It was in reference to the peculiar shape of the posterior chevrons that Professor
Marsh proposed the name of Diplodocus (double raftered) for these animals. Marsh,
however, erroneously supposed all the chevrons borne by Diplodocus to belong to
this double-branched variety. We owe to Osborn the first description of the varied
forms assumed by the individual chevrons throughout the different caudal regions
of Diplodocus. From Cs. 2 to 6 inclusive the chevrons are nearly straight, com-
pletely surround the hzemal canal, below which the two arms are united into a long,
straight and laterally compressed spine. From C. 6 to C. 11 inclusive the chevrons
are less completely coalesced below the heemal canal, and they are curved backward
and resemble somewhat the blade of a sickle. Commencing with C. 13 the chevrons
of this and the succeeding vertebree assume the form described by Marsh and instead

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 3f

of terminating below the heemal canal in a single compressed spine, as in the chev-
rons of the anterior caudals, these spines are expanded and present anterior and
posterior branches. ‘The posterior branches are at first the longer of the two, but
they soon become subequal in length. According to Osborn all the chevrons pos-
terior to the thirteenth caudal are open above the hemal canal. The anterior and
posterior branches of the anterior branched chevrons surround a long median open-
ing which is confluent with the hemal canal. While in this region the inferior
branches of the chevrons are coalesced at their extremities, posteriorly they are re-
duced to long slender rods closely applied to, but entirely separate from one another
throughout their entire length. Each chevron is united more closely to the posterior
of the two vertebree with which it comes in contact than with the anterior. Ac-
cording to Osborn the sixteenth chevron is firmly coalesced with the centra of the
eighteenth caudal in the American Museum skeleton, and among the caudals found
with No. 94 in our collections there is one also bearing a coéssified chevron which
compares well in size and form with the eighteenth in Osborn’s series. This would
seem to indicate that this is a constant feature. Moreover this is just that region of
the caudal series which would come in contact with the ground when in life this
animal assumed a tripodal position. It is to this end no doubt that the chevrons
of this region have been so modified and their union with the caudals made more
complete in order the better to resist the impact brought to bear at this point by the
superimposed weight of the tail and body, more especially when the animal assumed
a tripodal position. :

The Vertebral Formula.—From the above description it will be seen that the ver-
tebral column of Diplodocws contains about seventy vertebre. The following for-
mula indicates the number of these belonging to the different regions as indicated
by the material at present available for study, viz., cervicals 15, dorsals 11, sacrals
4, caudals 35 to 40 or even more. While these figures cannot be taken as abso-
lutely correct, they cannot be far wrong. Whatever change either in the absolute
number of vertebre in any single region, or of the vertebral column as a whole,
may be necessitated by the future discovery of more perfect material, we may be
- perfectly sure that the relative proportions of the several regions as now understood
will not be materially changed. There can be no doubt that the pre- and postsacral re-
gions were subequal ; that the centrum was the center of power and nodal point in the ver-
ebral column; that there were no true lwmbars; that the dorsals were for the most part
hort and few in number, resulting in an abbreviated dorsal region; that the cervicals
were elongated and more nwmerous than the dorsals, resulting in an elongated cervical
region. ‘The elongated and increased number of cervicals, shortened and reduced

38 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

number of dorsals, absence of lumbars, rigidly codssified sacrals, are all characters
found to be remarkably constant in birds, more especially in Struthio and other
Ratites. They are, however, doubtless adaptive rather than genetic and are certainly
indicative of no very close relationship. The one represents a condition found in
highly specialized sauropod Dinosaurs, the other in comparatively generalized
struthious birds. The two groups may have been derived from a common ances-
tral stem, or the former have given origin to the latter, but the very similar verte-
bral characters just noticed have without doubt been independently developed in
either instance. The long tail of Diplodocus is essentially reptilian and contrasts
strongly with that region of the vertebral series in recent birds, and is hardly ap-
proximated even by Archxopteryx among fossil birds.

The principal dimensions of the several vertebree in Diplodocus skeleton No. 84
are given in the following table: In column 1 the greatest expanse of the transverse

1 2 | 3 4
mm. in. mm. in. mm. in. mm. in.
1 cervical.
y, et 165 3 54 275 171 62
3 oe 243 BS 69 23 200 z
4 be 289 1123 81 3h 210 8}
5 be 372 15 94 32 234 3
6 a | 4492 172 99 4 281 11
If Ut | 485 19 114 43 323 123
8 UG | 512 204 120 43 344 134
9 ag | 525 208 159 61 375 143
10 £6 595 232 175 < 383 15
1 a 605 23% 210 8h 392 152
12 ce 627 248 225 8i 433 We
13 ut 638 254 231 gt 495 182
14 ee E 642 25k 295 1123 529 203
15 st 595 232 245 92 542 214
1 dorsal. 510 2075 255 10 614 244
2 ue 584 Zill 416 162 233 9} 691 1 Q74
3 uk | 724 28% 326 122 311 121 (22, 283
AES ae ee 282 318 123 343 133 718 281
5 oa 650 252 255 10 300 112 781 302
6 ue 653 253 255 10 280 11 793 314
7 ee 618 244 264 102 280 11 810 31%
8 a 595 232 275 102 309 124 847 322
9 gh 552 213 290 113 288 11,3 946 37k
LO 5 585 23 267 103 313 124 966 38
it a 530 202 270 102 321 128 1051 412
1 caudal. 710 272 183 4 384 134 1049 411
2 a 6384 247 995 394
3 Ae 660 26 332 137; 897 351
4 ae 590 2385 250 93 330 13 830 322
5 ie 583 2012 250 93 3825 123 777 3075
6 oe 527 203 237 92 309 124 744 294
a ue 5538 212 237 3 317 123 690 274
8 ee 519 202 246 9té 309 124 675 263
9 es 502 193 270 103 300 11}2 651 258
10 te 449 173 269 104 295 112 610 24
DN wh 377 142 269 103 285 11} 610 24
12 su 295 11; 295 117; 272 1034 576 228

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 39

processes are given, column 2 greatest length of centra, column 3 diameter of centra
at posterior extremity, 4 height of neural spines above middle of inferior border of
centra in presacrals and above inferior border of posterior end in presacrals.

MEASUREMENT oF IntuM AND Sacrum, No. 84.

Createsin enolate Miuiuaras ts.1 seer ees sve ee co. nehascsliehsesabes deck eskeooeees 1089 mm. 427 in.
Wenethrotetivercoossitiedtcentnassme see scessasescsdseececesserecceeescseceies Gomme: 38075 ‘*
lero Mi AOMeCOalescedk spl eSancenet casanccnceace wate nas Scns clea show senseseeevoes 1092 * 43 ¢¢
Fore and aft diameter of three coalesced spines at the summit......... 170 “ 6g“
Height of coalesced spines above superior acetabular border ........... SO Ber oe
Distance from top of iliac crest to extremity of pubic peduncle........ Sie Bil 86

When adjusted to.each other and placed in a straight line the forty-one vertebre
belonging with skeleton 84 form a series forty-three feet in length. Of this distance
the fourteen cervicals measure 21 ft. 4 in., the eleven dorsals 10 ft. 8 in., the sacrals
1 ft. 9 in., and the twelve caudals the remaining 9 ft. 3 in. Add to this combined
length of forty-three feet two feet for the skull and atlas and 23 ft. for the difference
between 9 ft., the length of the twelve anterior caudals, and 32 ft., the total length
of the caudal series as estimated by Osborn from their quite complete caudal series,
and we shall have a total length of 68 ft. for the vertebral column and skull of this

skeleton of Diplodocus.
Tue NEuRAL Cinan,

The neural canal is exceedingly small throughout the entire vertebral column
when compared with the enormous bulk of the animal. Except in the sacrals where
it is considerably enlarged, it nowhere has a diameter of more than two inches,
hardly greater than that of the neural canal of a modern Rhinoceros. The small
neural canal, together with the small skull and very small brain cavity of the latter
are indicative of an extremely primitive nervous system and show that Diplodocus
was a creature of but little mental or physical activity, sluggish in its movements,
and but ill adapted to successfully compete with its contemporaries in a struggle for
existence amid changing environments, especially when such changes were in any
manner unfavorable to its existence.

The Sternum.—Associated with skeleton No. 84 were two somewhat irregularly
shaped bones closely resembling in shape and size those figured and described by
Marsh as the sternals of Brontosawrus. Marsh does not describe the sternals of
Diplodocus except to say that “they are large and resemble those of Brontosawrus
excelsus.”’ These bones are somewhat ovate in outline, with the narrower extremity
much thickened and rugose, while at the opposite end they expand into broad, thin

40 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

plates. They are regularly but very gently concave superiorly and convex inferiorly.
Contrary to Marsh I have interpreted the thick, narrow, rugose extremities of these
bones as the posterior and the thin, broadly expanded extremities as the anterior.
I believe these bones to have been closely applied and firmly united by cartilage
throughout three fourths of their total length as indicated by the long, straight,
rugose margin which extends from the thickened extremity throughout three fourths
the total length of the bone and which I have interpreted as the inner margin of
each sternal. The outer margin of each
sternal is then slightly emarginate, thin and
smooth, while anteriorly they are broadly
pointed and rugose. Thus the sternum of
Diplodocus may be considered as composed

on’ either side of the median line, with their
longer axes parallel with the longitudinal
axis of the skeleton. These bones were
firmly united by cartilage throughout three

Fic. 12. Superior view of pair of ‘sternal fourths of their length. They are contracted
bones of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 84). a, ante- and thickened posteriorly where they pre-
rior ‘ends; p, posterior ends; ¢, ¢, surface for “ont a) broadamueose! sutiacertorimeniiache
attachment of coracoids. About one eleventh ayes o ae
ment of the cartilaginous xiphisternum and
natural size. : 3 é

sternal ribs. Anteriorly they expand into
broad thin plates with rugose anterior margins by means of which they were attached
to the coracoids and thus with the scapular arch possibly without the intervention
of ossified clavicles or interclavicles. Taken together the sternals of Diplodocws would
thus form a shallow, raft-like sternum, the individual elements of which have a
certain resemblance to those found in Iguana, in which animal, however, they are

separated throughout a considerable portion of their length by the interclavicle and

are contracted both anteriorly and posteriorly. The connection between the ribs and

sternum was chiefly posterior and not lateral as in the Ratite, and doubtless took
place through well-developed cartilaginous or imperfectly ossified sternal ribs and
xiphisterni. In Fig. 12 the sternal bones are shown in their relative positions to one
another as here interpreted.

1! Marsh places the narrow thick ends of these bones as anterior in Brontosawrus, while in Morosaurus
he considers the narrow extremities as posterior. I believe the latter the correct interpretation, since it does
not appear possible that the coracoids could have approached sufficiently close to one another to have articu-

lated with the narrow thickened extremities which seem so well adapted for the support of the sternal ribs

and xiphisterni.

of two broad plates of bone arranged one

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 41

MEASUREMENTS OF THE STERNALS.

Li breadth
mide thickness

THe CLAVICLES.

Brieseiiaseeawes 212 in. 553 mm.
= sro veeenustes 132 ‘* 340 ‘
Serearpaciiocess oR ff SQ oo

Thus far no clavicles have been found in the Dinosauria. Since the Lacertilia

are known to possess clavicles it is not unreasonable to suppose that these bones were

resent in at least some genera of the Dinosauria.
p $

Associated with the skeleton of

No. 84 there was found a peculiar bone which from its general form and size might

x 6

very well have functioned as a clavicle. This
bone is 485 mm. (198 in.) in length. Through-
out the greater portion of its length it is almost
circular in cross section and about 45 mm. in
diameter. It is bifid at one extremity and
slightly expanded and somewhat flattened at the
other. It is strongly curved, especially toward
the bifid extremity. It isasymmetrical. Ifthis
bone is not a clavicle it is difficult to assign it
any other position in this skeleton. It evidently
is not a rib, and from its size and shape it could
very well have been a clavicle ; moreover its po-
sition in the quarry, between the sternals and
coracoids, would seem to afford additional evi-
dence for assigning it such a position in the
skeleton. Two views of it are shown in Fig. 13,
a,b. If a clavicle, the convex surface was evi-
dently the external, while the strongly inflected,
bifid extremity would seem to have been the
inferior and the broad, spatulate extremity the
superior. We must, however, await future dis-

Fic. 138. Supposed clavicle of Dip-
lodocus carnegit (No. 84); a, front view ;
b, external view. A little less than one

sixth natural size.

coveries to determine definitely the nature and position of this bone; though I am

at present strongly inclined to the opinion that it was a clavicle.

Tue Riss.

The cervical and sacral ribs and the fixed ribs of the eleventh dorsal have been

described in connection with their respective vertebree and need no further notice

42 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

here, except to note that the cervical ribs in Nos. 84 and 94 are much smaller in
comparison with the size of the vertebree than are those figured by Marsh in his
description of D. longus.

The free or articulating ribs of the dorsal region are ten in number on either side.
Of these eighteen are preserved in No. 84 and those of the right side are essentially
complete, save the second, which is wanting in the right series but present in the left,
though the extreme distal end and the capitulum and tuberculum are wanting.

The first rib differs from all the others in being triangular in cross section
throughout its entire length, except for a short distance just beyond the union of
the capitulum and tuberculum. It diminishes regularly but very gradually in size
from the point of union of the capitulum and tuberculum to the distal extremity.
The latter is triangular in cross section and pointed, without any indication of the
distal expansion commonly seen in the first rib of the larger mammala. The ex-
ternal. surface of this rib is rather broad proximally and is produced posteriorly into
a rather stout blade and anteriorly into a somewhat shorter projection, so that in
this region a cross-section of this rib would be T-shaped with one arm more ab-
breviated than the other. The capitulum and tuberculum are small, subequal, and
supported by peduncles of about equal length, though the tubercular process is
slightly longer and stronger than the capitular.

The second rib is wanting in the right series, but is represented in the left, though
lacking the extremity and the capitulum and tuberculum. ‘The external surface is
broad and rather flat throughout the entire length. The inner surface is deeply
convex throughout the greater part of the length of the rib, but toward the ex-
tremity it becomes gradually flattened, resulting in a thin, flat, spatulate extremity
contrasting strongly with the triangular pointed extremity of the preceding rib.

The third rib like the first is quite complete. The tubereulum and capitulum
are each pedunculate, compressed and subequal in area, while their supporting proc-
esses are about equal in length. The external surface is broad proximally, some-
what contracted medially, and slightly expanded distally, where the anterior edge
is produced into a sharp ridge. ‘The inner surface is convex. In cross section it is
somewhat elliptical throughout the greater portion of its length, but Bie it
is T-shaped, with the outer surface forming the top of the T.

The fourth rib is complete. The head and tuberosity of this rib are the largest
of any in the series. They are borne at the extremities of their respective proc-
esses, and the capitular process is somewhat longer and more slender than the tuber-
cular. ‘This rib is triangular in cross section proximally but much flattened distally.

The fifth rib is in general form like the fourth. It is slightly longer and the

OR

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 43

articular surface of the capitulum and tuberculum are smaller. The latter is borne
by a very short process, while the capitular process is long and slender.

The sixth rib is of about the same length, but more slender than the fifth. It
is flat throughout most of its length, but triangular proximally. The tuberculum
and capitulum are small and the former is sessile while the latter is pedunculate.

The seventh rib is long and narrow. It is rather stout throughout the proximal
two thirds of its. length, but distally it expands into a somewhat broader but thin
blade. The tuberculum is sessile and the capitulum pedunculate. They are each
circular in outline.

The eighth rib is very slender. It maintains about the same dimensions through-
out its entire length, though the transverse diameter decreases somewhat distally.
The tuberculum is nearly sessile, while the capitulum is supported by a slender
process. . The articular facets are circular in outline.

The ninth rib differs from the eighth chiefly in its shorter length and more
slender proportions.

The tenth is the shortest of the series. It is elliptical in cross section medially
and very much flattened distally. There is a deep cavity on the posterior side be-
tween the capitular and tubercular facets.

From the following measurements it will be seen that the ribs increase regularly
in length from the first to the fourth, that the fourth, fifth and sixth are subequal
in length, while the posterior ribs decrease rapidly in length from the seventh to
the tenth, which is the shortest in the series of free ribs.

MEASUREMENT oF RIBs.

Wen sthnof fst WUD! ja sstccsa-asies sis ise oasis ania eeaiclaciaseisicnctiosisweneiesis 1057 mm. . 48;% in.
GG OG Srey! Tall oy. SIMIC NISC Ls srocookaoacsnoqbossoacdsadauasosed 1300 ‘¢ 5275 *f
BE om: GS; 7 nit(0 lial Seaaeee qoceaecn sand dorcena seer MareonenEE a taacscacetone 1590 RN 6385
GMa LOUUO MM LUD rs \atueteeereraniciet sersts secro euioele mele sien nelnasiscis es ciel TiAl) 683 ‘
Ce meant TU Late TeL[O eeae atc ec etels se ie sles else we cisione wots ocisteeaisitiels Seeinwecie seine Neat He Goes
GG OB. yall) SO) decade adecnadeneubsnasantcenetons mecseGae secre 1680 ‘‘ 674“
SO VCMOM IDs ntectincaa desc: oft ec ccmeececemaaecanems sisi susscaee 1580 ‘¢ 634505
a BM ei OIG Me DUD ace ceiss cenawicise esis sictetscls' sce ssiaisieciansie seas teeeiace 1330 ‘* 532 *
Seema’ Soran rhb eth Nerve ces Sacre oe ee esen een act clelerceaak mcke niece ask sienise cea 1140 ‘“ 4G) St
CMs eTN Diyos oe sets sebicre acta ssineicie West see anc emieleelsidscen ecie ia 82h

The Coracoid and Scapula.—These are firmly codssified in Diplodocus and enter
subequally into the construction of the glenoid cavity. The scapula is much the
larger element of the two. Inferiorly it is broad and with a concave external sur-
face between the superior border of the glenoid cavity and the anterior border of
the widely expanded prescapula. Superiorly and posteriorly the scapula is pro-

44 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

duced into a long, narrow and thin postscapula, slightly constricted medially, but
expanded distally and with the external surface transversely convex. The coracoid
is short, stout, and firmly united with the scapula, the suture remaining throughout
more or less distinct. In outline the coracoid is not unlike a quadrant of an ellipse,
quite thin along the periphery and much thickened at the central angle, which is
bounded by the coracoscapular suture and the inferior border of the glenoid cavity
produced into the posterior border ef the coracoid, and thus forming respectively
the longer and shorter radii of an ellipse. There is a large foramen in the coracoid
near the coracoscapular suture and about midway between the glenoid and anterior

Fie. 14. External view of right scapula and coracoid of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 94). About one
eleventh natural size.

borders. ‘The inferior border of the coracoid is rugose, thin, and curved rather
sharply inward toward the antero-external border of the sternals to which it was
perhaps not directly opposed, the union having been either cartilaginous or muscu-
lar. ‘Taken together the coracoid and scapula may be described as forming a rather
broad and thin plate, much thickened about the glenoid cavity and presenting a
generally convex external and concave internal surface when viewed longitudinally.
It was thin at the edges but much thickened medially. See Fig. 14.

Measurements. No. 84.

Combined length of scapula and coracoid.......................- 1600 mm. 644 in.
Greatest GS Fe ere Sortie cresis sccdnohodssbaduatoe 1240 ‘* 497 *

ee breadth ‘ A OS setetinat Biautre ahaa eee men eE eee eee 605 * 323 6
Least Sener Pa eMiarEr GeaC sranoosicaodtoncoue sdduacaosesge: 204 ** chamrey
length oficoracoldeccs. cece sonore oe een eee ee 612 ‘* 204 ‘

Greatest expanse of glenoid CaVity...............65 cseseseeeeeeees 274 * 10} “

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 45

The Fore Lamb and Foot.—Little is known of the fore limbs and feet of Diplodocus.
In our collection there are no bones that can positively be referred to these parts.
Marsh has figured a complete set of metacarpals which he refers to Diplodocus.
Through the kindness of Professor Osborn I am able to give the following brief de-
scription of the fore limbs as represented by material in the collections of the Amer-
ican Museum, photographs of which have been placed at my disposal. ‘These show
that the fore limbs had a length of about three fourths of that of the hind limbs.
The humerus was rather slender, somewhat compressed antero-posteriorly, and with
a prominent deltoid ridge. Distally the radial articulation was external and an-
terior to the ulnar, so that these bones were crossed superiorly as in the mammalia.
The bones of the forearm were rather long and slender, but somewhat shorter than
the tibia and fibula, while the metacarpals were longer than the metatarsals and ac-
cording to Osborn the carpus was of the mesaxonic pattern and digitigrade.

The Pelvis.—Vhe pelvis of Diplodocus is composed of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
These all unite to form the acetabulum, which is left open internally. They are not
codssified. The superior border or crest of the ilium is semicircular in outline, and
is much thickened and rugose. Below this the ilium is quite thin, but along the
inferior border it is again thickened and about the acetabulum it attains a thickness
of from six to eight inches. ‘here are anterior and posterior expansions of the iliac
crest. The former of these is much the longer. — Inferiorly the acetabular border of
the ilium is produced into a short posterior ischiac peduncle and a very long and
stout anterior pubic peduncle. The latter was almost perpendicular when the
animal was in its normal quadrupedal position, but when the bipedal or tripodal posi-
tion was assumed its position became more horizontal and it thus received a cor-
respondingly increased proportion of the weight of the elevated anterior portion of -
the body. The pubes are broad and stout proximally and much thickened about
the acetabular border. The face for articulation with the ischium is broad and tri-
angular. Inferiorly the pubis is produced into a rather long shaft terminating in
an expanded club-like tuberosity with a broad internal rugose surface for contact
with the corresponding portion of the opposite pubis. The shaft is very thin and
sharp along its internal margin and much thickened and rounded externally. There
is a prominent rugosity on the anterior portion of the pubis just below the articular
_ surface for theilium. The articular surface for the ilium is concave in all our pubes.
There is a very large foramen just within the ischiac border. The broadly expanded
proximal ends of the pubes are concave internally and convex externally. The
ischia are the smallest of the pelvic bones. They are much expanded proximally,
contracted medially, and slightly expanded distally. The shaft is trihedral in cross

46 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

section. Distally the ischia meet medially in a rather extended ischiac symphysis,
usually codssified. Proximally the pubic and iliac surfaces are subequal and sepa-
rated by the very broad and thickened acetabular border. The ischia when adjusted
to the other elements of the pelvis present a broadly rounded inferoanterior surface
and arather deep trough superiorly, the bottom of which is formed by the approxima-
tion and partial contact of their respective shafts. The principal characters of the
pelvis are shown in PI. X., Figs. 1 and 2, and in the various text figures.

Measurements. No. 84.

Greatest lengthy of aliumey.ceessss sees eeee se seeneceeeeeereee eres tess 1089 mm. 427 in.
Height of iliac crest above extremity of pubic pedunele...... 787 ‘ . 31 *
Widithivot acetabullumie te sesce: e:e-easesseeeese sere eeeeetee serra 3505 4 ots
Greatest length of pubis ................ ee oe emicanmesathaneeneerded 1000 ‘ 39% 4
f breadth of proximal portion....................eeeeeeee ees 400 ‘“ 153“
oC lengthiof: ischinim 7) ites. ncse eae nae aeeeae eee 940 * ay (Bt
ae breadth of proximal portion.................0..ceseee ener 435 ie es
No. 94.
Distance between pubic peduncles of opposite sides............ 758 mm. 29% in.
Rosterior expansion of nilliazenes-ceeeeeeeeeeee etree ere asc rer errr eecere: 940 ‘¢ 37
Anterior ae ee aie isTja/eslnialeia a iaidveferibis sale eae cle Ani cie e 1233‘ 483 ¢

The Kemwr.—When compared with the femur of Brontosawrus that of Diplodocus
is proportionately more slender and the head is placed at right angles to the shaft of

Fic. 15. Proximal end of left femur of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 94). h, head; g. t., greater trochanter.

One fifth natural size.
Fic. 16. Distal end of left femur of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 94). e. c., external condyle ; 7. ¢., internal
condyle. One fifth natural side.

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH)

47

the bone so as to occupy the same plane as the external and internal condyles of the

distal end. By reason of this a femur of Diplodocus when lying on a plane surface

with posterior surface down will be supported by the head and external and internal

condyles, while a femur of Brontosaurus lying in the same
position would have the head directed obliquely upward and
free from the supporting surface. The shaft i cross section is
flattened antero-posteriorly and somewhat elongated trans-
versely, with the internal surface deeper’ than the external, so
that the cross section is ovate in outline, tending to form dis-
tally a more or less perfect ellipse. The greater trochanter is
not distinctly separated from the head and the rugose surface
of the latter is continued uninterruptedly and covers the supe-
rior surface of the greater trochanter. There is a faint con-
striction, but no well-defined neck connecting the head with
the shaft of the femur. The external and internal condyles
are large and well separated by a deep intercondylar groove.
The external is divided into two parts, one external and the
other internal, by a deep posterior median groove which doubt-
less served for the transmission of astrong tendon. The third
trochanter is present, but small. Internal to and directly
alongside it there is a small but quite rugose flat surface for
increased muscular attachment. The third trochanter in
Diplodocus is not homologous with the same trochanter in
mammals. It is situated on the inner and posterior margin
in Diplodocus instead of on the outer as in mammals, when
present. In mammals it curves forward, while in Diplodocus it
is directed directly backward. Figs. 15 and 16 represent re-
spectively the proximal and distal extremities of a femur, No.
94, of Diplodocus, while lateral and front views are given in PI.
XI., Figs. 3 and 4, and an oblique internal front view is shown
ame Ae

MeAsurEMENTs oF No. 84.

Grearestplemoblinecncchs tects sect atlsscialiciagesasoacsutrsccteen: 1542 mm.
a lormenclin Bil ORO! GMCs sanosapcesuednoooneosocenscocare 000M
ue eo 6 “distal HOR SeATa resem tian verse tela aetna tenets 412 «

No. 94

Greatest lewothererccaes stats see scecitseus sucaus seals gassleieiuseeeneenase eset 1470 mm.

ats bneadthvatsproxinmalleendenseseteeacaee seer eeee eee sees: 390. “*

ee ue “¢ distal GRRHETe A do dcemceannunonoccostaccacee Oo OOM

Fic. 17. Oblique in-
ternal front view of left
femur of Diplodocus car-
negit (No. 94). tr., third
trochanter. About one

eleventh natural size.

612 in.
aie ee
WG

48 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The Tibia and Fibula.—These are rather slender bones. ‘The fibula is much the
more slender and a little longer than the tibia, since it differs from the same bone in
mammals by entering subequally with the tibia into the ectocondylar articulation
with the femur, while inferiorly it is produced into an extended external malleolar
portion which reaches well below the distal end of the tibia, abuts against the ex-
ternal side of the astragalus, having entirely displaced the calecaneum, and reaching
almost to the proximal ends of metatarsals four and five. It is subequal in trans-
verse diameter throughout, but expanded antero-posteriorly at the extremities, more
especially at the proximal end, where it presents a flat internal surface and rather
thin anterior edge which fits into the broad groove formed by the recurved cnemial

18 19

Fie. 18. Proximal end of right tibia and fibula of Diplodocus curnegii (No. 94). t, tibia; f, fibula.
One fifth natural size. is :
Fic. 19. Distal end of right tibia and fibula of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 94). t, tibia; f, fibula; 5,

surface for metatarsals J. and If. a, surface for contact with external side of astragalus. One fifth natural

size.

crest of the tibia, while the flattened proximal surface is closely applied to that bone.
A little less than half the distance from the proximal to the distal end there is on the
antero-external border of this bone a rather broad rugose area for muscular attach-
ment. Distally the fibula is produced below the end of the tibia and expands into
a broad, thick external malleolus which fits into and articulates laterally with the
external surface of the astragalus. The proximal end of the tibia is much expanded
antero-posteriorly and less so transversely. The shaft is quite slender, but expands
again distally so as to entirely cover the superior surface of the astragalus. On its
internal and posterior distal extremity it sends downward an internal malleolus
which is separated from the main shaft of the bone by a deep groove for the trans-
mission of the tendons of the flexor muscles of the foot. This process articulates

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 49

with the posterior and internal surface of the astragalus. This arrangement of the
articular surfaces between the tibia, fibula, and astragalus allows of considerable
movement antero-posteriorly, while at the same time prohibiting almost all lateral
movement. It forms an exceedingly strong ankle joint similar to that which ob-
tains in ungulate mammals, and was especially well adapted to resist the strains to
which the ankle would have been subjected in the perambulations of so massive an
animal. Figs. 18 and 19 represent respectively the proximal and distal extremities
of tibia and fibula of No. 94. External and front views of these bones are shown
ite wnes: rand: 2:

MEASUREMENTS oF No. 94.

(Caneeniesty emer ay, OLE Tl) OVE) gecncec conaacnoocseebononaeveecodanosananueean 1006 mm. 40 2 in.
a breadthvarn pproxinalven dee eemereeee i aeeteceere ae Dias PY 11 3 ¢¢
ue ae “ distal Boe iatacidafeateleteemiesir acie-iwele arenes Qj 85 “
“6 lenothvotiiibulamererrccrerisce seca osaccn gee cceetesecees 1050“ -43 2 *
oe breadthwatiproxdovallendiesncestesccesseceeecscoccesece sc Wiese OU ee ae
ue ee “* distal Reon cea sete ceiiaonwaisieesclsciay ils}a) 0 (hina

THE PEs.

—

The Tarsus.—The osseous portion of the tarsus in Diplodocus, as in the allied
genus Brontosawrus, has been reduced to an astragalus. ‘This is a very broad bone,
deep externally, but rather thin, flat, and contracted internally. Superiorly it covers
the entire distal end of the tibia, with which it articulates by a continuous articular
surface, which is high and slightly convex externally, but low and somewhat exca-
vated internally, in order to accommodate the inferiorly produced internal malleolus
of the tibia. The external surface is separated from the anterior by a rather pro-
nounced ridge, but the articular surfaces of the two faces are confluent. The anterior
surface of the astragalus presents a broad, smooth, regularly convex surface for artic-
ulation with the proximal ends of metatarsals L., I., II., and the inner proximal
portion of metatarsal IV. The external portion of the astragalus is high and deep
and presents a deeply excavated lateral surface with an expanded anterior and in-
ferior margin developed into a long, narrow, semi-circular articular surface, which is
opposed to the internal margin of the distal end of the fibula. Posteriorly the astrag-
alus is much constricted, and consists of a comparatively narrow ridge regularly
concave vertically and convex laterally, and separating the large external lateral
cavity just mentioned from a similar, but smaller, internal lateral cavity. Inferiorly
the astragalus presents a broad, rugose, and regularly convex plantar surface. This
in life was evidently covered with thick cartilaginous pads which were directly op-

50 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

posed to the ground when the animal stood erect. A superior view of the astrag-
alus is shown in Fig. 20.

The Metatarsus.—As in Brontosaurus the metatarsus of Diplodocus is composed
of five well-developed functional metatarsal bones. Of these I. and II. are much
stronger than III., IV. and V. and formed in life the chief support to the hind
limb. Metatarsals III., 1V. and V. are comparatively slender, more so than are the
same elements in Brontosawrus, as compare Figs. 20 and 21. The two latter were
opposed to the distal end of the fibula and not to the astragalus. Metatarsal I. is
the shortest and strongest of the series. It is constricted medially, expanded verti-
cally at the proximal, and laterally at the distal extremity, as are also the other
metatarsals. Metatarsal II. is considerably longer and more slender than I. Met-
atarsal III. is the longest in the series, though LV.
and Y. are only slightly shorter. Metatarsal IV.
is the more slender of the series, while V. is much
more robust and presents a rather broad and rugose
distal surface.

The Phalanges.—These will best be described by
commencing with those of the first digit and con-

sidering each serially from the first to the fifth.
The first digit supports two phalanges, one, the

Fic. 20. Superior view of astrag-
alus of right pes of Diplodocus carnegii | proximal, is short, broad and deep, and supports

(No. 94). 4 surface for articulation distally a very large, long, deep, curved and com-
with tibia; f, surface for articulation

ite ass pressed claw-like ungual which in life was evidently
with fibula; p, posterior side. One ; ‘
enveloped by a horny sheath, as is evidenced by

fifth natural size.

the grooved and pitted external surface. The
second digit supports three phalanges. The proximal is rather longer than that
of digit I. and with the three dimensions subequal. It is stout, with its inner
side nearly perpendicular, while externally the surface slopes downward and out-
ward, terminating inferiorly in a rather sharp ridge. The succeeding phalanx
is reduced to a rather flat wedge of bone about one inch in thickness on its
internal side and reduced to a sharp thin wedge externally. It is thus intro-
duced as a rather thin wedge between phalanges one and three. The latter is
rather large and much compressed ungual, differing chiefly in its smaller size from
that of digit I. Both these unguals show an extensive proximal articular surface
indicative of a considerable vertical movement of these phalanges. ‘They are also di-
rected rather sharply outward as well as forward. The proximal phalanx of digit IIT.
is slightly longer than broad, while its other two dimensions are subequal. Phalanx

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 51

two is a short wedge-shaped bone about one inch long on its internal lateral margin
and ending in a sharp lateral ridge externally. Just beneath this bone in No. 94
of our collections, and adhering to it, there was found a very small and rather flat
bone which may have been either a rudiment of a third phalanx or a sesamoid.
Its position would seem to indicate the latter, though quite similar rudimentary
third phalanges are known to be present in the third digit of Brontosawrus. I there-
fore interpret it as a rudimentary third phalanx. There was evidently a well-de-
veloped and functional ungual, or fourth phalanx, terminating digit III., although it
was not recovered. In digit IV. the phalanges are reduced to two in number. Of
these the proximal is much the larger. It is rather depressed, but laterally ex-.

Fre. 21. Front view of right hind foot of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 94). a, astragalus.

panded distally, and supports a small, rounded, hemispherical terminal phalanx
which in life was without horny covering and was probably imbedded within the
integument of the skin. No phalanges were found in position with the fifth meta-
tarsal, but asin Brontosawras there was most likely a small, rudimentary first phalanx
without nail.

From the above description and accompanying figures it will be seen that the pes
of Diplodocus is semi-plantigrade and that the weight of the body was borne by the
inner side of the foot, so that digits one and two became correspondingly larger,
while three, four and five through disuse have become more and more atrophied.
Although in Diplodocus this had not yet resulted in the total elimination of any of
the digits, yet the phalanges of the fifth have already become functionally obsolete.

ay, MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

It is interesting to note that while in the Mammalia digit I. it is the first to become
obsolete, in the Dinosauria the reduction would seem to have commenced in the pes
with the fifth, while the first digit appears as functionally the most important of the
series. Though there are only two phalanges supported by it these are exceptionally
well developed. Commencing with digit I. the normal number of phalanges on
any digit in the pes of Diplodocus is as in most birds, always one more than the
number of such digit. Thus the first digit has two phalanges, digit IT. has three
and the third digit has four. But in digits IV. and V. the number of phalanges

WJ CARPENTER

oat

Fig. 22. Front view of right hind foot of Brontosaurus excelsus Marsh (No. 89).

are reduced to two and one respectively by atrophy due to disuse. ‘There can be
little doubt that as regards the hind feet Diplodocus walked on the inner side of the
feet with the large terminal claws directed very strongly outward. ‘The above de-
scription of the pes and hind limb of Diplodocus is based upon a right femur of No.
84 and a left femur and right tibia, fibula and foot of No. 94, complete except for
the ungual phalanx of digit III. and the solitary phalanx of digit V. The principal
- characters are well shown in Fig. 21, while Fig. 22 shows a foot of Brontosawrus for
comparison.

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 53

Fig. 23. Cross sections of left femur of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 94). a, b, near middle of shaft; c¢,

near proximal end.

54 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

PrincripAL MEASUREMENTS OF THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF THE Foor.

Greatest width of astragalus...................2cseeeeecneeeeeenes caves 260 mm. 104 in.
“ie depth ‘‘ HG (> Sadana dese sae canee eceeec sees meee 160 ‘* 64 ‘
ns lenethyofemetatansall le tperesess sees sees sees eee eee eee ee eeee 210 « 8 eae
ae ea fe dD Veateacncrsed eer Ameccnaceadeaeracdeases 20M ee 8iy
ue Heo eae Be Mo cise aioe ssa daisee Mes sen seen eee 215“ is ‘¢
ue BE area ue WV cs eke aiccesovee seascape eaceaeeene UG® % tet
a Bop age te Deere Ton pee ereracos seco nddorconoe 160 ‘¢ is ete
ae << ungual phalanx of digit We... .4e-5. 2. eb0 Dees
ce ce a3 ce 6c 73 (a5 IL 136 ce Os (a5

sseeesin sis Setleatae se 5
ae Glggiln “6 a Sam ge Laon Orne sce ceuacntes 175“ 6g *
ait asin etc ties eR Ui Sone eeestotncondces 105 ‘¢ ANAS Oa

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF Limp Bowness.

Marsh has described the limb bones of the Sauropoda as solid and has considered
this character as of subordinal value. : ;

A careful examination of cross sections made at almost any point in any of the
larger limb bones of the Sauropoda will show that they are not solid, but consist ex-
ternally of a comparatively thin portion of rather dense, hard bone, grading off quite
suddenly into a cancellated structure. This becomes more openly cancellate toward
the interior, and there is formed in the center of the shafts of the larger bones dis-
tinct cavities quite devoid of osseous matter. Such conditions are especially preva-
lent in the femora. See Fig. 23, a, b, c, from photographs of cross sections taken at
different points of the left femur of No. 94.

TAXONOMY.

Marsh has elevated the Dinosauria to the rank of a subclass, dividing the dif- -
ferent genera into three orders. One of these, the Theropoda, includes all the car-
nivorous Dinosauria, while the herbivorous forms are placed in two orders, the
Sauropoda and the Predentata.

The Sauropoda, to which Diplodocus belongs, are the least specialized of the three
Dinosaurian orders. This order embraces several genera, chiefly from the Jurassic
of North America, while a few forms have been described from the Jura of Europe
and the Cretaceous of India, and two or three imperfectly known genera from the
Cretaceous of South America have been assigned to the Sauropoda, though some of
these latter forms may perhaps yet prove to belong to the Predentata rather than the
Sauropoda. ;

Diplodocus was the most specialized member of the Sauropoda. This specializa-
tion is seen in the elongated caudal and cervical regions and the abbreviated dorso-

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 5)

lumbar region ; in the exceedingly complicated structure of the individual vertebre ;
in the marked reduction in the size and number of the teeth, and in the more re-
duced nature of digits III., 1[V., and V. in the pes. Thus while the Sauropoda in-
clude the more generalized of the Dinosauria, Diplodocus exhibits the greatest spe-
cialization attained by the different genera of this order in so far as the characters
of the various genera are now known.

So little is known of the structure of many of the genera of Sauropodous Dino-
saurs that no attempt can at present be made to trace the phylogeny of the different
genera and species. Marsh has proposed six families for the Sauropoda, viz.: (1) At-
lantosauridz; (2) Diplodocid; (3) Morosauride ; (4) Pleuroccelidee ; (5) 'Titanosaur-
idee; (6) Cardiodontide. The first four of these are all from the Jurassic of North ~
America, and the second and fourth (Diplodocide and Pleuroccelidee) should prob-
ably be united in one family, the Diplodocide. The Titanosauride are from the
Cretaceous of India and Patagonia and may eventually prove to belong in part at
least to the Predentata, while the Cardiodontide are from the Jurassic and lower
Cretaceous of Europe.

The Sauropoda attained their greatest development both as regards size and
number, not only of individuals, but of genera and species as well, at about the close
of the Jurassic, while with the advent of the Cretaceous they appear to have com-
menced to decline, entirely disappearing toward the close of that period, where they
are replaced by members of the more highly specialized carnivorous Theropoda and
herbivorous Predentata, the remains of which occur in great abundance in the Lar-
amie deposits of our Western plains.

THE Species oF DrPpLopocus.

Marsh has proposed two species of Diplodocus. One, Diplodocus longus, is the
type of the genus as well. It was first described in The American Journal of Science
and Arts, Vol. XVI., Nov., 1878, p. 414, and its description was based upon certain
vertebree and cheyrons from the mid-caudal region. The hind limb and feet de-
scribed in the same publication as belonging to the same individual evidently do
not pertain to Diplodocus, but to Brontosawrus, and the feet of Diplodocus are now
known to be quite different from what Marsh had supposed them to be in the article
above referred to. The caudal vertebree and chevrons described by Marsh should
be taken as the type in Diplodocus longus of both genus and species. The deposit
from which the remains were taken was a general bone deposit or quarry, and Marsh
was undoubtedly led by the proximity of the limb bones and caudal vertebre de-
scribed to refer them to the same individual, a very natural conclusion, but one

56 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

which later discoveries have shown to be erroneous. The material was from Cafion
City, Colorado, and was collected by Dr. 8. W. Williston.

A second species, based upon material collected by Professor Arthur Lakes, at
Morrison, Colorado, was described by Marsh as D. lacustris in the same journal for
February, 1884, page 166. He simply characterizes it as of smaller size and with
more slender jaws. It 1s very probable that the Sauropoda, like the Crocodilia and
most other Reptilia, continued to grow throughout the entire life of the individual,
and that their immense size is indicative of a very long life. It would thus appear
that size alone is an exceedingly unsatisfactory character from which to describe or
determine species among these animals. Moreover, we have elsewhere spoken of the
remarkable asymmetry exhibited in the
same vertebra and of the marked contrast
in form of the adjacent vertebree in the
same series, all of which characters indi-
cate a considerable individual variation
among the Diplodocide. Nevertheless
there are certain structural differences
that hold good with little variation
throughout certain parts of the vertebral
column in the known skeletons of Dip-

lodocus that may with reason be considered
as of at least specific importance. Such,
for instance, are the direction of the
spines of the caudals, as exhibited in the

American Museum specimen and figured

Fic. 24. Cervical vertebra of Diplodocus lon-

gus Marsh. One eighth natural size. After Marsh. by Osborn and reproduced here. ‘These
in the American Museum skeleton, except
in the extreme posterior portion of the tail, rise almost directly upward instead of
being directed regularly upward and backward as in Nos. 84 and 94 of the Carnegie
Museum collections. Compare Pls. XII. and XIII. Also the great disparity in
the relative size of the cervical ribs as exhibited in our skeletons (Nos. 84 and 94)
and as figured by Marsh in his description of D. longus are certainly of specific im-
portance, as will be shown by a comparison of Fig. 24 (after Marsh) with the
cervical series shown in PI. III. The free spine of the third sacral in No. 94 might
perhaps be also considered as of specific importance, although I am inclined to
believe it more probably due to the somewhat younger age of the individual as

indicated by its smaller size.

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 57

In view of the above-noted differences between D. longus as described by Marsh
and Osborn, I consider our skeletons (Nos. 84 and 94) as belonging to a distinct
species for which I propose the name of Diplodocus carnegu in honor of Mr. Andrew
Carnegie, the founder of this institution, and in recognition of his interest in verte-
brate paleontology; which interest he has abundantly and substantially shown in
providing the necessary funds for organizing and maintaining a Section of Verte-
brate Paleontology in connection with this Museum. No. 84 may be taken as the
type of this new species, while No. 94 should be considered as the cotype.

The principal characters of D. carnegu have been given in the foregoing pages.
From D. longus it is readily distinguishable by the smaller cervical ribs and by the
caudal spines which are directed much more strongly backward |than are those in
the latter species.

RESTORATION OF THE SKELETON OF DIPLODOCUS.

The present restoration is based upon a careful study of skeletons No. 84 and 94
of the Carnegie Museum collections supplemented by the material brought together
by the late Professor Marsh and now in the U. 8. National Museum, and by the ex-
cellent material of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. The
vertebral column is for the most part taken from No. 84, which is complete from
the axis to the twelfth caudal inclusive. The atlas and skull are taken from Marsh’s
figures, while the posterior caudals are taken for the most part from No. 94 supple-
mented by Professor Osborn’s figures of the splendid caudal series in the collections
of the American Museum. ‘The pelvis, scapula, ribs, coracoids, and femur are from
No. 84. The tibia, fibula and pes are from No. 94, which, like the American Mu-
seum specimen, represented a somewhat smaller individual than that of No. 84, as
will be seen by a comparison of the different measurements. ‘The fore limbs and
feet are from a second individual in the collections of the American Museum, for
the use of which I am indebted to the kindness of Professor H. F. Osborn, to whom
also I wish to make acknowledgment for several valuable suggestions which have
been especially helpful in the preparation of the present paper.

In the present restoration the animal is represented in a quadrupedal position as
seen from the right side. The position is one which it is believed the animal must
have frequently assumed when feeding upon the soft and succulent plants that grew
‘ in abundance along the shores of the shallow waters about and in which these
Dinosaurs lived in late Jurassic and early Cretaceous times. The slender skull, pro-
vided with but few and rather weak teeth, was supported by a very long and flex-
ible neck which permitted of an almost unlimited variety of movements throughout

a considerable are.

58 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The restoration at once reveals the unusual proportions of Diplodocus. The re-
markable long neck and tail contrast strikingly with the short body. The hind limbs
are longer than the fore limbs, and this fact, together with the enormous elevation
of the spines of the sacrals and posterior dorsals, fixes the sacral region as the highest
in the vertebral column, a determination first made by Osborn. The powerful ilia,
firmly united to the rigidly codssified sacrals with lofty coalesced spines, together
with the other pelvic elements proportionately well developed, at once emphasizes
the paramount importance of the pelvic region and fixes it as the center of power
and motion, The elevated spines, long chevrons, and broadly expanded and rugose _
diapophyses of the anterior caudals, indicate for this region a very powerful mus-
culature which in life enabled this appendix to serve both as an effective weapon
and an important organ of locomotion both for swimming when in water and as a
balancing organ when on land, while the modified nature of the chevrons of the
mid-caudal region indicate the point of contact of the tail with the earth attending
the different positions habitually assumed during the life of the individual. The
body proper was abnormally short in comparison with the neck and tail. There
were no true lumbars, all the vertebree of the dorsolumbar region having borne ribs.
While the body proper was unusually short, it was deep, as indicated by the ossified
ribs of the mid-dorsal region, which have a length of over five feet, while the abso-
lute girth of the body was probably much increased by cartilaginous abdominal and
sternal ribs, which latter doubtless served to attach the ossified ribs to the sternal
elements. Thus, notwithstanding the extremely short nature of the body of Dzuplo-
docus, the capacity of the abdominal and thoracic cavities were rendered adequate
by its great depth. Moreover, the actual length of the thoracic cavity is much
increased from the scapulas being partially swung from the posterior cervical.

The fore limbs and feet of Diplodocus, and, indeed, of the Sauropoda generally,
are less perfectly known than any of the other portions of the skeleton. In the
present restoration they are entirely taken from materials in the collections of the
American Museum of Natural History in New York. Concerning the humerus,
radius and ulna, there can be no mistake, as these are drawn from photographs of
actual specimens loaned by Professor Osborn for the purpose. Of the arrangement
of the elements of the manus there is much less certainty. As yet no manus of
Diplodocus or of the other genera of Sauropoda has been found in position. The
lack of a close and exact articulation between the bones in the Sauropoda renders
it impossible to place the different elements of the manus, when found separated,
in their exact and proper positions with a degree of absolute confidence. Professor
Osborn in his study of the limbs of Dinosaurs has considered the fore feet of the

HATCHER; DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 59

Sauropoda as constituted on the mesaxonic plan, and in the present restoration that
plan has been followed entirely upon the authority of Osborn. There is, indeed, a
striking contrast between the supposed mesaxonic arrangement in the manus and
the entaxonic arrangement that is known to obtain in the pes. Nevertheless Os-
born has shown that there are some very strong evidences in favor of such an arrange-
ment in the fore feet, and strikingly different as would then be the structure of the
fore and hind feet, yet it would be no more striking that which is known to prevail
among certain recent sloths in the Mammalia.

The most striking features brought out by the present restoration are the ridicu-
lously short dorsolumbar region and the exceedingly small size of the skull and an-
terior cervicals when compared with the great length and size of the animal. The
abbreviation of the dorsolumbar region is accomplished both by the reduced num-
ber of dorsals and by the shortening of the centra of the individual vertebre of
this region. While in the caudal and cervical regions length is gained both by an
increase in the number and in the length of the individual vertebre in either
series, in the caudal series length is gained chiefly by increasing the number of ver-
tebree, while the cervical region owes its elongation for the most part to the great
length of the individual vertebra, especially in the posterior and mid-cervical re-
gions, though the number of cervicals is also considerable, not less than fifteen.

PROBABLE Haprts oF DrpLopocus.

As first noted by Professor Marsh, the position of the narial opening at the apex
of the cranium in Dziplodocus is indicative of aquatic habits. Moreover, the extreme
modifications of the limb bones, vertebree, and, indeed, of all the larger bones of
the skeleton, whereby the greatest possible area for muscular attachment is afforded
with the least possible increase in weight, are adaptations admirably calculated to
increase very considerably the buoyancy of so massive an animal when in water.
The deeply pitted articular surfaces of the various parts of the appendicular skele-
ton are perhaps indicative of thick cartilaginous pads interposed between such sur-
faces at the various joints of the limbs and feet. This want of closely fitting and
well-defined articular surfaces would appear to afford additional evidence in favor
of aquatic habits, and that the movements of the animal when on land were de-
cidedly slow and clumsy, for had Diplodocus and its ancestors been addicted to ter-
restrial life the habitual support of so massive a body in so light a medium as the
atmosphere would scarcely have failed to produce closely applied and well-finished
articular surfaces, similar to those which obtain in such members of the Theropoda
as are of undoubted terrestrial habits. From the above consideration I am inclined

60 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

toward the opinion that Diplodocus was essentially an aquatic animal, but quite cap-
able of locomotion on land. ‘Though living for the most part in the more im-
portant rivers and freshwater lakes, it may not infrequently have left the water and
taken temporarily to the land, either in quest of food or in migration from one to
another of adjacent bodies of water. Not only would an -aquatic life seem to har-
monize best with the anatomical characters of Diplodocus as we know them, but such
a habitat would also afford these comparatively helpless animals the greatest pos-
sible protection from the huge terrestrial carnivorous Dinosaurs which lived con-
temporaneously with them and were undoubtedly their constant enemies.

Bearing in mind the enormous size of the animal and the great quantity of food
necessary for its sustenance, in consideration with the extremely small and almost
edentulous skull, it will readily appear how important to the existence of these
animals was the nature of their environments. They were remarkably ill adapted
for maintaining themselves amidst varying conditions. Not only was an almost in-
exhaustible food supply necessary to their existence, but they were also equally de-
pendent upon the nature of the food.. The small, pointed, imperfectly socketed
rake-like teeth of Dzuplodocus, only present in the anterior portion of the mouth,
were of little or no use as masticating organs, but would have served the animal
very well as prehensile organs useful in detaching from the bottoms and shores the
tender, succulent aquatic and semi-aquatic plants that must have grown in great
abundance in the waters and along the shores of the Jurassic streams and lakes in
and about which these animals lived. It is not improbable that during the period
when these huge dinosaurs lived and flourished over what is now New Mexico,
Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas there prevailed throughout this
region physical conditions somewhat similar to those which exist to-day in tropical
America and more especially over the coastal plain of the lower Amazon with its
numerous bayous and islands, or the more elevated valleys of the interior in the
Brazilian provinces of Amazonas and Matto Grosso with their numerous lakes and
large rivers surrounded by a dense tropical vegetation with broad, level valleys sub-
ject to periodical inundations. It is only in the midst of such conditions that we
can suppose it was possible for these animals to have existed, while comparatively
very limited climatic or other physical changes affecting either the abundance or
nature of their food supply would have rendered their existence precarious and
finally led to their extermination. During the late Jurassic and in early Cretaceous
times the western portion of the great interior basin of North America was but
slightly elevated, and for the most part consistod of vast morasses with occasional
open bodies of water connected by deep but, sluggish streams. Here in the midst

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 61

of an exceedingly luxuriant vegetation, in a moist tropical climate, lived Diplodocus
and numerous other huge members of the Sauropoda, as well as other Dinosaurs.
If we picture these or similar conditions as having prevailed over this region in
middle Mesozoic times we may form a very fair idea of the probable environments
attending the existence of these monsters. With the beginning of the Cretaceous
there began a subsidence over this region, and a great inland sea was formed which
gradually encroached upon the habitat of these animals, more and more restricting
the area adapted to them, so that at about the commencement of the Upper Cre-
taceous the entire region formerly occupied by them had become a shallow sea save
only certain islands of limited extent and perhaps otherwise poorly adapted as the
homes of such animals as were the Sauropoda. In this manner was accomplished
_.the final extermination of this group of Dinosaurs, while the carnivorous Theropoda
and the herbivorous Predentata, through their greater ability to adapt themselves
to the changed environments, continued on throughout the entire Cretaceous and
have left their remains in great abundance imbedded in the sandstones and shales
of the Laramie, the closing period of Mesozoic times.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Mars, O.C. ‘Principal characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs, Part I., Am. Jowrn. Sci.
and Arts, Vol. XVI., Nov., 1878, pp. 418-416; Principal characters of
American Jurassic Dinosaurs, Part VII., Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, Vol.
XXVIL., Feb., 1884, pp. 161-167 ; Dinosaurs of North America, Sixteenth
Ann. Report of U.S. G.S., Part I., pp. 148-244; Vertebrate Fossils of
the Denver Basin, Extract from Monographs of the U. 8S. G. 8., Vol.
XXVII, 1897, pp. 475-527.

Osporn, H. F. Additional characters of the Great Herbivorous Dinosaur Camarasaurus, Bull.
Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist., New York, June 4, 1898, pp. 219-233; A Skele-
ton of Diplodocus, Part V., Vol. I., of the Mem. of Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
New York, Oct. 25, 1899, pp. 168-214; Fore and Hind Limbs of Carni-
vorous and Herbivorous Dinosaurs from the Jurassic of Wyoming, Dinosaur
Contributions, No. 8, Bull. Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist., New York, Oct. 30,
1899, pp. 161-172.

Hotianp, W. J. The Vertebral Formula in Diplodocus, Science, N. S., Vol. XI., No. 282,
May 25, 1900, pp. 816-818.

Harcuer, J. B. Vertebral Formula of Diplodocus (Marsh), Science, N.S., Vol. XIL., No. 309,
Nov. 30, 1900, pp. 828-830.

62

Puate I.

Pruate II.

Puate III.

Puate LV.

Pirate V.

Prats VI.

Puate VII.

Puate VIII.

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Diagram of quarry C, near Camp Carnegie on Sheep Creek, in Albany County,
Wyoming. The bones lying within the double full line belong to Diplodocus
skeleton No. 84. Those in the upper left-hand corner belong to Diplodocus
skeleton No. 94. Those to the right of skeleton 84 belong chiefly to Bronto-
saurus, Morosaurus, and Stegosaurus. The several parts of the various skele-
tons are represented in the relative position in which they were found imbedded
in the matrix. The dotted line represents the line of outcrop on the hillside of
the bone-bearing horizon. The irregular full line shows the limits to which the
quarry was worked during the season of 1900, by Mr. Peterson and party. The
double full line shows the limits to which the quarry was worked in 1899 by Dr.
Wortman and party. The caudal vertebre of No. 84 began near the line of out-
crop, while the last of the cervicals were found near the upper end of the quarry
as worked out in 1899. The scale is about 7 feet to the inch.

Skull of Diplodocus longus Marsh, after Marsh.
Fig. 1. Side view of skull in U. S. National Museum.
Fig. 2. Front view of same skull.
Fig. 3. Top view of same skull.

All figures one sixth natural size.

Cervical series of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 84), complete except for. atlas. Seen
from right side; one tenth natural size.

Cervical series of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 84), complete except atlas, from photo-
graphs ; one eleventh natural size. Seen from right side.

Cervical series of Dinlodoeus carnegit (No. 84). Anterior view, from photographs.
About one eleventh natural size. Series complete, except atlas.

Cervical series of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 84). Posterior view, from photographs.

About one eleventh natural size. Series complete save atlas, which is wanting.

Ten anterior dorsals of Diplodocus carnegi (No. 84), seen from right side, and
posterior view of third dorsal. All figures one tenth natural size. al, prespinal
lamina; //, horizontal lamina ; az, prezygapophysial lamina; o/, oblique lamina ;
dl, diapophysial lamina; pz/, postzygapophysial lamina; ¢, tubercular facet; c,
capitular facet ; ms, median spine.

Ten free dorsals of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 84). From photographs about one
twenty-second natural size. Column 1, anterior view; column 2, posterior view ;
column 3, as seen from right side. Vertebre arranged in serial order from dor-
sal 1 to 10 in each column, commencing at the right with No. 1 and ending on
the left with 10.

HATCHER: DIPLODOCUS (MARSH) 63

PuateE TX. Twelve anterior caudals of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 84). Column 1, posterior
view; column 2, anterior view; column 3, as seen from right side. Vertebre
are arranged consecutively from 1 to 12, commencing at the right in either
column. 2 and 38 are coossified and appear as one vertebra in columns 1 and 2.

All figures about one twenty-second natural size.

PuLaTE X. Comparative views of pelvis of Diplodocus and Brontosaurus.

1. Side view of pelvis of Diplodocus carnegii (No. 94). About one eleventh
natural size. From a photograph. Owing to crushing, the sacral spines appear
rather low, and since the anterior blade of the ilium bends strongly outward, that
element is foreshortened and appears rather more pointed than it should. Seen
from right side.

2. Posterior view of same specimen.

3. Sacrum and ilium of Brontosaurus seen from right side. Pubic peduncle
and anterior blade of ilium are incomplete, as is also the top of sacral spines.

All figures about one eleventh natural size.

Puate XI. — Hind limb and foot of Diplodocus carnegii.

1. Front view of right tibia, fibula, and foot of Diplodocus carneqii (No. 94).

2. External view of same.

3. Front view of right femur (No. 86).

4. External view of same.

All figures about one eleventh natural size.

Prater XII. Pelvis and caudal series of Diplodocus longus Marsh. Seen from left side,

about one fortieth natural size. After Osborn.

Puate XIII. Restoration of Diplodocus carneyii Hatcher, one thirtieth natural size.

cae Pe A kee ee Rs ee ee ee ee a ae, ee

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE |

ScALE 7 FEET £O THE INCH.

DIAGRAM OF QuaRRY C. SHOWING POSITIONS OF SkeLeTons 84 AND 94.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. owes, 1c

Sxutt or DIPLODOCUS LONGUS Mars, AFTER Marse. 1 NA. SIZE.

PLATE ING

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I.

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PLATE XIII.

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RESTORATION OF THE SKELETON oF DIPLODOCUS CARNEGIT Watowen, ly NATURAL 8IZ8.

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CARNEGIE MUSHUM.

ore NO. 3.

OLIGOCENE CANID.
By J. B. HarcHeEr.

While collecting in the Oligocene deposits in the Hat Creek Basin, Sioux Co.,
Nebraska, during the season of 1901, Mr. O. A. Peterson was fortunate in discover-
ing an almost complete skeleton (No. 492) of an extinct dog, which I have referred
to the species recently described by Prof. W. B. Scott as Daphenus felinus, although |
it differs in certain skeletal and dental characters which by some might be considered
as of specific importance.

In about the same geological horizon and in the same general locality (Hat
Creek Basin) Mr. Peterson also discovered portions of the skeletons of three other
dogs. All of these have the skull for the most part well preserved. One of these
(No. 553) pertains to D. felinus, while a second (No. 491), I have been unable to
identify with any known genus or species. The third (No. 552), which consists of
a remarkably complete skull with lower jaw, atlas, axis, third cervical, and other
portions of the skeleton, while generically agreeing very well with Cope’s descrip-
tion of D. hartshormianus, presents such striking differences from those given by
Leidy for D. vetus, the type of the genus, that I have thought it best to erect for this
also a distinct genus and species.

_ By reason of the remarkably perfect condition of this material, and more espe-
cially of the skeleton of Daphenus felinus, which for the first time makes it pos-
sible to determine the more important osteological and dental characters of that
genus from a single skeleton, I have thought it desirable to figure and describe this
material in detail. Notwithstanding the recent contributions by Scott, Wortman,
and Matthew to our knowledge of the Oligocene canide it is believed that a careful

65

66 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

study of this recently acquired material will add something to our knowledge of the
osteology of Daphenus and may perhaps shed some new light on the phylogenetic
relations of this genus to the modern carnivora and more especially to the modern
canidee.

GENERIC CHARACTERS OF DapHanus’ Lerpy.

Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1853, p. 393. Amphicyon Leidy (non Lartet),
ibid., 1854, p. 157; Ext. Mamm. Fauna Dak. & Nebr., 1869, pp. 32, 356; Cope,
Tertiary Vertebrata, pp. 894, 896. Canis Cope, Ann. Report U. 8. G.S. of the
Terrs., 1873, p. 505. Daphenus Scott, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XIX, pp. 325
415; Wortman and Matthew, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, pp. 100-138.

The type species of this genus is D. vetus, founded by Leidy on “a cranium
without the face, a fragment of a left maxilla containing the posterior three molars,
the posterior portion of the left side of the lower jaw containing the last two molars,
and a lower ante-penultimate molar of the left side.”

Corp

Leidy’s original description of this genus and species is as follows : he cranium
is elongated and narrow and possesses very much the form of that of the recent
Paradoxurus. The glenoid articulation 1s transversely concave as in the weasels, etc.
The auditory bulle are comparatively small. Of the superior posterior three
molars, the last is the smallest, and has a simple oval crown; the penultimate is
second in size and resembles that of the wolf, but is broader in relation to its an-
tero-posterior diameter ; and the ante-penultimate is the largest, and also resembles
that of the wolf, but is more trilateral, relatively broader compared with its antero-
posterior diameter, and has less elevated tubercles.

‘Of the inferior posterior three molars, the last is smallest and very like that of
the wolf; the penultimate is next in size, and has an oval crown as in the wolf, but
has much less elevated tubercles; and the ante-penultimate which is the longest, in
relation to the size of the animal, is much smaller than in the wolf, but it has the
same general form; presenting a broad heel behind, worn off flat in the specimen,
and three lobes anteriorly, having the same relation to one another, as in the wolf,
but more nearly equal in size and forming together more of a triangle.”

This brief description is followed by a few measurements of the different. ele-
ments constituting the type specimens. In the following year’ Leidy considered
his genus Daphenus as a synonym of Amphicyon which had previously been pro-
posed by Lartet® for the reception of certain remains of canidee found in the Mio-

Leidy’s original spelling of this word was Daphenus, not Dapheenus as spelled by more recent writers. Since the
former is, moreover, the correct latinized form of the Greek daphoinos, it has been thought best to retain the original form,

*See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 157,

5See Bull. Soc. Geol., 1826, VII., p- 219.- -

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDA 67

cene formation at Sansans, France. The reference of this material to the genus
Amplhicyon seems to have been based entirely upon the dental formula and is now
known to be erroneous, as has been shown by Scott. The chief |!generic distinc-
tions between Daphanus Leidy and Amphicyon Lartet in so far as they are at
present known are to be found in the relative size of the premolars, structure
of canines, and position of the superior third tubercular molar. The canines
of Daphenus are without either anterior or posterior cutting edges, while these
are present in Amphicyon. The premolars are reduced in size in Amphicyon,
while those of Daphenus show little or no reduction. In Daphenus the superior
third tubercular molar is pushed inward and aligned with the internal cones
of the preceding molars, while in Amphicyon this tooth occupies a more external
position.

In 1869,* as Amphicyon vetus, Leidy gave a much more complete description of
the material which had formed the type of his previously proposed genus Daph-
anus. Among the more important additional characters then enumerated by him
the following may be mentioned as being perhaps of generic importance.

1. Presence of long, strong and high sagittal crest.

2. Auditory bulle small.

3. M.® small, transversely oval, with two tubercles and one root.

In 1898° Scott confirmed most of the observations made by Leidy and added a
great number of new characters relating not only to the skull and dentition, but to
other portions of the skeleton as well. In this paper Professor Scott gave the first
adequate account of the osteology of the genus Daphanus and pointed out its dis-
tinction from Amphicyon. On account of the incomplete nature of the material at
his command Scott’s description was necessarily based on the remains of several
more or less fragmentary skeletons belonging to different species. Moreover, as we
shall show later, it is not at all certain that some of the material described by Scott
does not pertain to a distinct genus.

In 1899 Wortman and Matthew® characterized the genus Daphenus Leidy as
follows: ‘‘ Upper molars transversely unsymmetrical (paracone more external than
metacone). M® oval, aligned with inner cusps of anterior molars. Heels of lower
molars low-ridged, with low entoconid crest, mz a convex nub.”

Combining the characters above noted with those shown by the material under
discussion, the genus Daphenus may be distinguished by the following cranial and
dental characters.

4See Journ. Acad. Sci. of Phila., 1869, pp. 31-36.
5See Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XIX., pp. 325-415. °
§See Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII., p. 129.

68 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Dentition 13, Cz, P4, MZ; premolars but little or not at all reduced in size; anterior
premolars separated by considerable diastemata; canines stout and without anterior or
posterior cutting edge; sagittal crest long and very high throughout its entire length,
extending a little in front of temporal constriction; capacity of brain-case very small in
proportion to size of skull. Rami of lower jaw not coossified, with inferior border very
sinuous and symphysial area much restricted.

DAPHCENUS FELINUS Scort.

Specific characters: Scott has distinguished this species as follows :

“The inferior dental series of this species slightly exceeds in length that of D.
vetus and the sectorial is larger. The lower tubercular molars are inserted in the
border of the ascending ramus of the mandible, and, judging from the alveoli, were
reduced in size. ‘The horizontal ramus is not much longer, but much heavier than
in D. vetus, and has a more sinuous ventral border, which rises more beneath the
masseteric fossa. The limb bones and vertebre are somewhat larger and heavier
than in D. vetus, and the neural spines of the lumbar vertebre are very high and
inclined strongly forward. In size D. felinus is the largest and most massive species
of the genus.’ .

Among the material in our collections secured by Mr. Peterson are portions of
two skeletons, Nos. 492 and 553, which I have referred to this species, although
they do not in all respects agree with the characters mentioned above. This is
especially applicable to the position of the lower tubercular molars, which in D.
felinus, according to Scott, are inserted in the border of the ascending ramus. In
No. 492 both rami are well preserved, and one of these teeth is still in situ, but
its position is in the horizontal ramus rather than the ascending, as is well shown
in Pl. XVL., Fig. 2. I do not, however, consider this difference as of specific impor-
tance, since, on actual comparison, our material, in other respects, agrees remarkably
well with the type. While belonging to a slightly smaller individual it is decidedly
larger than the type of D. vetus, and differs from the latter in a number of impor-
tant characters.

THE DENTAL AND OSTEOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF DAPH@NUS
FELINUS Scort.

The following description of the dental and osteological characters of D. felinus
is based on the following material, belonging to the collections of this Museum.
No. 492, consisting of a nearly complete skull with lower jaw, atlas, 12 dorsals,

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANID 69

6 lumbars, 15 caudals, 5 sternals, a nearly complete set of ribs, left humerus, radius,
ulna and pyramidal, right humerus, radius, ulna and manus except the pyramidal,
both hind limbs and feet, and the patellee and os penis.

No. 553, consisting of a skull without the lower jaw, much injured posteriorly
on the right side, with P. 2,2, and M.+, 2 in excellent preservation. Associated
with this skull there were found a caleaneum, two caudals, and a few other frag-
ments. Both specimens are from the Oreodon beds on Bad Land Creek, Sioux
Co., Neb. Unless otherwise stated the following description will be based on
No. 492.

iE oKeOinueians CV ics, I AND 3. Pr. xXOV I, Ere. 5)

Seen from the side the skull of D. felinus is low, with the facial region much ab-
breviated and the fronto-parietal region somewhat elongated. The distance from
the anterior margin of the orbits to the extreme front of the premaxillaries is only
about one third the total length of the skull.

Viewed from above the brain-case appears narrow and the zygomata widely ex-
panded. The maximum temporal constriction is a little in advance of the point
where the superciliary ridges unite to form the high sagittal crest. The fronto-
maxillary region is broad but converges rapidly in front. There is a slight con-
striction posterior to the canines.

The premaxillaries are small, with rather deep external lateral grooves for the
reception of the inferior canines. The incisive alveolar border is placed nearly at
right angles to the longer axis of the skull. Posteriorly the premaxillaries send
back slender processes which are intruded between the anterior portions of the max-
illaries and nasals, but are widely separated by those bones from the anterior projec-
tion of the frontals.

The nasals are rather broad anteriorly but narrowed posteriorly. They are
extended far back between the frontals.

The maxillaries are very broad posteriorly but narrow anteriorly. They are in
contact with the nasals throughout about one half the length of the latter. They
are excluded from the anterior border of the orbits by the malars and lachrymals.
Inferiorly the maxillo-premaxillary suture bisects the alveolus of the canine. ‘The
infraorbital foramen is large and is situated immediately above the anterior portion
of the superior sectorial and the posterior portion of P.2. The maxillaries are con-
tinued posteriorly to form the floor of the orbits and give support to the superior
molars.

The malar forms much the larger portion of the anterior and inferior border of
the orbits and sends backward a rather long process which unites, by an extended

70 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

suture, with the zygomatic process of the squamos.l to form the rather slender, but
widely expanded, zygomatic arch.’

On account of the old age of both the animals to which our skulls belonged it is
impossible to determine the exact character of the lachrymals. They are seen,
however, to form a very small portion of the anterior border of the orbits.

The frontals are broad and convex transversely, indicating the presence of quite
capacious frontal sinuses. Anteriorly they are separated for a considerable portion
of their length by the nasals. Posteriorly and superiorly they display rather rugose
superciliary ridges. ‘These converge quite rapidly and unite to form the extremely

yo /

—

Fig 1. Skull of Daphenus felinus Scott, with occipital cres, removed from right side to show the great develop-
ment of sagittal and occipital crests ; a, superior and inferior limits of sagittal and occipital crests ; b, superior and
inferior borders of brain-case. Natural size butforeshortened. (No. 492.)

high and sharp sagittal crest, which is more prominent than in any recent carnivore
known to the present writer.

The sutures of the cranial region are so obliterated by age in both individuals
that it is impossible to determine the relations of the different elements of this
region. Posteriorly the sagittal crest expands into an extremely high and sharp
occipital crest which overhangs the occipital condyles. By this unusual develop-
ment of the sagittal and occipital crests the capacity of the brain-case is reduced to a
minimum. ‘The relative development of these crests as compared with the capacity
of the brain-case in Daphenus is comparable only with that which obtains in Didel-
phys among recent mammals or in some of the Oligocene Elotheres and Hyzenodons.

7 The zygomatic arches in Daphcenus have been generally described as robust, but they are well preserved in the

present specimens and [ find them more slender than in modern canines of equal size.

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDAi all

This extraordinary development of the sagittal crest at the expense of the capacity
of the brain-case in Daphenus will perhaps prove ‘to be the most distinctive char-
acter of the genus. It is wellshown in Pl. XIV., Fig. 2, and in Fig. 1 of the text.

The condyles are not entirely complete in either skull. They appear to have
been subelliptical in outline with the vertical diameter the longer.

The foramen magnum has the transverse diameter exceeding the vertical, a
character which from the material at my command seems to be remarkably con-
stant with the thodid members of the canidze, while in the alopecoid series the re-
verse seems to be the case.

The zygomatic process of the squamosal extends abruptly from the side of the
skull nearly at right angles to the longer diameter of the latter, then bends forward
and upward so as to overlap the zygomatic process of the malar.

The temporal constriction is very pronounced and the transverse diameter of the
cranium at this point is only a little more than one fourth the greatest expanse of
the zygomata and one half that of the cranium proper at its widest point between
the zygomatic processes of the squamosals.

The palate is broad posteriorly, but narrow in front, and slightly constricted be-
tween P.1*?. Owing to age the sutures between the palatines and maxillaries
are not very distinct. The latter bones appear however to form a more considerable
portion of the surface of the palate than do the former, while the extreme anterior
_ portion is formed by the premaxillaries. The anterior palatine foramen is moder-
ately large and is enclosed by the premaxillary except postero-externally, where it is
bounded by the maxillary. Owing to the imperfect nature of the specimen it is
unpossible to determine with accuracy the number or nature of the posterior pala-
tine foramina. The posterior border of the posterior nares is a little behind the last
tubercular molar as indicated by the alveolus of that tooth.

The pterygoids are long and curve inwards inferiorly so as to partially enclose
the posterior portion of the narial orifice. The hamular processes have been broken
away and the condition and age of the specimens do not permit of determining to
what extent the palatines and alisphenoids respectively enter into the formation of
the pterygoids.

The sutures between presphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital are closed and
these: bones are all fused as one.

The paroccipital process is slender, styliform, and directed downward and some-
what backward. The mastoid process is low, broad, and separated from the post-
glenoid process by a wide and deep groove very similar to that which obtains in the
modern canide, and it doubtless served as in the latter to accommodate.the tubular

2 . MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

process of the auditory bulla which enclosed the external auditory meatus. The -
postglenoid process curves slightly forward and overhangs somewhat the glenoid
cavity, though not to so great an extent as in the modern wolves. The character
of this process is intermediate between that of the modern cats and dogs. ‘The an-
terior border of the glenoid cavity is flat as in the dogs rather than depressed as in
the cats, so that the articulation of the lower jaw is dog-like in nature rather than
feline.

Leidy and Scott have both described the auditory bulla of Daphenus as being
exceedingly small, though both express some doubt as to the homology of the ele-
-ments which they have described as auditory bulle. The following quotation from
Scott sets forth the chief characters as described by each of these authors. He says :
“The auditory bulla of Daphznus is very remarkable and differs from that of any
other known carnivore. Its principal characters were observed and noted by Leidy,
but the material at his command was insufficient to enable him to describe these
peculiarities with confidence. The tympanic is exceedingly small and is but slightly
inflated into an inconspicuous bulla, the anterior third of which is quite flat and
narrows forward toa point. There is no tubular auditory meatus, the external open-
ing into the bulla being a mere hole, but the anterior lip of this opening is drawn
out into a short process, somewhat as in existing dogs. Behind the bulla is a large
reniform vacuity or fossa of which Leidy remarks: ‘ At first, 1t appeared to me as
if this fossa had been enclosed with an auditory bulla and what I have described as
the latter was a peculiarly modified auditory process.’ Several specimens repre-
senting both the White River and John Day species of Daphxnus show that the
fossa is normal and was either not enclosed in bone, or, what seems less probable,
that the bony capsule was so loosely attached that it invariably became separated
from the skull on fossilization, .. .”

After a careful examination of our material and after comparing it closely with
the skulls of recent dogs, I am convinced that those elements which have been de-
scribed by Leidy and Scott as auditory bulle are in fact that portion of the petrosal
enclosing the cavity of the internal ear, while in each instance the auditory bulla
has been lost, as from the above quotation it will be seen that both these authors
had suspected. Not only do the backwardly projecting paroccipitals, and widely
separated mastoid and postglenoid processes indicate the presence of a moderately
developed if not large auditory bulla, but on the inner portion of the squamosals
and external surfaces of the basiphenoid may be seen marks of the sutures by which
they were once loosely attached to these bones. Moreover if we remove the audi-
tory bulla, as may easily be done, in the skull of any recent dog so as to expose

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDA io

that portion of the petrosal enclosing the cavity of the internal ear, as shown on
the left side in Fig. 2, we shall find a very close similarity between that structure
and that which has been described by Leidy and Scott as the auditory bulla. The
minute external opening described by Scott is no doubt the fenestra rotwnda of the
petrosal and not the external opening to the auditory bulla. ‘The reniform fossa
noted by Leidy is present also on the postero-internal side of the petrosal, though
not so pronounced in recent species of Canis. Not only do all these and many other
characters go to show that this element is in reality the petrosal, but a fragment of
the tympanic has been retained in skull No. 492 and is shown in position and over-
lying the petrosal in Fig. 3. A careful comparison of Figs. 2 and 3 will make it

SS

WHA
Yyyy
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YG

WS

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SSS

es

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CD : a

Fic. 2. Inferior view of basicranial region of skull of Canis familiaris with auditory bulla removed from left side
to show structure of inner ear for comparison with Fig. 3; 7 /f., reniform fossa; pr., promotory ; f.r., fenestra
rotunda.

apparent that the bone in question is the petrosal and that through imperfect con-
nection with the surrounding elements the auditory bulle have very generally been
entirely lost in Daphanus during the process of fossilization. Considering this in
connection with the fact that in several species of recent dogs, even in adults, the
auditory bullee are easily detached, this may be considered as a primitive condition
among the canidee, while the completely ossified and firmly ankylosed auditory
bulle should be regarded as more specialized characters.

The petrosal therefore is the element which has been mistaken by Leidy and
Scott for the auditory bulla. It is proportionately smaller than in the modern

74 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

canidee and in general form it resembles more nearly that which obtains in the
felidee than in the canidee. Seen from below the general shape of the promontory is
pyriform with the expanded end directed posteriorly and externally and the apex
looking anteriorly and internally. The inferior surface of the promontory is convex
in all directions as in the cats and not so much flattened as in the modern dogs.
The fenestra rotunda opens downward, outward and backward, and is more canine
than feline in character. The foramen or fenestra ovalis looks directly outward
toward the groove between the post-glenoid and mastoid processes, but is situated

NNN

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(
7
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Fie. 3. Inferior view of basicranial region of skull of Daphenus felinus (No. 492). f.t., fragment of tympanic ;
as., posterior opening of alisphenoid canal ; f.o., foramen ovale ; p.g.f., postglenoid foramen ; f./.m., foramen lacerum
medium ; fe.o., fenestra ovalis; pr., promontory ; f.r., fenestra rotunda; sm.f., stylomastoid foramen ; j.f., jugular

foramen ; c.f., condylar foramen ; 7.f., reniform fossa.

high above the roof of that groove. The inflated nature of the promontory indicates
that the cavity of the internal ear was capacious and the cochlea correspondingly
well developed.

In neither of our skulls is the basicranial region sufficiently well preserved to
determine with certainty the position or character of all the foramina of this region.
In No. 492, however, the following foramina may still be detected and are shown in
Fig. 3. The condylar foramen perforates the exoccipital at the usual place just
within the base of the paroccipital process. The foramen lacerum postertus occupied
a position on the postero-internal side of the auditory bulla. The postglenoid fora-

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDA 75

men lies at the postero-internal base of the postglenoid process. The foramen
lacerum medium was situated at the antero-internal angle of the auditory bulla.
The foramen ovale and posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal were a little less
separated than in modern dogs and opened by a single rather elongate and oval
aperture situated external to the posterior extremity of the pterygoid. The ali-
sphenoid canal appears to have been small, but long, so that its anterior opening, the
sphenoidal fissure and the optic foramen are crowded close together and all occupy a
comparatively small space at the base of the pterygoids.

MrAsurEMENTS (No. 492).

Greatest length of skull........... Ha eecreic ese nase ote ce eicisins Satie oat ap sacignateeveresatecscnoes 205 mm.
Greatest expanse of zygomata, distortion eliminated...................2.....seeeceeee eee ig)
Wenmthvohsarittaluchesterccescssecce sess uescisecnss leeesisesreescoesad ce secsiscesceeensatne Serer OH
Height of sagitta] crest at point of union with occipital crest.......................- as °°
Height of sagittal crest above greatest expanse of brain-caSe.....................55. Gi
TLE OF ZEOTPronasacacscoctonos 680 coe 000 sonnnecesOon dhe DoLOcDEdeocCoDHSoeHaKacEcOSEcooHeR00D00 93° *<
Breadth of cranium at point of greatest constrictiOD.............-.--.esseeeeee ee en sree Bil of
Greatest breadth Of CramiUM...... 02.0.0... 0.0... creeccseceneeeenceraerectasescnentarssnsnacnss 58 “

Expanse of frontals at postorbital processes............0+-scseeseeeceececeee nesses eeeen sees 43 °¢

(er PANO ne ME Erie NeVie Tee 2-5 eT. NOV ies: 2) AND 4.

The lower jaw is not unusually heavy for a dog of the size indicated by the
skeleton. The horizontal ramus is perhaps a little deeper than in modern wolves
of the same size, but no thicker. The rami are not coossified. he inferior border
is very sinuous and posteriorly it is produced into a slender and hooked angular
process. The coronoid process is remarkably broad, thin posteriorly and superiorly,
but much thickened quite to the summit anteriorly. The condyle is situated
slightly above the alveolar border. It is subceylindrieal, and with the articular sur-
face, broad internally and narrow externally. This surface looks backward rather
than upward when the jaw is held in a horizontal position. ‘The masseteric fossa
is deep and broad. Anteriorly, inferiorly and posteriorly, it is bounded by promi-
nent ridges of bone, developed on the anterior border of the ascending ramus, the
postero-inferior border of the horizontal ramus, and that portion of the posterior
border of the ascending ramus which gives support to the external portion of the
condyle. ‘here are two mental foramina situated about midway between the supe-
rior and inferior borders of the ramus. One of these, the anterior, is located directly
below the anterior root of P.z, while the posterior lies below the same root of P..
The inferior dental foramen is placed near the inferior border and midway between
the angle of the ramus and the last tubercular molar.

76 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

MEASUREMENTS.
Length from condyle to incisive alveolar border..............-..-sscecccseee eee eee eer eee 152 mm.
Height of condyle above angular process............600005.eceseecesseseeceeeeeeeransenenes 30 “
ce coronoid =“ ME ote reer pore ae nomdeen asennad Becneecore @ei
Widthvof coronoidvatisumimittere-rep secre eeeeRce sere seen e eee e eee eee eter eee re eeee Ce Eee eee ces 26
Depth of ramus below middle of sectorial................:..::0esee-se een she aaviact etaeatersee 26
i +t pamus below (Pig cadeesnnsonacaecasausbaneecestmonaee Rates eee eer sees eee Bil

THe TEETH.

The dental formula is I.3, C.}, P.4, M.3—44. All the teeth are represented in
our specimens and in good preservation except the incisors, P.+ and z and M.2,
these are shown only by the alveoli or roots in either jaw of our skulls. By mistake
the superior incisors and P.+ were shaded in from a third skull belonging to a dis-
tinct spécies in the drawing reproduced in Plate XVI., Fig. 5.

Superior Dentition.—Pl. XVI., Fig. 5. The incisive alveolar border extends
nearly at right angles to the longer axis of the skull. Only the roots of the incisors
are preserved. These show that I.t and # were small, very much compressed lat-
erally and subequal in size, while 1.4, although small as compared with the same
tooth in recent dogs, was much stronger than the two preceding teeth, a character

not shown in the illustration, which is erroneous in that respect. Between I.4 and
the canine there is in the premaxillary a deep depression into which fitted the point
of the inferior canine.

The canines are blunt, stout, and without anterior or posterior serrated or cutting
edges. They are fixed in the jaw by large fangs and are directed downward, for-
ward and outward.

4 is represented only by the fang. It was fixed in the jaw by only a single
root and its crown was probably not very different from that shown in the drawing.
It was separated from the canine and from P.2 by considerable diastemata.

P.4 has two roots and a single median cusp. The transverse diameters of the
anterior and posterior portions of the crown are subequal. Its longer diameter is
parallel with that of the skull. A short diastema separates this tooth from the suc-
ceeding premolar.

The crown of P.2 supports a single median cusp with a low, broad heel posteri-
orly and a much narrower anterior portion. There is a rather well-defined basal
cingulum along the internal and posterior borders, of this tooth. There is no dias-
tema between P.4 and the superior sectorial. At the anterior margin of P.* the
alveolar border assumes a direction somewhat oblique to that of the longer axis of
the skull which allows the palate to broaden posteriorly. |

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANID® vlan

The sectorial, or P.4, is exceptionally well preserved on the right side in No.
553. In form and structure 1t much resembles the same tooth in Canis wrostictus,
though it is proportionately a little longer antero-posteriorly than in that spe-
cies and is thus a little more specialized perhaps than in that species. I think
Professor Scott has somewhat exaggerated the primitive characters of this tooth,
for aside from its general resemblance to that tooth in the species just cited I note
that the antero-external cone as well as the posterior is quite as trenchant as in
certain modern species, Cams cancrivorus for instance; while the antero-internal
cone is proportionately no more prominent than in Canis azare, C. lagopus, C. vulpes,
or certain varieties of C. familiaris. If we compare this tooth with that of Proda-
phenus scottii, a Supposed ancestral form known from a single series of teeth discov-
ered by the present writer in the Uinta beds of northeastern Utah, the compara-
tively specialized nature of this tooth in Daphenus becomes even more apparent.
The antero-external cone of the sectorial in Daphenus is highly trenchant posteri-
orly and pushed inward. The antero-internal cusp is small. The posterior cone is
small and trenchant. ‘The shear is oblique, a primitive character, as in Canis can-
crworus and most of the smaller species of modern dogs, not parallel with the
longer axis of the skull as in C. occidentalis and the wolves generally. Surrounding
the tooth there is a well-defined basal cingulum.

a

In Fig. 4, a, b, c represent the superior sectorials re-
spectively of Prodaphenus scottu; Daphanus felinus

(No. 553) and Canis lagopus. The comparative de- 4 crown view of Bien acd
gree of specialization of that tooth in Daphenus is torials of ; a, Prodaphenus scottii W. & M. af-
well shown in these figures. ter W. & M.; b, Daphenus felinus (No. 553);
M.1 is exceptionally well preserved on both ” Salis ane aaa
sides in skull No. 553, it is completely surrounded by a basal cingulum which is
least distinct on the anterior border. ‘The crown of this tooth is subtriangular in
outline and supports three well defined cones of which two are external and one
internal. The two external cones are conical in shape, subequal in size and situ-
ated well within the basal cingulum. The internal cone is crescentic in form and
‘there is a faint indication of an anterior intermediate cone between it and the
antero-external cusp. The molars of the opposite sides converge posteriorly so
that the palate is widest between the posterior borders of the sectorials.

M.?,is much smaller than M.+, but has the same general pattern except that the
external cones are situated nearer the outer margin of the tooth and the posterior
is much smaller than the anterior.

M.2 is represented only by the alveolus, which indicates that this tooth was
small and not functional.

78 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

MEASUREMENTS.
Length of premolar-molar series from base of canine ......-.........2.-s2ssecseees eeeee 76 mm.
Length: of ‘molar Series) ..5¢22-co0reemscesscewiecteecdes satee moa eisoee ens ecetise seicenieeese beiseiee Ble) OC
Fore and aft diameter of canine at base...............00.seccnece: ceeeeeeercneceeseesanereese 12
Mransverse diameter of (camime) ...--.5-2ses-n ess. -eecdosmesce ee ee ce eeaeeeneaisesseaseeneeasee Oe
Length; of isectoriala(Nos 553)! ..csnecinece nsemeneeeesunee tertecaecestaa ce eee eeaneecenerstees 16 ‘*
Width of anterior portion of sectorial (NO. 553) ................eccceseeeee cee seeeeee eens 10 “*
Antero-posterior diameter of M.1 (No. 553)...-.......:.ceseeeseceeeceseeeeeseeceegeseeees bt
Greatest transverse diameter of M.1 (NO. 553) .........-.2cceceeseseerenneeesceeet essere le 28

Inferior Dentition.— With the exception of the incisors and P.g all the lower
teeth are well preserved on one side or the other in No. 492. Neither the incisors
nor their alveoli are preserved in our material, so that in giving the dental formula
I have followed Leidy and Scott as to the number of lower incisors. ‘The canines
like those of the upper jaw are stout and without cutting edges. P.; isa very small
tooth fixed in the jaw by only one root, which is directed obliquely backward.
There is a rather high cusp on the anterior portion of the crown of this tooth.
P.; is separated from the canine and the succeeding premolar by considerable dia-
stemata. P.z is represented by only the fangs. PP. is separated from the preced-
ing tooth by a short diastema, but is in contact with P.z. It bears a single median
cone and has the posterior portion somewhat stronger than the anterior. There is
a faint indication of a basal cingulum about the posterior border. Pg is in contact
with P.s; and M.z. It bears a prominent median cone and a well-defined posterior
conule. ‘There is a basal cingulum about the postero-external border of this tooth
and the heel is considerably broader than the anterior portion, a character not well
shown in the drawing reproduced in Pl. XVI., Fig. 4. The sectorial is well pre-
served in either ramus. ‘The trigon is high and the heel low and flat. The ex-
ternal cusp of the trigon is much the highest and most prominent of the three,
while the internal and anterior are of equal height, although the latter is much
the stronger of the two. The external cusp of the talon is low and broad while the
internal is faint or obsolete. There is an external basal cingulum. ‘The crown of
M.,, as shown in Fig. 5, has the same general pattern as the sectorial

’ except that the trigon is much lower. Asin that tooth there are
Fic.5. Crown three anterior cones forming a low trigon and a single posterior cone
Peete on the heel. ‘The last mentioned cone occupies a more median posi-
nus (No. 492). | '0n than does the corresponding cone of the sectorial, while the
trigon is much lower and the cusps forming it are all of equal height,

though the external is much stronger than the internal and anterior. M. is a con-

vex rounded nub with a low central cone and a slightly elevated posterior cingulum.

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDZ 719

MEASUREMENTS.
Length of premolar-molar series from alveolar border of canine..............--+++++e 83 mm.
Wenethyotomolar Series seccmecas ses seseieer ovis sisentseelsies sc seis cio olf elotstlarciseiveticiowsioeleiose actin sae Soe
Antero-posterior diameter of sectorial..............csesccceeseeecrsnccerecseccececeseeeeeees Coie a
ie ‘i a Ole CANIM Our ames boat aan dake eae eebactiaws sae eee cost e aauearaanaceeas 13. 8
HhransverserdiameteriOl CANIM). -sescecescesc-closerese( estes selees cooscaencncmeecisncemccaessce 8.5 ‘*

SUMMARY OF CRANTAL AND DENTAL CHARACTERS.

From the above description and the accompanying figures it will readily appear
that the character of the skull, mandible and dentition of Daphenus is essentially
canine, and although possessing a number of creodont characters, more especi-
ally in the skull, on the whole it is not very different from that which we
might expect among representatives of the Oligocene canidee. I fail to recog-
nize those resemblances between the skull of Daphenus and that of the early
Machavrodonts referred to by Scott. On the other hand all the creodont characters
noted by Scott are confirmed in our material, and in addition I may mention the
following :

1. The unusual development of the sagittal and occipital crests, which is even
-more marked than in Hyzenodon. Owing to the imperfect nature of the material at
his command Scott erroneously described the sagittal crest in Daphenus as being
low, it is in fact extremely high and sharp, as shown in Fig. 1.

2. The widely separated premaxillaries and frontals.

3. The incurved pterygoids, which show a tendency to arch over the posterior
narial tract inferiorly as is completely done by these bones in Hyzenodon.

4. The imperfect development of the auditory bulla.

5. The nearly horizontal zygomata, which are but slightly arched vertically.
The orbit however is more widely open posteriorly than in most modern canide,
and the prominently developed and deflected postorbital process of the frontals seen
in Hyxnodon are only very moderately developed in Daphenus.

The angular process and general conformation of the mandible as well as the
limited area of the symphysial surface by which the rami are imperfectly united are
essentially canine rather than feline or creodont.

While the dentition is as a whole undoubtedly more primitive than that of any
single living species of dog, I do not recall any single character which could be
regarded as primitive that is not paralleled or surpassed in some of the recent dogs.
The character of the sectorials is very like that of those teeth in Canis wrostictus, as
has already been remarked, and is less primitive than obtains in C. parvidens. ‘The
dental formula, though normal for heterodont mammals, is surpassed by Otocyon,

80 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

while according to Mivart C. cancrivorus has been known to develop the same dental
formula as Daphenus.

THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN.

OP fe ID Meyers eo eh 3g. Ce Zar,

Unfortunately the vertebral column was not sufficiently well preserved to permit
of an accurate determination of the vertebral formula, though the principal charac-
ters of the vertebree of the different regions, except in the sacrum and cervicals, are
well shown.

The Cervicals.—Pl. XVII., Figs. 1, 2,3. Of the cervicals only the atlas is pre-
served and it lacks the transverse processes and a portion of the neural arch, but is
otherwise in an excellent state of. preservation. It does not differ essentially from
that vertebra as described by Scott in Daphenus vetus, except that the articular
surfaces for the axis are inclined to the fore and aft axis of the vertebra at an angle
of about 45°. As noted by Scott, the vertebrarterial canal perforates the base of
the transverse process horizontally as in the cats, and not vertically as in the modern
dogs.

The Dorsals.— Pl. XVIL, Figs., 4,5. Save the first vertebra the complete dorsal
series is represented in our skeleton, though they are all somewhat injured, and in
none is the neural spine complete. Compared with the skull and the lumbars the
dorsals seem small and the dorsal region as a whole somewhat abbreviated. The
transverse processes are robust and the neural arches and spines slope rather abruptly
backward from the frst to the ninth. Dorsal eleven is the transitional or anticlinal
vertebra. The entire length of the dorsal series is 880 mm.

The Lumbars.— Pl. XVIL., Figs. 138, 14, 15. All the lumbars are represented in
our skeleton except the sixth, assuming that there were present in the skeleton
seven lumbars, which is the normal number in the canidee. ‘The first lumbar hasa
well developed anapophysis which points directly backward and a little outward.
The transverse processes are rather slender and are directed downward, forward and
outward as in the cats, instead of being directed horizontally forward as in the dogs
and bears. Compared with the dorsals the lumbars are long and heavy.

The Sacrum.—This is not represented in our skeleton, but in the Princeton
material it is shown to be composed of three vertebree.

The Caudals.—Pl. XVII., Figs. 6-12. Fifteen caudals are preserved in our
skeleton. Fortunately most of these are in a good state of preservation and give a
fair idea of the different regions of the tail. They indicate that this appendage was
long and intermediate in character between the cats and creodonts, being somewhat

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDA 81

longer than is usual in the former, but absolutely and proportionately shorter than
in the creodonts, Patriofelis and Hyzenodon.

The most anterior vertebra of our series of caudals I regard as the first. It is
short and stout, with widely expanded anterior zygapophyses bearing well developed
metapophyses. The transverse processes are single, widely expanded both trans-
versely and antero-posteriorly. They are directed outward and backward and
support a considerable median prominence on the anterior edge. ‘The top of the
neural spine is wanting, but the base indicates that this process was fairly well
developed. The above mentioned characters are all well shown in Plate XVII,
Figs. 6 and 7. For an anterior caudal it very closely resembles that vertebra in
Hoplophoneus, one of the Oligocene saber-toothed cats. But among recent carnivores
it is decidedly more canine than feline in character.

I will next describe that caudal in our series which I regard as the fifth. It is
shown in Plate XVII., Fig. 8. The posterior zygapophyses extend well beyond the
posterior end of the centrum. The posterior transverse processes point strongly
backward and outward and bear a rather prominent rugosity on the superior surface
and near the external border. This vertebra is Just commencing to develop an
anterior transverse process and articulations for the chevrons.

The next vertebra, Plate XVII., Fig. 9, to be described from our series, appears to
be the seventh caudal. In this vertebra the anterior transverse processes are well
developed, being equal in expanse although more slender than the posterior. The
metapophyses continue as well developed expansions of the anterior zygapophyses.
There is a large foramen at the base and just in front of the posterior zygapophyses
not shown in the figure.

The next vertebra to be described in our series I regard as the ninth caudal.
It is shown in Pl. XVII, Fig. 10. In this vertebra the anterior of the transverse
processes have become the stronger and are directed forward and outward instead
of directly outward. The development of the anterior transverse process of the
caudals of this region is much more marked in Daphenus than in most modern
dogs and cats, and is quite unlike that which obtains in Hoplophoneus. This ver-
tebra bears on the inferior surface at its anterior extremity very prominent rugosi-
ties for the attachment of chevrons.

Between the supposed ninth and the next vertebra represented in our series a
number of caudals are missing. I have estimated the number at three. This
would make the vertebra represented in Fig. 11, Pl. XVII, the thirteenth. In
this vertebra the neural canal has already become obsolete, the anterior and
posterior zygapophyses are reduced to mere prominences, as are also the ante-

82 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

rior and posterior transverse processes. The rugosities for the chevrons continue
prominent.

Of the remaining caudals all are represented in our series but the sixteenth and
one or more of the distals. The twenty-first is shown in Fig. 12, Pl. XVII. It is
reduced to a slender rod of bone and is evidently from near the posterior extremity
of the tail. There is only one smaller in our series.

MuASUREMENTS.
Length of centrum of first? caudal..............00. ccceceseseecneseeceeeas seeeesreenscoeres 19 mm. -
Expanse of transverse process of same vertebra ...............csssreeeec scenes eeeeeceeenes 61 ‘
Length of centrum of fifth ? caudal................0).0 ceseescsnsee cee eesee ceeeeeeeeereenees 35“
ek SS seventh?) Caudallcc...c..st2asceasaty sseborceeessceense seeceeece sa 49“
te WY ee “* ninth ? aoe opancneiooacecnocré peace opeorsopapddéacd saaddocosdoodud 44 “
ty ais eg “thirteenth ?: catdall)-j ss.;cee se. soscceteenensasesenterteeecsecnerses 44“

THE SterNum, Pu. XVIII., Fie. 1.

The sternum in our skeleton is represented by five of the mesosterni. I have
interpreted these as the anterior. Assuming that there were present in the sternum
of Daphaenus six mesosterni, the normal number alike in the canide and felide,
there is wanting but one of these bones. This, together with the presternum and
xiphisternum, both of which are wanting in our skeleton, would complete the
sternal series. These bones are rather more slender than in recent dogs of the same
size, but they are of the same general character. Their combined length is 132 mm.

THe Os Penis, Pu. XVIDI., Fires 4, 5.

Daphenus, as well as Cynodictis, was possessed of a remarkably well developed
and highly specialized os penis, even surpassing that which obtains in the modern
raccoons. As regards the development of this bone Daphenus was preéminently
canine rather than feline in character.

The os penis, throughout the proximal two thirds of its length, is elliptical in
cross-section with the greater diameter directed vertically. Proximally, it is much
compressed into a flattened, wedge-shaped, very rugose extremity, for muscular
attachment to the pubes. Distally, this bone becomes more cylindrical in cross-
section, and at about the middle of its length a shallow groove appears on its inferior
surface. This gradually becomes more pronounced, giving rise anteriorly to a deep
channel, and at a distance of 10 mm. from the extremity the bone is entirely bi-
sected, and sends forward the two peculiar spout-like processes shown in Fig. 5, Pl.

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDA 83

In Cynodictis this bone is grooved throughout nearly its entire length. The
distal extremity is not bifurcated as in Daphenus, but is solid, abruptly curved, and
terminates in much the same manner as in Procyon lotor. The dimensions of
these bones in Daphenus and Cynodictis are as follows:

Length of os penis in Daphoenus...............-..cceceee cscs seecnee ee seen es eaneeneenceecneaes 166 mm.
BG CB OOS O TAT IIGSTS) cas dooaen sane nnaneiphedop Sead ooeccobEG ose bovoaddoaasescast dee 1D.
Depth of os penis in Daphcenus at proximal end. ........-.....000...se0 002s seen eee eee 1g &
state “« ** Cynodictis ss Go sdeopa cobs pe coannonentcdooduanpsp ana eece )
THe Riss.

Most of the ribs are represented and several are quite complete. The anterior
are short but proportionately very stout. Throughout the series they are shorter
than in most modern dogs, with limbs of equal length, thus indicating a body cavity
of relatively small capacity. The greatest length of the best preserved ribs measured
along the cords of the arcs formed by the bones is as follows:

TENTS Fascoodcenn aoocqdauo naaano paagnon00 naoooDboDDN8Ho9DGADERAO0a0 NoSSUdUOUGoUucHooSdonoaqooDSador0cuGNdTG 45 mm.
SECO. consqn0%6 casonbono ccononccunqeeDpenDeogoduedHoahosoDenduoOdNAOD LooocEooG BuDDEoobodedoORoGDDeNC ifs} Ot
ZONE locoandne 9.000000 coosodsncedndcHeqe5aNs0boqGqs HEe0Ke NoDdSENDOnes0d000 aoaDoG00 apnnBeonEOcoS”eosOH0 GB oF
[OWI 0 copeoan nod eaoncaoodaoscon ooo nagsacacoopeDogBEECaD ecboonobaDsdcobo.B009 SdaqcHoOCossoDCoRSEaoGoRo! 98‘
SIE cascoasendnscnoo uccqndnon copscoosenndend bodionaunesanoDepaacasdocooAdpocodaKeec ooDnOCBBGoE<kAD0o000 O5see
SKEW GME cosudedoquesdeo aseooans00nde noan qoopHopst doondeBead sHoSadabe onppaouCec@acaHCnDadobAbedcsGocdeD Ty SRO
INIT Soacboaccesasoeconpacocode90nG. ednoboDobesaocouDsobdabocodeocsedddoo copsuaddascoagodouDesu00500R0 1B

4 TOIL NG sapoccoosdonobenodeeasadsuoknaoopodonod.sodood sadeodasoccone Goseduacocpodesacdcio codoMocoadorigNedto 120s

Tur Fore Lives AND FEET.

Unfortunately the scapule are wanting in our skeleton and I am unable to give
the characters of this important bone.

The Humerus. —P). XIX., Figs. 7, 72 and 8. Both humeri are preserved in
our skeleton and are nearly complete, though much crushed. ‘They are decidedly
more cat-like than canine. In fact almost every character by which one could
with reasonable certainty distinguish a modern feline humerus from that bone
in the canide is present, and were the humerus of Daphenus found isolated
one would unhesitatingly refer it to some member of the felidee, thus showing how
unreliable a guide the comparative osteology of recent vertebrates may be to
the student of vertebrate paleontology. There is a large swpra-condyloid fora-
men bounded internally by a strong supra-condylar ridge, a character always
found in the modern felidee and which would alone distinguish the humerus of a
cat from a dog. There is no swpra-trochlear foramen, but the anconeal fossa is deep.
The external swpinator ridge is developed into a broad and sharp ridge of bone ex-

84 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
re

tending throughout about one third the total length of the shaft. Superiorly this
ridge shows a much greater development than in either the modern felide or
canide. The articular surface of the radial condyle is more distinctly keeled than
in the felidze and in this respect is more canine in character. A very sharp ridge
continues upward from this keel along the: posterior side of the bone and along the
external margin of the anconeal fossa. The ulnar condyle is somewhat interme-
diate between that which obtains in the modern canide and felide. Proximally
the deltoid ridge is only moderately developed. The bicipital groove is deep as in
the dogs, the head is subelliptical in outline with the greater tuberosity much ex-
ceeding the lesser in size.

The Radius and Ulna.— Pl. XIX., Figs. 9-12. Both radii are present and in
eood condition. The most remarkable feature of the bones of the forearm is their
diminutive length as compared not only with the humerus, but with the same bones
in modern canide and felidze, more especially the former. While the lengths of the
humerus and radius in the present skeleton are respectively 185 mm. and 135 mm.,
the latter being therefore a little more than one fourth shorter than the former I
note that the relative lengths of these bones in Felis tigris and the retriever dog are
respectively 270 mm. and 240 mm. and 183 mm. and 205 mm. Thus we see that.
in the tiger the radius is only one ninth shorter than the humerus, while in the dog
it is nearly one eighth longer than the humerus. In Canis latrans the lengths of
these bones are 157 mm. for the humerus and 163 mm. for the radius, the radius be-
ing still somewhat longer than the humerus. ‘These bones are not only proportion-
ately shorter than in the canide, but they are stouter and more completely crossed
than in the dogs. In both these characters they resemble more closely those condi-
tions as found in the cats than in the dogs. The articular surface of the head of the
radius for the humerus is regularly concave and rather deeper than in the dogs and
suboval in outline. The inner margin of the head is much expanded and over-
hangs the shaft of the bone as in the cats. Anteriorly there is a small median
prominence. The surface for articulation with the lesser sigmoid cavity of the ulna
is carried far around on the internal side of the head of the radius by reason of the
enlarged coronoid process of the ulna which is feline rather than canine in char-
acter. The tubercle of the radius is rather prominent and there is a noticeable con-
striction between it and the head. On the postero-external side, and in about the
middle of the shaft of the radius there is an elongated rugosity which opposes a
similar one on the antero-external surface of the ulna. These rugosities served for
the muscular attachment of these bones. The distal end of the radius is consider-
ably expanded both antero-posteriorly and transversely and supports a triangular,

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDA 85

shallow, cup-like articular surface for contact with the scapho-lunar. This articular
surface is continued far down on the styloid process. There is a rather deep groove
for the extensor tendon of the pollex and just above this and on the internal side
of each radius is a remarkable exostosis. On the anterior and external surface of
the distal end of the radius are to be seen the usual grooves for the extensor tendons
of the manus. The articular surface for the distal end of the ulna is nearly cir-
cular in outline and occupies the same position as in the cats, being decidedly more
inferior than that which obtains in the dogs. The shaft of the radius throughout
its entire length is subelliptical in cross-section. ‘The shaft of the ulna is much
compressed proximally as in the cats, not trihedral as in the dogs. The olecranon
process is broad and higher than in the modern dogs, though perhaps not quite so
prominent as in the cats. It may therefore be considered as somewhat intermediate
in character between the dogs and cats though decidedly more like the latter. The
superior and posterior margins of the olecranon are very rugose and much expanded,
indicating the presence of a powerful triceps muscle. ‘The greater sigmoid cavity
does not differ much from that which obtains in modern dogs. What little varia-
tion there is however is seen in the more extended inferior and internal articular
surface, due to the greater development of the coronoid process and is in the direc-
tion of the cats. Indeed the entire construction of the elbow and limb is remark-
ably feline as is seen in the abbreviated forearm, the well-developed coronoid and
olecranon processes of the ulna and the presence of a supracondylar foramen in the
humerus. Distally the ulna is trihedral in cross-section and there is a moderately
developed and flattened styloid process for articulation with the pyramidal and
pisiform. On the inner side at the distal end of either radius there is a consider-
able growth of diseased bone, or exostosis mentioned above. These are remarkably
similar on either side as is shown in Pl. XIX.

The Carpus.—P1|. XVIIL., Fig.10. The carpals of the right manus are all present
in our skeleton with the exception of the pyramidal. While that bone is wanting
in the right manus it is present in the left, so that it is possible to determine with
accuracy the structure of the carpus. The proximal series of carpals consists of the
coéssified scapho-lunar, the pyramidal and pisiform. In the distal row there are the
usual elements, the trapezium, trapezoid, magnum, and unciform.

The scapho-lunar is much the largest bone in the carpus. ‘The two elements of
which it is made up are so completely united as to leave no trace of a suture. The
radial side is a little more depressed than in canis, while the posteriorly-projecting
radiopalmar process is reduced as in the cats instead of expanded vertically as in the
dogs. Superiorly there is a regularly convex articular surface for articulation with

86 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

the radius, while distally there are four well-defined articular surfaces for contact
with the trapezium, trapezoid, magnum, and unciform. The scapho-lunar did not
articulate laterally with the pyramidal as in the canide, but those bones were
well separated by the superior, keeled, articular surface of the unciform. The
middle, inferior, and anterior surface of the scapho-lunar is produced into a rather
extended keel, which is interposed between the trapezoid and external portion of
the magnum in such manner as to reduce the antero-internal portion of the latter
to a flattened disk, more pronounced even than in the modern felidz and quite dif
ferent from that which obtains in the dogs.

The pyramidal is very much flattened, much more so than in either the recent
canidee or felidee. Inferiorly and posteriorly it is continued into a considerable
process which overlaps and gives lateral support to the proximal end of metacarpal
V. Inferiorly there is a rather extensive and concave surface for articulation with
the unciform. The superior, or external surface, shows two subequal articular sur-
faces, separated by a low keel for contact with the pisiform and ulna.

The pyramidal and ulnar articular surfaces of the pisiform are subequal and the
tuberosity is more expanded than in either the modern canide or felidee.

The trapezium is decidedly heavier than the trapezoid in marked contrast to the
relative proportions. of those bones in the modern dogs. It presents a broad, flat
articular surface for contact with M. I., but scarcely articulated with M. II. thus
approximating the dogs rather than the cats.

The trapezoid is a small triangular bone with the apex directed backward.
Superiorly it presents to the scapho-lunar an articular surface which is convex ante-
riorly and coneave posteriorly. On the internal side it articulates with the
trapezium, while inferiorly and externally it articulates with M. II. and the mag-
num, which it slightly overlaps as in the cats, though its contact with the latter
bone is quite limited. The general shape of the bone is cat-like rather than canine.

The magnum is very much depressed antero-internally, but externally it sends
upward a sharp ridge of bone between the unciform and scapho-lunar which pos-
teriorly almost entirely separates those bones. Both these characters are feline
rather than canine, but both are more emphasized in Daphenus than in the recent
cats, while in the dog the magnum is high in front throughout its entire width and
the superior keel or ridge on the supero-external border is less pronounced than in
the cats. Distally the magnum presents an articular surface for contact with M. III.

Next to the scapho-lunar the unciform is the largest bone in the carpus. It is
wedge-shaped, with the apex directed upward. It articulates internally with the
magnum and scapho-lunar, externally with the pyramidal and distally with M. IV.

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANID® 87

and V. Itis proportionately broader and lower than in the cats. In this respect
it approximates more nearly those conditions which obtain in the dogs, but it is
much more compressed superiorly than in the dogs, thus resembling the cats. It
is, in fact, intermediate in form between that which obtains in the dogs and cats,
though approaching somewhat more nearly the latter.

Considered as a whole, the carpus of Daphenus seems remarkably cat-lke, but
proportionately a little low and broad, the trapezoid and magnum being especially
reduced in height. It is, therefore, of quite primitive structure and indicates that
Daphenus had not yet acquired cursorial habits.

The Metacarpus.—Pl. XVIIL., Fig. 10. In Daphenus the metacarpus is short
and broad as compared with that of either the dogs or cats. Metacarpal I. is longer
when compared with the other metacarpals than in the recent dogs or cats. Its
articulation with the carpus is decidedly feline. It articulates with the trapezium
only, the lower portion of that bone being interposed between the proximal ends of
Metacarpals I. and II. in such manner as to exclude the former from contact with
the latter precisely as in the cats. Metacarpals II., III., IV. and V. are of about
equal strength, III. and IV. are the longer and are subequal in length while II.
and V. are of about equal length but noticeably shorter than III. and IV. Meta-
earpals II., III., [V. and V. are closely applied proximally, but somewhat separated
distally. The proximal inter-articulation of these bones is much less complicated
than in the cats or dogs and they do not so perfectly interlock with one another as
in either of the latter, showing that the manus of Daphanus was less perfectly
digitigrade than that of recent dogs, though by no means plantigrade. The proxi-
mal articulation of these bones with one another is decidedly more canine than
feline.

The Phalanges.—Pl. XVIIIL., Fig. 10. The phalanges are intermediate in char-
acter between those of the dogs and cats. Those of the proximal row are somewhat
arched as in the cats. The second series are nearly symmetrical as in the dogs, but
the distal articular surfaces are less expanded laterally than in the dogs and are
continued further back, upon the superior surface, as in the cats, indicating that the
terminals were to a certain extent at least retractile. The terminal phalanges are
high and very much compressed claws with rudimentary hoods. They are dis-
tinctly cat-like rather than canine in character.

Taken as a whole, the forelimb and foot of Daphenus was comparatively short,
the forearm and foot especially so. In general, its structure is decidedly feline
rather than canine, and this applies alike to the bones of the brachium, the ante-
brachium and the manus, though there are a few canine characters, more especially

88 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM |

in the structure of the manus and the character of the proximal and second
series of phalanges.

PrincipAL MEASUREMENTS OF ForE Limp anp MANws.

Greatestillenethiof mamennStee-ccsseecctsscat cee eee eaceercsec eect eeeee see ee eee eer eeer eee 185 mm.
2 transverse diameter of distal end of humerus.......................... -.) 41 ‘*
uf Lengithy of ra Gis 2.- isch sans. lscassacisdsmasticas sce seeceeriees eek ses w our eeeere nec eore 135 *‘
se HOS SMI Jose nae datclsoneauedlarsines «coe alee oe casaeycenadeetiene deseeebssesmeeeee ee il &
af ** ulna below COronOid PrOCeSS........0--:eeseeeseeeeeeeseceeuee: ce esusneees 137 “*

Height of olecranon above anconeal proCess........-...-....cececceeee cece eseesee see ceeess Bi a

Antero-posterior diameter of olecranon at summit................. seacenooosscosbaa00 22,“

BG ut ulna just below sigmoid cavity................. ee OP
(Greatest) breadth ofacarpusms-s-caeseeeseenessess renee iets nicr eee E cee ner eet eee tee reece 34 ‘*
Greatest height of carpus, ADtETIO“.........:.. .cececcecceescecseneeeee seseeeces se eangpaso0e 126

a breadth of scapho-lunar.......2.....:scccececseeerseeeeceereeeseeeee aeeseeeseesees 24 ‘
aU Gepthiofsscapho-luma eraser dessa cer tc cere cee ietee ee see- teat erase ner i@
ae length of metacarpal _I.............. Srl cece pea eee Ole
rt + ue 10) erro nbooscudessoneaconod scones paccnosce scaDAe sodas 1anc0e8 37‘
es a A DOMME. Setcteigiat eis aparerenteate sites ontlaeite | taht meee er ene Me tee a7
a a ze LV a dsachey. ban sires bens hseaanune aestece sin seaeeehenees 45 ‘
as oe “ Mista. dhs te began eee towenlsa Set sae Uautuenoceone sete acres 35“
Combined length of phalanges of digit I., when in POSitior eee neeeee 29)
36 aH ue a NG Ga Pacers erro raneacnecerebes 46 ‘‘
AG ee ee seen 0 Gi Cai Hee does Maids wmnennenmenen ace 54‘
Hk a ne SES SN saeco *8. sw Sagehowmasataeeeaaeieas BB
« «“ ro ESE CO MMC a Abd, Cs Airy en 45

Tue Hinp Lee anv Foor.

Unfortunately the pelvis is not preserved in our skeleton. All the bones of
either hind leg and foot however are present and in a good state of preservation,
with the exception of some three or four phalanges.

The Femur.— Pl. XIX., Figs. 1 and 2. When compared with the humerus, the
femur of Daphenus is proportionately a little shorter than in either the dogs or cats.
The head is directed more vertical than in either of the latter animals. The
depression for the ligamentum teres is situated well down toward the lower margin
of the articular surface of the head. The neck is constricted and extends inward
and upward at an angle of about thirty degrees to the vertical axis of the bone, so
that the position of the head is much less horizontal than in recent dogs or cats.
The greater trochanter is a little lower than the superior surface of the head. Pos-
teriorly and superiorly it is produced into a sharp ridge which partially encloses the
deep digital fossa, Externally it is expanded into a broad, rugose area for muscular
attachment. Vertically this rugosity is much more extensive than in modern
forms and inferiorly it is continued as a sharp ridge of bone extending along the

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDZ 89

posterior external border throughout one half the length of the bone. On the pos-
tero-internal margin, just at the base of the neck, there is a conspicuous Jesser
trochanter. ‘There is no third trochanter. Distally the internal and external con-
dyles are subequal and separated by a deep but narrow intercondylar notch. There
were present on the external condyles rather prominent fabelle. The external and
internal tuberosities are not prominent and in the middle of the latter there is a deep
lgamentary depression, equaling that for the ligamentum teres. ‘The trochlea for
the patella is broad and shallow as in the cats.

The Patella. —P). X1X., Fig. 13. This bone is decidedly feline in character. Its
general form is that of an almond, thickened above and wedge-shaped inferiorly.
The articular surface is broadly convex transversely and very gently concave ver-
tically.

The Crus.—The crus is in almost every respect more feline than canine in char-
acter. ‘This is shown in the length of the bones composing it, which are not only
absolutely longer than those of the fore arm, but are proportionately longer when the
length of these bones is compared with that of the humerus and femur. But it is
in the shape of the fibula and in its relation to the tibia that the most characteristic
feline characters are to be found, as will readily appear when we come to describe
that bone in detail. __

The Tibia.— PI). XIX., Figs. 3 and 4. The tibia is a little more than one fourth
longer than the radius. Proximally it is much expanded both laterally and antero-
posteriorly. The surfaces for articulation with the external and internal condyles of
the femur are subequal and separated from one another by a rather high median
crest. The cnemial ridge is high and long, extending far down on the anterior
border, as in the cats, instead of being short as in the dogs. There is a broad articu-
lar area on the inferior and outer surface of the external tuberosity for articulation
with the fibula. ‘The external and internal tuberosities are much projected poste-
riorly in such manner as to overhang the shaft of the bone toa much greater degree
than that which obtains in the dogs and more nearly resembling those conditions
as displayed in the cats. Throughout the proximal two thirds of its length the
shaft of the tibia is trihedral in cross-section, distally, however, it is irregularly quad-
rangular. Throughout one half of its length at the distal extremity the external
surface of the tibia is produced into a low sharp ridge, as in the cats, instead of
being flattened for contact with the fibula, as in the dogs. In harmony with the
above mentioned characters the shafts of the tibia and fibula are widely separated
in Daphenus throughout their entire length as in the cats, instead of being closely
applied throughout the lower one half of their length as in the dogs. The distal

90 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

articulation for the fibula is small. Internally the distal end of the tibia is produced
into a broad internal malleolus. The grooves for the flexor tendons are fairly well
defined. The ridge separating the external and internal articular surfaces for the
astragalus is low as in the cats and the external surface is transversely broader than
the internal, though the latter is more extended antero-posteriorly.

The Fibula.— Pl. XIX., Figs.5 and 6. This bone is cat-like in almost all its char-
acters. The shaft is very slender and much flattened transversely. The proximal
end is much expanded, with a deep external concavity embraced between prominent
anterior and posterior rugose tuberosities, while on the internal side there is a sharp
median ridge extending for an inch below the ovate articular surface for the tibia.
For a short distance below the termination of this ridge the shaft becomes a slender,
cylindrical rod of bone, circular in cross-section, a little below this its antero-pos-
terior diameter increases and it becomes a flattened bar with the external surface
gently convex. Distally the fibula is expanded in both directions. On the postero-
inferior angle there isan external malleolus, while just below and a little anterior to
this is a prominent tuberosity, as seen in some of the cats, though absent in others
and in the dogs generally. A deep groove for the peroneus longus is thus formed
between this tuberosity and the external malleolus. The articular surface for. the
tibia is small, that for the astragalus is much larger. On comparing this bone with
the fibula of Hoplophoneus, a contemporaneous sabre-toothed cat, I note that it re-
sembles more closely that of the modern felines. While the fibula of Hoplopho-
neus is distinctly feline, yet it bears a certain resemblance to that bone in the
creodonts not shown by the fibula in Daphcenus. ‘These resemblances are to be
seen in the shorter and more cylindrical shaft and in the rather less expanded
extremities.

The Tarsus.— Pl. XVIII, Fig. 9. The tarsus of Daphcenus and indeed the en-
tire pes is decidedly feline rather than canine in structure, and moreover it more
closely resembles the pes in modern cats than does the pes of Hoplophoneus. All
the elements usually found in the tarsus of the carnivora are present.

The calcaneum is comparatively rather short and stout. The tuberosity is more
expanded antero-posteriorly than in the modern cats or Hoplophoneus. On its an-
terior surface midway between the summit and the articular surface for the astraga-
lus there is a prominent rugosity. At the apex the internal tuberosity is more ele-
vated than the external and they are separated by a shallow median groove for the
tendon of Achilles. Compared with modern dogs or cats the inferior portion of the
caleaneum is remarkably short and broad. The external articular surface for the
astragalus is flat transversely, but very convex supero-inferiorly. It is continued

HATCHER : OLIGOCENE CANIDE 91

well up on the antero-internal surface of the tuberosity, as in recent dogs and cats.
The lesser process or sustentaculum is much more expanded than in either the dogs
or cats. It bears the internal articular surface for the astragalus. This surface is _
elliptical in outline. Superiorly it is separated from the external articular surface
by a shallow groove for the interosseous ligament, and inferiorly by a rather wide
rugose area. The greater process is much broader and shorter than in recent dogs
and cats and shows no articular surfaces for the neck and head of the astragalus.
The peroneal tubercle is more prominent than in recent cats and the groove for the
peroneus longus tendon is deeper. The articular surface for the cuboid is subcircular,
regularly concave and looks almost directly downward as in the dogs instead of
downward and inward as in the cats. There isa large, rugose tuberosity on the
posterior side of the distal end. Owing to the abbreviated nature of the distal por-
tion the caleaneum does not come in contact with the navicular.

The astragalus is feline throughout. The head is much expanded transversely
and the neck is even more constricted than in most modern cats. The neck and
head are inclined sharply inward from the axis of the trochlea and the head pre-
sents an elongated, elliptical articular surface for the navicular, which is convex in
all directions. The trochlea is not so convex supero-inferiorly as in the recent
canidee or felidge, but in other respects it does not differ materially from that surface
in the cats. The tibial side is low and narrow, the fibular high and wide, and they
are separated by a wide ginglymoid groove which may be a little shallower than
in the modern cats, but is decidedly deeper than in Hoplophoneus. On the plantar
side the external and internal articular surfaces for the caleaneum are separated by
a deep, narrow groove for the interosseous ligament. These articular surfaces do not
differ from the corresponding ones in the astragalus of the cat.

_ Owing to the abbreviated greater process of the calecaneum and the unreduced
neck and head of the astragalus the inferior surface of the latter falls below the in-
ferior portion of the caleaneum and comes in contact laterally with the cuboid, a
condition which, in so far as I know, does not obtain in either the dogs or cats of
the present day, but is to be observed, though to a less extent, in Hoplophoneus.
By reason of the abbreviated nature of the inferior portion of the caleaneum, which
thus allows the cuboid to articulate laterally with the ectocuneiform, the navicular
and the head of the astragalus, the cuboid is proportionately elongated in Daphenus.
Its superior surface for articulation with the caleaneum is regularly but gently con-
vex. Inferiorly it articulates with metacarpals IV. and V. by asingle, slightly con-
cave articular surface. On the internal side there are two articular surfaces for
contact with the ectocuneiform, separated by a broad, shallow groove. One of these

92 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

is very small and is situated on the lower antero-internal angle, the second and
larger is triangular in outline and occupies the antero-median portion of the in-
ternal border. On the supero-posterior angle there is a small surface for contact
with the navicular, while extending all along the supero-internal border is a surface
for the head of the astragalus. On the tibial side there is a well-developed tuberos-
ity running obliquely across the surface of the bone. This is separated from the infe-
rior and dorsal surfaces by a deep groove for the peroneus longus. These conditions
are just such as obtain in the cat, but quite different from those found in the dog.

The ectocuneiform is in general cat-like, but with a number of distinctive char-
acters. The distal surface is more distinctly concave antero-posteriorly and trans-
versely, and the posterior projection is not so much constricted. On its external
side it articulates with the cuboid and metatarsal IV. Internally, besides articulat-
ing with the mesocuneiform, it has an extended contact with metatarsal II. Supe-
riorly it articulates with the external one half of the inferior surface of the navic-
ular. The process of the posterior surface is less hooked than in the cats and decid-
edly more like that of the dogs.

The mesocuneiform is much the smallest bone of the tarsus. It is wedge-shaped
with the apex directed posteriorly. Both the superior and inferior surfaces are con-
cave, the former articulates with the navicular, the latter with metatarsal I]. Exter-
nally it articulates with the superior one half of the internal side of the ectocunei-
form, internally with the superior portion of the external surface of the entocunei-
form.

The entocuneiform does not differ materially from that bone in recent carnivores.
It is elongated vertically and wedge-shaped antero-posteriorly. Externally it artic-
ulates with metatarsal IT. and the mesocuneiform, proximally with the navicular,
and distally it gives support to metatarsal I., which is much less reduced than in
the recent dogs and cats.

The navicular in Daphenus is low as in the cats. The superior surface is deeply
concave for the reception of the convex head of the astragalus. Inferiorly it artic-
ulates with all three of the cuneiforms, but the articular surfaces for each are only
indistinctly differentiated. There is a pronounced posterior tuberosity.

The Metatarsus.— Pl. XVIIL., Fig. 9. The bones of the metatarsus interlock much
more perfectly than do those of the metacarpus. While differing in some of its
details from that of the cats, the metatarsus is decidedly feline rather than canine.
This is seen in the greater development of the tuberosity of metatarsal V.; in the
more produced proximal portion of metatarsal IJ., so as to articulate or cover
throughout one half its length the inner surface of the ectocuneiform, and in the

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDA 93

arched palmar surface of all the metatarsals. In Daphenus metatarsal I. is present
and bears two well developed and functional phalanges, thus differing materially from
both the recent cats and dogs. The articulation between the proximal ends of the
inetatarsals and the distal row of tarsals is more complicated than in either the cats
or dogs. This is due to a system of ‘“ breaking joints” as it were, well shown in
the figure. The entocuneiform, besides articulating externally with the mesocunei-
form, has a quite extended contact with the internal surface of the proximal end of
metatarsal II., while the latter, as already remarked, externally overlaps the lower
one half of the internal side of the ectocuneiform. The proximal end of metatarsal
IV. rises above metatarsal III. and articulates with the extreme distal, external
lateral surface of the ectocuneiform. The distal extremities of the metatarsals are
expanded dorsally just above the articular surfaces into prominent rugose tuber-
osities as in the cats.

The Phalanges.—Pl. XVIIL., Fig. 9. The proximal phalanges are arched as in
the cats, save that of digit I. which is comparatively straight. The second series of
phalanges are less symmetrical than the same series in the manus, and approach
more nearly the form assumed by that series in the modern cats. As in the cats
the outer border is the thicker, and the distal articular surfaces are directed some-
what externally. The unguals are developed into sharp-pointed, high, compressed,
hooded claws, as in the cats, instead of curved cylindrical cones as in the dogs. As
in the fore foot the structure of the unguals and second series of phalanges indicates
that Daphenus was provided with retractile claws much as the modern cats. There
were but two phalanges in the first digit. Taken as a whole the pes of Daphanus
was a little shorter and broader than that of the modern cats, and decidedly more
so than that of the recent dogs. It was much longer however than in the ma-
chairodonts. There were the usual sesamoids, both in the fore and hind feet, but
they present no peculiarities and hence need no further description.

PrinctpAL MrasurEMENTS oF Hinp Lec anp Foor.

Gmeabests eno thyolmemlUtenceccscecentasererasccceceaeeosceneearsecceecescsestetsreractncs 201 mm.
IBEX PASS OL COMC|ESacascncogacanoe.ane soveenged eoodo00o08 Sooaddo09sbBcdDoSsoTGNG0 SooDUGsEasEDDIGOOL BD
Greatestilenothilof patella nnn c.ccccsc22 cecccrssenn esseseeiscesenclce eCa anc RUOHASOUETOUeOSORD Zi
Sete aU KEAC bauOls pate lay ees )lscimesccne dasnwaecuie ucece ease secaaeaietesscemeeisadareesveseess 16;_£*
Camma thickness ofapate lat: sasstteedcsncs.cct- sec nes een) ceaeeassiuestaabensoseiecossassaens g
GO" MIGIVSUN GTM Dreeaesendoncacccacad, Soscaces nodose Tenadosacbae SencescocsoooRGEsueaqueiencos Wy %
Distance from posterior border of external trochlea to summit of cnemial crest 41 ‘“‘
Transverse diameter of proximal end Of tibia...............::seeeereeree eee ccee ee eee eee ees a
a ol ee GUAM GAC. GE 1D caccoage aeanansna conosco eos5900s0nodDNo90 000 As} °°
Depth of internal malleolus below internal groove for astragalus ...........-...... 1g

TL@MEIN OF MoE ccasssoncceasa. sesc0oe0nes50020c0 Satin09 900000055000 cuoSboq95bH00090N59990008000 16BN

94 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Breadth of fibula at proximal end ..................sccceceeescnseeceereetereee eee seeenea sees 22 mm.
ss 60) distal vend 's.usiccenaccacenss nor senses seeenaneesenaae eee eee oneness 16“
Weng thyoticaleaneumecrs se eeereeeer cece see cece ee snece ee eet eer Reeree ence erce ener eee reece ss 50 “*
Height of tuberosity of caleaneum above groove for interosseous ligament....... 34
Depth of greater process below groove for interosseous ligameut.................... IG

Distance from internal border of lesser process to external border of peroneal

Tl Sebo) Ke yecaragndaae poooosocaciadocooneondoda nbaScOSaonNSnoDcbocHDDOMOGRascBeabodoN coNscdadastGsnOAED Om
Antero-posterior diameter at base of tuberosity.........-....--..-2:sseeceeeeeeeee ee veeee 20 *
Greatest length of astragalus............00cc00c cone seeeeeeseecareseeeeeeraeseceanecseseree 30)“
CO WACK OF PETREEMTSsccsceauccass occa coseds pooper ocoasneasno saneoB” eucartsoscoooNNeE PA mes
Transverse diameter of head of astragalus ..............6065 sceceeseeeeeteeeeeeeeeeneenees ie
Distance of head below inferior margin of ginglimoid groove...............-......-. iy
TEIGANS Oe CMU Cl socsncconeodeance coonnbonDDeDesEACC CONNSnSANEGUEDOSEDsDODDDODCDODBADCOIDIEE oB2O5 16 “
oe ECHOCUNELLONIN eas sasesisees cise-weseineonsieiecioae scotecsien ceider doeeenmaemeadesemarnsesee lil 6
TNESUCUD CLLOLM eatereseencc ea ceviseseelsosseiuteosheavaseOnapeccemade ame es sere aaeces GS
ae entocuneiformi.:.siessclececee cs teulicosepemeeauc Uueteeseerln HO eeRe REE Ueeneed ease eit 14 ¢
Depthvof navicularsececcesseseeetee cee sere secaceoeeecaea steele seenene erect eee Eeaeee gg
Transverse diameter of navicular............... eceROnaeCnnaconecevasadepsborasean Dodscoudess Bil St
Length of metatarsal Teese scan Loe te aaah ae ence EEE ee 35
os | Reape ot atencoconacn,odcbbondadeddeoscoueecopasdSa0 teggosbcocdabdasde 49 “*
* Me 0D Greaneteeccnceeoccecd sosadacocandgsosrecaacdsconcspsbou dosodenoosocea00 58
ne ‘: Oh aaeea een acon tos bevogoeanoacereeo sun eoticcurcs todos geéoodacbagapedoer o> a
" ue I enscncrecasliscausscaocacc aedsedceo iecuoranobeSodcedc boot cdadbusoneoeuued. 50. “
iy phalanges of digit I. in position... .... ...-....csescerecceeceneeseceeneere cease 33
os ue pee Oi ST ances ceo nb bouneRooor cansoacc obtcasnadnooboGse 47“
ae ee BO ANIL 5S NN Gites se sdeiaunaateigaincss dasnasenesiccsecareace 56
ss ~ See RIVE. GS Smnecomnepticecarcrank sasccco sence saecponcnosceoae 55
ss 1g stye uve BE a ceaaiys te Grbac eBouoasnloe te ae elas ator spmnaa a 47“

After the above description of the skeleton of Daphenus felinus was written,
it was carefully compared with the osteological characters as described by Pro-
fessor Scott and a number of inharmonious statements were detected relating to
those parts of the skeleton preserved in the collections of both museums. A care-
ful reexamination of our material was then undertaken with the idea of eliminat-
ing if possible such inconsistencies. This attempt, however, was only partially suc-
cessful, for while a number of inaccuracies were found in my first description they
were for the most part unimportant and there still remain a number of differences
between the description given above and that of Scott. Many of them are doubt-
less due to the imperfect, fragmentary and scattered condition of the material upon
which Professor Scott's description was based, which frequently did not permit of
an accurate determination of certain characters.

Tae Movuntep Skeveron. Plate XX.
The skeleton (No. 492) was freed from the matrix with great skill and care by
Mr. O. A. Peterson and has been mounted with commendable ingenuity by Mr. A.

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANID 95

S. Goggeshall in such manner that all the different bones may be readily detached
for examination and study. The pelvis, sacrum, missing lumbar and cervicals were
modeled from material very kindly loaned by Dr. M.S. Farr, Curator of Vertebrate
Paleontology at Princeton University. The scapule have been modeled in plaster
and are purely conjectural, that element in Daphcenus remaining as yet unknown.
In modelling the scapula that of the cat has been followed rather than the dog.
Since in most skeletal features, aside from the dentition and skull, Daphcenus, as
has been shown, is decidedly more cat-like than dog-like.

The general aspect of the articulated skeleton is that of a long, slender-bodied,
long-tailed and proportionately short-limbed carnivore. In form and general pro-
portions the appearance of the skeleton is that of a cat with a skull elongated as in
the dogs. The limbs are short in proportion to the length of the skull and verte-
bral column. The lumbar region is especially long and the lumbars exceptionally
heavy. The proportion of the axial to the appendicular skeleton is somewhat
intermediate between that which obtains in the cats and creodonts.

DAPHCNUS DODGEI Scott.

In our collections there is a left mandibular ramus (No. 573), which from its
massive nature, the character of the dentition and the horizon, Titanotherium beds,
in which it was found, I do not hesitate to refer to the above species. The ventral
border is hardly so sinuous as that described or figured by Scott, but in almost every
other respect it agrees accurately with Scott’s description of the type. The teeth
are placed more closely than in any of the other species, the premolars being sep-
arated from each other and the canine by very short diastemata. The premolars
and molars are short but broad and P.s and z have well developed posterior tuber-
cles and basal cingula. M.3 is implanted in the ascending ramus as indicated by
the alveolus, the tooth being wanting in the present specimen.

PROAMPHICYON NEBRASCENSIS gen. et sp. nov.

Among the material collected by Mr. Peterson is an imperfectly preserved skull
without lower jaw, a side view of which is shown in Fig. 6, which I have reluctantly
made the type of a new genus and species. Not only does it differ materially in
several important dental characters from any of the White River canide yet
described, but moreover it presents characters quite distinct from those of Daph-
cenus and somewhat intermediate between those of that genus and of Amphicyon, as
will be shown later.

96 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Proamphicyon nebrascensis. — Char. gen. 1.8, 0.4, P.4, M2. Sagittal and occipital
crests very high and sharp. Premolars much reduced in size. Canines long, com-
pressed, elliptical in cross-section and with posterior cutting edge.

Char. sp. Temporal constriction very marked and situated posterior to the
anterior extremity of the sagittal crest. Capacity of brain-case much reduced.
M.2 supported by two roots, its position more external thanin Daphanus. Shear of
superior sectorial a little less oblique than in most other Oligocene canidee. Inter-
nal cone of sectorial reduced. P.+, 2,2 much compressed and without even rudi-
mentary posterior tubercles. Incisors very small.

DeraiLep Derscriprion or Type (No. 491).

The type of the present genus and species consists of a skull without lower jaw
or other parts of the skeleton. It is complete save for the zygomata, the posterior
portion of the sagittal crest, and the basicranial region between the pterygoids and
the paroccipital processes. All the teeth are represented and in an excellent state
of preservation save M.2 and 1.2 and the extreme point of the canine. The spec-

imen was found by Mr. O. A. Peterson, in the Oreodon beds, on Bad Land Creek, in
Sioux Co., Nebraska.

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yy YY

iy

Fic. 6. Side view of type of Proamphicyon nebrascensis Hatcher (No. 491). Natural size.

The skull is long and compressed with the facial region somewhat less abbrevi-
ated than in Daphenus, The capacity of the brain-case is rather less than in Da-

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANID2 oi

phenus, while the sagittal and occipital crests are high and sharp. The sagittal
crest extends a little farther forward than in that genus, while the frontals are not
so broad, but somewhat longer. The occipital condyles are set obliquely, they are
not much expanded and are overhung by the occipital crest. The foramen mag-
num is higher than wide, though this may have resulted from crushing. The basi-
cranial region is so injured that it is impossible to determine any of its characters.
The anterior palatine foramen is rather small. ‘The anterior border of the posterior
nares is on a line with the posterior border of M.3.

The Dentition.—I.*** are small and very much compressed. I[.2 is wanting in
our specimen on both sides, the alveoles show it to have been decidedly larger than
I.:“*, but proportionately much smaller than in most recent dogs. he canine is
large and elliptical in cross-section with a cutting posterior edge. It is longer and
more slender than in Daphenus and more nearly resembles the same tooth in Am-
phicyon americanus as described and figured by Wortman.* The character of this
tooth is intermediate between that which obtains in Daphenus and Amphicyon, al-
though decidedly more like Amphicyon, as shown by the presence of a posterior cut-
ting edge and its elliptical cross-section.

The three superior anterior premolars are all greatly reduced in size as shown in
Fig. 7, a character also shown by Amphicyon americanus, according to Wortman’s
description, though not so apparent in his figures. The reduced size of these
premolars is proportionately more pronounced than in any fossil dog I have yet
seen, it even equals that which obtains in Cans parvidens among recent dogs.
Premolars ‘*” are separated from one another by a long diastema, and a somewhat
shorter diastema intervenes between the canine and P.4, while the space between
P.?“? ig still less. Posteriorly P.2 is in contact with the sectorial. ‘The crowns of
all three of these teeth consist of a single simple median cone without anterior or
posterior tubercles. Premolar+is fixed by one root only, *“* by two roots. Pre-

molar # is set obliquely in the jaw. In all three of these teeth the anterior and
posterior transverse diameters of each tooth are equal.

The sectorial or P.* is proportionately long and narrow. ‘The anterior portion
is not so broad as in Daphenus and the internal cusp is low, a little more reduced
than in Daphenus, but not so much as in Canis occidentalis and the wolves gener-
ally. The proportions of this element are about the same as those which obtain in
C: lagopus and certain others of the smaller recent dogs and foxes, as will be seen
by a comparison of Fig. 4° with Fig. 7. The antero-external or principal cone is
high and directed slightly backward. It is separated from the posterior cutting

SSee Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. II, 1901, pp. 200-204.

98 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

blade by a rather deep groove. The latter element is low, sharp and oblique in
position.

Molars +“* are proportionately broad transversely and short antero-posteriorly.
Each of these teeth supports two subequal external cones separated by a rather deep
depression from a single crescentic internal cusp at the base of which is a broadly
expanded basal cingulum. Strong basal cingula are also developed on the external
sides of M.'**, more especially M.+, and on the antero-external angle this is devel-
oped into a considerable prominence. M.2 is wanting on both sides of our speci-
men, but on the left it is represented by two alveoli, as shown in Fig. 7. These
show it to have been rather large for a third molar and to have been aligned with
the external margins of molars !“*.

Caz,
(ay

O——————_ &
FW a w=

AA SS —= =

Fic. 7. Crown view of superior dentition of type of Proamphicyon nebrascensis Hatcher (No. 491). Natural size.

Mn
\!

MEASUREMENTS OF TyprE (No. 491).

Length along palate and base of cranium from incisive alvelolar border to

Opening of foramen MAL DUM... -. 2... 00.2. sccsceereneeeseces cooscoseacescasssscseroress 175 mm.
Greatest height of sagittal Crest..............:.csccee seceeceeececencenceeseeeseesesesereaes 25) ee
Length of sagittal crest, estimated.................sccsecceee scence eeeees Heweaeeenecleapias Oot ati
Distance along median line from union of superciliary ridges to anterior ex-

tremity of nasals....... Re re cee eee cecncranecoseeenpoccbadicn praca racer 86 a
Distance from posterior border of M.2 to anterior border of I.* .................. Be
Antero-posterior diameter of canine at base.........-...2.-21eseeee sence cree ee eee eee es Ot
Transverse a6 se GG OOH Us ecards dataeceaee olsenene ces one sheene Groene
Length of premolar Series...-...........000.osccecerecseeeecsees seeeeeceeceeseneensceecs tener 37 re

GOT BGLII I leccanscannsccnansensecosandaosoco0pabucd suDDapEo6 nosenaaqags0sneCs & doonccseGed 1a
pe TTHOV ENE SEIS conan sponte pooasoocoansSonUocOsaDOOSdDONE NdoboaSDSaEDUOBSHDONODSD ODo00E 26 a
Antero-posterior diameter Of M.1...........:.:ccceecsnceescceeceeeeesccnencaeseeseenteene 11 ue
Mransyerse Giame bers Of MiLeesresseresecsessee meses seselseees yeni tedertietlsmsiiectseeteet 1G is

RELATIONS OF PROAMPHICYON NEBRASCENSIS.

After a careful comparison of the type of the present genus and species with
Wortman’s description and figures of Amphicyon americanus already referred to,
the writer believes that the skull which forms the type of the present genus and
species pertained to an animal intermediate in character between Daphcenus and
Amphicyon and which stood in the line directly ancestral to the latter genus. The

HATCHER : OLIGOCENE CANID why)

most important resemblances between the present genus and Amphicyon are to be
found in the dentition and have already been noticed. These may be recapitulated
as follows :

First: Canine elliptical in cross-section or flattene1 transversely an1 with pos-
terior cutting edge.

Second: Premolars +;2,2 much reduced in size.

Third: Superior sectorial long and narrow.

Fourth: Molars *** much expanded transversely.

fifth: Molar# large, as indicated by presence of two alveoli, and aligned with
external border of M. !“?

The cranial characters of the American species of Amphicyon are not sufficiently
well known to permit of a comparsion of these characters in the two forms. Judg-
ing from the dental characters alone however the present genus would appear to
fulfill all the requirements that we might reasonably except to find in a White
River ancestor of the Miocene form, except that P.t.2,2 are perhaps a trifle too much
reduced in size. I therefore for the present regard Proamphicyon nebrascensis as
ancestral to Amphicyon americanus.

PROTEMNOCYON INFLATUS, gen. et sp. nov., Plate XV.

Among the material collected by Mr. Peterson is a beautifully preserved skull
(No. 552) with lower jaw, for which, from its evident relation to Temnocyon, I pro-
pose the genus Protemnocyon. In reference to the capacious nature of the brain
cavity it is proposed to designate the species as P. inflatus.

Char. Gen. — Sagittal crest very low throughout the anterior two thirds of its
length. Brain-cavity much inflated, indicating a brain one half larger in proportion
to the size of the skull than that of Daphcenus or Proamphicyon. Dental formula,
1.2, C.4, P.4, M. 8%. Heel of inferior sectorial and M.z imperfectly keeled.

Char. sp.— Temporal constriction anterior to union of superciliary ridges. Fron-
tals broad, gently concave medially, but convex laterally, indicating the presence
of well-developed frontal sinuses. Inferior margin of mandible nearly straight.
M.2 much reduced in size or absent. P.4, 3, 3, z large and with broad heels.

Derattep Description oF Type (No. 552).

The type of Protemnocyon inflatus consists of a skull with lower jaw, atlas, axis,
and third cervical found in position in the Oreodon beds on Bad Land Creek, Sioux
Co., Neb.

100 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

THE SKULL, Plate XV.

The skull is about one fourth smaller than that of Daphenus felinus and is of
about the same size as that of D. hartshormanus. Seen from above it appears broad
and short, with a relatively very large brain-case and broad frontals when compared
with Daphcenus or Proamphicyon. Throughout the anterior two thirds of its length
the’ sagittal crest is reduced to a low sharp ridge rising just above the surface of the
brain-case, as shown in Pl. XV., Figs. 1 and 2, in marked distinction from the con-
ditions that obtain in this region in the two preceding genera. Posteriorly the
sagittal crest is higher and unites with the high and sharp occipital crest which
overhangs the occipital condyles. The frontals are broad and bear rather prominent
and rugose postorbital processes from which superciliary ridges extend, converge
and meet posteriorly at.an acute angle to form the low, sharp sagittal crest. There
is a marked lateral constriction in the facial region midway between the canine
and the infraorbital foramen. ‘The anterior process of the frontals is not so widely
separated from the posterior projection of the premaxillaries as in Daphcenus. The
nasals are rather broad anteriorly and bluntly pointed posteriorly. The premaxil-
laries are small and there is a constriction between the canine and I.* for the accom-
modation of the lower canine.

Seen from the side the top of the skull appears nearly flat longitudinally with
the facial region perhaps a little more elongate proportionately than in the preced-
ing genera. The zygomatic arches are very slender and but moderately expanded.
Posteriorly they do not expand so abruptly from the margins of the skull as in
Daphcenus. The postglenoid processes are directed downward and slightly forward
while the paroccipital processes point downward and backward at an angle of about
forty-five degrees. The foramen magnum is broader than deep, as in modern dogs,
although these proportions may have been materially altered by crushing.

Seen from below the palate appears broad and proportionately somewhat longer
than in Daphenus and Proamphicyon. The anterior palatine foramen is small. The
anterior border of the posterior nares is a little posterior to the last molar. The
pterygoid plates are continued far back and arch inward in such manner as to par-
tially enclose the narial passage in this region, which in life was doubtless cov-
ered over inferiorly by a membrane. The foramen ovale and posterior opening of
the alisphenoid canal have a common opening. The foramen rotundum, sphenoidal
fissure and optic foramen are present, but the skull is too much crushed in this
region to determine their character with certainty. As in Daphcenus the auditory
bullz are not preserved, doubtless through imperfect ossification. The periotic is
present and is inflated to accommodate the cochlea. The postglenoid, condylar,

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDA 101

lacerum posterium and medium and other foramina of this region are preserved,
though the outlines of some of them, owing to the absence of the auditory bulle,
are not well shown.

The Mandible—The mandible (Pl. XV., Fig. 1, and Pl. XVI., Fig. 3) has the
inferior border remarkably straight, much as in Daphenus hartshornianus. ‘The hori-
zontal ramus retains the same depth throughout its entire length. The masseteric
fossa is deep. The angular process is pronounced, the extremity is broken away in
both rami, but it was apparently pointed and inclined upward and backward. The
postero-external border rises almost perpendicularly from the base of the angular
process to the condyle instead of inclining strongly backward as in Daphanus.
There are two mental foramina, of which the anterior lies directly beneath P.;, and
the posterior beneath the middle of P.s. The position of both is midway between
the alveolar and inferior borders. The symphysial area is small and the union was
cartilaginous. The inferior dental foramen is situated rather low, near the inferior
border of the ramus, and well back toward the base of the condyle. The coronoid
process is injured, but enough is preserved to show that it was high and broad,
and rose abruptly from the horizontal ramus at an angle of about 90 degrees.

THE DENTITION.

Superior Dentition.— Plate XV., Fig. 3. In the structure and arrangement of ~
the teeth the present genus more nearly resembles those conditions which obtain in
Temnocyon corypheus, as described and figured by Cope (see Tertiary Vertebrata,
p. 896, Pl. LX XI.), than any other species of dog known to the present writer.
The alignment of the incisors is more oblique and not so nearly at right angles to
the longer axis of the skull as in Daphcenus. This character is not so well shown
in the figures as it might be. Incisors + *# are very small, subequal and much com-
pressed. The position of I. 2 is but little posterior to that of I.4. Compared with
1%2],3 is very large with its posterior border placed far behind that of I.%.
Neither of these characters is sufficiently emphasized in Fig. 3, Pl. XV.

The canines are blunt through wear, stout and considerably compressed, but
without anterior or posterior cutting edges.

Premolars +, ?,# are stout and well developed and separated from one another
and the canine by short diastemata, while P.® is nearly in contact with P.4. P.+
is fixed by a single root and consists of a simple cone directed obliquely forward and
downward. Premolars 2* 8 aresupported by two roots, the heel of the former is not
expanded transversely, but that of the latter is much expanded. The crowns of both
these teeth consist of a single median cone without anterior or posterior tubercles.

102 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

In the sectorial the antero-internal cone is well developed, while the external or
principal cone is proportionately a little lower than in Daphenus or Proamphicyon.
The posterior cutting blade is proportionately high. There is a well-developed
basal cingulum on the external and anterior borders of this tooth.

Molar + is large and subquadrangular in outline, quite distinct from the same
tooth in Duphenus hartshornianus, as will appear from a comparison of the figure
of that tooth shown in Pl. XV. with the figures of the same tooth of the last-men-
tioned species published by Scott in his “ Notes on the Canidee of the White River
Oligocene,” Fig. A, 2 and Pl. XIX., Fig. 2. The structure and form of this tooth
is, In fact, intermediate between that of D. hartshormanus and Temnocyon coryphxus,
though more closely resembling the latter. The external cusps are subequal and
situated well within the external border. The internal cusp is separated from the
externals by a deep median valley. The intermediate tubercles are faint. The in-
ternal basal cingulum is strong and developed into a prominent cone on the postero-
internal angle.. There is a basal cingulum on the external border of this tooth.
M.2 is much smaller but of the same general pattern as M.+ except that the postero-
external cone is much smaller than the antero- and occupies a more external posi-
tion than the latter. M.2 is wanting on either side in the present specimen. But on
the left side there is preserved what appears to be a single very small alveolus not
shown in the figure. This indicates that this tooth may have been present, but if
so, was much reduced in size.

Inrerion Dentition. Pl. XVI, Fig. 3.

The incisors are wanting in both rami and hence nothing can be said concerning
their character.

The canine is compressel laterally but without anterior or posterior trenchant
edges.

The crown of P.z consists of a compressed cone, elliptical in cross-section and
directed strongly forward. It is fixed in the jaw by one root.

The succeeding premolars are each supported by two fangs and the crowns grow
successively stronger from the second to the fourth. They are not reduced in size
and separated by but slight diastemata. All bear well-developed basal cingula on
their posterior borders, and in addition to the principal median cone there is present
on P.z a prominent posterior conule.

The inferior sectorial, M.; consists of a prominent anterior trigon and a low
basal heel. The external cone of the trigon is the strongest and highest, while the
postero- and antero-internal cones are smaller and subequal in height and strength.

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDE 103

The structure of the talon has been somewhat obliterated by wear, but it appears to
have been composed of a large median cone or ridge homologous with the external
cone of the heel in Daphcenus and a rudimentary internal cone.

M.z is much reduced in size and its structure has been obliterated by wear to
such an extent that it is impossible to determine its exact character.

M.; is wanting on both sides, but the single rather small alveolus indicates that
it was much reduced in size.

Tse VertTEBRR. Pl. XVIII., Figs. 6, 7, 8.

Of the vertebree only the atlas, axis, and the third cervical are preserved. -
These, as in Daphcenus, are feline rather than canine in character. The transverse
processes of the atlas are wanting. The articular surfaces for the occipital condyles
are deeply concave and rather widely expanded, while those for the axis are nearly
flat and but little expanded, diverging from the longitudinal axis at an angle of
scarcely more than fifteen degrees. The vertebrarterial canal is somewhat interme-
diate in character between that of the dogs and cats. It enters on the inferior side
at the middle of the base of the transverse process aud emerges posteriorly at the
supero-posterior border of the base of the same process, instead of directly in the
middle, as in Daphcenus and modern cats. ‘The position of the posterior opening of
the vertebrarterial canal in the present genus and species while still similar to that
which obtains in Daphcenus and the cats is clearly shifting to that which it occupies
in the dogs. In this respect Protemnocyon may be considered as having made a dis-
tinct advance over Daphcenus in the direction of recent dogs.

The axis is in a splendid state of preservation. The spine is high and sharp,
and posteriorly it is continued into a long peg-like process as in the cats instead of
being truncated as in the dogs. The odontoid process is peg-like. There are rather
slender transverse processes directed backward and slightly downward. Inferiorly
there is on the centrum a sharp median keel. Cervical three does not differ ma-
tertally from the same vertebra in recent cats.

PrincipAL MEASUREMENTS OF TYPE (052).

Greatest length of Skull...... 0... .....c.0 cece ecees ee een cent eter eeeeeneec senses veeesneneces 167 mm.
it read ly Mees Sense wissidescetancccstastooie sis seacienaletea aCe dar\siieceloenbevewencacesiss 855 Ae
Wenpthrofisagiitalicnestieescesejaccseccceacce-ecsacachsestecacderecsmacece-cesaceoceeicorcuees 68 ot
Breadth of cranium at greatest temporal constriction .............0c0eseceneeeee cues OB) oe
Greatest breadthvof cramiumyis. creases ccs sccessensesmaecsesteonessece ase ecseseeseseeecnsses 46 se
r CUS SC ROSIE) logrensseagandanneernde tocda inoctadonecennccoercea an omsrdacer erases 300 se
MEN SCHVOLL DA ALC edacea-ciccses caeiem aa seeseneeiine sauninceclnvetaien fhicsleisosdelhemes easemeleusilaiee 81 a

Distance from incisive alveolar border to anterior border of orbit ............... 65

104 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Greatest length of lower jaw...-....0..csscssseee sesseseeeescersecnesedaceccse censenseress 116 =mm-
Depth of lower jaw below M.j.....2..-2.cccceeeceseeereescecnnseensetercnnccesscereanscceee 19 at
of S os GD Ea esendoceagses -cancccte coocade aga0000q! Susddoncaos.0sadno20d080 16 ue
Height of coronoid) process ..22.. 0220.2 .s..cccnnncarrosoeeremseccreseeecasiravesieo sss sees 56 re
Length of sup. premolar-molar SerieS ..........02-0+-01eeeseeeeenceecee eee seeeee ere ecenes 58 ft
a oe G6 / NSETIES We Asegdeepecce a eeeaeretetsaac see Peerage eeaeecoadaddco 43 ut
6 sectoriall cic sema-bevong: cee decteoasr cb eaaearemersiessccr ent cseeeaaere 15 oe
Breadth a die ctinen db acteotan ioucBeeasc5ds5> cedeooadno ooooConnb siceoDtecocoooebN rome
Sr Be ee iad poacuEbnodacadoncdaoT soadaadoauchonabocnasododonoagsouatansdSdddscasedon0 15.6) oS
EL nee eae Cnta 6 oe noacHnodop SobdoocdodbadD SoE ce aes oDu Honcacoonotaden 11 -
Antero-posterior diameter of sup. canine at base of crown............:..0-...000-+ Sioa
Transverse sf me ‘ of COME Pehoncerennren concer 6 Gt
Length of inferior premolar-molar series.................:0-ssc00seeceecerseeeeecaeen ene 65 ee
ss Ae . BOTTLES. sawaedsisanasvouscet a ohn a teodeeeetaee econ eatetemeeeiaas 3Bi oe
ef Sb GSOCOLIAl s2.405..c es cantnceddosaressscotenenaoucsenenaeeeeenroastceenes Gite ess
ss gL caren epee ner on Gr Ar ORPonr non eocnaTac\ cca cba ncerocuccnticces peccosRopanocds Tule St
Breadth Be ideale ou a aaa cattle cane ates eitente be ataia meta cites neater sewer ETS cooouesta v5) se
Antero-posterior diameter of lower CamiNe............-..0.sceeesceceeetscneececaceeeenens 9 ut
Transverse te uf ir, Soa ae eet ys Se eA Aree pee ae
Expanse of condylar cotyloids of atlas.................csceceseceeereseseeesereesateeaseee 32 oe
Length of centrum of axis including odontoid process ............... Seeonitee saan 44 at

RELATIONS OF PROTEMNOCYON INFLATUS.

From the foregoing description and the accompanying figures it will readily ap-
pear that the type of the present genus and species very closely resembles Cope’s
Daphenus hartshornianus and there is no doubt that the two are generically identical,
though the species are easily distinguishable by the structure of the second inferior
molar and of P.2. From several characters already pointed out in the description of
both the present and the preceding genus it has appeared to the writer best to sub-
divide Daphenus into two genera, viz., Daphenus and Protemnocyon, including in
the latter Cope’s species, described as D. hartshornianus, which would then be known
as Protemnocyon hartshormanus.

The present genus appears to stand directly ancestral to Temnocyon corypheus Cope
of the John Day. The relationships between the two are shown not only in the den-
tition, but by certain characters exhibited by the skull and mandible as well. Among
the latter may be mentioned the capacious brain-case, reduced sagittal crest, broad fron-
tals, slender and straight mandible. T. corypheus has advanced so far beyond P. inflatus
as to have completely ossified tympanics, which appear as large inflated auditory
bulle. The molars are also much more reduced in the John Day form, the second
tubercular having become much smaller than in Protemnocyon of the White River,
while the third has disappeared entirely, as might be expected from the exceedingly
reduced nature of that tooth in P. hartshornianus and inflatus, the earlier forms.

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDA 105

Cynopictis GREGARIUS Cope.

There are in our collections a number of skulls associated with more or less
complete skeletons which I have referred to the above genus and species. With the
exception of the os penis which has already been described, these remains throw no
new light on the osteology of that genus of Oligocene dogs and hence require no
further reference here.

CoNcLUSIONS.

The principal object in the preparation of the present paper has been to give to
students of the Canidee, in so far as possible, an accurate description of the osteology
of Daphenus felinus, supplemented by good figures based upon the skeleton of a
single individual. With the exception of the scapula, pelvis, and certain of the
vertebree and sternals our skeleton, No. 492 is exceptionally complete and thus
affords a safe and reliable guide to the osteology of at least one species of Oligo-
cene dogs. After a prolonged and careful comparative study of this skeleton, to-
gether with the associated material in our collections, the present writer was forced
to the conclusion that among the larger White River Canidz there are represented
three distinct genera two of which had been previously unrecognized, all having
been heretofore referred to the single genus Daphenus. Of these three genera two,
Daphcenus and Proamphicyon, include species which are larger than those of the
third and may be referred to collectively as dolichocephalic or long-skulled, while
those belonging to the third genus, Protemnocyon, are smaller and brachycephalic
or short-skulled.

Briefly these three genera, which in fact represent three distinct phyla, may be
characterized as follows:

1. DarHanus. —Skull elongate, sagittal crest high, brain-case reduced, canines stout
and round without anterior or posterior cutting edges, premolars strong and, save in D.
DODGE, with M.2 small and aligned with internal cones of preceding molars, position of
vertebrarterial canal in atlas as in the cats. No known descendant.

2. PRoAMPHICYON. —Skull elongate ; sagittal crest high ; brain-case reduced ; canines
long, compressed and with posterior cutting edge; premolars much reduced in size and
well spaced; M.2 large with two roots? Ancestral to AMPHIcYON of the Loup Fork.

3. PRotemMNnocyon.—Skull short ; sagittal crest low; brain-case large; canines com-
pressed but without cutting edges ; premolars strong and rather closely set; M.2 very small
or absent ; position of vertebrarterial canal of atlas intermediate between dogs and cats ;
ancestral to Temnocyon of the John Day.

Concerning the very difficult subject of the relations of the Oligocene canide to
recent forms, the present writer does not feel competent to enter into a discussion,

106 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

especially with the very limited osteological material at his command with which to
make the necessary comparisons. From the many feline characters which have been
shown to occur in Daphenus and other Oligocene dogs and from the many skeletal
characters held in common by these dogs and the contemporaneous Machairodonts
there would seem but little doubt that both these groups as well as the true felide
came from a common ancestral stock which most likely belonged to some member
of the Creodonta adaptiwa of Matthew in the early Eocene.

In a paper entitled “The Ancestry of Certain Members of the Canide, the
Viverridee and Procyonide,” published as Article VI. of Vol. XII. of the American
Museum Bulletin, Wortman and Matthew have devoted a great deal of attention to
the phylogeny of certain genera and species of recent canide. With characteristic
ingenuity and commendable patience they have developed and proposed two lines
of descent, one for the Dholes, and another for those South American foxes with
reduced premolars, Canis wrostictus, parvidens, etc. Considering that these theoret-
ical phylogenies are, for the most part, based on tooth-structure alone, and that
throughout vast periods of time we have not yet discovered the intermediate forms
which must of necessity have existed, such phylogenetic work while extremely
interesting, not to say alluring, must necessarily be quite provisional and theoretic,
and it would therefore seem to the present writer a little premature to say that
“The Dhole or Red Dog of India (Cyon) can be confidently considered as the living
representative of the John Day genus Temnocyon”’ when not a single intermediate
form is known from the close of the Oligocene to recent times. By this I do not
mean to deprecate such attempts at working out the ancestry of living animals,
which is and should be one of the chief aims of the paleontologist, but rather to
emphasize how fragmentary our actual knowledge of the ancestors of the modern
canide really is. Of the extinct canide of North America we are fairly well
acquainted with the osteology of but four genera, Vulpavus of the Eocene, and
Cynodictis, Daphenus and Temnocyon of the Oligocene.

The plates accompanying this paper were drawn by Mr. F. von Iterson, the text
figures by Mr. Sidney Prentice.

CARNEGIE Museum, July 15, 1902.

PuatTE XIV.

PLATE XV.

PiatTe XVI.

Puate XVII.

Puare XVIII.

HATCHER: OLIGOCENE CANIDZ 107

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Fig. 1. Top view of skull of Daphneus felinus Scott (No. 492). Natural size.
Fig. 2. Side view of same skull. Natural size.

1
2
Fig. 1. Side view of skull of Protemnocyon inflatus Hatcher, type (No. 552).
2. Top view of same.

3

. Inferior view of right side of same. All figures natural size.

Fig. 1. Inferior view of posterior portion of skull of Cynodictis gregarius Cope
(No. 493).

Fig. 2. Left ramus of Daphenus felinus Scott (No. 492). Seen from inner side.

Fig. 8. Crown view of right ramus of Protemnocyon inflatus Hatcher, type
(No. 552).

Fig. 4. Crown view of right ramus of Daphanus felinus Scott (No. 492).

Fig. 5. Inferior view of left side of skull of Daphenus felinus Scott (No. 492).
Incisors and P.1 conjectural, remaining teeth in part restored from No.

563. All figures nutural size.
Vertebre of Daphanus felinus Scott (No. 492).

Figs. 1, 2, 3. Inferior, superior, and posterior views of atlas.

Fig. 4. Fifth dorsal, seen from right side.

Fig. 5. Thirteenth dorsal, seen from right side.

Figs. 6, 7. First caudal, seen respectively from right side and above.

. Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Superior views of fifth, seventh, ninth, thirteenth
and twenty-first caudals.

Figs. 18, 14, 15. Lumbars, 2, 4, 7, seen from right side.

All figures natural size.

Fig. 1. Mesosterni 1-5 of Daphanus felinus Scott (No. 492), seen from above

Figs. 2,3. Os penis of Cynodictis gregarius Cope (No. 4938), inferior and
lateral views.

Figs. 4, 5. Os penis of Daphenus felinus Scott (No. 492), inferior and lateral
views.

Fig. 6. Axis of Protemnocyon inflatus Hatcher (No. 552), seen from left side.

Fig. 7. Superior view of atlas of same, seen obliquely from behind.

Fig. 8. Left side of third cervical of same.

Fig. 9. Front view of right-hind foot of Daphanus felinus Scott (No. 492).

Fig. 10. Front view of right fore foot of same.

All figures natural size.

108 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

PLATE XIX. Limb bones of Daphenus felinus Scott (No. 492).
Fig. 1. Front view of right femur.
Fig. 2. Distal end of same.
Fig. 38. Front view of right tibia.
Fig. 4. Distal end of same.
Figs. 5, 6. Internal and external views of right fibula.
Fig. 7. Posterior view of right humerus.
Figs. 7’, 8. Distal and proximal ends of same.
Fig. 9. Posterior view of right radius.
Figs. 10, 11. Proximal and distal ends of same.
Fig. 12. Front view of right ulna.

All figures natural size.

PLATE XX. Mounted skeleton of Daphenus felinus Scott (No. 492) } natural size.

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WOiIb, IL INO is:

THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES.
By R. W. SHUFELDT, M.D.

At the present writing it is a little over nineteen years ago since I first paid any
attention to the osteology of the steganopodous birds. My initial paper upon this
subject was a brief one devoted to the osteology of Phalacrocorax bicristatus (Science,
Vol. 2, No. 41, Nov. 16, 1883, pp. 640-642, 3 figs.)." The figures illustrating
that paper have since been used in text-books on ornithology and zodlogy to
some extent. As will be observed in the body of the present memoir, five years .
later I published another contribution to this subject, entitled “Observations upon
the Osteology of the Orders Tubinares and Steganopodes” (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XI., 1888, pp. 253-315, 43 figs. in text); and also in January, 1889, “ Notes on
Brewster’s and the Blue-footed Gannet” (The Auk, Vol. VI., No. 1, p. 67). What
I have done in the matter of fossil birds of this suborder, will be chiefly found in
my memoir, “A Study of the Fossil Avifauna of the Equus Beds of the Oregon
Desert” (Jowr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. XI., Pls. XV.-X VII, (4to), Phila., Oct., 1892,
pp. 389-425), and a number of abstracts of the same, subsequently published else-
where, as in The American Naturalist, and The Auk. In 1894, in the Proceedings of
the Zodlogical Society of London, I published a brief paper “On the Affinities of
the Steganopodes” (Feb. 20, pp. 160-162), and in the bis of the same year, in a
paper entitled “On Cases of Complete Fibule in Existing Birds,” made a study of
the fibula in the Sulidx (Vol. VI., No. 23, London, July, 1894, Art. XXIX., pp. 361-
366, figs. 1, 2). The Auk also published a paper of mine in October, 1894, making

| See also ibid., p. 822 ; also Vol. IIL., No. 53, Feb. 8, 1884, p. 143 ; also a rejoinder to Dr. Theo. N. Gill, ihid., IIT.

No. 63, pp. 474, 475, Apr. 18, 1884.
109

110 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

certain references to these birds, it being entitled, “‘ Notes on the Steganopodes and
on Fossil Birds’ Eggs” (Vol. XI., No. 4, pp. 337-339) ; and there was likewise a note
published about them on November 6, 1894 (P. Z. &., p. 608).

Since then and up to the present time, (October, 1902), no paper or publica-
tion of any importance whatever of mine has been published about the Steganopodes,
and especially about their osteology. In this interim, however, I made, as far as
the material at hand would permit me, a more or less extensive study of the
osteology of the entire group. These researches from time to time were written out
and with them incorporated the facts brought out in my earlier publications. As
time passed on, too, Mr. F. A. Lucas, of the U.S. National Museum at Washington,
published a number of very important and interesting papers on the osteology of
the Steganopodes, and as two of the best of these were of no great length, they like-
wise, with their figures, are herewith incorporated.

Moreover, during the last seven or eight years, Mr. Lucas with great industry has
collected together for the osteological collections of the U. 8. National Museum the
finest series of skeletons of steganopodous birds existing anywhere in any institution
in the world. With great courtesy and marked generosity Mr. Lucas has placed all
this material at my disposal, to be studied and utilized in the present connection,
and for this and for many other favors in the same direction, altogether too
numerous to mention, my most sincere thanks are due to that distinguished anat-
omist. I am greatly indebted, too, to the courtesy of the U.S. National Museum in
allowing me to take to my residence in Washington, from time to time, specimens
to be photographed by me, which latter, being reproduced, form the material repre-
senting many of the figures in my plates. My private collections have likewise
furnished specimens not as yet existing in the U. 8. National Museum, and, as will
be seen, a number of these will also be found among my figures on the plates. I
am also indebted to other persons who have kindly collected material for me, but
I believe in each case such assistance is duly noticed in the body of the present
memoir. It also gives me pleasure to extend my thanks to my wife Alfhild for
having made a very fair and correct copy of the notes I have collected on the
osteology of the Steyanopodes for a number of years past, and these may now be
presented in the following manner :

We have this suborder of birds very fully represented in the North American
avifauna. Of the first family in it to be considered in this memoir, —the Phaethon-
tide or Tropic Birds, we have at least two good species, viz: — Phaéthon flavirostris,
the Yellow-billed Tropic Bird, and P. xthereus, the Red-billed Tropic Bird. Gannets
of the family Sulide are still more numerous, but they all belong, apparently, to the

SHUFELDT: THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES Wh

genus Sula. There is 8. cyanops, S. sula, 8. brewsteri, 8. gossi, 8. piscator, and finally,
the well-known Gannet Sula bassana. The Anhingide or Darters, are represented
by the common Anhinga, or Snake Bird, (Anhinga anhinga). Ornithologists have
placed all our Cormorants in the genus Phalacrocorax, (Phalacrocoracidx), and of
them, species and subspecies taken together, there seem to be nearly a dozen vari-
eties. Next we have three Pelicans of the family Pelecanidx; these are Pelecanus
erythrorhynchus, the American White Pelican; P. fuscws, the Brown Pelican; and
lastly, P. californicus, the Californian Brown Pelican. Finally, there is the Man-
o-War Bird, Fregata aquila of the family Fregatide,—a conspicuous steganopod
of tropical and subtropical coasts generally.

Newton has said ‘that the tropic birds form a distinct family, Phaéthontide, of
the Steganopodes (the Dysporomorphe of Professor Huxley), was originally maintained
by Brandt, and is now generally admitted, yet it cannot be denied that they differ
a good deal from the other members of the group ;? indeed, Professor Mivart, in the
Zoological Transactions (X., p. 364) will hardly allow Fregata and Phaéthon to be
Steganopodons at all; and one curious difference is shown by the eggs of the latter,
which are in appearance so wholly unlike those of the rest. The osteology of two
species has been well described and illustrated by Professor Alph. Milne-Edwards
in M. Grandidier’s fine Oiseaua de Madagascar (pp. 701-704, pls. 279-281a).”’°

The same distinguished authority has remarked of the Sulidx that ‘structurally
the Gannet presents many points worthy of note, such as its closed nostrils, its
aborted tongue, and its toes all connected by a web—characters which it possesses
in common with most of the other members of the group of birds (Steganopodes) to
which it belongs. But more remarkable still is the system of subcutaneous air-cells,
some of large size, pervading almost the whole surface of the body, communicating
with the lungs, and capable of being inflated or emptied at the will of the birds
This peculiarity has attracted the attention of several writers—Montagu, Professor
Owen, (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1831, p. 90), and Macgillivray; but a full and particular
account of the anatomy of the Gannet is still to be desired.”

Some of our Sulidx, as S. sula, S. cyanops, and Sula piscator are known as Boo-
bies, from their apparent excessive stupidity, but which the writer pleases to call too
little dread or fear of the great destroyer—man. Sailors are very prone to the
taking of bird-life without stint and for no other purpose than amusement, when-
ever they get the opportunity upon lonely islands where sea-fowl abound. Myriad.

*Sulide (Gannet), Pelecanide (Pelican), Plotide (Snake-Bird), Phalacrocoracide (Cormorant), and Fregatide
(Frigate-Bird).
* Newton, Al., F.R.S, Art. ‘‘ Tropic-Bird,’’ Encycl. Brit., 9th Ed., Vol. XXIIJ., p. 588, 1888.

112 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

of Penguins and Gannets have thus perished. Superficially a Booby is distinguished
from a Gannet in that the former lacks the median stripe of naked skin over the re-
gion of the throat, so characteristic of the latter birds. Asa rule, too, Boobies are
tropical species, and breed in trees, and are of wide distribution.

Morphologically, the genus Anhinga has received more attention than any other
of the Steganopods. ‘‘ Beside the excellent description of the American bird’s ali-
mentary canal furnished to Audubon by Macgillivray, other important points in its
structure have been well set forth by Garrod and Forbes in the Zodlogical Proceed-
ings (1876, pp. 335-345, pls). XXVI-XXXIIL.; 1878, pp. 679-681; and 1882, pp.
208-212), showing among other things that there is an appreciable anatomical dif-
ference between the species of the New World and of the Old; while the osteology
of P. melanogaster has been admirably described and illustrated by Professor Milne-
Edwards in M. Grandidier’s great Oiseaux de Madagascar (pp. 691-695, pls. 284-285).
In all the species the neck affords a feature which seems to be unique. The first seven
of the cervical vertebree form a continuous curve with its concavity forward, but the
eighth articulates with the seventh nearly at a right angle, and, when the bird is at
rest, lies horizontally. The ninth is directed downwards almost as abruptly, and those
which succeed present a gentle forward convexity. The muscles moving this curi-
ous framework are as curiously specialized, and the result of the whole piece of
mechanism is to enable the bird to spear with facility its fishy prey.” (Newton, Arts
‘“Gannet,” and ‘‘Snake-Bird,” loc. cit., p. 188.

Again we find the same eminent ornithologist under the article ‘“‘ Frigate-Bird” *
declaring that that interesting Steganopod “was placed by Linnzeus in the genus Pel-
ecanus,and until lately its assignment to the family Pelecanide has hardly ever been
doubted. Professor Mivart has, however, now declared (Trans. Zool. Soc., X., p.
364) that, as regards the postcranial part of its axial skeleton, he cannot detect suf-
ficiently good characters to unite it with that family in the group named by Pro-
fessor Brandt Steganopodes. There seems to be no ground for disputing this
decision so far as separating the genus Fregata from the Pelecanidx goes, but sys-
tematists will probably pause before they proceed to abolish the Steyanopodes, and
the result will most likely be that the Frigate-Birds will be considered to form a
distinct family (/regatidx) in that group. In one very remarkable way the oste-
ology of Fregata differs from that of all other birds known. The furcula coalesces
firmly at its symphysis with the carina of the sternum, and also with the coracoids

****Man-of-War Bird’ is also sometimes applied to it, and is perhaps the older name, but is less distinctive, some
of the larger Albatrosses being so called, and, in books at least, has generally passed out of use.’’ [Man-o’-war Bird is
the vernacular name given to this species in the A. O U. Check-list of North American Birds, and is the one in com-
mon use by ornithologists in the United States. |

SHUFELDT: THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 113

of the upper extremity of each of its rami, the anterior end of each coracoid coales-
cing also with the proximal end of the scapula. Thus the only articulations in the
whole sternal apparatus are where the coracoids meet the sternum, and the conse-
quence is a bony framework which would be perfectly rigid did not the flexibility
of the rami of the furcula permit a limited amount of motion. That this mecha-
nism is closely related to the faculty which the bird possesses of soaring for a consid-
erable time in the air with scarcely a perceptible movement of the wings can hardly
be doubted, but the particular way in which it works has yet to be explained”? (loc.
Giz, NiOl EX: p. 186):

Among others, the birds we propose to consider osteologically in the present
memoir constitute the ORDER STEGANopoDES of the Check List of the American
Ornithologists’ Union (1886, p. 106), where they are divided into the families Phaé-
thontide, Sulide, Anhingide, Phalacrocoracide, Pelecanidx, and Fregatidx, —a family
arrangement adopted here. According to Reichenow the ‘“Steganopodes” are an
Order (IV.) of the Nararorrs, and contain but three families, the Graculida;
Sulide, and Pelecanidx,’ while Dr. Stejneger arrays them as follows:

Order X. Superfamily. Family.
Pelecanide.
Sulidee.
(X VI.) Pelecanoidez. <—
Sirasu NIELS: | Phalacrocoracide.
Anhingidee.

(XVII.) Fregatoidez.
(X VIII.) Pheetontidez.

Professor Fiirbringer, in his great work, places the ‘‘ Steganopodes”’ (a Gens) in
his Suborder Ciconiiformes, of the Order PELARGORNITHEs, and divides them into the
four families Phaéthontide, Phalacrocoracide, Pelecanide, and Fregatide. A still dif-
ferent arrangement is proposed by Mr. Seebohm, and the place they are supposed to
occupy in the system according to his views will later on be given by me in my
Osteology of the Tubinares.

Garrod has said “The Steganopodes, which do not form so natural a family, in
my eyes, as in those of many; for their myological formula is not the same in all,
being

In Phethon A. XY,
In Sula and Phalacrocoraxz AX,
In Fregata A,

5 Die Vogel der Zodlogischen Garten, 1882.

114 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

from which it may be inferred that Phaethon approaches the Ciconude and Fregata
the Accipitres. They all possess the ambiens, ceca, a tufted oil-gland, and the four
toes included in a web, which is but imperfectly developed-in some. Sula and
Phalacrocorax, with Plotus, form one family, Phaéthon another, Fregata a third, and
Pelecanus a fourth.” (Coll. Sci. Mem., p. 221.)

Dr. Sharpe does not concur in this opinion, and in his “A Review of Recent
Attempts to Classify Birds” (Budapest, 1891) places this group betwixt the Anseri-
formes and the Cathartidiformes, thus:

Order (X XIII.) . Suborders. Families.
Phaéthontes - - - Phaethontide.
UES ars SS Ss 4 Sulidee.
Phalacrocoracide.
PELECANIFORMEs. | Phalacrocoraces - ;
Plotide.
Pelecani - - - - Pelecanide.
Fregati - - - - - Fregatide.

In volume I of his “ Hand List” (page 232), recently issued, this arrangement is
somewhat changed. ‘There the Pelecaniformes stand between the Ichthyornithi-
formes (Order XXII.) and the Cathartidiformes (Order XXIV.). They are then
divided into the eight following families, viz.: 1. Phalacrocoracide. 2. Odonto-
pterygide. 3. Plotide. 4. Sulide. 5. Fregatide. 6. Phaethontide. 7. Pele-
canide. 8. Pelagornithide. Of these 2 and 8 are extinct groups (1899).

Nearly a quarter of a century before Sharpe’s work appeared Huxley in his P. -
S. Z. memoir (1867) had placed the steganopods injhis group Dysporomorphe of the
Desmognathe, and had said of them: ‘The rostrum is long and pointed and more
or less curved, and the external nasal apertures are very small.° There are no basi-
pterygoid processes. The palate-bones unite for a considerable distance behind the
posterior nares, and send down a vertical crest from their junction.”

“The maxillo-palatines are large and spongy. The angle of the mandible is
truncated. The sternum is broad, and its truncated posterior edge is either entire
or has a shallow excavation on each side of the middle line.

“The hallux is turned forwards or inwards, and is united by a web with the
completely webbed anterior toes. The ratio of the phalanges is as in the preceding
genera.

“The oil-gland is surmounted by a circlet of feathers.

* They are now known to be entirely absent in some of the genera as Sula and others.—S.

SHUFELDT: THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 115

“This group answers to the ‘Steganopodes’ of Illiger; and since the appear-
ance of the admirable memoir of Brandt, ‘Zur Osteologie der Vogel,’ in 1840, no
doubt can have been entertained as to its extremely natural characters. The genera
composing it are sharply divided by the structure of the skull, described above, into
two groups—the one containing the Pelicans, the other the remaining genera”
(pp. 461-462).

Doctor Hans Gadow makes’an Order 9 — the Procellariiformes, and an Order 11,
—the Falconiformes, — between which he places his Order 10, — the Ardeiformes.
These last are thus characterized :

10. ARDEIFORMES.
Cosmopolitan Aquatic.
Young passing through a downy stage.
Oil-gland tufted. Aquito-cubital.
Humero-coracoid deep. No ectepicondylar process.
Desmognathous. No basipterygoid processes.

I. STEGANOPODES.
Cosmopolitan. Aquatic-nidicolous.
Piscivorous.
Rhamphotheca compound. Nares impervious.
No supraorbital glands. Angulare truncated.
Neck without apteria.
Legs short; all the four toes webbed together. ( Unique.)
Hypotarsus complex. Flexors type of II.
Orthoccelous type II. Tongue rudimentary.

1. Phaetontide.
15 cervical vertebre.
Procoracoid process large.
Garrod’s symbol AXY +.

2. Phalacrocoracide (including Sulinee, Plotine, Phalacrocoracine).
18-20 cervical vertebree.
Garrod’s symbol AX +.

3. Pelecanide.
17 cervical vertebre.
Procoracoid process small.
Garrod’s symbol A +,

116 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

4. Fregatide.
15 cervical vertebre.
Procoracoid process small.
Garrod’s symbol A+.
II. Heropit.
Cosmopolitan. Waders. Nidicolous. |
Zodphagous. Bill long, pointed, laterally compressed, with simple rham-
photheca. Nares pervious.
No supraorbital glands.
Neck long, with long apteria.
Downs of adults only upon the apteria. (Unique among Ardeiformes.)
Legs long; four toes not webbed.
Hypotarsus complex. Flexors of type I. or VII.
Orthoceelous. Type II. Ceca rudimentary.
Tracheo-bronchial muscles attached to second bronchial rings.
1. Ardeide.
19 or 20 cervical vertebree.
Several pairs of powder-down patches.
11 primaries. — Cosmopolitan.
2. Scopide.
16 cervical vertebre.
No powder-down patches.
10 primaries. — Ethiopian.
III. PEvaret.
Cosmopolitan. Waders.
Neck long, without apteria. Nares pervious.
Rhamphotheca simple.
Legs long. Hypotarsus simple.
Intestinal type IV. telogyrous.
1. Ciconnde.
Zoophagous. Nidicolous.
17 cervical vertebree.
Hallux long, toes not webbed.
Flexors of type I.
Tongue rudimentary.
Ceca rudimentary.

Syrinx without Tracheo-bronchial muscles.

SHUFELDT: THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES Lely

2. Pheenicopteridee.
Tropical. Nidifugous.
18 or 19 cervical vertebree.
Hallux small, front toes webbed. Flexors of type IV.
Tongue large and thick.
Ceeca functional.
Syrinx with tracheo-bronchial muscles.

In 1839, as has been stated above, the present writer contributed some brief
“Observations upon the Osteology of the Orders Tubinares and Steganopodes”’ to
the Proceedings of the U. 8. National Museum (pp. 286-314), and so far as the
steganopodous birds were concerned there appeared in that article an illustrated
account of the skeleton of Sula bassana; some remarks, also with figures, on the
osteology of Cormorants and the Brown Pelican. That paper, with its figures,
will be incorporated into the present memoir, but at this writing I am better off for
osteological material wherewith to render a description of the skeletal characters of
this suborder. My observations at this time are based principally but by no means
altogether upon a study of the following skeletons and parts of skeletons.

List oF MATERIAL.

Name. Material. | Remarks.
Phaéthon flavirostris. Perfect skeleton. - | No. 17,841. Smithsonian collections.
Phaéthon ethereus. Four perfect skeletons. | Author’s collection. The gift of E. J. Reed
Esq., of Guaymas, Mexico.
Sula bassana. Skeleton nearly complete. No. 16,643. Smithsonian collections.
Sula piseator. | Skeleton. BG AS} 7839). BG ue
Sula cyanops. | G6 “ 18,542. ss of
Sula gossi. | Three complete skeletons. Author’s collection. The gift of E. J. Reed,
Esq., of Guaymas, Mexico.
Sula brewsteri. be G6 ge Author’s collection. The gift of E. J. Reed,
| Esq., Guaymas, Mexico.
Anhinga anhinga. | Skeleton. No. 18,259. Smithsonian collections.
Phalacrocorax urile. ae 18,982. “ Me
Pelecanus fuscus. Skull and mandible. Author’s collection.
Pelecanus fuscus. | Skeleton. No. 18,483. Smithsonian collections.
(a4 ce il 8,485. ce ing

Fregata aguila.

ON THE SKELETON IN PHAETHON.’

Of the Skull, etc. —Of the two species of Tropic Birds, which we have to consider
here, the red-billed one is the larger species, and this difference is quite apparent in
their skulls, though in other particulars they are very much alike. In P. xthereus

"Dr. Sharpe, in his recent Hand-List of Birds (1899, Vol. 1, p. 238), recognizes the following species of Phaéthon as
representing the genus throughout the world, viz: P. rubricauda, P. lepturus, P. fulvus, P. americanus, P. wxthereus, and
P. indicus, In this enumeration P. americanus and P. flavirostris are one and the same species.

118 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

the skull has an average length of about 10.8 centimeters, while in the other form,
P. flavirostris, it equals for the same measurement but 9.2 centimeters. Measuring
from the mid-point of the cranio-facial hinge, we find that in the yellow-billed
species the length of the supero-mandibular portion of the skull exactly equals in
length the cranial part, while in P. xthereus the facial portion slightly exceeds the
cranial. Viewed from above (Plate I., Fig. 3), it will be seen that the supero-man-
dibular moiety is distinctly marked off from the cranium by the very distinct trans-
verse cleft forming the cranio-facial hinge, which latter admits of considerable
mobility in the dried skull. The upper osseous bill is broad and massive at its
base, but almost immediately tapers as we proceed anteriorly towards its acute
apex. The culmen is slightly decurved, while below the latero-external margins
are cultrate. Just within these there runs a furrow nearly to the apex, which is
bounded mesially by a raised bony ridge. Internal to this again, the central
portion, is excavated, from the maxillo-palatines to the apex, being broad posteri-
orly and gradually tapering to the front. A delicate medio-longitudinal ridge

Fic. 1. Right lateral view of the skull of Phacthon <thereus. Natural size. Drawn by the author from a speci-
men in his own collection.

marks the anterior half of this space, which is about equally well marked in
the two species. In these birds there is always found a small foramen, perforating
the mandible upon either side, just anterior to the lateral terminations of the
cranio-facial cleft; while beyond these, the narial apertures, one upon either aspect
of this osseous beak, are seen to be of no great size, being in form elongated,
ellipsoidal, communicating, and with smooth, rounded margins. Minute marginal
and culminar foramina occur in this part of the skull, while the intervening surface,
or what is really the sides of the upper osseous mandible, is delicately scrolled over
with fine anastomosing venations (Fig. 1).

The rhinal chamber is somewhat capacious, and the hollow part of this region,
clear to the apex, is more or less filled in with bony tissue of the cancellous variety.

SHUFELDT: THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 119

~The cranium is broad and spreading behind, and but moderately narrowed
anteriorly, and this form defines the shape of the superocranial aspect of the skull,
where the smooth, rolling frontal portion is succeeded, as we pass backwards, by
the flat and wide space that separates the sharp marginal borders of the orbits above.
Slight parial elevations characterize the parietal region, and this surface falls away
gradually, upon either side, towards the post-frontal processes. Deeply sculpt, the
crotaphyte fossee are mesially separated by a broad interval, smooth and unmarked.
A remarkable feature of the skull of one of these birds, and it is still further
enhanced when the lower mandible is articulated, is the appearance it has of having
been vertically truncated in the transverse plane or direction, or being cut squarely
across, reminding us of the skull in certain Herons and their allies.

Regarding the skull of a Tropic Bird, upon its lateral aspect, we are at first struck
with the large, squarish orbit, bounded below by the straight, stout zygomatic bar;
posteriorly by the massive quadrate, and the spreading post-frontal process; ante-
riorly, by the great, free lacrymal bone, with its projecting upper limb, and its ver-
tical portion, which latter is twice perforated posteriorly by conspicuous pneumatic
foramina. The interorbital septum invariably presents a large quadrilateral vacuity
at its central surface, which is usually distinct from the orbital foramina posterior
to it. A mere apology in bone represents the almost thoroughly aborted ethmoidal
wing, or pars plana. ‘The foramen for the exit of an olfactory nerve is exceedingly
small as it occurs upon the anterior wall of the brain-case, and the groove leading
from it is open; but the anterior foramen seen above the semi-aborted pars plana
is of considerable size, and is usually completely surrounded by bone. In front, the
margin of the mesethmoid is deeply notched, being produced below as a conspic-
uous, blunt-pointed process, —just the reverse, for example, of what we find in Sula.

Turning to the inferior aspect of the skull we meet with many points of interest,
and a construction of parts by no means typically steganopodous (see Plate I., Fig. 2).
In front the mazillopalatines are distinctly developed, being elegant concavo-convex
processes, with their convex sufaces parallel with each other but not in contact
mesially. Their concave external aspects are partially filled with a very open can-
cellous tissue of bone, and they have a broad base in each case, which appears in
the adult skull to codssify with the corresponding nasal, maxillary, and perhaps,
premaxillary. The postero-inferior angles of the latter are, upon either side, pro-
duced backwards as a prominent process which, when the lower mandible is artic-
ulated with the skull, outwardly overlaps its margin opposite to them.

The palatines, although in contact for their entire surfaces in the middle line, do
not codssify as is the case in the Cormorants, Gannets and other steganopods.

120 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Hither one of this pair of bones is thickened, much cut away posteriorly, but
broadly wedged in among the usual facial elements in front. Above they are
moulded closely upon the rounded rostrum of the sphenoid, being drawn to a fine
point anteriorly. It is along this line beneath that the palatines fuse with the
vomer, an element which has much in its form to remind us of that bone in the
Laride, being pointed in front, mesially carinated below, and grooved longitudinally
along its upper surface. Laterally, the surface of a palatine looks almost directly
outwards, and it is here that we invariably find one or more pneumatic foramina
leading into the interior of the bone. A palatine head is large and offers an ample
articulatory surface for the corresponding pterygoid. These palatal heads are closely
pressed together, but in front of them, below, the bones send down in common only
the merest suspicion of a midcarination, a character so common in Pelecanus, Cor-
morants, and other species of the suborder. ‘The postero-external angle of a pala-
tine can hardly be said to exist in the skull of this bird, as the bone so abruptly
slopes away in that part of its body, as will be observed by referring to the figures
in the plates.

The pterygoids are long, stout, straight, subcylindrical, rod-like bones, cupped at
their extremities, and when articulated im situ, stand well above the basitemporal
area. Not a semblance of such a thing as a basipterygoidal process is to be
discovered upon either of them, or at the anterior borders of the basisphenoid. An-
teriorly, their palatine heads articulate in contact with each other; their divergence
from this point is at an angle of about 20°.

The basitemporal area is triangular in form with a small transverse ridge cross-
ing its center. In front a broad, anteriorly rounded lip of bone underlaps the
double openings for the internal carotid. So prominent in Sula, the paroccipital
processes are here much reduced in size, and the hemispherical condyle is sessile and
unnotched on its superior aspect. The foramen magnum is subcircular in outline,
and is situated, as it were, in the middle of a shallow concavity.

A quadrate has an extensive anterior surface ; transversely elongated, antero-pos-
teriorly compressed, articular facet for the mandible; a double mastoidal head ; and
a broad, squarely truncated orbital process. This bone is also pneumatic, and its
articular facet for a pterygoid is rounded and projecting. Asin Sula, there is a
very deep pit, of no mean size, immediately in front of the mastoidal process of
either quadrate, and when those bones are in situ, they arch over the posterior thirds
of these pits, in such a manner as to have, in each case, the outer mastoidal head
articulate upon the outer border of this pit, and the inner head upon the inner
border. Either one of these deep excavations is situated above and to the outer

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 121

side of the corresponding osseous opening of the ear, and the foramen ovale. Pos-
teriorly the cranial surface, in so far as the occipital area is concerned, lies in the
vertical plane, and is distinctly reniform in outline, bounded all about by a raised
osseous ridge, with its convex curve above, and the foramen magnum situated me-
siad in the concavity below. The unpierced supraoccipital prominence is fairly
well-developed, and occupies the mid-vertical line of this reniform occipital grea,
extending from the foramen to the limiting curve above.

The mandible of a Tropic Bird is somewhat acutely V-shaped in form with large
and deep articular cups for the quadrates. These cups have large pneumatic foram-
ina in their concayities, with a single such opening on the upper side of their short
inturned processes. Behind, they are vertically, as well as completely, truncated.

Fie. 2. Superior view of mandible of Phaéthon xthereus. Outline sketch, natural size, by the author from speci-
men in his private collection.

Hither ramal moiety is very deep, and laterally compressed,—presenting, well
forward of the articular end, a large, irregular ramal vacuity. The dentary portions
of the mandible have hardly half the height of the ramal limbs; they are thickened,
and each is deeply grooved for nearly the entire length of its superior margin.
Anteriorly, they run very close to each other, and the terminal symphysis is deep,
averaging in depth 1.5 cm. in P. ethereus, being nearly 2 cm. in some specimens.
In an eye of the species just mentioned I count some 15 osseous sclerotal plates ; they
are remarkable for the extensive manner in which they overlap each other, and
still more for the fact that the anterior ones have a depth of not more than one
third of the posterior ones, a uniform graduation taking place in the intermediate
plates, above and below, in this osseous circlet.

We find, too, an interesting structure in the bony parts of the hyoidean apparatus
of Phaéthon. In the adult, the ceratohyals have fused in ossification with the posterior
half of the glossohyal to form a peg-like bone, which is longitudinally grooved
above and convex below. ‘The first basibranchial is a short, thick piece, expanded
in front to form an articular facet, while behind it supports the very minute, though

22 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

free, second basibranchial. Either ceratobranchial is an extremely long, slender rod
of bone, bearing at its distal end a little bit of an epibranchial, which latter is fin-
ished off posteriorly by a thread-like extension in cartilage. Cartilage also tip the
glossohyal in sfront, and laterally, the ends of the ceratohyals may not entirely ossify.

For the trachea, its rings seem to be performed in elementary osseous tissue only,
and in mid-course of this tube, they are delicate structures, being markedly narrow
in depth, and very frail.

Of the Axial Skeleton. —(See Plate XXI., Figs. 5 and 6.) Representatives of the
genus Phaethon possess in the cervical and cervico-dorsal divisions of the vertebral

chain 15 bones. Three of these are cervico-dorsals, the anterior one of which
always supports an exceedingly rudimentary pair of free riblets.

In P. xthereus they are seen to be in the same condition on the next following
vertebra, or the 14th vertebra of the neck, while in P. flavirostris they are of some
considerable length, though they do not develop epipleuree. Both species have a
well-developed pair of ribs on the 15th segment of the neck vertebra, that support
epipleural spines on their posterior margins, to which part they are firmly codéssified.

The atlas is comparatively small with rather slender neurapophyses. Its cup is
profoundly notched above, for the accommodation of the odontoidal process of the
axis. Below, it develops a low hypapophysial spine projecting backwards, which,
when the bones are articulated im sifw, underlaps the centrum of the second vertebra.
A prominent, quadrate hypapophysis also is found to exist beneath the centra of the
axis and third vertebra, but this feature is very nearly aborted on the fourth cervical.

On the axis vertebra we find a massive neural spine, with conspicuous lateral pro-
jections, each jutting upwards and outwards from above the postzygapophyses. All
these characters are moderately reduced in the third vertebra, while in the fourth
the neurapophysis is very much reduced in size, and the aforesaid lateral or ana-
pophysial processes are all but absent.

The lateral vertebral canals are but semi-closed in the axis; they are thoroughly
so throughout the rest of the vertebral chain until. we meet with the leading cervico-
dorsal, wherein the existence of a pair of rudimentary free pleurapophyses leaves
these canals open.

On the under side of the cervicals, the passage for the carotid canal is seen to
be wide open, and is confined to the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th vertebre. Throughout
the series, beginning with the third cervical, we find the parial backward projecting
spines of the parapophyses to be pointed, and exceedingly stumpy and very short.

On the 9th a median hyapophysis makes its appearance, which is larger on the
10th, more quadrilateral in form and laterally compressed on the 11th, small on the

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES ize

12th, and still more so on the cervico-dorsals, where there coexists with it the barest
suspicion of lateral spines.

Viewed dorsad, the third cervical appears to have a quadrilateral form, which
passes to the more oblong shape in the fourth, and the bones of this part of the
column commence to shorten antero-posteriorly with sixth, they being wider than
they are long for the remainder of the spinal series. The last two cervico-dorsals
develop a low, quadrilateral neural spine, which resembles, but is antero-posteriorly
shorter than the same process as it occurs throughout the dorsal vertebre.

P. flavirostris has a delicate, osseous, interzygapophysial bar, extending from the
back of either prezygapophysis backwards and inwards to the corresponding ante-
rior bases of the postzygapophyses, in the fifth, sixth and seventh cervical vertebree.
Usually it only ossifies in the fifth and sixth in P. zthereus, its place being taken by
ligament in the seventh and eighth. No such character as this is ever present in
any of the Sulide. Strong and broad diapophysial processes are first pronounced
in the first and second cervico-dorsals; in the last cervico-dorsal these processes are
markedly shorter and shallower, while throughout the dorsal series of vertebrae they
are decidedly slenderer, and in their vertical diameters of very little thickness.

Passing to the dorsal series of vertebree, we find in P. flavirostris six of those bones
freely articulated with each other between the last cervico-dorsal and the leading
one in the consolidated pelvic sacrum. This last-mentioned vertebra, in all my
specimens of P. xthereus, codssifies with the anterior sacral, though, as we shall see
presently, this difference does not affect either the number or the arrangement of
the thoracic ribs. Hypapophyses are fairly well developed upon all the dorsals of
the middle of the back, but they become small as we near the pelvis, to be very
inconspicuous or entirely absent from the last one or two bones. Pneumaticity
characterizes all the vertebree between the atlas and the first caudal, and the centra
of the dorsals are but moderately compressed in the transverse direction. They
present the usual ornithic plan of articulation with each other, and the same may
be said of the manner in which the true ribs are connected with the segments of this
division of the spinal column. There are five pairs of these ribs that bear wncinate
processes, firmly attached to the middle of their hinder borders, and each pair of
these appendages is slender, slightly overlapping the succeeding rib in every case
save the last, which may or may not be of sufficient length to doso.. As for the
ribs themselves, they, too, are long and narrow, sweeping well backwards, a fact that
entails the presence of lengthy heemapophyses to reach the sternum. These latter
are of no great caliber ; the first pair being nearly straight, and the succeeding pairs
becoming gradually more curved as we approach the last ones, which are the most

124 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

so. Finally, there are two pairs of thoracic ribs that are devoid of unciform proc-
esses, the costal ribs of the first of which reach the sternum, but those of the ulti-
mate pair fail to do so by some considerable distance in both species. From what
has been said in a foregoing paragraph, it will be seen that this gives one true pair

”)

of ‘ pelvic ribs,” while the penultimate pleurapophyses and their heemapophyses in
P. flavirostris articulate with a vertebra of the dorsum which is free, but which in P.
ethereus is codssified with the pelvic sacrum. So were we to have studied skeletons
of the latter species only, it would have been said that it possessed two pairs of
“pelvic ribs,’ and had P. flavirostris alone been examined in this particular, the
descriptive osteologist would have recorded but one pair. This is but another
instance exemplifying the great necessity of having the proper material in sufficient
variety before one for comparison.

Viewing the pelvis from above, we find that the anterior margins of the ilia over-
lap the penultimate pair of thoraric ribs in the Red-billed Tropic Bird, not so, how-
ever, P. flavirostris; and this, taken in connection with the apparent appropriation
on the part of the sacrum of one of the dorsal vertebree, already referred to above,
in thecase of the first-named species, lends to the pelvis a difference of appearance
in the skeletons of the two birds, now under consideration, which is not otherwise
particularly borne out by this bone. In part, the pelves of these specimens are other-
wise very much alike. Disregarding, then, the vertebra to which reference has just
been made, we find the sacrwm to be composed of ten others, which are thoroughly
fused together and with the ilia, one upon either side. Taken as a whole, the pelvis
is broad, not especially long, and very shallow and compressed in the vertical direc-
tion. ‘The internal borders of the ilia are nearly parallel to each other, and the
broad sacrum keeps them well apart for their entire length. Such an arrangement,
as we might expect, gives open, shallow ‘“ilio-neural grooves,’ one on either side
of the sacral crista, anteriorly. These are quite continuous with similar ‘ groov-
ings” carried back posteriorly as far as the first caudal vertebra. In other words,
between the inner borders of either ilium, and the supero-median line of the sacrum,
the diapophyses of the vertebree are found to be below the general surface; while
between them, for the entire length of the pelvis, occur foramina of some size, and
more or less subcircular in outline. These single parial rows of interdiapophysial
foramina constitute a striking character upon the superior aspect of the pelvis of

)

the Tropic Birds, inasmuch as in the preacetabular portion of that bone in Sula,
Plotis, the Pelicans, and the Cormorants, they are out of sight on this aspect by the
internal margins of the ilia meeting the sacral crista. Thus it will be appreciated
that the breadth of the pelvis in Phaethon, to which allusion has been made, is

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 125

chiefly due to the broad sacrum, and not to the ilia, which bones, either in their
pre- or postacetabular parts, are quite narrow in their transverse direction. The
former area, in each one, being very slightly concaved, and in the latter, barely
convexed. Antitrochanterian processes are comparatively prominent, and each
overhangs a cotyloid cavity of moderate size, and of the usual ornithic character.
Laterally viewed, we note that the obturator foramen is complete, due to the fact
that either pubic style is in contact for nearly its entire length with the inferior
margin of the corresponding ischium. ‘This obliterates anything like an obturator
space. Each pubic style is long and somewhat slender, and often passing an ischium
behind, curves downwards and very slightly inwards. Here the bone is appreciably
dilated in P. xthereus, which is not the case in the other species we are considering.
An ischiwm is also narrow, and projects some distance beyond the ilium of the same
side. A very shallow ilio-ischiac notch, on the posterior pelvic border, is formed
by this arrangement; but by no means as well marked an one as we see in the
more typical steganopods, to be described later on in this memoir. |

The ilio-ischiac foramen is large and of a subelliptical outline (see Fig. 6, Pl. XXI.).
On the under side of the pelvis in Phaethon, we are to note the fact that the sacral ver-
tebree, opposite the acetabula, do not throw out their processes to act as braces to
especially strengthen the ilio-pelvic walls at those points, a feature often seen in the
skeletons of other birds, and, as before found, both by Mivart and myself, to be the
case in Pelacanus, the true cormorants, in Sula, and to a somewhat less conspicuous
degree in Anhinga. |

Hight free caudal vertebrx, plus an elongated, ploughshare-shaped pygostyle, go to
make up the skeleton of the tail in a Tropic Bird. These vertebree have spreading
diapophyses, especially the fifth one, and all have neural spines, while the last three
of them possess bifid heemal spines; and this last character is impressed upon the
lower end of the coceyx. ‘The neural canal passes through the entire series. From
this, and including the coceygeal piece, it will be seen, from our account of the spinal
column, as it has been given above, to contain in these birds, forty vertebre. They are
all pneumatic, except the atlas and those which go to form the skeleton of the tail.

The Sternwm.— This bone in my specimen of Phaethon flavirostris has a body of a
quadrilateral form, being almost as wide as it is long. Its carina is deep anteriorly,
where it protrudes far forwards, while behind it merges with the ventral surface of
the body at some distance before it reaches the mid-xiphoidal process. In front the
carinal angle is thickened, and upon its superior aspect there exists a considerable
facet for articulation with infero-median surface of the os furcula. ‘This facet is not
at the apex, but is found about one third the distance back towards the sternal body,

126 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

and the articulation, though very close and extensive, is free, and anchylosis has never
been seen by me to take place between the two bones. The coracordal grooves decussate,
the median extremity of the right one passing beneath the median extremity of the left.
A very rudimentary manubrium is seen immediately below this point, and below ita
circular pneumatic foramen. Either costal process is broad and subtriangular in form,
and upon either costal border occur six facets for articulation with the heemapoph-
yses which connect the sternum with the vertebral ribs. On the much-concaved
sternal body, just within the anterior border in the median line, dorsad, there runs
back longitudinally a characteristic bridge of bone, upon either side of which we
find a large subelliptical pneumatic foramen, and usually they are the only two
found in this situation. Other small ones occur, however, in the pitlets among the
heemapophysial facets on the costal borders. Very broad external xiphoidal proc-
esses of the posterior part of the sternal body, extend further backwards than any
other part of the bone; the middle xiphoidal process is broadly rounded. The in-
ternal pair of processes are small and delicate, and each one of the pair occupies a
mid-point in the great, round notch, on either side, existing between the mid- and
external xiphoidal process, thus creating a 4-notched sternum for this species, of a
peculiar pattern in this respect. Mivart has said in his ‘Axial Skeleton of the
Pelecanidee” (T. Z. S., p. 365), that “in the Pelecanidx there is but a single lateral
xiphoid process on each side, while in Phaethon there are two on each side, in addi-
tion to the median xiphoid process.” Farther on we shall see that this by no means
always holds good for P. xethereus. Passing next to the consideration of the sternum
in the species last mentioned, we observe that in the majority of its characters it
agrees with the bone as it has just been described for P. flavirostris. It is propor-
tionately larger however, and presents two striking differences. In the first place,
in all four of my specimens a large, blunt-pointed manubrium is present, which is
transversely pierced at its base by a foramen. Again, the internal pair of xiphoidal
processes may be entirely absent, or only one may be present on one side, and when
such is the case, it appears only as a minute projection from the inner border of the
external xiphoidal process near its extremity. I have no specimens of the sternum
of P. xthereus wherein there is to be found a pair of internal xiphoidal processes,
and consequently its sternum is not four-notched as in its cogener, P. flavirostris.
More or less minute or scattered pneumatic foramina may be found on its thoracic
surface, above the two large ones which occupy similar positions to those noticed in
the Yellow-billed Tropic Bird. :

The os furcula is of the broad U-shaped pattern, with its median portion below,
widened, and on the under surface of which occurs the facet for articulation with the

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES WAG

keel of the sternum as described above. The upper free extremities of the clavicles are
drawn out, rounded, blunt-pointed and the apex of each one, when articulated in situ,
reaches back, on either side, to the antero-mesial angle of the corresponding scapula.

A scapula is long, very narrow, rounded, and somewhat compressed in the ver-
tical direction. Its distal end only is blade-like, very slightly expanded, and
obliquely truncated from a point within to the apex. . It articulates in the usual or-
nithic manner with the coracoid, and neither it nor the os furcula appear to be pneu-
matic, as is the coracoid. This latter bone of the shoulder-girdle has a broad, much
expanded sternal extremity, which supports a moderately prominent lateral coracoid
process. The entire length of the bone is greater than half the length of the humerus,
and its shaft is compressed in the oblique antero-posterior direction. Its head or
summit is tuberous, and also somewhat compressed in the same plane with the
shaft. ‘The process for articulation with the os furcula is large, much flattened from
side to side, and low down in the deep tendinal groove it creates, we observe a
minute antero-posterior perforation of the bone. As usual, the coracoid and scapula
form a well defined glenoid cavity for articulation with the head of the humerus. An
os humero-scapulare is not found.

Of the Appendicular Skeleton. The Pectoral Limb: Apart from the mere matter
of the difference in size, the bones composing the limbs in the skeletons of these two
species of Phaethon are in their corresponding characters almost exactly alike, and
these again are notably different from those same characters as we find them exem-
plified in the limb-bones of the skeletons in other families of the Steganopodes.
These departures will be noted from time to time later on in this paper, after the
present account of the osteology of the Tropic Birds has been written.

In the brief subjoined table some of the lengths of the bones are compared, the
measurements being given in centimeters and fractions.

TABLE.
: ‘ Species.
Measurements. taken from extreme distal points, | te S52 tii) eee. pei ee ee ec ee ak
and not on curved contour lines. | P. flavirostris. | P, esiporaue.
Length of humerus. 8.4 | 9.3
Length of ulna. 8.9 | 9.7
Length of carpo-metacarpus. 4.3 | 4.8
Length of proximal phalanx of index digit. 2.5 2.9
Length of distal phalanx of index digit. 2.4 2.8
Total length of pinion (articulated). 8.8 10.1
Length of femur. | 3.2 | 3.7
Length of tibio-tarsus. | 4.7 | 5.3
Length of tarso-metatarsus. 23 | 2.8
Length of mid anterior toe. | 3.8 4.2

|

128 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

From this it will be seen that both the proportionate and relative lengths of cer-
tain long bones of the limbs in these two species of birds slightly differ, but the dif-
ference is very slight.

There is no especial association of characters in either the pectoral or pelvic
limbs of Phaéthon that in any way remind us of the corresponding parts of the skel-
eton in a Gull, or a Tern, much less any kind of an Auk or a Puffin. The several
bones seem to possess a distinctive character quite theirown. The hwmerus shows
a slight compression in the transverse direction, rendering its humeral head narrow,
and its very moderately curved shaft ellipsoidal rather than circular on section.
The well-marked ulnar tuberosity projects directly anconad, as does the prominent
radial crest project palmad,—the long transverse axis of the first: being parallel to
the plane of the latter. At the proximal end of the bone, on its palmar aspect, just
before we come to the humeral head, we meet with a well-defined groove running
at right angles to the long axis of the shaft; and this groove becomes very deeply
marked at a point on the opposite side of the bone from the ulnar tuberosity.

The “pneumatic fossa” instead of being entirely open, as in a good many birds,
is covered across by a more or less perfect bony plate, which plate shows the single, cir-
cular pneumatic perforation at its center. This hole is smaller in proportion in my
specimen of P. flavirostris than it is in the other species. At the distal end of the
bone the fossa above the oblique and ulnar tubercles is fairly well scooped out;
while on the ulnar side of the humerus at this end, both the pits for tendinal inser-
tion and the grooves for their passage are unusually well marked and deep. An
exceedingly rudimentary ‘“ epicondyloid process”
the characteristic feature that we find it to be in the humeri of the Laridw and
those suborders of birds most nearly related to them.

can be seen, but it by no means is

The radius is straight and of a more or less uniform caliber, while its companion
bone of the antibrachium, the wlna, is considerably bowed, with its shaft presenting
three faces more or less distinctly. These might be here designated as a palmar face
or surface, an interosseous face, and a subanconal face. ‘The line or angle formed by
the intersection of the subanconal and palmar faces, has along it the row of papillee
of the secondary quill-feathers; and another indistinct row of them passes down
the middle of the subanconal! surface. There are fourteen such papillee in the first
mentioned row. ‘The olecranon process is a very insignificant affair, while at the
distal extremity of the bone, at its anconal side, the end is drawn out into a dis-
tinct apophysis, which, in articulation, bends down towards the wlnare ossicle of the
wrist. ‘Two segments compose the skeleton of the carpus in the adult, the usual
radiale and the just-mentioned wlnare.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 129

Carpo-metacarpus presents us for examination the ornithic characters common to
many representives of this class of vertebrates. The codssified pollex metacarpal
is of average size, and the slender shaft of the medius metacarpal is, for the greater
part of its continuity, parallel with the far heavier shaft of index. This last, at the
anterior aspect of its distal end, develops a pronounced little process, which serves
to retain in their proper groove, the tendons which pass in that region during the
life of the individual. The free digit of pollex has the usual form seen in Aves
generally, and the expanded posterior portion of the proximal phalanx of the index
finger is entire, and not perforated as we find it in many of the Laride. The distal
joint of this digit is long and slender, being once semibarbed near its lip, the pro- —
jection standing out from its posterior angle. Long and spine-like, the free joint of
medius is seen to be proportionately more slender in the Red-billed than it is in the
Yellow-billed Tropic Bird. There do not appear to be any free terminal ungual
joints at the ends of any of the fingers in these birds; and I have found no small
sesamoidal bones either about the carpus or near the elbow joint.

The humerus alone of the bones of the pectoral limb is pneumatic.

Passing to the consideration of the pelvic limb, we find that the femur too, is gener-
ally a pneumatic bone, and is peculiar inasmuch at the foramina occur irregularly at
the proximal end of the shaft either in front or behind, while in P. xthereus a single,
circular pneumatic foramen is found in the majority of skeletons in the popliteal fossa
near its center. For its proximal moiety, tibio-tarsus may likewise be hollow, and,
in life, air gains access to its interior. In one of my specimens a small perforating
foramen is seen between the low cnenial crests very near the summit of the bone.
Below the point indicated, the remainder of the skeleton of the pelvic limb seems
to be non-pneumatie.

The axis of the head of the femur makes a wide obtuse angle with the longitu-
dinal axis of the shaft, and the pit for the insertion of the ligamentwm teres is but
very faintly marked upon the top of it. On the summit of the bone we find the
usual articular surface, and above this the trochanterian crest is scarcely at all ele-
vated. At the proximal end of the shaft, between the great trochanter and the caput
femoris, a very appreciable fossa exists, and immediately below this a very distinct
tubercle presents itself in a great manyspecimens especially of Phaéthon xthereus. It
at once reminds one of the trochanter minor of the mammalia, and no such a char-
acter is ever to be seen upon the femora of any of the other steganopodous birds
judging from those before me, and I do not now recall ever having seen it upon the
femur of any other existing or extinct bird. This character is but faintly seen in
the U. S. National Museum specimen of the skeleton of P. flavirostris (No. 17841).

130 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

At the distal end of the femur the condyles are not very prominent, and the inter-
nal oneissmall. Nor is the rotular channel or the popliteal fossa deep, but on the
contrary they are both shallower than in many other birds known to me. We find
the shaft in tibio-tarsus to be straight and nearly cylindrical. Proximally, the low
cnemial process rises but a little above the summit of the shaft, while anteriorly,
below it, the pro- and ectocnemial ridges are but very inconspicuously developed.
It is between these latter that the small pneumatic foramen usually isseen. Distally
the usual characters of this bone are to be observed ; the osseous span to confine tendons,
at the antero-distal end of the shaft is present, and passes in a slightly oblique direc-
tion over the channel it bridges; the condyles, with their usual reniform contour, are
well separated from each other, and the intercondyloid notch between them, is
marked in front, but very shallow behind. In the fibula we see a very slender and
rudimentary bone. Especially is this the case below the ‘fibular ridge’ on the side
of the shaft of the bone it articulates with, for it is then reduced to little more than
a flattened osseous hair, closely applied to tibio-tarsus, but apparently never actually
anchyloses with it.

Phaethonide always possess a patella in front of the knee-joint, and it is of an
elongated form, being flat behind and convex in front, where it is distinctly marked
in the transverse direction by the groove for the tendon of the ambiens muscle.

Most remarkable of all the bones of the pelvic limb in Phaéthon, however, is its
tarso-metatarsus. ‘To describe this I select the left one from one of my skeletons of
P. xthereus. The bone is oblong in outline; much flattened in the antero-posterior
direction; and with its middle trochlear process but slightly lower on the shaft
than the internal one, which latter in turn is but a little lower than the outermost
one. On the summit, the shallow articular depressions for the condyles of the tibio-
tarsus are separated by a rounded eminence in front. At the back of the shaft, in
this region, we find the ‘hypotarsus”’ to consist simply of three vertical ridges,—
a short, small middle one, with longer and stouter outer ones. Anteriorly, the shaft
of the bone is deeply scooped out from above, downwards for nearly its entire
length. On the outer side below, this channel terminates in an antero-posterior
perforating foramen,— situated at a point a little above the notch dividing the
mid- and outer trochlear processes. On the inner side below, there is a small, longi-
tudinally-disposed groove that runs into the main excavation on this aspect of the
shaft at about its middle. This smaller groove also terminates below in an antero-
posterior. perforating foramen,— situated at a point a little above the notch divid-
ing the mid- and imner trochlear processes. Thus we see in P. xthereus, there are
two antero-posterior perforating foramina at the distal extremity of its tarso-meta-

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 131

tarsus; —a very rare condition in existing birds, and even absent in P. flavirostris,
where only the usual outer foramen seems to be present.

At the back of the shaft there is a low median ridge running down from the
lowermost point of the hypotarsus to bifurcate below. One limb is lost on the pos-
terior surface of the mid-trochlear process, the other on the outer one, while between
them occurs the outer of the two perforating foramina just described above. Upon
either side of this ridge, the shaft upon this aspect is also grooved in the longi-
tudinal direction, but not so deeply as it is in front. Placed side by side in the
anterior groove of the bone, just below the head, we find a pair of perforating foram-
ina. They make their exit one upon either side of the lower part of the hypo-
tarsus behind; each one lying in a postero-longitudinal groove, to which mention
has just been made in the last paragraph. ‘The sides of the shaft of this bone of the
leg are more or less flattened, and the tubercle for the insertion of the tzbialis anticus,
is very small. The first metatarsal is free, being long and flake-like, and articulates
by its entire outer margin, with the postero-internal edge of the shaft of the tarso-
metatarsus. Pes has what is usually termed the normal arrangement and number
of joints to the several toes, 7. ¢., 2, 3,4 and 5 joints, to the hallux, second, third and
fourth digits respectively. Exceedingly slender and long, the basal joint of hallux
is tipped off with a small, slightly curved ungual phalanx. The terminal pha-
langes of the three anterior toes are relatively much stouter, thicker, but exhibit
about the same proportionate amount of curvature. With respect to the shafts of
the intermediate joints, it is to be noted that they are long, slender, and exhibit but
very little curving; while the articular ends of these bones are but very slightly
enlarged. Indeed, the skeleton of the foot in the Phaéthonide is in reality deli-
cately constructed.

TABLE.

P. flavirostris. | Remanket
Measurements in mm.

Toes and their joints.

Basal joint

Hall - First T me From this it will be seen that
eta Coates aed | Ungaal Bee 4 Jj the length of the skeleton of
Bagel 8S on. 15 the middle toe is about ¢ the
Second or Inner Toe. {Second “ .... 12 length of the tibio-tarsus. On
Ungual “ .... 5) the other hand it is longer than
Basali 8... 12 either the femur or the tarso-
a3 | ne
Third or Middle Toe. Berney a pactatarsus:
{| Ungual ‘* ... 5.1 J
Basal oo... 10 )
Second ‘‘ Sir 4 |
Fourth or Outer Toe. <; Third “ .......... | 8 |
Fourth eee | 8.5
Ungual CO snenncenes | 4

32 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

A proportionate increase in their length and caliber seems to be the only im-
portant difference that distinguishes the skeletal toe-joints of P. xtherews from the
corresponding bones in P. flavirostris. To show the relative lengths of the pha-
langes in the last named species, see the above table, in which the measurements
are given in millimeters.

Beyond the patella, already described above, I find no other sesamoids associated
with the bones of the pelvic hmb in the Phaethontide.

-OsTEOLOGY OF THE SULID.®

(See Plates XXII. and XXIII., Figs. 7-12.)

Of the Skull. — Sula bassaua has a skull that averages in the adult about 186 mm.
in length; whereas in Sula piscator 129 mm. is the average length of the skull in
the adult. Between these extremes we find the other species to fall, and a simlar
variation is size is, of course, applicable to the remainder of the skeleton in these
different specific forms of the Sulide. Apart from this, the characters presented in
the skeletons of these birds in the main agree very well indeed, though differences
do exist, and these stamp the skeleton of each species with an individuality peculiarly
its own. The more important of these differences will be noted as we proceed.
(See Plates XXII., XXIII., Figs. 7-11.) .

In form, the superior osseous mandible is flat upon its under side with cultrate
tomia, while superiorly it is convex from side to side, and tapers from base to apex
gradually to a point, being a little decurved near the extremity. Sometimes we
find it pierced by a foramen on this upper side, which leads to its hollow interior,
but Sula is without nostrils, though did they exist, their position would perhaps be
indicated by the posterior end of the longitudinal furrow that marks the mandible
upon its lateral aspect.’

An osseous, thoroughly adherent crust, appears to overlay the greater part of the
superior surface, the only smooth place being a small area in front of the cranio-
facial hinge, and even this is absent in Sula piscator and other species. Its entire
surface is marked all over by an exquisite anastomosing venation, the ramifications

5 Besides some four fossil forms, Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe in his recent Hand List of Birds, recognizes the following
species of the genus Suda, in which are included all the birds of this group at present known to ornithologists :—viz :
S. bassana, S. serrator, S. capensis, S. cyanops, S. abboti, S. piscatrix, S. websteri, S. variegata, S. nebouzi, S. sulaand S.
brewsteri. In the A. O. U. ‘‘Check-List’’ we also find S. gossi, which may correspond with one of the species above
enumerated, as S. nebouxi, or S. websteri.

9In my memoir entitled ‘‘ Observations upon the Osteology of the Orders Tubinares and Steganopodes (Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus. Vol., XI., 1888, pp. 253-315), I give figures of al] the principal bones of the skeleton: of Sula bassana, drawn
by me, natural size, direct from the specimens. These will not be reproduced here, while the osteology of other species
of Gannets will be illustrated in the plates of the present memoir, as S. gossi and S. brewsteri.

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES Sore

starting, in some instances, from minute foramina found upon its surface. This
venation is but feebly marked in 8S. piscator.

A lacrymal is a free bone, articulating with a roughened facet of some extent be-
neath the antero-external angle of the frontal above, and by a smooth, gliding facet
on the upper side of the maxillary, which latter bone is thickened in a perpendic-
ular direction and otherwise enlarged in order to offer it the proper amount of sur-
face. As for the bone itself, it is of rather a columnar form, with the exception of
its extended anterior margin, which is roundly notched and shows on its inner side
the large pneumatic opening leading to its hollow interior. In S. cyanops this notch
is extended as a groove entirely across the outer face of the bone, and the pneu-
matic foramen is seen in this groove.

In Gannets there exists, projecting horizontally from the outer margin of the
frontal bone, on either side, from its ‘‘ prefrontal process,” a few millimeters posterior
to the fronto-lacrymal suture, a small rounded ledge of membrano-cartilage, which
reminds one of the horizontal portion of the true lacrymal bone in certain gallina-
ceous birds, as the Perdicinx, for example. ‘This feature has been studied by me in
Sula brewsterr and S. gossi, recently killed specimens for which I am indebted to
Mr. E. J. Reed of Guaymas, Mexico, who kindly collected them for me. This
membrano-cartilaginous process probably never ossifies in the Sulide.

In the adult bird it is impossible to distinguish the exact position, or any of the
borders, of the nasal bone. |

The maxillo-jugal bar shows very plainly the suture between the jugal and
quadrato-jugal; the latter is much smaller than the other portion, and shows a
strong peg-like process upon the inner aspect of its posterior end, which is about at
right angles to.the axis of the bone. It fits in the deep conical socket on the side
of the quadrate. Beyond its enlargement for the lacrymal the maxillary is a thin,
horizontal plate of bone, anchylosed in the usual way at its anterior end. Here it
really enters into the apparatus of the cranio-facial hinge. An ossicle having the
appearance of a process pointing backward and apparently coming from the pre-
maxillary is seen over this horizontal plate of the maxillary on either side. Pro-
fessor Parker found this condition present also in another species of Sula, and this
eminent anatomist apparently describes this ossicle as a ‘“‘ post-maxillary ” for those
birds. Hither rudimentary or better developed, it is probably present in one form
or another in all of the Sulidz.

The interorbital septum, which is a thin, smooth plate, shows considerable of a
fenestra near its middle, and a few such openings of a very much smaller size pierce
its posterior wall in S. bassana.

134 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The orbital cavity itself in Gannets is very deep, the eaves of its roof almost
overhanging the jugal bar beneath. Its superior periphery is smooth and rounded.
All in front of the rhinal chamber is filled in by the spongy mass formed by the
united maxillo-palatines. The hinder portions of these bones are, however, still dis-
tinct in S. bassana, and they have all the appearance of these elements as they are
found in birds which possess them as concavo-convex plates facing outward.

The rostrum of the sphenoid is a hollow subcylindrical tube, united above with
the interorbital septum. As we proceed anteriorly it becomes more flattened from
side to side, and gradually rises upward. Ata point about half way between the
palatines and cranio-facial hinge it terminates in a process directed forward ; above
this is the sharpened ethmoidal margin, nearly perpendicular to the long axis of
the skull. Osseous wings to the ethmoid never develop in Sula, not even rudi-
mentary traces of them being seen at their customary sites.

The cranio-facial hinge is exceedingly perfect in its construction, being composed
of a thin plate of bone occupying the full width of the skull; the bones both above
and below are separated from each other by a small interval for the entire length of
the transverse line constituting the hinge. The part played in the mechanism by
the maxillaries has already been described above.

We find the sphenotic process to be more or less bifid and jutting directly out
from the side of the skull; on the other hand, the mastoidal process is a crest of
bone curling forward. Between these two the very wide crotophyte valley
is seen.

The quadrate is a large, massive bone, with its mastoidal head composed of two
prominent ellipsoidal trochleze, separated from each other by an intervening notch.
Below these the shaft is seen to be rather compressed in an antero-posterior direc-
tion, and supports in front at its lower half an unusually formed orbital process.
This is a thin, triangular plate of bone placed in the vertical plane, and with its
apex directed forward. The pneumatic foramen of the quadrate usually occurs on
the posterior aspect of the shaft in most birds, but here it is situated to the inner
and lower side of this orbital process. In Sula cyanops I find two others on the an-
terior aspect of the bone, one near each articular process.

The pit for the quadrato-jugal is cylindrical and deep, and a perforation at its
bottom may lead into the hollow of the bone. On the posterior aspect of the quad-
rate we find an irregular facet for the mandible; it looks directly to the rear and
stands at the head of a longitudinal and deep groove which is found between two
similarly placed facets on the foot of the bone.

Each pterygoid is a trihedral and compressed bone with prominent borders.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 1 BX5)

Regarding this skull from a superior view, we see in it a foramen in the superior
mandible, near the site of the narial opening of the majority of other birds. From
this aspect we also have a good view of the wonderfully perfect cranio-facial hinge
of this bird.

Posterior to this is a broad, smooth area, very slightly convex, and showing in
some species numerous yenations like those on the bill of S. cyanosis. This surface
extends from the cranio-facial hinge to the anterior border of the crotaphyte fossze,
while laterally it is bounded by the margins of the orbits.

This view also shows the extent and form of these crotaphyte fosse, and how
they are separated from each other in the median line, simply by an extension
backward of a very narrow strip of the general surface that lies beyond them. They
merge with each other in some specimens of S. piscator. They are bounded behind
by conspicuous and sharpened crests that curl slightly forward, and are best marked
laterally, becoming very low as they near the upper part of the supra-occipital
prominence.

The under view of the skull reveals a number of interesting points. We find
that the anterior portions of the palatines are parallel to each other, separated by a
median cleft of a width equal to either one of them, and which becomes pointed
behind.

Their anterior ends do not merge into the premaxillary beyond until they are
well past the points where the maxillaries are inserted. These anterior portions are
thin, horizontal plates, being directly continuous with the horizontal and fused
palatine bodies behind. This latter portion shows a small median carination just
in front of the united heads, and the postero-external angles are rather sharp, being
pointed directly backward.

Anteriorly, the pterygoidal heads meet each other and the fused palatines, the
three forming a groove on their upper sides for the rostrum. At their outer ends
each pterygoid offers a shallow cup to form the usual articulation with the quadrate
of the corresponding side.

Professor Parker found that ‘in Sula alba the basitemporals are as little devel-
oped as in the Dromezidz, less than in any other carinate bird. Behind each moiety
there is a large oval opening, not far in front of the occipital condyle; this exposes
the loose diploze within. ‘The small Eustachian tubes open at a little distance from
each other, in a wide, shallow fossa, on the part where the three elements of the
parasphenoid meet.” The description of these details agrees with the skull of the
specimen before me. Professor Parker, however, was fortunate iu having the skele-
ton of the ear-parts in his specimen, and, of them, he says that “in Sula alba, the

136 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

columella auris is very long and bent. It has a small, cartilaginous, extra-supra-
stapedial process, and a long, attenuated stylohyal.”

On either side, the entrance to the middle ear in Sula bassana, as in others of
the same genus, is shallow, and it is situated quite internal to the quadrate bone,
while immediately mesiad to it there is a pit of great depth, with its aperture look-
ing downwards, and its base in the vault of the cranium, which seems designed for
muscular lodgment; the positions of the usual foramina about it are peculiar, and
extremely interesting in these birds. -

The bony wings that shield the entrance to the ears are large and tilted up
behind. Each one shows the double facet for the mastoidal head of quadrate, the
outer one having its inner margin encroached upon by the pit described above.

The postero-internal angle of either of these wings is connected with the side of
the elevated basi-teémporal region by a bony bar. ‘This condition can best be seen
from a posterior view. When speaking of the orbital cavity I neglected to mention
that the upper part of the septum is longitudinally marked, as in most birds, by an
open, single groove for the passage of the olfactory nerve to the rhinal space beyond.
The exit for it from the brain-case is very small, indeed, and occasionally, in 8.
bassana, on one side, the bone spreads over it, rendering the nerve track, for a frac-
tion of the initial part of its course, tubular.

The brain-box itself is capacious and notable for its great width over its com-
pression in the vertical direction. Its anterior wall looks directly downward and
forward, making an angle of about 45 degrees with the horizontal palatine bodies.
Seen from behind, the skull shows, above, the extent to which the crotaphyte fosse
approach each other in the median line and the crest that divides them from the
occipital area. This latter has the usual form seen among these cormorant-like
birds, constituting an arch over the foramen magnum, which occupies the center of
a concavity below it. The supra-occipital prominence is here distinguished by a
low, smooth median ridge, which traverses this dome-like elevation from the inter-
crotaphyte line to the superior periphery of the foramen magnum.

The plane of this latter aperture is about perpendicular to the plane of the basis
cranil. In outline the foramen is broadly elliptical, with the short axis transverse.
At its lower margin we see a large ellipsoidal condyle, with its short axis at right
angles with that of the foramen. Below this again are the oval openings in the
basi-temporal, spoken of by Parker, with the prominent descending processes of this
region flanking them on either side.

In form, the inferior mandible is spear-shaped, its sides tapering gradually to a
sharpened apex. These latter, for the outer aspects of their anterior two thirds,

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES laf

show the same character of venated surface as I described for the superior mandible.
Posterior to this, however, as well as the inner ramal aspect, the bone is smooth,
having the same appearance as in most birds.

The symphysis is short and develops a spine behind, which points directly back-
ward and is in every respect similar to the process in the same place, between the
sides of the lower jaw, in Herons and Albatrosses. Each ramus of this mandible
is very thick from side to side, but these parts are hollow, and the bone as a whole,
is very light, owing to the high state of pneumaticity it enjoys.

The principal foramina for the entrance of air to its interior are four in number,
two on either limb, one being to the mesial side of the articular cup, and another
larger, longitudinally piaced, elliptical one just beyond this concavity on the inner
aspect of the ramus near its upper border. The superior side of an articular end
has a deep excavation at its center upon which the facets for the quadrate do not
encroach, so that, when the jaw is articulated, this pit comes opposite the notch
between the trochleze of the mandibular foot of the quadrate, creating an irregular —
hollow space there between the bones of no inconsiderable size. When the quad-
rate thus covers it there are two entrances that are left open, one in front and one
behind, close to the pneumatic foramen.

The mandibular angles are truncate, very nearly perpendicularly so, their sur-
faces being concave and very broadly luniform in outline (Plate XXII., Fig. 7).

Commencing just in front of an articular cup, we find the superior border of |
the ramus to be rather wide and rounded as far as the meeting with the dentary
This portion presents near its middle a double coronoid process, one being in front
of the other. ‘The dentary portion of their border has an outer cultrate edge and
an inner and somewhat lower rounded one.

The outer edge goes to the anterior apex of the symphysis, the inner one to the
hinder termination of the same, while between the two a nearly horizontal surface
is contained, which gradually becomes narrower as we proceed in the forward
direction.

The lower borders of the mandible are rounded for their entire extent, being
produced beneath the articular cups and continuous with the inner boundary of
either truncate angular extremity.

We find that the usual bones which surround the true ramal vacuity on the
side of the mandible in many birds, here interlock with each other so as to com-
pletely fill the fenestra in, but in rather an unusual way, and apparently, for a
definite purpose; for each ramus presents, both on its inner and outer side, an
oblique slit, these slits being opposite each other and with their anterior ends in

138 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

the superior border. It is evident that this otherwise thick jaw is much weakened
at these points in each ramus, and this occurs just posterior to the hinder termina-
tion of the horny sheath of the lower beak. In other words, the hinder moieties of
the mandible are attached to the anterior or dentary portion by thin plates of bone,
consisting principally of the splenial elements, and are capable of being bent out-
ward, which, in the recent specimen can, owing to the way the quadrates are
attached, be effected to a considerable degree. Now in life these oblique slits have
their anterior ends come opposite the thin anterior insertions of the maxillaries,
and these latter are just beneath the very mobile cranio-facial hinge, so that the
whole apparatus is admirably arranged to permit an increase in size of the fore part
of the buccal cavity when a Gannet swallows the fish that constitutes its food, and
which its beak is so well fitted otherwise to capture. Moreover, this possible
increase in caliber takes place in that portion of the digestive tract where it is most
needed, or where the bony walls of the mouth would prevent the admission of a
very large morsel, unless some such mechanism existed,—that is, at the very
entrance of the buccal cavity, and just posterior to the more horny thece of the
beak. In Gannets, however, this mobility is, to some extent, restricted by the
integumental sheath of the beak.

Sulide have a wonderfully pneumatic skeleton, the entire structure enjoying
that condition, save the ribs; all the caudal vertebree (with the occasional exception
of the anterior one); and, finally, none of the bones of the pelvic limb are pneu-
matic below the femur. The entire skeleton of the wing is perfectly so.

In a specimen of Sula gosst before me, nine or ten large sclerotal plates ossify in
either eyeball, and these overlap each other much as we find they do in other
birds. All the tracheal rings ossify quite perfectly, as do the bronchial semirings as
they approach the lungs. These rings look like little, narrow, bony, double-over-
lapped straps, as they are arranged in situ to form the somewhat antero-posteriorly
compressed windpipe. The usual bones of the swperior laryna also ossify, and in the
syringeal portion of the tube we find strong osseous arcades overarching the com-
mencement of either bronchial tube, and parallel to them below, in the median
line, the dividing pessulus is also in bone.

Anatomists have long known that the hyoidean apparatus as found in the Sulide
is invariably a very much aborted affair. The only parts of it that ossify are, first,
a little irregular piece which represents the first basibranchial ; and second, articu-
lating with this behind, are two simple curved rods of bone, which are the cerato-
branchials of the thyro-hyals. Beyond these, no part of the tongue of a Gannet
ever appears to ossify. It is hardly necessary to say that such parts of the skeleton,

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 139

as the sclerotal plates, the tongue, or rings of the trachea, or much less certain
sesamoids we will hereafter be called upon to describe, are ever pneumatic.

Of the Remainder of the Skeleton of the Trunk in the Sulide. (See Plate XXIIL.,
Fig. 12.)

In the common Gannet there are twenty-one free vertebre in the spinal column
before we meet the one that first anchyloses to form, with the assistance of the four-
teen succeeding ones, a sacrum for the pelvic bones. Then follow seven more free
ones, devoted to the movable part of the tail. Finally, we have a long pygostyle
that probably contains at least six more. Owing to the lengthening behind of its
pelvie bones, the sacrum contains sixteen vertebree in Sula cyanops, and that species
has but six free caudal ones plus the pygostyle.

The sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth vertebree support each a pair of free
ribs; the next three belong to the dorsal series, and all have true vertebral ribs
articulating with costal ribs from the sternum. This is also the case with the first
three pairs that spring from the pelvic sacrum. The ribs on the sixteenth vertebra
are exceedingly rudimentary, and the last pair of “ floating”’ costal ribs have no cor-
responding pair of vertebral ones above them.

In mid-series these ribs support epipleural appendages, attached in the usual way
to their posterior borders. (They may be anchylosed or free.) As I have already
stated above, they are completely non-pneumatic.

The neural canal is notable for being nearly cylindrical throughout the first -
twenty-one vertebre. It is only at the region of the enlargement for the brachial
plexus that it is rather compressed in the vertical direction.

The atlas has a minute perforation in its cup, and its neural arch is strikingly
broad and deep. ‘The axis vertebra possesses a stumpy neural spine, and its hypa-
pophysis, directed somewhat backward, is very prominent.

The odontoid peg is comparatively small and nearly sessile with the centrum,
the latter presenting a concave face below it.

From the third to the fourteenth vertebra, inclusive, the neural spine is a very
inconspicuous character, while from this on it gradually makes its appearance, increas-
ing in size until we have the usual quadrate, longitudinal plate of the dorsal series.

The third and fourth vertebree have each a prominent hypapophysis like the
one on the axis, but in the fifth this feature nearly entirely disappears.

The sixth vertebra is faintly marked by the carotid canal; this gradually be-
comes more and more tubular in the seventh and eighth, while in the ninth to the
thirteenth inclusive it is a closed cylindrical canal of a caliber somewhat less than the
neural canal canal above it. It disappears entirely from the fourteenth vertebra.

140 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The lateral canals extend from the third vertebra to the fifteenth, inclusive; they
are short in any of the segments, and their posterior apertures are far larger than
their anterior ones.

At the commencement of the cervical series the parial parapophyses are short and
not particularly well developed. They project backward from the inferior walls of
the lateral canals, but as the carotid canal begins to develop, these processes with-
draw from the former positions, move gradually lower down beneath the centrum,
and at the same time increase in length and importance, so that in those vertebree
where the carotid canal exists, they project from its postero-inferior border directly
backward as parallel and not far separated spines.

The post-zygapophyses do not appear as divergent limbs until we find them so in
the eighth vertebra; in all the cervical segments anterior to this one the facets are
situated on the inferior aspect of the tuberous hinder end of the neural arch at its
lateral angles.

Metapophyses are seen on the ninth vertebra, but gradually disappear, to be
entirely absent in the fourteenth or fifteenth.

The transverse processes in the dorsal region are broad, flat, and horizontal, being
directed more and more to the rear as we approach the pelvis. The plates of the
neural spines above do not meet each other when the column is articulated, and
there is an entire absence of all interlacing, ossified tendons or metapophyses in this
region. In fact, all the vertebree have a very clean-cut, non-angular appearance,
with the majority of projecting borders rounded.

The articular ends of the centra are constructed upon the “heterocelous” type;
the anterior faces in the ultimate cervicals and leading dorsals being notably wide
and shallow, and often riddled with foramina. :

The pygostyle and the free caudal vertebree will be spoken of after the pelvis has
been described; in the meantime we will turn our attention for a few moments to
the description of the sternum and pectoral arch. .

The Sternwm.—This bone in the Gannets has a very peculiar form. A pectoral
aspect of the bone shows that the body has an oblong figure or outline, with the
average width nearly equal to half the length. Beyond the true sternal body the
anterior portion projects as a massive promontory, and a large part of the carina is
beyond this again.

The anterior moiety of the bone is convex upon the dorsal side, and correspond-
ingly concave on the ventral aspect. Behind, the body is so flattened out in S. bas-
sana as to be nearly horizontal. The costal borders look outward and slightly up-
ward, and each usually possesses six moderately well-developed facets for the costal

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 141

ribs. In a specimen of S. bassana, however (No.!18045 U.S. Nat. Mus.), and in one
of S. piscator (No. 18739, U.S. Nat. Mus.), I find but five of these facets upon either
costal border. ‘There are no pneumatic foramina in the elongated and shallow
intervals between them.

The principal orifices of this character consist in a diffuse group on the superior
aspect of the anterior projecting part, within the general concavity of the bone.

Hither costal process gracefully rises from its base as a laminated and prominent
horn, curving in the anterior direction.

The posterior moieties of the lateral borders are somewhat rounded and extend
almost directly backward over the lateral processes behind.

These postero-external xiphoidal processes are very long and wide, being rounded
- off at their extremities and directed a little outward. They are narrowest in S.
brewstert, more flaring in S. gossi, and very wide in S. cyanops. |

They are created by this hinder portion of the bone being so profoundly one-
notched that a general concave margin has resulted, with simply a median papilli-
form process remaining. Even this latter is frequently altogether absent in S. gossi,
converting the posterior sternal border in this species into one long, well-marked
concavity.

The carina juts out very prominently in front of the bone; its anterior angle is
concave from above downward, and develops a large facet for the furcula, which in
life articulates with it. Above this the border is again concave and sharp, while -
still above this there is a compressed process that represents the manubrium. This
is the case in S. bassana only, for in the sternum of no other Gannet before us is
there the slightest semblance of such a process as the manubrium.

The lower border of the keel is straight and in the horizontal plane, being capped
off with a spreading rim. This border merges into the surface of the body of the
bone before it half way reaches the xiphoidal notch.

The sides of the keel are smooth, and neither it nor the under side of the sternal
body show in this specimen any of the muscular lines usually present in most birds.

A broad median notch, concave from side to side, convex from before backward,
lies between the lofty superior portions of the coracoidal grooves. These latter meet
in front of it, while behind, its surface becomes directly continuous with the general
surface of the upper side of the body, and that where the group of pneumatic foram-
ina are found. ;

A coracoidal groove looks forward and outward for its upper portion, directly
upward for its lower, and extends rather less than half way between the base of the
costal process and the median line. It consists of two portions which are directly

142 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

continuous with each other. The lower one is a shelf-like projection with a convex
border forward and its articular surface in the horizontal plane. Immediately
above this rises a much broader surface, though not so long, which is decidedly con-
vex from above downward. This portion of the facet for the coracoid is consider-
ably higher than the plane in which the borders of the body of the bone are found.
It faces forward and outward, and has one regular convexity as its hmiting margin
above. Between the point of its outer termination and the apex of the correspond-
ing costal process, the border is one sweeping concavity.

This form of sternum is more or less peculiar to the Suldx, and it departs in a
number of points from the form of the sternum of the Cormorants and of the Peli-
cans. Comparatively, the bone is not so long in Sula gossi as it is in S. bassana, 8.
brewstert and other species. Still the general pattern of the sternum is much the same
throughout the Sulidx. If we overlook the crossing of the coracoidal grooves in
the sternum of Phaethon xthereus, and its having a manubrium, there is a great
deal in the bone to remind us of the sternum of Sula goss: —and, in fact, there are
more steganopodous characters in the sternum of the Tropic Bird than there are of
any other avian group with which I am at present acquainted.

Of the Shoulder-girdle.—(Plate XXIIIL., Fig. 12.) This part of the skeleton is,
like so much of the rest of it, thoroughly pneumatic, the foramina occurring at
their usual sites.

The clavicles form a broad U-shaped arch, being completely united below, where,
at the median point beneath, they support an extensive facet for articulation with
the carinal angle of the sternum. This does away with any such thing as a hypo-
cleidium proper, notwithstanding the fact that the bone projects slightly over this facet.

The clavicular limbs are compressed from side to side, broader above than below,
with their anterior and posterior borders rounded off.

A clavicular head is also compressed in the same manner as its shaft, and
tapers off as a pointed process.

The most striking feature of this part of the bone is, however, the extraordi-
nary facet it supports to articulate with the coracoid. Either one of these is situated
at its outer side, upon a promontory of bone which is found there, the latter being
of a proper form to receive it. The facet is of an elliptical outline, placed vertically,
and facing directly backward. Something of a notch is found between it and the
clavicular head, in which occurs a number of the principal pneumatic foramina of
the furcula. On the anterior surface, just below the summit of a coracoid, we find
a distinct elliptical facet for articulation with a similar one just described for the
fourchette. Between this and the ear-shaped glenoid facet a considerable valley

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 143

is found. On the opposite side of the coracoidal head we find a group of pneumatic
foramina, and below these a peculiarly formed scapular process, a spine-like apo-
physis, which rather gracefully curls upward and then toward the shaft of the bone.
This latter portion of the bone is subcylindrical and smooth, dilating below into
a transverse fan-shaped sternal extremity.

A scapula offers but a very small portion of the articular surface for the glenoid
cavity ; not more than an eighth of it in all the specimens examined by me. The
head of the bone then reaches forward and inward, but only the outer two thirds
of this makes an indifferent articulation with the narrow and roughened border of
the scapular process of the coracoid. The shaft of the bone is quite stout behind
this and somewhat compressed in the vertical direction, while posteriorly it flat-
tens out into a broad paddle-shaped extremity that finally tapers to a point
behind.

Even more than it is in the case of the sternum, the bones of the shoulder-girdle
in all the species of the Sulidx at my hand are, apart from their specific variance in
size, almost identically alike in each and every one of their corresponding characters.
As for the bones of the shoulder-girdle in the Phaéthonidx, we may say here, by way
of comparison, that it is only in the scapula where we see the characters which more
or less resemble the corresponding ones as we find them in the scapule of the Sulide.
Neither the os fwrcula nor a coracoid of a gannet or booby bear any special resem-
blance to those bones as they exist in the tropic birds.

Of the Pelvis and Caudal Vertebre.—The first vertebra that anchyloses with the pelvic
sacrum anteriorly projects entirely beyond the iliac bones. Its centrum, in common
with the next three that follow it, is much compressed from side to side, and its neural
spine is continuous with the common neural ridge above the succeeding segments.

The first five vertebree that lie beneath the ilia throw out their apophyses in the
usual way for their support; the last two of this series meet the iliac margins.
Here the neural canal and centra are large, in order to afford room for the increase
in size of the cord where the sacral plexus is thrown off. .

The twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth vertebree have their processes thrown directly
upward, so that they are scarcely visible upon direct ventral aspect.

In the thirtieth vertebra they are powerfully developed and extend directly
across the basin to abut by anchylosis against the pelvic walls immediately behind
the cotyloid cavity on either side. From this point the centra of the so-called uro-
sacral vertebree taper quite rapidly in size to the ultimate one, which, in S. bassana,
is enlarged and exhibits a big facet on its posterior aspect, intended for the first free
caudal. In S. piscator this enlargement is not evident.

144 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The extremities of their diapophyses anchylose in a very thorough manner with
the inner iliac margins, and a lateral view shows their sides to be riddled with pneu-
matic foramina between these processes.

Viewing this pelvis from above, we notice that the entire inner margins of the-
iliac bones have merged into and completely anchylosed with the sacrum. This
converts the ilio-neural grooves into ilio-neural canals and gives the bone a very
compact appearance. The anterior margins of the ilia are; rounded, and are set off
with rather a deep and raised emargination in S. bassana, which is feebly marked in
S. piscator and other species.

The post- and pre-acetabular surfaces are about equal in the extent of their su-
perficial areas, except in Sula cyanops, where the postacetabular area is the more
extensive.

The anterior iliac surfaces are concave on either side, and each faces upward
and outward to about an equal degree. Sula piscator here offers another exception,
and in this species the pelvis is comparatively shorter, as well as broader and flatter
than it is in other species of Gannets.

Elevated above these anterior iliac concavities we find the postacetabular area to
be nearly horizontal. Large elliptical foramina are found between the apophyses
of the last three or four uro-sacrals, and these latter, likewise, develop quite a
prominent neural crest.

Upon the lateral aspect of this pelvis we find a very large cotyloid ring, the
inner margin of which is fully equal in size to the outer. A moderately sized anti-
trochanter occupies its usual site, with its articular surface directed downward,
forward and outward. |

Behind this occurs an enormous elliptical ischiadic foramen, that occupies nearly
all of this post-acetabular lateral aspect. Through the fenestra thus formed we are
enabled to get a good lateral view of the uro-sacral vertebree and the extensive
pneumatic condition they enjoy.

The lower margin of the ilium is sharp and convex ; it forms the superior boun-
dary to a long, narrow, obturator space, which opens freely into the rather small
obturator foramen.

A pro-pubis does not develop in the Gannets, while the post-pubis is, for the most
of its extent, fragile and slender. It begins to increase in size just before arriving
at a point opposite the end of the ischium. At this point it offers a small facet on
its upper margin for the ischiadic postero-inferior angle, and the two bones are in
contact here during life. The post-pubis, retaining its increase in size, then curves
inward toward the fellow of the opposite side, to terminate in a cartilaginous tip.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 145

The posterior border of this lateral aspect shows a well-marked ilio-ischiadic notch
at about the middle of its extent. This character is best marked in S. cyanops and
S. gossi, being much shallower in other species, especially in S. piscator. The outer
side of the bone between it and the ischiadic foramen is directed upward as well as
outward.

As has already been mentioned above, there are usually seven free vertebree plus a
large pygostyle in the skeleton of the tail of most Gannets and Boobies, but an
exception is noted in the case of Sula cyanops, in which species I count in the
specimen before me, only sia and the pygostyle. The characters of these vertebree
may be well studied in the skeleton of the tail in Sula brewsteri. What first strikes
one upon glancing at this part of the osseous system of any Gannet is its compara-
tive massiveness, the great size of the individual vertebre, and the large pygostyle.
The neural spines however, are short and stumpy; in Sula bassana they are occasion-
ally bifid anteriorly. The neural arches beneath them close over the spinal canal for
the entire length of the series, and the latter, for a short distance, is seen to perforate
the pygostyle. ‘The transverse processes are thick and strong, being very wide-spread-
ing, especially in the case of the ultimate and penultimate free ones. From four to
five of the last ones usually develop heemal spines. These become larger as we
approach the pygostyle, the first vertebra of which also has one, it being bifid,
and hooking forward, as do those on the caudals in front of it. The interarticular
facet on the faces of the centra are nearly flat, showing barely any concavity or
convexity. .

The pygostyle appears to be composed of about six vertebree, of which the three
anterior ones can be quite easily made out. It has a very unusual form in this bird,
being very long and subconical, with sharp superior border and rather decurved
apex. Below, it is broad and somewhat convex. Viewing it from in front we notice
that it has all the elements present, though in very rudimentary state, of one of the
caudal vertebree, including the large, prominent and anchylosed hemal spine just
mentioned.

The Appendicular Skeleton.

The Pectoral Limb. — We find the humerus in Sula bassana to be somewhat longer
than the radius and ulna in this limb, but we shall see later on that this varies
greatly in the other species. I will write out here first an account of the appendic-
ular skeleton of Sula bassana, and close with the differences exemplified on the
part of the other Gannets and Boobies we have under consideration. In this
humerus the ulnar crest is prominent and projecting, though rather inclined to retreat
from the elongated and shallow pneumatic fossa that arches over it, as in many other

146 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

water birds. The radial crest is reduced to a long, low, inconspicuous ridge, and,
in fact, this proximal end of the humerus, as a whole, merges into the shaft so
gradually from both sides, and its being so narrow withal, that we are rather im-
pressed with its lack of strength and an absence of a certain robustness so characteristic
of the bone in other birds of equal size and that lead a similar life. This in no way
applies, however, to the shaft itself, for this subeylindrical and hollow, bony tube, with
its double sigmoidal curve, carries with it the very elements of strength and power.

Its distal extremity lacks but little of being as wide as the widest part of the
head of the bone. It is without an ecto-condyloid process, has the trochleee very
prominent, and presents for examination a deep fossa to the anconal side of the
ulnar tubercle.

The shaft of radius for so long a one is unusually straight, and only a slight
curve is noticed in the proximal moiety of the ulna.

In its continuity the former bone is subtrihedral in its form, with its pneumatic
foramina situated beneath the transversely expanded portion of the distal end.
Muscular lines mark this radial shaft along its inferior aspect.

For its distal moiety the shaft of ulna is nearly cylindrical in form, but this is
gradually exchanged for the subtrihedral as we pass over the proximal half of the bone.

It presents for examination a double row of feebly marked papille for the quill-
butts of the secondary feathers.

A long, shallow, though notable fossa is seen at the proximal and anconal side
of the shaft, which terminates in a single pneumatic foramen just beyond the promi-
nent cup-shaped articulation for the ulnar tubercle of the humerus.

Other pneumatic holes occur at the distal end of the ulna upon all sides, except
the outer one. The olecranon, though large and rather tuberous, would not particu-
larly attract our attention. A distinct canal upon the outer aspect of the distal
end of the shaft for the passage of the tendons characterizes this bone. The artic-
ular surface shows nothing of special interest.

As usual, the carpal segments are but two in number —a radiale and an ulnare.
They present the forms and facets common to these bones generally. Both are
pneumatic and have large apertures for the admission of air to their hollow interiors.

The carpo-metacarpus also presents a number of those foramina at either of its
extremities; the principal one, however, is found just below the trochlear surface
formed by os magnum upon the anconal side of the bone. A notable process occurs
immediately below it, as well as another group of these air-holes, in its outer as-
pect, near the short and inconspicuous first metacarpal.

The main shaft is straight and of good caliber; on the palmar side it is longitudi-

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 47

nally grooved nearly its entire length for a tendon going to the fingers. This is best
marked upon the distal moiety of the bone. ‘The metacarpal of the middle digit is
also straight for the major extent of its course; its extremities becoming enlarged in
order to allow it to make the usual connections with the metacarpal index. It is
rather slender and develops no special processes, as it sometimes does in other rep-
resentatives of the class.

The expanded portion of the proximal joint of the index digit is not perforated,
not even by the numerous pneumatic foramina which are irregularly scattered
over its surface. Below it is produced as a notable process, and a process that is
seen in some of the extinct birds, as, for instance, in Ichthyorms. The shaft of
this phalanx is broad and flat anteriorly, and perfectly straight from above down-
ward.

Equal to half the length of the carpo-metacarpus, the distal phalanx of the index
digit is of a trihedral form, with an extensive excavation at the posterior aspect
of its proximal end, which is continued in a lesser degree the entire length of the
bone. It bears no claw below, but is finished off by a distinct little process.

The pollex phalanx has very much the same form as the one just described, but
it lacks the longitudinal excavation down its posterior aspect. Both of the bones are
pneumatic. Lastly, we have the smallest phalanx of all, belonging to the middle
finger. This, as usual, is behind the broad proximal joint of the index, and not _
quite equal to half its hinder border in length.

Now the general characters of the bones of the pectoral limb are, in Sula cyanops,
S. piscator, S. gossi and S. brewsteri, in the main about the same as they have just
briefly been given for Sula bassana. We find differences, to be sure, but they are
very slight. The humerus in S. cyanops closely resembles that bone in S. bassana,
only it is considerably smaller in the first-named species. Occasionally about the
proximal end of the carpo-metacarpus the position and size of the pneumatic open-
ings may vary, but that is often seen to be the case in all large birds with highly
pneumatic skeletons.

In S. piscator the olecranon fossa of the humerus is comparatively larger and
with better defined borders than it has in S. bassana. This is likewise the case in
Sula gossi and S. brewsteri, in both of which species that fossa is especially well
marked. Beyond such trivial departures as these, we meet with little or nothing
worthy of formal record. Individual specimens of the same species, however, vary
a little; take, for example, the carpo-metacarpus. It is seen to be rather smaller
than that of another specimen of the same species of S. bassana now at my hand for
comparison.

148 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Where remarkable differences do come in, is in the relative lengths of these bones
when we come to compare them in one species with the corresponding bone in an-
other. In speaking of Sula bassana, I said above that its humerus was longer than
the radius or ulna; now this is not the case in other species of Gannets, as the sub-
joined table will plainly show.

MEASUREMENTS IN CENTIMETERS AND FRACTIONS.

Species. Humerus. Ulna. Carpo-metacarpus. AD eee
Sula bassana. 23.5 20.4 9.6 9.6
Sula cyanops. 19.3 20.7 8.8 8.1
Sula piscator. 17.1 18.4 7.2 6.9
Sula gosst. 16.2 17.3 7.6 6.9
Sula brewster. 18.4 19.8 8.1 7.6

Of the Pelvic Limb.—In comparison with the general size of Sula bassana the
lower extremity is very short, though the bones composing its skeleton are none the
less strong in consequence. In the femwr we find the axis of the head and neck
making an angle with the longitudinal axis of the shaft. The head is quite dis-
tinct, globular, and, as usual, excavated on top. Its surface is continual with the
broad articular surface which occupies the entire summit of the bone. No trochan-
terian ridge rises above this latter, and, indeed, this character of the femur is but
poorly developed.

A pneumatic foramen is always seen at its most common site, on the anterior
aspect, just below the superior articular surface.

The shaft is cylindrical, roughened in some places by lines and fiifee tuberosi-
ties for muscular attachment, and is bent slightly to the front and somewhat to the
inner side. At its distal extremity the condyles are fashioned after the usual pattern
among birds, but all their characters in Sula present a sort of lack of strong devel-
opment. The fibular cleft is but faintly marked, the intercondyloid notch or fossa
is shallow, and the ridges in front much rounded and inconspicuous.

Something of the same condition is extended to the proximal end of the tibio-
tarsus of the leg, though not tosuch a marked degree. Here the cnemial process rises
but slightly above the articular summit of the bone, and the, pro- and ecto-cnemial
ridges which descend below it soon merge into the shaft, and are, at the best not
very prominently developed.

The shaft of this bone is straight and smooth and somewhat compressed through-
out from before backward. It offers a long ridge to the fibula and is broad across
where it is found. The distal extremity of the bone evinces more character than

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 149

the proximal one. An oblique bridge, to confine the extensor tendons, is extended
across the deep groove that contains them during life. Nearly parallel with each
other, the condyles are wide apart, prominent and convex in front, to become sup-
pressed and low and thin-crested behind.

The fibula has the usual form seen in birds, but is here particularly interesting
from the fact that it does not anchylose with the shaft of the leg-bone until it arrives
at the middle of its lower third, and even from this low point the remainder of the
bone, including an oval ‘‘external malleolus,” stands out quite prominently. This
rare condition of things has been pointed out also by me as occurring in Uri-
nator lunvme.

Sula bassana has a long oval patella, obliquely marked across its anterior surface
by a groove for the tendon of the ambiens muscle.

The tarso-metatarsus in Sula is strikingly large in its proportions when compared
with the other bones of the limb. In length it isa little more than half as long
as the tibiotarsus, but being wider and broader it appears much more massive. Its
hypo-tarsus presents three short, longitudinal elevations of unequal sizes. These
inclose two tubular passages for tendons, and are grooved themselves besides. In
other specimens they are flat, and the two outer elevations may posteriorly meet,
thus creating a vertical perforation rather than a groove. The back of the shaft is
flat, but in front it is much scooped out above, where it shows two antero-posterior
perforations.

At the distal extremity three large trochlear projections present themselves.
They are separated from one another by wide clefts of about an equal depth. These
trochleze are placed nearly side by side, the middle one being the lowest down, the
inner next, and the outer one the most elevated. Their median grooves are best
marked behind, but in addition the internal trochlea presents a deep, vertical notch
upon its outer aspect.

The usual arterial perforation pierces the bone above the cleft found between the
outer and middle projections, a groove leading into it from above.

The accessory metatarsal is rather an elongated bone, swung in the usual way
by ligaments to the lower part of the shaft.

The basal joint of the hallux, which it supports, is comparatively more slender
for its length than the other joints of the foot.

For the three anterior toes these latter are, in number and arrangement, the same
as in the vast majority of the class. They present all the characters usually
attributed to the phalanges of the podal digits in birds, and are well proportioned,
both as regards their relative calibers and lengths.

150 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The pneumatic foramen in the femur of S. cyanops is usually very large, and
comparatively small in my specimen of S. piscator. This also applies to S. brewsteri,
but in Sula gossi it is notably very large again. The general characters of the femur
are much alike in all typical Gannets.

The tibio-tarsus and fibula in Sula cyanops agree with those bones in S. bassana,
as they practically do in other species. There is a difference seen in the degree of
distinctness of the distal end of the fibula. The entire bone can easily be made out
in all my specimens of S. gossi, and only, or less than, the distal fourth of it fuses
with the tibio-tarsus in that species. The tibio-tarsal condyles are far apart in S.
piscator and S. gossi, and in most birds of this family this character is more evident
than it isin S. bassana. In this last-named species the tibio-tarsus and tarso-meta-
tarsus are all non-pneumatic; I fail to find any pneumatic openings in the tibio-
tarsus of S. cyanops, but the tarso-metatarsus of that species enjoys that condition
to a very high degree, as numerous and large air-holes are found about the head
of the bone. Another remarkable fact is that the tarso-metatarsus in Sula cyanops
is rather larger than that bone in Sula bassana. It is very small in 8. piscator, and
in all considerable variation may exist in the hypotarsus, for the places where the
tendons pass through may be either grooves or perforations. Whatever they are,
however, they never exceed two innumber. Below I give a table showing the com-
parative lengths of these bones in the species under consideration.

MEASUREMENTS IN CENTIMETERS AND FRACTIONS.

Species. Femur. Tibia. Tarso-metatarsus. SN eee te

Sula bassana.

UA 10.9 6.1
Sula cyanops. 6.4 9.9 6.5
Sula piscator. 4.9 6.9 3.8
Sula gossi. 5.4 718 4.9 eo
Sula brewsteri. 5.9 onl 5.7 8.3

From this study it is hardly necessary to add that the skeleton of the pectoral
and pelvic limbs of the Sulidx is entirely different from the corresponding parts and
bones in the Phaéthonide.

ANHINGIDS.
Osteology of Anhinga anhinga.

As will be seen by my list of material given above, I have, at the present writ-
ing, but a single skeleton of this family of birds, before me for examination. It is
complete, however, and there are at hand the accounts of the osteology of Plotus
by other authors. Doctor R. Bowdler Sharpe in his recent Hand List of Birds

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 151

(1899) retains all the Anhingas in the family Plotidx, and, in addition to two fossil
forms, recognizes our existing species, viz: P. rufus, P. melanogaster, P. nove-
hollandie, and P. anhinga. The Anhinga arhinga is the sole representative of this
family in the United States. A peculiarity of the skeleton of Anhinga is, it is
almost completely non-pneumatic. It is only into the base of the cranium and the
articular ends of the mandible that air gains access through minute foramina occu-
pying the usual sites.

Of the Skull.—This bird has a very perfect “ cranio-facial hinge,’ and measuring
each way from the center of it we find the superior mandible to be about 1.5 cm.
longer than the cranium. In form the superior mandible is long, narrow and spear-
shaped, being drawn out to a sharp point. It is nearly straight. Beneath, it is flat
with cultrate tomia. The culmen is rounded off, and the nasals haye so fused with
the surrounding bones of the face that most of the sutural lines cannot be dis-
tinguished in the adult. Where the external nostrils would naturally occur, there
are usually present only minute holes that do not appear to reach in so far as the
rhinal chamber. Viewed from above, we are to observe that the cranial and frontal

| STV,
\

Fie. 3. Left lateral view of the skull, including mandible, of a specimen of Anhinga anhinga. Natural size, in
outline, by the author from specimen 18259 of the Coll. U. S. Nat. Museum. s7.m, the supramaxillary bone.
Fia. 4. The same skull, seen from above. Mandible removed.

region are somewhat narrow and elongated ; the former being smooth and moder-
ately rounded, the latter flat and measuring about half a centimeter between the
sharp edges of the superior peripheries of the orbits. For its hinder half, longi-
tudinally, this part of the skull presents a low, median prominence, created by the
approach upon either side, of the extensive, though shallow, crotaphyte fossa. We

by, MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

may also see, upon this aspect, the conspicuous exoccipital processes. ‘They project
almost directly backwards, and only slightly outwards. Posteriorly, the superior
occipital area is seen to be bounded above by a sharp and raised line, much curved,
which distinctly separates the occipital from the parietal region of the skull. The
foramen magnum is very large, and subcireular in outline, its mid-vertical diameter
being scarcely shorter than its transverse one. The unnotched condyle is of good
size, hemispherical in form, and sessile.

Seen upon lateral aspect, we are struck with the open, shallow auditory fossa,
which is overhung by a raised squamosal ridge, the squamosal process being small.
Anterior to this region the lateral wall of the brain case is extensive, smooth and
convex, otherwise presenting no special characters. ‘The orbits are large, being con-
tinuously circular in front and above, the curve extending from the very short post-
frontal process to the lower end of the lacrymal bone. No osseous septum divides
these cavities, and a large, median, heart-shaped foramen occupies the central part
of the anterior wall of the brain-cavity, from which, during life, the olfactory nerves
pass out. Below this another median opening exists, of no inconsiderable size. It
is the anterior common aperture of the optic nerves, and it is flanked upon either
side by a vertical, scale-like flake of bone, extending forwards. The parial grooves
for the first pair of nerves faintly mark the orbital roof above; each one leads to
a corresponding foramen found over either pars plana in front. A pars plana or
ethmoidal wing is oblong in form, and taken in connection with the lacrymal, makes
a very complete osseous partition standing between the eye-socket and rhinal cavity.
The mesethmoid is small, and is carried forward for a short distance as a thin median
plate of bone, with a free anterior, thin edge. In the forepart of the nasal cavity —
there are two small foramina, in the otherwise solid wall, which lead forward into
the cancellous tissue filling in the upper osseous beak. ‘They are placed side by side.
A lacrymal is a peculiarly twisted bone, articulating above with the frontal and
nasal. It has an external transverse antero-posterior deep groove above, below which
the bone becomes, as it were, twisted and expanded, into a broad quadrilateral plate.
This stands transversely and forms, with the corresponding pars plana, the anterior
orbital wall. The lacrymal reaches down to the zygoma and is a free bone. In
front it has, articulating with its antero-lower angle, a scale-like piece, that stands
vertically and rests for its entire length upon the upper surface of the maxillary.
This is the swpra-mawillary. (Fig. 3 sr.m.) Each zygoma is twisted and much
flattened. Anteriorly, their broader surfaces lie in the horizontal plane, while the
posterior moieties are in the vertical one. The peg-like, articulatory nibs at their
hinder ends for the quadrates are very small. Looking at the skull from a direct

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 158;

inferior view, many of the points already described can be distinctly seen. This is
due to the peculiar flattened conformation of the cranium. Indeed, the form of the
brain-case indicates that Anhinga has an elongated, vertically compressed brain, but
relatively not as much so as it is in a Cormorant, where it is also wider. The basi-
temporal area is small and triangular, with moderately prominent paroccipital
processes, each one descending from one of its postero-external angles. The anterior
apex of the basitemporals is run out as a scale-like point, which underlaps the
meeting of the thoroughly open Hustachian grooves. The usual foramina for the
facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus and hypoglossal nerves, and the internal carotid
arteries are plainly seen in this region. ‘They are quite distinct from each other, and,
as a rule, nearly circular in outline. The rostrum of the sphenoid is a very delicate,
rod-like bone that is extended backwards in the median line under the cranium as
far as the eustachian entrance, as a sharpened osseous ridge. In front it fuses
with the mesethmoid. For their posterior moieties, the palatines are thoroughly
codssified in the middle line, where they send down a faint crest from the sutural
juncture. As thus constituted the common bone hes in the horizontal plane, with
postero-external angles but faintly indicated, but with a short process extending
directly backwards from either side of the united facets for the pterygoids. Anteri-
orly, the palatines are much narrower, where they are also in the horizontal plane,
and mesially separated by an elongated opening that leads above into the rhinal
chamber. ‘Their distal endsrun forward to fuse with the nasals, maxillaries, and pre-
maxillaries.

The maxillo-palatines are very wide apart, and each one is simply a subvertical,
thin, plate-like scale of bone for the most part free behind, but fusing with the usual
bones in front. A shallow, medio-longitudinal groove marks the united palatines
behind, and this is occupied by the slender, presphenoidal rod. <A quadrate has a
small, spine-like orbital process; a compressed mastoidal head of no great size, which
is barely divided into two facets; a large, antero-posteriorly disposed facet for the
mandible which is separated by a pronounced cleft from a much smaller one, the
entire outer side of which is occupied by the pit for the end of the zygoma. ‘The
bone I believe to be pneumatic.

The pterygoids are flake-like, flattened bones with very sharp edges, and with
very distinct ends bearing the articular facettes for the bones with which they artic-
ulate. Each pterygoid has a length of a little more than a centimeter. A circlet
of small “sclerotal plates” are found in either eye, and the hyoidean apparatus is but
feebly developed. I have not examined the ossicles of the ear. Conforming to the
shape of the cranium and superior mandible, we find the lower jaw assumes the form

154 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

of a long and narrow V. The ramal sides are not deep; there is no ramal vacuity;
and the bone gradually tapers to a sharp point in front. From the nature of the
splenio-dentary articulation—the thin bones being feebly wedged together there —
the mandible is of a consequence very weak at that point. A considerable symphysis
exists, with the barest rudiment of a median, inter-ramal spine present. For the —
most part, the upper and lower borders of the bone are rounded, though the supero-
dentary edges, from sphenial articulation to apex are inclined to be cultrate. Hither
coronoid process is very much reduced, while between it and the articular cup for the
quadrate, on the mesial aspect of the ramus, is a long foramen of an ellipsoidal
outline, entering the inner structure of the jaw. Each hinder end of the mandible
is, as usual, constructed to articulate with a corresponding quadrate. On the upper
side of one there is a deep, rather narrow, obliquely-placed cup—its mesial end |
being the anterior one. This is for the immer articular facet of the foot of the quad-
rate. In front of this is asmall, nearly flat, articular surface, and it is for the outer
facet of the quadratal foot. Facing directly forward, and standing on the postero-
internal edge of the cup is still another small facet, intended for a corresponding
one on the same bone. ‘These articular cups develop no inturned mesial pro-
cesses, but the usual pneumatic foramen is present. The articular processes standing
out behind, are of good size, of a quadrilateral form, and so twisted that the lateral
surface in either case looks slightly upward and, to a much greater degree, outward.

Of the Axial Skeleton. — Endowed as it is with special points of interest, much has
been written upon this part of the anatomy of Anhinga. It has been touched upon
with greater or less elaboration by Brandt (Mem. de |’ Acad. Imp. Sci. de St. Péters-
bourg, tom. v., 6'™*® Série, Sect. de Sc. Nat., 1839), by Mivart, in his memoir in the
T. Z. §., already cited, by Garrod (Coll. Sci. Mem., p. 334), by Donitz (Archiv fir
Anat. u. Phys., 1873, p. 357), and by Hunter (Essays and Obser., 1861, v. 11, p.
328), and by others. Most of these writers have been attracted by the peculiarities
seen in the spinal column, which I will now proceed to examine.

In the atlas we find the articular cup of the condyle perforated near its upper
border. Its neural arch is nearly as deep as it is wide, and from it projects behind,
upon either side, a conspicuous little spine. The small hyapophysis of this vertebra
also projects posteriorly beyond the centrum. From the axis to the seventh inclu-
sive, the vertebree are especially notable for being of no great caliber in point of size,
and at the same time remarkably elongated. A low, sharp neural ridge and hyapo-
physial spine characterize the axis. Its postzygapophysial part is welded into a
common plate of bone, with the articular facets upon its under side. Upon its
ventro-posterior aspect an open channel is formed by a curling downwards of bone

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 155)

from the centrum upon either side. This traverses the entire length of the verte-
bral body in the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh vertebree, but becomes less
and less marked. On the eighth it is strong again, running between the enor-
mously long parapophysial processes. In the ninth it is the subvertebral arterial
channel, and is arched over with bone anteriorly. This remains to be the case to
the thirteenth inclusive, while in the fourteenth the channel disappears behind,
though the covered arterial passage still persists on the antero-ventral aspect, beneath
the centrum. Both are absent in the fifteenth vertebra. Parial parapophysial spines
first appear in the as, where their distal apices fuse with the bone posteriorly.
These spines, though present, are by no means a prominent character in the third to
the seventh vertebra inclusive. Suddenly in the eighth they become remarkably
developed, and are nearly as long as the bone itself. Inthe ninth they at once
commence to shorten again, and this rapidly continues to be the case, until they,
after somewhat changing their character, have entirely disappeared in the seven-
teenth vertebra. A most remarkable series of “lateral canals” exist in these
vertebree. I note them first in the axis, where they are of capillary dimensions
and run nearly the entire length of that elongated bone. Anteriorly, either one
opens at the base of the odontoid process, the posterior opening being on the side
of the vertebra near the postzygapophysial base. In the third vertebra these canals
are almost imperceptibly increased in caliber, and open upon either side, anteriorly,
in a slit which is seen to exist between the prezygapophysial facet and the very
much vertically compressed facet of the centrum. Behind, it opens a couple of
millimeters in front of the articular surface of the centrum. But little change
takes place in this particular in the fourth to the seventh vertebra inclusive, except
that in the fifth, sixth and seventh a minute foraminal opening pierces the canal on
either side about the middle of the bone on its ventral aspect. In the eighth
vertebra the caliber of the lateral canals is about doubled and their posterior open-
ings are moved far forwards so as to be found on the side of the vertebra, above the
base of the enormously elongated parapophysial process; and between two fringe-
like, long, ossified tendons that are attached to and especially characterize this
bone of the vertebral chain. With their anterior openings remaining practically
the same as described aboye, and the hinder ones just posterior to the parapophyses,
no change is noted in the ninth except an increase in point of the size of the tube
on either side. This increase goes on gradually to include the eighteenth vertebra,
in which bone these lateral canals last appear. In the seventeenth they are very
short, truly lateral, and somewhat compressed from above downwards; markedly
most compressed in the eighteenth.

156 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The newral spine, feebly developed in the third vertebra, becomes a prominent
character of the fourth, where it occupies the posterior moiety of the bone, as a con-
spicuous blade-like crest, with rounded superior margin. In the fifth, sixth, and
seventh this character disappears; in the eighth it is feebly present ; in the ninth it
is a roughened tubercle, entirely vanishing again in the tenth to the fifteenth
inclusive. In the remainder of the series, back as far as the pelvis, it is large
and of an oblong form, with thickened superior border. Throughout the dor-
sal vertebree, ossified tendons of great length are codssified with this spine, pro-
jecting backward in the leading dorsals, and both backward and forward in the
ultimate ones.

A low, sharp, heemal spine occurs on the ninth vertebra ; it being at the anterior
part of the bone, on the parapophysial bridge that closes in the passage for the
carotids. It is still better developed on the tenth ; where sharp lateral ridges begin
to show, one upon either side of it. All these processes are very pronounced in the
thirteenth and fourteenth, while in the fifteenth their entire character is changed.
In it the lateral ridges almost entirely disappear, and an enormous, quadrate hemal
spine is thrown down from nearly the entire length of the centrum. In the sixteenth
it is not quite so large, and its hinder angle is produced backwards. A remarkable
change is seen in the seventeenth vertebra, where the ventral aspect of the centrum
is very much broadened, quite flat, and the little hook-like, laterally-compressed
heemal spine occupies a mid-position on the posterior border. In the eighteenth,
ninteenth and twentieth the process is practically absent, and the great breadth of
the centrum gradually narrows again, as its lateral margins are deflected. This form
‘sees its extreme in the twenty-first vertebra, where the centrum is markedly com-
pressed from side to side, and the aforesaid lateral margins are, ventrally, converted
into a double heemal spine.

In the twenty-second and twenty-third the spine is single, and the transverse
compression of the centra is most apparent, being present in a marked degree.

Anapophysial ridges are more or less conspicuously developed in the ninth to
the fourteenth vertebree, inclusive, and in the dorsal series proper, are long and
broad, and, as said. above, are provided with fringe-like metapophyses frequently of
considerable length.

In the first eight cervicals, the anterior articular facets are placed laterally upon
either side of the neural canal, and their surfaces face forwards and towards the
median plane. In the ninth vertebra these facets are, as it were, rotated backwards,
so as to be above the neural canal, and face towards the median plane, and very
shghtly dorsad.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 157

So in the articulation of the eighth vertebra with the ninth, a decided angle is
made —nearly a right angle— with its salient point to the front. This also occurs
between the ninth and the tenth and so on down the chain, becoming, however, less
and less marked, disappearing entirely after the fifteenth, after which the vertebree
articulate in a straight line. The extremities of the long parapophysial processes of
the eighth vertebree articulate in the shallow grooves on the forepart of the ninth
vertebra, on its ventral aspect.

Garrod has said that ‘“‘Donitz figures a pair of accessory bony bridges on the
dorsal surface of the vertebra following the most lengthy one, which must evidently,
therefore, be the ninth. He, however, speaks of it as the eighth, which seems to me
to be an error depending on the omission of the consideration of the atlas, because
in Plotus anhinga (both from Brandt’s figure and my specimens) it is most certainly
the ninth, as it is in Plotus novx-hollandix, Phalacrocorax carbo, and P. lugubris. I
have, however, not seen Plotus levaillantii.” c

“Donitz attributed the peculiar kink of the neck of the Darters, which it is
impossible to obliterate without lacerating the surrounding muscles, to the presence
of the bony bridges he describes; in this, however, he is mistaken, it depending on
the above-mentioned peculiarity in the eighth cervical vertebra, by which it is angu-
larly articulated with the seventh and ninth vertebre, the upper genu being posterior,
and the lower anterior. In further verification of this, it may be stated that in
P. anhinga the bony bridges do not exist, and yet the kinking is most strongly »
marked.” (Coll. Scientif. Mem., pp. 336, 337.) The bridges here spoken of are also
absent in my specimen of A. anhinga.

The neural tube is not very large in the first eight cervicals, where it has more
or less a cylindrical form posteriorly, but becomes somewhat antero-posteriorly com-
pressed as we gradually pass towards the fore end of the vertebra. Increasing again
in size after the ninth, it seems to attain its greatest capacity in the sixteenth, seven-
teenth and eighteenth, to become small and cylindrical once more as it passes through
the dorsal series. In the ninth and tenth vertebra the anterior opening of the neural
canal lies in a plane which is about perpendicular, in each case, to the plane in which
the posterior opening is found. That is, upon direct dorsal view of either of these
two vertebre, the posterior opening of the neural canal is not in sight, while we look
almost directly into the anterior opening.

On the sixteenth vertebra we find the first pair of cervical ribs; they are long
and slender and without uniform processes. We find also a large pair of free ribs
on the seventeenth cervical vertebra, which commonly have unciform appendages.
These are anchylosed to the bone, and are large and broad. Next to these two pairs

158 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

of cervical ribs, we meet with three pairs of true dorsal ones, they all having large
costal processes, and all joining with the sternum by means of their heemapophyses.
There are two pairs of pelvic ribs, the first having stunted costal processes, though
its heemapophyses join with the sternum. In the last pair the unciform appendages
are always entirely absent, and the costal ribs do not reach the sternum. Briefly
then, there are seven pairs of ribs in this Darter, and this I believe to be generally
the arrangement in all typical Cormorants.

Several of the authorities I have referred to above have both described and fig-
ured the pelvis of an Anhinga, and the bone possesses a number of interesting char-
acters. /ifteen vertebree of the spinal column fuse together to form its “sacrum.”
The leading sia of these throw out their transverse processes to codssify with the ven-
tral surfaces of the anterior portions of the ilia. The centra of the first three are
markedly compressed transversely, the first one being very deep, the next less so,
still less so the last. A large heemal spine is also found on the first, which becomes
rudimentary on the one behind, to be entirely absent in the one next in order.
Two or three vertebre throw out their processes to abut, upon either side, against
the ilia at points just posterior to the cotyloid rings. Posterior to these, the outer
extremities of the processes of the vertebree completely fuse with the inner borders
of the ilia; while on either side, from the acetabulee all the way to the tail, occurs a
row of interapophysial foramina, a feature so characteristic of the pelves of the Cor-
morants. The last vertebra, though not free, is to some extent individualized, and
the extremities of its transverse processes may not so completely ossify with the
ilium on either hand, which latter bones are here drawn out into peculiarly elon-
gated posterior processes. Viewed upon its dorsal aspect.we are to note that the an-
terior portions of the ilia are much horizontally expanded, while the narrowest part
of the pelvis is just in front of the acetabulee, where either iliac border shows a
marked concavity. Thorough fusion of the internal iliac borders and the “sacral
crista” takes place, and not even do the usual “ neural canals” or “grooves” remain
open posteriorly. This is well shown in Plotus levaillanti (Pl. XXI., Fig. 1). In
front the iliac borders develop a raised emargination, and a strong brush of codéssified
tendons always project directly forward from the diapophyses and neural spine of”
the leading vertebra of the ‘“‘sacrum.” Passing to the post-acetabular portion we find
that the pelvis is broader than it is in some of the Cormorants, and we are particu-
larly struck with the prominent crests formed by the union of the internal iliac
borders and the sacrum. The neural arch and the common neural spine of the lat-
ter is also conspicuously raised in this part of the pelvis. This begins moderately
about opposite the cotyloid rings, and increases as we advance towards the tail.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 159

This elevation of the center and margins causes the formation of longitudinal de-
pressions between them, and down the center of either one of these we find the row
of interapophysial foramina, to which reference has already been made above.

Some Cormorants seem to have a fairly well marked propubic spine, and there is
an indication of the rudiment of such a process in the Anhinga. The internal cir-
cumference of either cotyloid ring is smaller than the external, and these cavities
are brought up very close to the sacrum. Of enormous dimensions is the ischiadic
foramen; it has the effect of absorbing nearly all the ihum above, and to some ex-
tent behind it; while below, it makes the neck of the ischium very narrow indeed.
In form this large foramen is subelliptical. The “obturator foramen” opens into
the obturator space, which latter is also extensive, and the pubic style which bounds
it below as far as the point where it meets the ischium, is very slender and frail.
Beyond this, the pubic bone is in close contact with the lower margin of the
ischium, where it is very considerably stouter, as it also is after it becomes suddenly
deflected behind after passing the extreme distal angle of the ischium— precisely as
as it does in typical Cormorants.

A deep, triangular ilio-ischiadic notch, between the here very narrow ilium and
the far broader ischium, indents the posterior pelvic border.

The ‘antitrochanters are prominent, and the facet on either one of them looks
forwards, downwards and slightly outwards.

Ventrally, the ‘pelvic basin” is seen to be fairly capacious; the ‘‘sacrum” is con-
siderably enlarged opposite the acetabulee and beyond; the exits for the nerves of
the sacral plexus are double; finally, in front, we see the horizontally spreading
ilia, with the compressed vertebree, dipping down anteriorly so far ventrad.

There are six free caudal vertebree in the skeleton of the tail of this Darter,
plus a large pygostyle. This latter bone is drawn out supero-posteriorly, and the
long superior edge is very sharp. Its antero-inferior angle is enlarged, with flattened
surface below. Beyond this, the inferior border gradually contracts and becomes
rounded. In front there is an extensive pit for articulation with the last caudal
vertebra, and above this there is a small opening where the spinal cord enters
this bone.

The centra and their articulatory facets are large in these vertebre, but the
spinal canal is of no great caliber. In mid-series the neural arch and spine, and
the forward-projecting prezygapophyses are conspicuous. <A good-sized heemal spine
also characterizes the last four vertebree, and in each case it extends forwards to
underlap the bone next in advance. Asa rule the transverse processes are rather
short and stumpy, being entirely rudimentary in the sixth caudal.

160 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Fia. 5. Ventral aspect of the sternum of Anhinga anhinga.

Fig. 6. Left lateral view of the same bone shown in Fig. 5.

Fic. 7. Anterior aspect of the os furcula of Anhinga anhinga.

Fia. 8. Mesial side of the scapular end of the same bone shown
in Fig. 7. All the cuts are natural size from the specimen (No.
18259, Colls. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Outline drawings by the author.

The Sternum and Shoulder
Girdle. —Many of the characters
of the sternum of a Darter es-
sentially agree with the corre-
sponding ones as they occur in
the sternum of such Cormorants
as represent the genus Phalacro-
corax. Its carina dies out on the
under surface of the body before
arriving at the mid-xiphoidal
process behind; and is deep only
in front, where it protrudes for-_
wards, with a sharp anterior bor-
der, and bears a large facet, oc-
cupying the carinal angle, for
articulation with the os furcula.
Only the merest rudiment of a
manubrium is to be seen at the
usual site; possibly the process
is entirely absent in some speci-
mens. A wide concave notch
separates the coracoidal grooves
mesiad, and the large, elongated
coracoidal facets above them.
Large, acutely triangular costal
processes are developed, each one
projecting outwards at an angle
of about 45°, and very slight
forwards. The costal borders
are short and much contracted ;
either one supports four trans-
verse hemapophysial facets.
Posterior to the costal borders the
sternum widens, and its lateral
margins are sharp. Its hinder
border is also sharp. ‘Two large,
broadly concave notches exist

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 161

here. They give rise to long, lateral xiphoidal processes, and a shorter mid-xiphoidal
process. On its thoracic aspect the sternal body as a whole is well concaved — uni-
formly so, as the position of the heel beneath is but barely indicated down the
median line. ‘The form and proportions of the sternum in Anhinga are well shown
in my figures 5 and 6.

The os furcula is of the typical U-shaped pattern, with large, expanded clavicular
heads. There is but the barest rudiment of a hypocleidium below, while a facet is
present on the nether side of it, for articulation with the carinal angle of the keel of
the sternum. Either broad, laterally-compressed clavicular head, is bent rather
abruptly downwards; a projecting, facet-bearing shoulder is developed for the coracoi-
dal articulation. Above either of these facets we note a strong process pointing back-
wards, which, when the os furcula is articulated im situ, rests upon the summit of
the corresponding coracoid. (See Figs. 7 and 8.)

Both Darters and Cormorants have unusually long coracoids. In Anhinga the
coracoid is longer than the femur. Its sternal end is considerably expanded, and
shows a wide and rather deep excavation on its posterior aspect for the coracoidal
groove and facet upon the sternum, while anteriorly the corresponding surface is
narrow and shallow. A costal process is not developed, but that border is convexly
rounded and sharp. The shaft of this bone is antero-posteriorly much compressed,
and in front a strong, muscular line marks it longitudinally, especially near the
sternal end. The scapular process is much aborted, but the head is quite massive and
tuberous. Its entire antero-mesial aspect is occupied by an oval facet for articula-
tion with the clayicular head of the furcula. ‘The scapular facet is small, but the
glenoid surface is of fair size.

Quite uniform in width and moderately pointed distally, the thickish blade of a
scapula has its posterior extremity but very slightly bent outwards. The anterior
end of this bone is wide transversely, and the long acromial process decidedly
tilted up. The glenoidal process also stands out rather prominently, while the
articular facet for the coracoid is comparatively small. Just posterior and beyond
the glenoidal facet, the border of the scapula is broadly rounded, but is sharp all
along its mesial edge, clear to the tip of the acromial process. It is only the distal
third of the bone that is vertically compressed and at all blade-like.

On the Appendicular Skeleton.

Being thoroughly non-pneumatic, the long bones of the limbs in Anhinga are
solid and heavy. Although not so very far from being double the size, the humerus
of Fregata weighs about the same as the humerus of the species of Darter we are now

162 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

describing. In Phalacrocorax wrile the ulna is somewhat longer than the humerus,
while in this Darter the humerus is considerably longer than the ulna. These are
interesting facts.

In Anhinga anhinga the humerus has a length of about 13 centimeters, and it
presents the usual double sigmoid curve. This latter, however, is far better seen upon
a superior view of the bone, rather than upon its

anconal aspect. (See Fig. 9.)
The proximal end of the bone is narrow and
elongated, merging with the shaft very gradually.
The radial crest is a low, long ridge of uniform
height ; while the ulnar crest and tuberosity are
prominent and are bent anconad. ‘This creates a
deep valley between the true articular humeral
Ig head and the ulnar protuberance. The excavation
over which the latter arches, and where the pneu-
matic openings usually occur in other birds, is very
shallow, and indeed so very much so that really no
fossa may be said to exist there at all. A marked

\
hg. 70.
)
diffuse excavation exists upon the palmar aspect
of this part of the humerus; this is spread out
over aregular area just within the distal half of the
Sig. radial crest, but joins with a far narrower and some-
what deeper strip that bounds the humeral head
distad, and hes on the opposite side of the bone
. to the ulnar crest. All this excavation is power-
fully marked in Phalacrocoraa.
The humeral shaft proper is subcylindrical in
form, being of nearly uniform caliber for the
middle third of the bone. At the distal extremity
Fig. 9. Anconal aspect of right hu- all the most usual ornithic characters are promi-
ie ai ame naae a zee nent and pronounced. ‘The olecranon fossa is

Fig. 11. Right coracoid of A. anhinga. Shallow, but the ulnar and radial tubercles jut out

Seen from in front. All drawn in outline, very conspicuously, though not as markedly so in
natural size, by the author, from Spec. No.

ADR a ARC ene proportion as in the Cormorants.
f j 3 {St . Museum.

The ulna has a length of about 11.5 cm. and is
moderately bowed from one end to the other. The points of attachments for the
quill-butts of the secondary feathers present quite a striking feature, and each seems

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 163

to consist in a small pitlet, with its upper and lower edges very slightly raised, but
in a manner hardly to suggest the idea of a “papilla” or ‘“ tubercle” as I have so
frequently described them for many other kinds of birds.

The ulna develops a distinct lip of bone, that curves partly round the head of
the radius when they are articulated im situ. This latter bone, hardly half the cali-
ber of the ulna, shows barely any bowing or curving at all throughout its contin-
uity. Distally it is deeply grooved on top for the passage of tendons, while a deep
circular cup for articulation with the radial tubercle on the humerus surmounts its
head or proximal extremity.

The two usual ossicles, radiale and ulnare, compose the skeleton of the wrist in
the adult.

The carpo-metacarpus has a total length of 6.5 em. and is characterized princi-
pally by a deep pit on the palmar size of the head, between the pollex metacarpal
and the process for muscular attachment. This is also a very general phalacrocora-
cine character. ‘The shafts of index and medius metacarpals are very straight, and
the latter about as long as the former, has not more than about one fourth its bulk,
and is compressed throughout, the flat surface of the opposed side being presented
to the shaft of the former. The pollex metacarpal is short, and, on the whole the
bone is not very unlike what we find it to be in the Cormorants.

No perforation exists in the dorsal expansion of the proximal phalanx of the
index digit, and none of the terminal joints of either the thumb or the other two
fingers have claws at their extremities. The one belonging to the medius is com-
paratively long, and very sharply pointed.

I am not familiar with the existence of any special sesamoids about the articu-
lations in the skeleton of the anterior extremity, at places where they exist in some
Auks and other water birds.

Passing to the PELVIc LIMB we find a femur with a length of 5.5 cm.; a tibio-
tarsus with a length of 9 cm.; a tarso-metatarsus of 4 cm.; an accessory metatarsus
of 1.4 em., which is nearly equalled by the patella— it having a length of 1.2 cm.
In the foot, the skeleton of hallux measures 3.1 cm., the inside toe 4.7 cm., mid-
dle toe 7.5 cm., and outside toe 8 cm.—the ungual joints being included in each
case.

Proportionately the femur is longer in Anhinga than it is in P. wrile, and is not
bowed so much in the antero-posterior direction. The summit of the bone is capped
off with the articular surface, above which neither the caput femoris nor the trochan-
terian crest, rises. The external condyle is more prominent and lower on the bone
than the internal one, and is deeply cleft for articulation with the head of the fibula.

164 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Neither the ‘“rotular channel,” nor the popliteal fossa are very deeply excavated ;
and on the head of the bone the pitlet for the ligamentum teres is also quite shallow.
The muscular lines of the shaft are distinctly defined both in front and behind.

With its shaft somewhat antero-posteriorly compressed, and very slightly bowed
to the front, the tibio-tarsus presents us with pro- and ectocnemial processes well
developed, and a cnemial crest that rises above the summit of the bone. Of con-
siderable length is the conspicuous ridge for articulation with the fibula, and at the
antero-distal extremity of the shaft we observe the presence of the osseous bridge
under which the tendons pass in life. This end of the bone inclines as it were to
the inner side, so that if the mid-vertical axis of the large internal condyle were
extended it would be removed from and parallel to, the longitudinal axis of the
shaft, rather than being in the same line with it.

Both extremities of this bone, as is the case with the extremities of the tarso-
metatarsus, are more or less massive and enlarged as compared with the shafts of
the same. Coming to the fibula, it is very interesting from the fact that it is com-
plete, rather more so if anything than we find it to be in either Pandion or Urinator,
and is only anchylosed to the tibio-tarsus by means of its enlarged and extreme
distal end. This limited fusion of the two bones takes place at a point just above
the external condyle.

Anhinga has a large patella, but proportionately not as large as we find it in the
Cormorants. It is an oblong sesamoid, nearly equilateral, concave behind and
convex anteriorly, where it is transversely perforated by a minute foramen for the
passage of the ambiens muscle.

As will be seen from measurements above, the tarso-metatarsus is relatively a short
bone of the leg; it is further characterized by having its somewhat broad shaft com-
pressed in the antero-posterior direction and marked longitudinally upon both
aspects by strong muscular and tendinal lines and grooves. The hypotarsus is
strongly developed, especially the interno-lateral part of it, which, by a plate-like
extension, has a firm attachment to the upper third of the shaft. Its posterior angle
above is always thickened and doubly pierced for tendons. The externo-lateral part
of the hypotarsus is small and it also creates by its form a groove and a foramen for
certain tendons that pass through or over them during the life of the individual.

One or two small foramina pierce the upper part of the shaft in an antero-pos-
terior direction, the most constant one making its exit behind to the inner side of
and at the base of the hypotarsus. At the distal end the trochlee for the toes
stand well apart. The inner one of the three is the lowest, and juts out in a prom-
inent way from the bone, and has a tubercle projecting from its lateral aspect.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 165

The mid-trochlea is massive, not quite centrally located on the end of the shaft,
and is the next lowest in point of position. The highest of all is the external one,
and its outer part is produced the farther behind.

On the anterior part of the shaft in front, in the groove extending up from
between the mid- and external trochlez, occur two perforating foramina. The lower
one makes its exit in the intertrochlear notch ; the other on the shaft above it.
Nearly all existing birds have only a single foramen at this point. It is even single
in Phalacrocoras.

The free first metatarsal is large and strong, twisted upon itself, and with an elon-
gated transverse facet for articulation with the hallux. The skeleton of the pes is
remarkably well developed. The phalangeal joints, arranged upon the plan of 2, 3,
4, 5 for hallux to outer toe inclusive, are stout and strong, and the terminal ungual
joints are, one and all, handsomely curved and sharply pointed at their extremities.

We now pass to-the consideration of the osteology of the Cormorants, which it
will be found agrees in many particulars with the species of Darter we have just
been describing.

Observations on tha Skeletology of the Phalacrocoracide.”

A great many Cormorants of the world’s avifauna, as I have before stated, belong
in this family, and as far as at present known it is the only one represented in the
United States, where, as heretofore noted, the nearly a dozen species and sub-
species it contains have all been restricted to the single genus Phalacrocorax. Cor-
morants are a good deal alike in their osteology, and in this part of their anatomy,
too, they have a good deal in common with the Darters. To give the salient features
of the skeleton in this group I will draw upon the skeleton of P. wrile in particular,
as well as in general those of the collections of the U. S. National Museum, and
also republish a short description, together with the figures illustrating it, of P. per-

10 Tn his recent (1899) Hand-List of Birds, Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe presents also a classification of the Cormorants
(pp. 232-235). They constitute the first group of his Order (XXIIJ.) Pelecaniformes, and all are relegated to the
family Phalacrocoracidxe, and this latter is divided into four (4) genera, viz: (1) Phalacrocorax ; (2) Pallasicarbo ;
(8) Nannopterum, and (4) Actiornis. The first of these contains forty-two (42) species of existing cormorants, and ten
(10) extinct forms ; the second is represented by a single extinct type, the P. perspicillatus; the third contains only the
singular cormorant of Narborough and the Galapagos Islands ; while finally, the fourth genus is also represented by a
single extinct form, the A. anglicus of Lydekker. In the United States we have some six (6) species and five sub-
species of Cormorants, all of the family Phalacrocoracide. Through the constant energy and perseverance of Mr. Lucas,
a large proportion of these Cormorants are represented in the collections of the U. S. National Museum by their skele-
tons, and through his kindness I have been enabled to study and compare al] this material in the revision of the present
memoir. The collection in question is now doubtless the finest of the kind in the world, and has in it the skeletons
of more steganopodous birds than that of any other in existence.

166 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

spicillatus, Pallas’s Cormorant, given by Mr. F. A. Lucas in the Proceedings
of that institution for 1889 (pp. 88-94), also other material and figures by the
same author.

When we regard the skull of P. wrile from above, we observe that the cranium
is very flat, and, across the parietal region, broad. Indeed, though large, the brain-

Fig. 12. Left lateral view of the skull of Phalacrocorax urile ; nat. size. By the author, from a specimen in the
Smithsonian Institution. sf.0., the occipital style. (See also Plate XXIV., Fig. 15.)

cavity is vertically compressed, and this is one of the first things to attract our
attention as we examine the skull of this Cormorant. Between the sharp superior
edges of the orbits the frontal region measures transversely about a centimeter, and
this too is the average width of the not very mobile cranio-facial hinge. A broad-
ish, shallow, longitudinal groove traverses the fronto-parietal region, and the well-
marked crotaphyte fossee fail quite to meet on top of the prominent, convex occip-
ital elevation. ‘The occipital lne and crest are very sharp and ridge-like, and a
free, osseous, occipital style, over a centimeter and a half long, articulates at a median
point a short distance above the large foramen magnum, where these lines and
crests meet. This style is distally pointed, has sharp supero-median and lateral
borders, which give rise to supero-lateral surfaces intended for the attachment, on
either side, of the posterior part of the temporal muscle. (See Fig. 12.)

The upper bony beak is somewhat broad at its base ; is slightly longer than the
cranium ; narrow for its anterior half; edges semi-cultrate ; very moderately decurved
at the end ; culmen broadly convex from side to side; flat beneath ; external narial
apertures absent. A groove passes down upon either side, which is deepest at those
sites where nostrils occur in most birds that have them. There is a minute foramen
on either side, communicating with the rhinal chamber. The lateral processes of the
cranium are almost entirely aborted, and the orbital cavity behind freely opens into
the cranio-zygomatic space, and the cranial wall here is bulging, smooth, and con-
vex. At the occiput the usual processes are fairly well developed, and the quadrato-
mandibular articulation, on either side, is located far posteriorly as in an alligator.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 167

In their essential characters, the quadrates, the pterygoids, the palatines, and
the maxillo-palatines agree with what we found above in Anhinga. Phalacrocorax
also has a small swpramaxillary, or as Parker called it, a “ post-maxillary,” and
according to him it is large in P. carbo, and small in P. graculus.

SLY: VB.

Fie. 13. Palatal region of a young Phalacrocorax urile, showing the maxillo-palatine of the right side.

Fie@. 14. Dorsal aspect of anterior part of the cranium of a young Phalacrocorax urile, showing the absence of a
fronto-nasal hinge.

Fig. 15. Lateral aspect of beak of a ‘young Phalacrocorax urile, showing the open condition of the nostril. All
three figures drawn by Mr. F. A. Lucas from specimen No. 12732 of the collections of the U. S. Nat. Museum, and
enlarged by means of the camera lucida.

Regarding the mazxillo-palatines and related bones in the skull of a Cormorant,
it seems that ornithotomists do not quite agree as to the exact sutural boundaries,
and it seems that Mr. W. P. Pyeraft, of the British Museum, some time ago printed
an article on the osteology of certain steganopodes, in which he was at variance with
anatomists upon this point. Desiring the opinion of Mr. Lucas upon this point, he
has kindly furnished me with the following remarks, and illustrated them with
some drawings, which latter are here reproduced as Figs. 13, 14 and 15. In his
communication he says: “Some difference of opinion exists as to just what portions
of the maxillaries represent the maxillo-palatines, and while I do not like to differ
with my friend Mr. Pycraft for fear I be on the wrong side, yet, after carefully con-
sidering the subject, the conclusion is forced upon one that the posterior extensions
of the maxillaries are the maxillo-palatines.”

168 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

“By the kindness of Mr. R. C. McGregor and Mr. Curtis Clay Young the Museum
some time ago came into the possession of an extremely good series of Cormorant
skulls of all ages, and by means of these it is possible to trace the process of ossifica-
tion very well. ‘These seem to show that the desmognathism of the Cormorant’s
skull is caused by the growth of bone between the maxillaries, and is not due to any
outgrowth of those bones themselves.”

“This ossification commences between the backward processes here considered as
the maxillo-palatines and progresses until they are firmly united. The union of the
anterior portion of the maxillaries occurs later and is due to the extension of ossifi-
cation into the tough lining of the roof of the mouth, and there is frequently a small
space between the maxillaries which remains open for a long time if not perma-
nently” (Fig. 13).

“The formation of the fronto-nasal hinge (Fig. 14) is a secondary character, the
bones so overlapping in young birds that there is no freedom of movement in this
region.” e

“The absence of external narial openings is also a secondary character, for the
young Cormorant possesses perfectly open nostrils while the cranium is almost as
schizo-rhinal as that of a gull (Fig. 15). As growth proceeds the narial openings
become more and more restricted, until about the time (the exact time is uncertain)
that the young birds take to the water, not only the external openings, but those of
the cranium have become completely filled.”

Passing once more to the skull in the adult we find the interorbital septum is
unossified, as is the greater part of the anterior wall of the brain cavity. However,
we here find the “foramen rotundum” separated from the far larger vacuity above,
by a transverse bony bar. A subcircular vacuity also occurs in the mesethmoidal
plate ; and the sphenoidal rostrum is not as large as the zygoma.

Phalacrocorax urile differs from the Anhinga inasmuch as in it the pars plana does
not ossify ; and in the form of its lacrymal bone. One of these in this Cormorant is seen
to be fused with the frontal bone and nasal above; is laterally composed ; not in con-
tact with the maxillary below, where it sends outwards a short process, and inwards
a longer and slenderer one, the mesial end of which fuses with the mesethmoid (see
Wig. 12).

This specimen (No. 18982, Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.) lacks a vomer, and it was not to
be found in my skeleton of Anhinga; in the latter, if it ever existed, it may have
been lost—but I see in another place, where remarking upon the osteology of P.
bicristatus (now wrile) (Science, N. Y., v. 11, No. 41, Nov. 16, 1883, p. 640), I have
said that in it ‘‘we observe a long attenuated vomer, terminating anteriorly in a free

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 169

pointed extremity.” But I am inclined to think that the vomerine ossification is
not always a constant character in these birds. Ossifications of the eyes, ears and
tongue agree in the main with the corresponding parts in the Anhingidex, and have
been more or less fully described above.

V-shaped in pattern, the mandible is a strong bone in birds of this family. This
is due to the thickness of the rami, and not to their height, for they are rather low
than otherwise; also to the unusual firmness of the dentary ossification with the
other bones posterior to it, and finally to the total absence of a ramal vacuity —
the mandible not being weakened at those points (see Plate XXIV., Fig. 17). Each
dentary upon its mesial aspect shows a deep longitudinal groove. The articular
ends are truncated posteriorly, though the postero-mesial angles are somewhat pro-
duced. Each of these articular cups appears to be connected with |its respective
ramus by a kind of neck, which is directed backwards and towards the median line.
When seen from above, and the jaw is articulated in situ, this gives rise to rather
an odd-appearing articulation. Either quadrate is thus entirely shut out of sight,
with the exception of its externo-lateral process, the base of which does not come
in contact with the mandible at all. The sides of the rami are within the quadrato-
jugal bars, and rise somewhat above them. ‘The pterygoids, owing to a special
notch in each articular cup, are thoroughly exposed, but no more.

Of the Remainder of the Axial Skeleton.—Seventeen vertebree are found in the
cervical region of P. wrile, before we arrive at one that bears a free pair of ribs. A
small pair of rudimentary ones in this species are to be observed in the eighteenth
. vertebra. Now in P. wrile these last are not liberated, while in the nineteenth and
twentieth vertebre the free ribs are long, well developed, and have anchylosed upon
them large unciform processes. In the leading pair, however, either upon one side
or the other, this last character may be absent. Such is the case on the left side
of the specimen at my hand.

P. wrile has its entire vertebral chain in many respects quite different from any-
thing we described for Anhinga. We do not meet with the greatly elongated eight
leading cervicals, and the abrupt change in character as we pass to the ninth one.
Nothing of the kind occurs in the Cormorant, for in it the eight leading cervicals
are quite in harmonic proportions in all respects with those that follow them. We
nevertheless find in this Cormorant the same modifications, only in a far less marked
degree, in the eighth, ninth and tenth vertebree, which give this bird the power to
draw back its head and with great rapidity to thrust it forward again, the point of
flexure being between the vertebrae just mentioned. Anhingas catch all the fish
they eat by spearing them with their sharp beaks while in active pursuit wnder

170 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

water. The head is drawn back and then thrust forward like a spear, with wonder-
ful rapidity and precision—the prey being transfixed on the closed, lance-like
mandibles. When prepared to deliver the blow, the angle formed by the seventh
and vertebree points backwards, and the one between the eighth and ninth forwards,
the eighth vertebra itself standing subvertically between them. Gannets and
Herons have the same arrangement of these cervical vertebree, but nothing like as
well developed as we find it in the Darters. Bitterns show it well,” as do all our
American Herons, and they transfix their prey, although they do not pursue it
under water as the Darters habitually do.

P. urile has handsomely developed parapophysial spines on its cervical verte-
bree. They are rudimentary on the atlas and axis, coming to be of good size on the
third vertebra. From it on they gradually increase in length, but diminish in
caliber, until we come to the tenth cervical. In it they are as straight as sewing
needles, and as long as the centrum of the vertebra. They die out on the fifteenth
cervical. The lateral canals are normally developed and of good size in the third
vertebra at its anterior part. They very gradually increase in size down the series,
until we arrive at the first vertebra bearing free ribs. On the other hand the hypa-
pophysial carotid canal begins in the fourteenth vertebra, and terminates in the
seventh; it never quite closes in so as to form a perfect tube, but comes very near it
in the thirteenth vertebra. A large hemal spine suddenly appears on the fifteenth
cervical, and the character persists down the series, to include the leading two or
three vertebree of the pelvic sacrum. Hzemal spines are also found on the atlas and
axis; and a strong neural spine first appears on the sixteenth vertebra, while on
the eighteenth to the twenty-third inclusive they are very large, strong, oblong in
form, and much in contact with each other in the dorsal region of the spine; the
various articulations among the vertebree are very close indeed. Here the centra
are much compressed from side to side ; the transverse processes narrow and spread-
ing, and these latter have strong metapophysial spinesinterlocking at their extremities.
But there is none of that luxuriant interlacing of ossified tendons that we see
there, and on the neural spines and anterior iliac margins, asin Anhinga. Phala-
crocorax is more or less free from that.

There are three pairs of large, strong dorsal ribs, bearing great, flat, anchylosed
unciform appendages. By a graduated series of costal ribs, these vertebral ribs join
with the sternum. The first pair of pelvic ribs likewise, by a very long pair of
heemapophyses, connect with the sternum. Small unciform processes also appear
upon them, but not on the last pair of pelvic ribs that follow these. Nor do the

11 See the author’s reference to this in the American Bittern in The Auk, Vol. X., No. 1, January, 1893, pp. 77-78.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES sal

costal ribs of this pair quite reach the sternum. On the left side in the specimen
before me there is also a “floating costal rib,” with a length of nearly 3 centimeters.
It lies close along the posterior border of the distal moiety of the ultimate hema-
pophysis.

This last-mentioned bone in a specimen of P. wrile articulates with the sternum
on the left side, and no doubt from time to time such will be found to be the case
in other species of Phalacrocoraa, 1. e.—the ultimate pair of costal ribs or hema-
pophyses, upon one side or the other, or for the matter of that, upon both sides, may
join with the sternum the pelvic ribs to which they belong.

In Phalacrocoraa we find a pelvis very much like the one we described for Anhinga.
The ilia are horizontally spread out in front, where they may be so thin as to present
a number of perforating foramina. In the postacetabular region these bones come
much closer together, both actually and relatively, than they doin the Darters. The
interdiapophysial foramina also are present, a row upon either side of the posterior
sacral crista, and they are very large just before we arrive at the first caudal vertebra.
The internal iliac borders are not elevated here as they are in Anhinga. Cormorants
of this genus also have the large obturator space; the enormous ischiadic foramen ;
the rudimentary propubis; and the same peculiarities of the postpubis.

Posteriorly, either illum sends back a conspicuous process, and the two hold
firmly between them the first free caudal vertebra. In some species, as P. wrile,
they may grasp two instead of one. An ilio-ischiadie notch is also present upon either
side of the pelvis. j

There seem to be seventeen vertebree included in the pelvic sacrum to the fifteen
we found in Anhinga. Six of these are beneath the fore part of the ilia; two more
with aborted processes lie immediately between the large acetabulee ; two true dorsal
ones follow these, and they have their lateral processes thrown out as abutments to
the walls of the pelvis; finally seven more so-called uro-sacrals are to be counted
between these and the first caudal.

Viewed ventralwise, the pelvic basin is seen to be deep and capacious. Another
marked character on this aspect is the strong ‘ridge or crest of bone on either side,
which extends longitudinally backwards from a point below the cotyloid ring to the
hindermost angle of the ischium. It is strongest directly below the great ischiadic
foramen. ‘This character is but feebly marked in the pelves of the Darters.

There are six caudal vertebree and a pygostyle. The latter is large; pointed
posteriorly, triangular in form, broad and flattened at its lower part behind, in
front of which there is a hemal spine. Heemal spines are also found upon the last
three caudals, and neural ones on themall. These tail vertebre are large and strong,

ire? MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

and the transverse processes on the fourth and fifth extend out considerably beyond
the others of the series.

Sternum and Shoulder Girdle.—In the article in Science cited above it was said of
the sternum of P. wrile that it had “two shallow excavations on either side of the
median line, occupying the entire xiphoidal margin or border” (p. 641). This no
doubt was a lapsus calami, as no true Cormorant has more than one such excavation
upon either side of the sternal keel. Apart from its greater size, the sternum in P.
urile agrees in almost every particular with that bone as we described it for A. an-
hinga. The lateral xiphoidal processes, however, are comparatively not as long nor
as narrow; nor are the costal processes of the sternum of the Cormorant relatively as
lofty or as slender as they are in the Darter. Otherwise the two bones essentially

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Fic. 16. Right lateral view of sternum and bones of the shoulder-girdle of a Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax urile), nat.
size, by the author, from a specimen in the collection of the U. S. Nat. Museum. (Compare this figure with Fig. 30
of Plate X XVI.)

agree. (Compare also the sternum of Phalacrocorax albiventris, Pl. XXVI., Fig. 30.)
Again upon comparing the several bones of the pectoral arch in these two forms, we are
once more at a loss to find any noteworthy differential characters. The os fureula
in each are upon identically the same pattern ; the coracoids are alike with the ex-
ceptions that in the Cormorant the bone is proportionately not as long ; its sternal end

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES La

)

is more expanded, and it has a broadly developed ‘costal process.” In the case with
the scapula, we find that the blade of it in the Cormorant is not as much curved,

nor is the distal end of the bone at all bent outwards. (See Fig. 16.)

On the Appendicular Skeleton of P. wrile.

Very little of the skeleton of this Cormorant is pneumatic. For the most part
the bones are solid and heavy. Apparently air gains access only to certain parts of
the cranium and lower jaw, other bones of the osseous system being completely non-
pneumatic. his is especially true of the skeleton of the limbs, where all the bones
typify in the highest degree the unaérated variety.

In a number of respects the bones of the pectoral limb of P. wrile present char-
acters which essentially agree with those upon the corresponding bones as found in
the arm of an Anhinga, which characters have already been described above. In
the humerus of Phalacrocoraz, however, which is shorter than the ulna, the “‘ pneu-
matic fossa” is profoundly concave, quite as much so as in those large species of
birds in which the bone is pneumatic, or even more so than in some which show that
condition. At its distal end the articular protuberance for the radius has an elon-
gation at its proximal extremity which is bent over towards the mid-longitudinal
axis of the shaft of the bone. The ‘oblique tubercle” for the ulna is more hemi-
spherical than we usually find it in birds. At the proximal end of the wlna we ob-
serve a conspicuous projecting lip of bone, which contributes an additional surface
for the radial articulation. Papillee down the shaft of this bone for the quill-butts
of the secondary feathers are in a single row and rather feebly developed. Both
radius and ulna are somewhat bowed, and when articulated im sitw they are in con-
tact for their distal moieties while proximally a good-sized spindle-shaped interosse-
ous space occurs between them.

The characters of the skeleton of the hand are practically the same as we found
them to exist in the manus of Anhinga. There are no distinguishing characters of
any importance.

Gannets have the skeleton of their pectoral limbs in many respects like the
Cormorants and Darters, but in them all the bones are completely pneumatic.
When we come to consider the difference in the habits of the representatives of the
three families, this is not so much to be wondered at.

Cormorants are more or less like the Darters too, in the osteology of their pelvic limb.
There are more differences, however, to be found here than we discovered upon compar-
ison of the pectoral extremities. Phalacrocorax has the femur proportionately stouter,
shorter, and more bowed in the antero-posterior direction than it is in Anhinga.

174 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

We also note that the pit for the insertion of the ligamentum teres is more elab-
orately scooped out, and the trochanterian protuberance is produced far more to
the front in the Cormorant, such hardly being the case at all in the Darter. The
fibular and intercondyloid notches are very deeply sculpt, though anteriorly the

rotular channel is unusually shallow.
The large trihedral patella, with its broad, flattish base is, as Garrod remarks,

often laterally pierced for the passage of the tendons of the ambiens muscle.” The

Fic. 17. Knee-joint of a Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile); natural size. F, femur; P, patella (originally de-
scribed by the author in Science); Fb, fibula; 7, tibio-tarsus. Drawn by the author from a specimen in the Smith-

sonian Institution.
Fia. 18. Knee-joint of Phalacrocorax urile, seen from infront. Natural size. Letters signify the same as in other

illustrations.

cnemial processes of the tibio-tarsus are fairly well developed and are confined to
the anterior aspect of the head of the bone, where we also see a strong cnemial crest
rising above its summit. For its entire length, the shaft is compressed in the
antero-posterior direction, and the fibular ridge is long—standing well away from
the side of the shaft. Phalacrocorax has the fibula about as well developed as we
found it in Anhinga, it being complete and fused with the tibio-tarsus only at its dis-
tal end. When the bone is held vertically the internal tibio-tarsal condyle is the
lower of the two on the extremity of the shaft.

Cormorants have a tarso-metatarsus differing in some marked particulars from that
borne in the Darters. In the first place it is pierced by but one arterial foramen at
its trochlear end, and its mid-trochlear process is the lowest on the shaft, rather than
the inner one as in the Anhingas. Tendinal grooves, and their dividing lines up

Garrod, A. H. Coll. Scientif. Mem., p. 198.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES FO

and down the shaft, back and front, also slightly differ, as does the form of the
_hypotarsus in a lesser degree.

The skeletal plan of the pes in Phalacrocorax essentially agrees with what we
found in the Anhingide. We are to note the great length of the basal joint of
hallux, and for its entire continuity, how muchithe shaft of the bone is bowed.

Mr. Frederic A. Lucas, Curator of the Department of Comparative Anatomy
in the U. 8S. National Museum, in describing some of the bones of P. perspicillatus
in the Proceedings of that institution for 1899 (Vol. XII., p. 88), remarked that he
had the following material upon which to base his studies, and which had been
collected by Dr. Leonard Stejneger on Bering Island in 1882.

“Rostral portion of cranium in “Right fused metacarpals, very im
advance of the fronto-nasal hinge, with perfect.
attached palatines. “Three pelves, lacking pubic bones.

“‘ Lower mandible. “Left femur.

“ Right ramus of lower mandible. “Two left tibie.

“Two nearly complete sterna. “Right tibia.

“Right coracoid. “Two left tarsi.

“ Right humerus. “Second cervical vertebra.

“Left humerus of another individual. “Third cervical vertebra.

“ Right ulna. ‘“‘ Ninth (?) cervical vertebra.

“Right fused metacarpals.

“The more important of these are figured on the accompanying plates, all figures
being of natural size, and drawn by the author.

“The bones, although stained, are in a good state of preservation, being but
slightly weathered, and all are from thoroughly adult individuals.

“For a better and briefer description of these bones they have been compared
with those of an adult Phalacrocorax carbo, and the opportunity has been taken to
test, to some extent, the value of the subgenera Urile and Phalacrocorax, by com-
paring at the same time the corresponding bones of P. urile and P. dilophus.

“The former bird is, for the species, large and the latter somewhat undersized,
although adult.

“The rostrum of perspicillatus is nearly as long asin carbo, but much more
slender, and is readily distinguished from it by the deep, lateral, longitudinal
groove characteristic of the subgenus Urile.

“The under surface of the rostrum is less grooved, longitudinally, than that of
carbo and much less so than that of P. wrile (see Pl. XXIV., Figs. 18-21, and PI.
VL. Figs. 25-28).

176 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

“The palatines are as long as those of carbo, anteriorly narrow and posteriorly
wider, conforming in pattern very nearly to those of wrile, while dilophus resembles
carbo in this respect.

“The trans-palatine angle is more rounded than in carbo, much more than in
urile, resembling in this dilophus.

“The inner portion of the post-palatine is less produced ventrally than in carbo,
and the pterygoid articulation wider and flatter than in carbo, the palatine thus
lacking the keel present in carbo.

“The same differences are found between the same parts of wrile and dilophus.

“The maxillo-jugal bar is as long as that of carbo but more slender.

“The lower mandible is slightly shorter and decidedly weaker than that of
carbo, and the lower mandible of wrile is proportionately still weaker than that
of dilophus.

“The dentary portion of the mandible is more deeply grooved along the inner
surface than that of carbo, being comparatively the same as in wrile.

“The cutting edges of the mandible are comparatively straight as in carbo and
dilophus, but wrile differs from all three in having the mandible distinctly recurved.

“The sternum is transversely flatter than that of carbo, being a trifle more flat-
tened even than that of wrile. The carina is also shorter than in wrile, but in size
and general appearance the sterna of perspicillatus and wrile resemble one another
very closely.

“From manubrium to meso-xiphoid that sternum is 13 mm. shorter than that
of carbo, being exactly as long as that of wrile.

‘The proportion of carina to total length is shorter than in either carbo or wrile,
the sternum from anterior end of carina to mesoxiphoid measuring 2 cm. less than
that of carbo and 4 mm. less than that of wrile.

‘‘Between the costal borders the sternum is slightly wider than in either carbo or
urile.

“The rudimentary manubrium, like that of wrile, lies in the plane of the body of
the sternum, while in carbo and dilophus the manubrium lies in the plane of the
keel. ;

“Tf a line be drawn between the costal processes it will be found that the coracoid
articulations project less beyond this line and form a more obtuse angle with one
another than they do in carbo, and the same is true of wrile as compared with
dilophus. The sternum is non-pneumatic, as in wre, but in carbo and dilophus
good-sized foramina pierce its dorsal face just back of the ridge formed by the cora-
coidal groove. )

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES UAT

“Tt is certainly interesting to find the sterna of these two representatives of the
subgenera Phalacrocorax and Urile, respectively, agreeing with one another in these
slight structural points.

‘‘ Articulations are present for five pairs of ribs, the same number asin carbo. One
specimen of wrile has four pairs of articulations, another has five on the left side and
four on the right, and dilophus has but four pairs of costal facets.

Bones of Pallas’ Cormorant. Natural size. After Lucas.
Fia@. 19. Ventral aspect of rostrum. Fic. 20. Lateral aspect of rostrum. Fic. 21. Right ramus of lower
mandible, external aspect. Fic. 22. Right ramus of lower mandible, internal aspect. Fic. 23. Right metacarpals.

178 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

“The number of ribs articulating with the sternum is, however, subject to shght
variations, especially among water birds, and without an extensive series of speci-
mens it is a little difficult to be sure of the normal number.

See!

SEA ee

Space
a

Bones of Pallas’ Cormorant. Natural size. After Lucas.
Fic. 24. Right coracoid, ventral aspect. Fria. 25. Sternum, ventral aspect. Fic. 26. Femur, anterior aspect.
Fic. 27. ‘Tarsus, anterior aspect. Fic. 28. Tibia, anterior aspect.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 179

“The coracoid is of the same length as that of carbo, 10 mm. longer than in wrile ;
but, while the proximal end is but little heavier than in carbo, the shaft and espe-
cially the distal end are much more massive.

“The epicoracoid is prolonged upward into a sharper hook than in any of the
other species at hand, but this process is subject to considerable variation with age
or in various individuals.

“One humerus is a little longer than that of carbo, the other is of exactly the same
length; both are much stouter, especially in the proximate half.

“The humerus is practically non-pneumatic, the foramina being very minute,
while the pneumatic foramina of curbo, though not large, are readily seen.

“The humerus of wrile differs from that of dilophus precisely as that of per-
spicillatus from carbo.

“The ulna is distinguishable from that of carbo only by its greater weight, and
the same may be said of the humerus of wrile as compared with that of dilophus.

“The fused metacarpals are slightly shorter and slightly stouter than in carbo,
and here again the same differences are observable between the metacarpals of wrile
and dilophus.

“The ‘sacrum,’ as a whole, is as long as that of carbo, but its component parts
are more heavily built.

“Tt comprises six pre-sacrals, two true sacrals, and nine post-sacrals, and the |
three ‘sacra’ of perspicillatus agree with one another in these particulars.

‘““Phalacrocorax carbo has six pre-sacrals, two true sacrals, and nine or ten post-
sacrals. P. wrile has six, two, eight, and dilophus six, two, nine.

“The hypapophyses of the anterior three vertebree have been broken off, but
although the compressed centra are larger than in carbo, the hypapophyses seem to
have been smaller.

“The six pre-sacrals present few salient characters, but the diapophyses of the
fourth vertebra lie at right angles to the vertebral column, while in the three other
species the diapophyses of this vertebra are directed forward.

“The sacral and immediate post-sacral vertebree vary in the development of
their parapophyses in all four species under consideration. -

‘Tn all three specimens of perspicillatus the two true sacrals bear no parapophyses,
while the two succeeding vertebrae have them extended to, and anchylosed with,
the ilium.

“The diapophyses and parapophyses of these vertebree are united by a thin
plate of bone, but that this is due to age is shown by the condition obtaining in the
other species.

180 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

“These latter also indicate that the canal formed by these processes, the centra
of their vertebree and the ilium, is larger on the right side than on the left, and that
it is the first obliterated on the left side.

“In carbo neither the sacrals nor the second post-sacral bear parapophyses,
although these are present on the first post-sacral, uniting it firmly with the ilium.

“In one example of wile, slender, but well-marked parapophyses connect the
two sacrals with the ilia.

“In another and much smaller specimen the second sacral has a parapophysis
on the left side, there being no parapophyses on the first sacral.

‘Tn both specimens of wrile the first, but not the second, post-sacral bears para-
pophyses. Finally, dilophus has strong parapophyses on the second sacral and first’
post-sacral, but none on the second post-sacral.

“The variation in the sacral region of these specimens is not only interesting in
itself, but interesting from the fact that it is unusual for parapophyses to be present
at all on the true sacral vertebre of birds.

“Viewed from above the ridge formed by the confluent spinous processes of the
‘sacrals’ is wider than in carbo, and the interpophysial foramina are nearly closed,
while in carbo they are very open.

‘“‘ Although these characters depend to some extent on age, they do not entirely,
and the same differences exists between the ‘sacra’ of wrile and dilophus as between
those of perspicillatus and carbo.

“The pelvis is much more rugose than in carbo, all attachments for muscles be-
ing strongly emphasized.

“The anti-trochanter is placed further back than in carbo, and is much more
rounded, thus affording more play to the femur.

‘“ Just back of the anti-trochanter the outer edge of the ilium is raised and thick-
ened, forming a flat, subtriangular spot, but proportionately smaller than in per-
sprceillatus.

“Back of this flattened portion the dorsal edge of the ilium is bent outward,
making this part of the iium outwardly concave, where in carbo it is convex.

“The post-ilia of carbo and dilophus round gently outward and downward
throughout their entire length from their junction with the diapophyses.

“Viewed from the side the dorsal outline of the ‘sacrum’ is slightly decurved,
while that of carbo is very nearly straight and the same difference exists between
wrile and dilophus. .

“The acetabulum is slightly larger and forms more nearly a perfect circle than
in carbo.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 181

“The ilio-ischiatic foramen is subelliptical and wide, the longitudinal diameter
being nearly twice the vertical, while in carbo this foramen is more pointed pos-
teriorly and narrower, the length being more than three times the height.

“In consequence of the size of this foramen the distance from the dorsal edge of
the ilium to the ventral edge of the ischium is much greater than in carbo.

“The bar of the ischium bounding the obturator space is sharp-edged, rugose,
and concave exteriorly on the posterior portion, while the corresponding portion of
the ischium in carbo is comparatively smooth and slightly convex posteriorly.

fig. 90.

Bones of Pallas’ Cormorant. Natural size. After Lucas. Fic. 29. Left lateral aspect of pelvis. Fra. 30. Dorsal
aspect of pelvis. The long, sweeping post-pubic bone was broken off and lost from this bone when it was discovered.

182 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

‘The posterior border of the ischium is straighter than in carbo and the ilio-pubic
articulation one third shorter.

“The femur is 5 mm. longer than that of carbo, in every way much more massive,
and with all the muscular ridges more pronounced, while curiously enough it is
more pneumatic, having several foramina in the ventral aspect of the neck that are
lacking in carbo.

“There is nothing to distinguish the femur of wrile from one of dilophus of the
same length, and of the two that of dilophus is slightly the heavier.

‘But in the specimen of wrile in which the humerus corresponds in length to that
of dilophus, the femur and tibia are both longer and heavier than in dilophus, and
the tarsus a little lighter.

“The phalanges, again, are more massive in wrile than in dilophus.

“The smallest of the three tibiee is slightly longer than that of carbo, the cnemial
crest is more expanded, and the cnemial ridges farther apart and more pronounced.

“The distal extremity of the tibia is also wider than in carbo, but at its smallest
diameter the shaft is no larger.

“The muscular ridges and grooves are more marked than in carbo, but in the ab-
sence of more material and making due allowance for individual variation, it is dif-
ficult to point out characters which definitely distinguish the tibiee of the two birds.

‘The tarsus is of the same length as in carbo, but much wider, and, as through-
out, with all the ridges more pronounced.

‘Tittle can be said concerning the three cervical vertebre, except that, unlike the
other bones, they are less strongly built than the corresponding bones in carbo.

‘From the foregoing notes it will be seen that the differences existing between
corresponding bones of perspicillatus and carbo also exist between the same bones of
urile and dilophus, and that conversely perspicillatus and wrile agree with one another
as do carbo and dilophus.

“The subgenera Phalacrocoraa and Urile, therefore, seem to rest on good struc-
tural foundations, each being characterized by internal as well as external characters.

“ Unfortunately no skull of perspicillatus is to be had, but the crania of carbo and
dilophus agree with one another, while differing strikingly from the cranium of
urile.

“From the harmony of the other parts its not assuming too much to suppose
that the skull of perspicillatus would resemble that of wrile.”

“With the exception of the sternum the greater size of the bones distinguishes
those of perspicillatus from those of wrile, while well-marked differences of shape or
proportion exist between the corresponding bones of perspicillatus and carbo.

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 183

MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) oF CoRRESPONDING BoNES oF PHALACROCORAX
PERSPICILLATUS, CARBO, URILE, AND DILOPHUS. [FRom Lucas. ]

(All measwrements are in a direct line and not along curves.)

a ae P. carbo P.urile | P. dilophus
(National (YaleCollege (National (National
Museu Museum, Museum, | Museum,
17041). 535). 12502). | 18050).
Rostrum :
Tip of mandible to extremity of maxillo-jugal bav..... 134 140 108 105
Meaxalll o-jugallibar ss ssnterc-cneset ote ctienctar seeecesccscenosece 68 69 56 | 56
Tip of mandible to posterior end of palatine............ 109 UY 91 86
Width across nasals, at fronto-nasal hinge............... 21 20 13 14
Lower mandible :
Men eehyOfrannuisenracecece, csaceiasseisesescncw ek ek ecenseaberisting. 139 144 112 110
Greatest) heiehitvof rams! 22. seeeeceenscsessse ere seee se eeeeen 13 13 9 12
Sternum : é
Anterior end of carina to mesoxiphoid.................... 104 119 97 91
Manubrium to mesoxiphoid................0.-:.ceeereceeeee es 83 97 84 76
IDYsy Ould: iP. Cabo bale angooucoocadepeatonecsecebaaodcrcueeen ea onoee 28 33 31 26
Width across articulations of first rib..................... 64 66 64 54
Width across articulations of fourth rib.................. 63 59 60 | 51
Coracoid :
J DISIUVSA Bass caquenadosedsad see LyGno aoba teedosTen anti cne On eceeaorenecdage 84 87 ale 70
Breadth of sternal articulation ...................sc0ee0ee0es 25 25 24 20
Crearestidistalubpreadithe-eeeereeeeeereetete eco e renee tacterece 18 17 16 13
Humerus :
IDeTAV EK) soec cdooseandgeaddoneaceecpnandde ade arGa no pcan Se DoCpOSPene 170 170 140 140
Greatest proximal breadth,.................:seeeeeeneeeeeeees 30 28 25 23
Greatest diameter of shaft midway between extremi-
WIGS aise 6 Some gedud enauENe Une caSceR EO meee RE Ce nee ee eee ill 9 | 10 8
Createstidistallbread tleepeseesreeeeerraee ese eer eseee reer 21 20 18 U7
Ulna: |
ILS INS Dol aroonanboododeeSucoBeece ccenoMee CEEONS a bepere orcad cecene nee 190 178
Greatest proximal breadth.............. ape atehc maregeea nate 21 18
Greatest diameter of shaft midway between extremi-
WIGS contort a osadose sadn ucbesanoe se caerencce necenee ec ecHeceenter 8 7
Pelvis :
Greanesilen ct hgoten|liumleereseeee se seeeeeee eraser reece eet 151 152 122 120
From anterior border of ilium to external angle of
anibictrochamltermscsceeneccce see ecasecense ac teuecee anaes 72 65 | 58 49
Greatest width of ilia in advance of acetabula.......... 48 A4 42 38
Least width of ilia in advance of acetabula.............. 23 23+ 19 , i
Width between outer extremities of anti-trochanters. 43 46 37 33
Length of ilio-ischiatic space................cececseeeeeceeees 42 41 32 38
Greatest width of ‘lio-ischiatic space...................065+ 18 13 13 10
From dorsal edge of ilium, above the ilio-ischiatic |
foramen, to ventral edge of ischium..................++- 28 23 23 19
Length of ilio-pubic articulation...............0..00.0...06- mi | 28 WO | 23
Between posterior terminations of ischia........... enna 46 40 42 40
Femur :
ISIS nsgodesandoauseqdonacneee econ caocnencenec tec eRe Cee Cre Ceee 74 70 66 55
Greatest proximal width. ...........cccccrcceesceceeneeeeeee to 21 19 16 15
Greatest diameter midway between extremities....... ila 10 9 8
(Crnemiests Ghistall WAGHN ooon0ccono se0enq00s99ne5 uBDUBoGD0B0B0000" 22 18 16 15+
Tibia :
IASTIETH OY cocac gabon dceSepOD CECE SER Gas OB HORUS OCR EHOCOEN Lan DERRBacntnan 140 12/ 117 102
Width across cnemial ridges.................0.cceeeeeneeees 15 13 1 11
Width at distal end of articulation with fibula......... 15 13 ital 13
Least transverse diameter of shaft...................00c0000 8 8 7 u
Distallgvaldthipremsseet ae pectin eae. onsecuinsaeveacmeuest 16 15 12 13
= arsusy 72:
IDSA OV cs qconcadbouauoonbuacordioneceseuueaes Cece cooreEe ne ter te crcee 7A 72 60 62
Broximalitransverse widibleeser.cece ses: ec-ede.sseceeeene tee 19 16 14 14
Dis talewidithee ee sssmccsatec eee. cee enee cent eaeiseleceatcceuinc'es 20 18 15 14

184 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

“ P. perspicillatus appears to have been a much heavier bird than carbo, and a bird
of weaker flight; with more robust and muscular legs, and a more slender and more
feeble head and neck.

pana

Ir
a

pone he 3

Skull and Jaw-bones of Pallas’ Cormorant. (After Lucas. )

Fie. 31. Phalocrocorax perspicillatus, inferior aspect of cranium. The anterior and posterior portions are from dif-
ferent individuals. (Nat. size.)

Fic. 32. Phalacrocoraz perspicillatus, left ramus of jaw, external aspect. (Nat. size.)

Fic. 33. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, mandible and left palatine, external aspect. (Nat. size. )

“In comparing the tables of measurements it must be said that they do not
adequately convey the impression produced by a comparison of the bones them-
selves. Thus, in the measurements of the lower mandible the greatest vertical width

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 185

is comparatively as in carbo, but from this point the ramus tapers rapidly either way
so that, as a whole, the mandible is much weaker than that of carbo.

“So too with the humerus, where the greatest proximal width is only 2 mm.
greater than in carbo, although the bone in its entirety is much more stoutly built.”

In a following volume of the Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, in
which Mr. Lucas described the above specimens of bones of P. perspicillatus, he
on subsequent pages also described the skull of this species, and presented other
data of importance having reference to the Phalacrocoracide (Vol. XVIIL., pp. 717-
719, Pls. XX XIV.-XXXYV-.).

This second lot of bones were likewise obtained by Dr. Stejneger at Bering
Island in 1895, or thirteen years after the first specimens were collected by him.
A cranium anda sternum of P. perspicillatus are found in this second installment,
and they are very important discoveries. —

The cranium is now in the collection of the Museum (No. 19417, U.S. N. M.).
“Tn its general contour,” says Mr. Lucas in his paper referred to above, “‘it most
closely resembles that of P. penicillatus among existing cormorants, but is decidedly
larger, and is proportionately wider than in that species, while the beak is shorter.
As far as mere size is concerned, the skull of an adult male of P. carbo would be as

‘long as that of P. perspicillatus, but the latter is much wider and is more depressed.
The cranium is readily distinguished from that of P. wrile by its greater size and less
depression, and by having a proportionately stouter beak, whose ridge lacks the
sight but characteristic emargination found near the base of the beak in P. wrile.

“As a matter of fact, the differentiation of cormorants into species with grooved
beaks and those without does not exist, so far as the bony beak is concerned. Some
have deeper grooves than others, but all have more or less of a furrow along the side
of the mandible, and there is every degree of gradation, from such well-furrowed
beaks as those of P. albiventris and P. magellanicus to the shallow grooves of P. melan-
oleucus and P. carbo.

‘‘Pallas’s Cormorant shows a marked difference from all others examined in the
development of the lateral ethmoid. In other species the lachrymal sends a process
inward which fuses with a spur from the mesethmoid to form a more or less L-shaped
bar of bone, uniting the frontal and mesethmoid. A small spur, arising from the
inferior inner angle thus formed, represents the lateral ethmoid, and this is usually
but little developed, being largest in P. penicillatws and obsolete in P. wrile. In P.
perspicillatus there is a lateral ethmoid plate, complete save for an opening above,
being the retention by ossification of a cartilaginous plate found in the nestling of
P. urile before the nostrils have become closed. The maxillopalatines are also

186 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

slightly better developed than in any existing cormorant, and while the difference
is small, still it does exist, and here again it is seen by comparison to be the develop-
ment of a character found in young birds.

35

wi Stl gl: | i

36

Crania of various Cormorants. (After Lucas. )

Fie. 34. Phalacocorax penicillatus.

Fig. 35. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus.

Fie. 36. Phalacrocorax carbo. (Two thirds natural size ; from photographs. )

“Difference exist between P. perspicillatus and other cormorants by the presence
of a narrow bar of bone forming two precranial cavities where but a single opening

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 187

exists in allied species, and in the comparatively small size and regular lyrate form
of these openings. From these conditions it will be seen that there is in the cranium
an excess of ossification over that found in other cormorants. While no bar of bone
has been found in other species, there are hints of it in some, thus, -P. penicillatus
and P. magellanicus, in the shape of a little bony spike running upward from the
alisphenoids, and it is not impossible that the complete bar may be found in some
very old individual. This is the more probable because in the young, of P. wrile at

least, there is a bar of cartilage occupying the place of the bar of bone found in
Pallas’ Cormorant.

MEASUREMENTS” OF SPECIES OF PHALACROcORAX.” [From Lucas. |

STERNUM.
= = FS SS = Se ———— SS = = ——
P. perspicillatus,; P. carbo, ae P. urile,
male male ( Yale Gee eae male
(U.S. N. M., College, No. 18535). | (We S$. IN. ING,
No. 19417). No. 535). | No. 12502).
mm. mm. mm. | mm.
Anterior end of carina to mesoxiphoid......... 13215 119 101 104
Manubrium to mesoxiphoid................0....... | 109 97 87 90
1OYEF oy) eeONe, (CRN one da gnaoceoonseedonbosereesaEaasooradee 4015 33 22 25
Width across articulations of first rib......... 84 66 60 70
Width across articulations of fourth rib...... (ee Ce 59 oo eae 65
SKULL.
P. perspicillatus, P. carbo, We . P. urile
| male male Ee De male”
| (U.S.N.M, | (U.s.N.m., | S ee iieen | acs Nome
| No. 19417). No. 18851). | ; : No. 12502).
mm. | mm. mm. mm.
Tip of mandible to occipital condyle........... 14816 135 141 116
Fronto-nasal hinge to articulation for occip-

UCM Sty OMe eeWeet A tan dashes vee aaa de anectoee | 69 61 62 55
Across anterior part of frontals.................. | 22 20 19 13
Across postorbital processes ....................0-- 39 31 32 25
Across squamosal processes..............:20.+ee0e- | 45 36 37 32
Across exoccipital processes ..................0606+ | 40 33 88 . 26

“The sternum (No. 19417, U.S. N. M.) found with the present series of bones is
important, as its size indicates it to be that of a male, and shows the sternum previ-
ously described to have been that of a female, or possibly even that of a male of P.
urile. It is very much larger than any sternum of P. wrile, and much larger even
than the large specimen of P. carbo, used for comparison.” ‘The present sternum is

13The measurements are in a straight line.

14Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII., 1889, p. 88.

15 Kstimated, owing to breakage.

16 Taken from rostrum of one bird and calvarium of another.
lM Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII., 1889, pp. 88-94.

188 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

thus in harmony with the other bones, and aids 'materially in emphasizing the
superior size of P. perspicillatus.

“The appended tables give the measurements of the cranium and sternum here
described, compared with the corresponding parts of other species. ‘The measure-
ments of the previously described sternum, ascribed to P. perspicillatus, are repeated
and an error of the first-given table corrected. The length from anterior end of
carina to end of mesoxiphoid is said to be 104 mm., when it should have been
90 mm.

Unfortunately the skull of P. carbo now available is smaller than that of the
individual used as a term of comparison in the previous paper’ on Pallas’
Cormorant.”

Additional information in regard to the osteology of the Phalacrocoracide will
be found further on in the present memoir, as well as under the explanation of the
plates at its close.

Osteology of the. Pelecanide.

(Plate XX VIL. Figs. 31-41; Plate XXVIII., Fig. 42, and Plate XXX., Fig. 49.)

Sometime during the year 1864, the writer collected on Indian Cay of the
- Bahama Banks, a fine adult male specimen of Pelecanus fuscus. From it I took the
skull, and have it before me at the present writing.

Measuring from the transverse cranio-facial groove we find the osseous superior
mandible in this specimen to be somewhat less than four times as long as the remain-
ing part of the skull. A vertical section made through the middle of the posterior
third of this mandible at right angles to its long axis gives an elliptical figure, with
the minor axis in the horizontal plane. The anterior two thirds has a sharp lateral
edge, while the extremity is armed with a powerful decurved hook. About half of
the fore part of this enormous beak is compressed from above downward, a com-
pression that is accompanied by a gradual widening of the bone to near the end,
where it slopes in toward the hook in the median line.

The maxillo-palatines constitute a great spongy mass that fills up a space anterior
to the rhinal chamber. They unite in the median line, are bounded above by the
premaxillary, below by the united palatines, while the anterior extremity of the
maxillary fuses with the mass at about its middle on either side. (Compare with
Figure 36, Plate XX VIL.) j

In form this maxillo-palatine mass is wedge-shaped, with the broad end anchy-
losed with the under side of the united nasal processes of the premaxillary.

18 Loc. cit.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 189

Posteriorly its wall is composed of compact tissue, being at right angles to the
longitudinal axis.of the skull. It slants from the under side of the cranio-facial
hinge to the anterior margin of a median foramen, seen just anterior to! the keel
which is formed by the union of the palatines behind.

This posterior maxillo-palatine wall has a cleft in its lower two thirds, while two
conical pits, placed side by side, ined with compact osseous tissue, occupy its upper
third. They have their bases opening in the rhinal chamber, and their apices are
pierced by the small subcircular nostrils, one in each conical passage.

The hinder half of the jugal bar is compressed from side to side, slightly dilated,
with its end crooked up, and in life simply bound to the upper and outer side of
the quadrate.

The body of a lacrymal fuses completely with the cranial elements above, its
upper surface assisting in forming the smooth superfices of the frontal region. This
is also the case in P. sharpei (P]. XX VIL., Fig. 37). From this portion it sends down-
ward and slightly backward a descending process. ‘This is composed of a cylindri-
cal pedicel for its upper third and an antero-posteriorly compressed portion for the
lower two thirds. It fails to reach the maxillary, its tip remaining free just above
that perpendicularly compressed bar which passes immediately beneath it.

The interorbital septum is entire, with the exception of a semicircular perfora-
tion, which is immediately in front of the aperture in the anterior wall of the brain-
case that gives egress to the optic nerves.

Hach olfactory has a small foramen in either orbit at its usual site; the track for
the nerve being a broad, shallow groove beneath the orbital vault.

The mesethmoid is very deep; its anterior border is sharp and thin. Commencing
in the aperture of the angle between the pterygoidal shafts, it is carried directly
upward and forward to the expanded portion beneath the roof of the cranio-facial
region, the edge meeting the median division of the maxillo-palatines. (For figures
illustrating the skull of the Brown Pelican see my memoir on the “Osteology of the
Tubinares and Steganopodes,” Proceedings U. 5. Nat. Museum, 1888, Vol. IL,
pp. 311-315.)

The lower fourth of this ethmoidal border is thickened and rounded for the
articulation of the palatine and pterygoidal heads.

Coming, as usual, from the anterior apex of the basi-temporal triangle, the other
portion of the rostrum is decurved and meets the point referred to above in the
angle between the pterygoids,

A quadrate is a very large bone with a broad, triangular process. Its mastoidal
head can hardly be said to be divided into two, as in most birds, for the division is

190 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

so very slight and faintly marked; and a large pneumatic foramen is seen upon its
outer side—a very unusual place for this aperture.

Its mandibular foot is narrow antero-posteriorly and very wide transversely.
Two facets occupy its lower surface, separated from each other by a concave notch
which is deepest anteriorly.

The bone also presents a smooth articular surface for the quadrato-jugal at the
point above mentioned, while a large convex facet is offered to the pterygoidal cup
of the pterygoid of the corresponding side.

We find the external openings to the ear to be very small, and hid from sight
upon direct lateral view by the quadrate. A sphenotic process is well developed,
but the mastoidal one is simply a roughened line; between the two is a wide crota-
phyte valley leading from the fossa of the same name, which is here small, incon-
spicuous, and entirely lateral.

The orbital cavity itself is thus seen to be deep and capacious, lacking bony walls
principally upon its inferior and anterior aspects. They are more complete in P.
sharpei (Pl. XXVIL., Fig. 37).

Upon its under side this skull presents a number of points of interest. The
anterior moiety of the superior mandible is here seen to be longitudinally grooved
by a broad and shallow furrow, which gradually becomes somewhat narrower as we
proceed backward, to finally merge into the convex median portion of the hinder
half of this great rostrum. Along its median line it is marked by a few scattered,
slit-like foramina that lead into its shallow interior, which latter is largely filled with
an open mass of spongy, osseous tissue, continuous with the maxillo-palatines behind.

The palatine bodies, including their heads, fuse together for their entire extent
in the median plane. Resulting from this union we have a single, descending,
median carination, composed of the united inner keels of the palatine bodies and a
similar superior median one composed of the ascending processes of the same.

The latter is truncated just before reaching the maxillo-palatine bodies.

This skull lacks basi-pterygoid processes, while the pterygoids themselves are
short, thick set bones, with large anterior and posterior heads, and sharpened longi-
tudinal crests on the superior aspects of their shafts.

The basi-temporal triangle is small and its area concave. A thin, pointed lip of
bone eaves over the entrance to the Eustachian tubes, which are here apparently
thoroughly surrounded by bony walls.

We find the foramen magnum situated at the bottom of a broad, deep, and
transverse concavity. This excavation is bounded on either side by the dome-like
mastoid prominences, in front by the line of the base of the basi-temporal triangle,

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 191

and behind by a low, smooth ridge which arches between its lateral boundaries.
The foramen magnum cannot be seen on a direct vertical view of the base of the
skull (PI. XXVIL., Figs. 35 and 36).

The occipital condyle is rather large, ellipsoidal in form, and placed transversely,
while the outline of the foramen is also a broad ellipse, but with its long axis placed
just the other way. The plane passing through its periphery makes an angle with
the plane of the basis cranii of about sixty degrees.

Regarding this skull from a superior aspect we are to note the small, subcireular
openings to the nostrils, situated a little beyond the irregular line marking the
cranio-facial hinge (Pl. XX VII., Fig. 40).

Their centers are about 2 mm. apart, and each one is situated at the posterior
end of a groove. These grooves extend the entire length of the superior mandible,
passing out on either side of the hook at its anterior extremity. At first each is.
rather on the lateral aspect of the bone, but beyond the posterior half they gradu-
ally converge and get on top, to include between them the prominent convex cul-
men. Just before reaching the hook, however, the included surface becomes flat
and depressed, when the lines terminate, as pointed out above.

The top of the skull in this Pelican is very flat for the frontal region, being
simply curved downward at the outer borders. As we proceed backward to the
parietal region, however, it gradually becomes more convex and dome-like, though
still retaining its absolutely smooth and polished character. ,This latter may also
be seen from a posterior aspect, and below it the high, arching, and equally smooth
occipital area. This latter extends down on either side over the enormous mas-
toidal elevations of this bird. We also notice that from this view we may see
directly into the foramen magnum; the entire pterygoids are in sight, and the quad-
rates come down far below the basi-cranial plane.

The mandible from the skeleton of this Pelican is represented by a long, narrow
loop of bone, which is strikingly devoid of prominent characters. ~ Its symphysis is
very short and decurved, being slightly excavated on its superior aspect behind (PI.
XXVII., Fig. 41).

The upper and lower margins of either ramus are rounded for their entire length,
while the sides included between them become gradually narrower as we proceed in
the direction of the symphysis. These are smooth both internally and externally
and both concave in the vertical direction.

Rather more than the posterior moiety of each ramus is hollow for the admis-
sion of air, and each presents two foramina, which seem to be intended for that pur-
pose. One of these is on the inner and upper aspect of the ramal shaft, just beyond

192 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

a concavity that occurs immediately anterior to the articular cup. The other, ellip-
tical in form, is on the inner and lower aspect, and about 2 em. beyond it.

Each articular cup presents two concayities—a central one and another occupy-
ing the inturned process of this extremity. Both have pneumatic foramina at their
bases. The mandibular angle behind is truncate and much compressed in the per-
pendicular direction. The under surface of one of these ends is perfectly smooth
and gradually merges into the inner and outer surface of the ramal shaft. Almost
complete disappearance of the coronoids has taken place.

Almost the entire skull of this bird is highly pneumatic, and I have carefully
compared it with the specimen loaned me by the U. 8. National Museum, and find
that they agree in all essential particulars. In the latter I find a mandible 38 em.
long, while the symphysis of the same only measures 4mm, The superior carina-
tion of the united palatines is somewhat higher, especially in front than in my own
specimen, but I am inclined to believe that in mine the free margin has somewhat
broken off, and due allowance should be made for it in the figure ilustrating the
skull of this bird in my earlier memoir (Fig. 40) showing the lateral view of the
Pelican’s skull, when the supero-median palatal keel is drawn a little too low.

Fig. 20 of Huxley’s 1867 paper in the P. Z. 8S. is a good representation of the pos-
terior half of the skull of a pelican (P. onocrotalus) seen upon its basal aspect. The
side view of the same is very indifferently drawn.

Some few of the small bones of the disarticulated National Museum specimen
at my hand may have been lost, but none of any consequence. Almost the entire
skeleton is pneumatic, and exceedingly light. The pygostyle is as light as a wafer,
and taken with all the caudal vertebrae, only weighs a few grains. Among the non-
pneumatic bones we note the atlas, the fibule, the first metatarsal, and all the toe-
joints. Some of the bones are actually riddled with air-holes, and such a long bone
as the humerus has many minute foramina at very various localities at both of its
extremities. The pelvis weighs no more than were it made of cork, and so it is with
all the other large bones.

Of the Remainder of the Axial Skeleton in Pelecanus.
(See Plate XXVII., Figs. 31-34, 38, 39; Pl. XXVIII. Fig. 42, and Pl. XXX.,
Fig. 49.)
Professor Mivart found in the spinal column of a specimen of Pelecanus mitratus in

the British Museum but ‘‘forty vertebre in all, there being but three lumbar and five
caudal”; and in a specimen of P. onocrotalus (No. 527A), forty one vertebree, there

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 193

being but three sacro-caudals. He says, however, that in this species the general
number seems to be forty-two vertebree in all, not counting the pygostyle.

In a complete skeleton of Pelecanus fuscus before me (No. 18483), I find sixteen
true cervical vertebree, none of which support true ribs. The seventeenth bears a
pair of large, well-developed ribs which do not connect with the sternum, and which
have long epipleural appendages low down on their shafts, where they are anchy-
losed. The eighteenth vertebra is the ultimate one of the dorso-cervical series of
the spinal column that is free. Its ribs are broad and flat, with their appendages
coossified to the shafts at an angle of 45°, and inclined to be slender, narrow, and
pointed.

The nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first vertebree are not only all fused
together, but are similarly joined with the bones forming the pelvic ‘‘sacrum.”
This union is most perfect, and is considerably fortified by the complete coéssification
of the metapophyses extending between the extremities of the transverse processes,
and then with anterior iliac borders, in which location the ossifying process has been
extended quite across, thus, on superior aspect, shutting the twenty-first vertebra
out from view. ,

These three vertebrae also bear broad and flat ribs, connecting with the sternum
as do all the thoracic ribs in this Pelican. This pair belonging to the nineteenth
vertebra are quite like those described above for the eighteenth ; they are broader,
however, which is also the case with the pair suspended from the twentieth vertebra.
These last have the epipleural spines reduced in size, while the last two pairs of
ribs, or those belonging to the twenty-first vertebra, and the pair of “pelvic ribs”
lack these appendages entirely.

Almost completely pneumatic in character, the leading costal ribs are rather short,
but the series gradually increases in length as we pass backwards, all of them being
more or less pneumatic, and all being remarkable for having their extremities
enlarged, for the purpose of affording a greater articulatory surface at those points.
For the most part, the pneumatic foramina in these heemapophyses are to be found
at their sternal ends.

The free pelvic vertebree all have a swelled appearance, while their surfaces are
as a rule smooth, their sahent angles much rounded off, and their processes quite
subordinated.

The cup of the atlas is deeply notched above, as is the articular surface of the
body behind, coneaved upon the same aspect. This surface is of an elongo-reniform
outline, its transverse diameter being of the greatest length. A small hypopophysiat
tip extends backwards from its mid-point below.

194 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Not especially stout, the lateral pedicels support a broad, oblong neural arch,
which has a straight anterior, and a concave posterior margin. Air gains access to
this vertebra through some holes situated in or near a small concavity, over which
articulates the ventral surface of the odontoid process of the axis when the bones
are in situ. A polishing of the surface alone indicates the points where the ante-
rior margin of the neural arch comes in contact with the occipital bone of the
cranium, and where the ventral aspect of its posterior margin rides on the upper
part of the anterior margin of the neural canal of the axis.

A broad-based, swollen, and tuberous neural spine is one of the chief characters
of the last-named vertebra, while its heemal spine, situated posteriorly on the centrum,
is transversely compressed, sharp along its infero-mesial border, and withal rather
inconspicuous.

The articular surface on the body for the atlas is deeply concave, and always
presents a large mesial pneumatic foramen at its base, just beneath the odontoid
process. Posteriorly, the neural arch of this vertebra far overhangs the centrum
below, while either postzygapophysial portion of it, not strictly defined from the
bone, has upon its direct ventral aspect a large oval articular facet for articulation
with the corresponding ones at the prezygapophyses of the third vertebra.

We have no lateral canals in the axis vertebra of this Pelican, but a small pneu-
matic foramen is usually seen on either side, at the site of their occurrence in the
next bone of the spine behind it, at points where they open posteriorly. In the
third, fourth, fifth and sixth vertebree the neural spine is represented by a low,
lengthy, and thickened ridge, which fails in any case to reach the dorsal margins of
the neural canal, either in front or behind. In the seventh vertebra the neural
spine is much restricted, occupying only the center of the bone. It begins to dis-
appear in the eighth ; is almost absent in the ninth and tenth; feebly reappears in
the eleventh and twelth; begins to be tuberous in the thirteenth; and from this
on it slowly assumes the form it has in the dorsal series, where it is low, thickened,
and wedge-shaped, with base behind and apex in front.

Far back on the centrum of the third vertebra we find a short, thick, and low
heemal process ; somewhat resembling the one on the axis. The character is quite
obliterated in the fourth vertebra, where we begin to see, anteriorly beneath the
extreme fore part of the centrum, the first indications of the formation of the carotid
passage. They are more distinct in the fifth vertebra; still more so in the sixth ;
decidedly so in the seventh, where the remarkable peculiarity exists in that a carotid
channel with thin, conspicuous side-walls abruptly develops at the extreme hinder
end of the centrum. This character is just as well marked in the eighth vertebra,

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 195

after which it gradually disappears (never to form a completed tube), to be gone
entirely in the thirteenth cervical.

In the eighth vertebra the anterior part of the carotid passage is a solid, closed
tube, its parapophysial walls being thick and strong, the passage of considerable
caliber, and the whole occupying more than the anterior third of the ventral aspect
of the bone. It also shows, ventrad, a mid-longitudinal ridge, with a longitudinal
gutter upon either side of it. This carotid canal remains a closed tube to include
the fourteenth vertebra, slowly changing in character as we near the dorsal series.
In the fifteenth to the seventeenth inclusive, its place is taken by a well-marked
heemal spine —a character entirely absent in the eighteenth vertebra, which is a true
dorsal one.

No evidence of a heemal spine whatever exists in the three fused dorsal vertebre,
and in them the neural spine is but represented by a codssified, flattened ridge,
hardly at all higher than the fused metapophysial track at the ends of the dia-
pophyses, on either hand. Lateral canals begin in the third vertebra and persist to
the sixteenth inclusive. They are long and of small caliber in the third, fourth,
fifth and sixth, materially shortened in the seventh; somewhat more so in the
eighth, where, for the first time, their anterior opening looks directly dorsad, which
latter continues to be the case in the ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth
and fourteenth, the canals increasing in caliber, but at the same time shortening in
length as we pass through the series just named. In the fifteenth and sixteenth ’
vertebree, the lateral canals are parallel with the neural canal, about one third
smaller in size, their ventral floors being formed by the pleurapophysial elements.
For the most part the comparatively rather small neural canal is subeylindrical in
form, being most compressed vertically as we pass towards the distal cervicals, to
become more cylindrical again in the ultimate free dorsal. After passing the fourth
cervical, and from thence on to include the sixteenth, this tube is markedly of
greater caliber behind than it is in front, in any single vertebra of this part of the
spinal column.

This character can be particularly well seen in the eleventh cervical. Through-
out, the parapophysial styles are very short. On the third vertebra they are far
apart, but gradually approach each other and the median line to include the sixth
cervical. ‘Their character changes in the seventh, where they become sharp, short,
and spiculiform. In the eighth, ninth and tenth they are represented by mere
spinelets, close together mesiad and are to be found on the postero-ventral border
of the carotid canal. From this on they gradually separate again, and entirely
disappear from the ultimate cervical vertebree.

196 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The prezygapophysial facets are long, narrow and ellipsoidal in form on the
third cervical, being considerably nearer each other at their posterior ends than they
are in front. They face almost directly dorsad. As we pass to include the seventh
cervical these facets gradually become more and more circular in outline, and incline
to face towards the median plane. This they do quite abruptly in the eighth
cervical—distinctly so in the ninth, look slightly backwards in the tenth, but
again thereafter gradually right themselves so as to once more face the median
plane. Here it will be seen we have the same arrangement noted for the Cormor-
ant and the Anhinga though not nearly so well marked. The postzygapophyses
are short and stumpy in the fourth vertebra, but very gradually lengthen to include
the twelfth cervical, after which they once more shorten, to become short and
thick-set again in the last cervicals, and the free dorsal, in which last—as distinct
processes—they are practically aborted. Their facets for articulation with the cor-
responding ones on the prezygapophyses, are upon their ventral aspects, and of
course have an exact counter-facing to them.

These vertebree commence to lengthen after passing the third cervical, becoming
quite longish and narrow in mid-series—they then very gradually assume the
broad, massive, and short type found at the end of the cervical chain and in the
free dorsal. Though these latter are large they agree with all the others of the
column, from their extreme pneumaticity, in being very light in weight.

The three last dorsal vertebra codssify, or rather in the adult Pelican are fused
with those of the pelvic sacrum, and the leading vertebra of the latter is quite
similar to one of the last dorsals, but in the next three the parapophysial processes
are thrown up against and completely fused with the ventral surfaces of the ilia
upon either side. These processes are spine-like and nearly aborted in the next
following one, while in the next three they are absent entirely. This is well shown
in the pelvis of Pelecanus sharpei (Pl. XXX., Fig. 49).

Then comes a true sacral vertebra, which has them long and well-developed,
reaching out to points posterior to the acetabulee where they fuse and broaden, and
otherwise develop bone which greatly strengthens the pelvis in all this vicinity.
The five remaining vertebree of the ‘‘pelvic sacrum” also possess parapophysial proc-
esses, which with the diapophyses above them, most completely coossify with the
internal borders of the ilia upon either hand. Of good capacity, the ‘‘ pelvic basin”
is of a short, oblong form, being one third narrower than it is long, and of nearly
uniform depth throughout. Viewed laterally, we find the acetabulum to be large
and circular; its internal periphery coequal with its external one. Above it isa
fair-sized antitrochanter, facing forward and downward, and very slightly outward.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES Igy

The obturator foramen merges completely with the obturator space, which latter is
large and broadly spindle-form in outline. No prepubis is present, and the post-
pubic style is curved and very slender until it comes in contact at a point on the
postero-ventral angle of the ischium, after which it is turned slightly mesiad and
somewhat though not at all greatly enlarged.

An extensive, subelliptical ischiadic foramen monopolizes much space on this lat-
eral aspect of the pelvis. Behind it the surface of the bone is smooth, and finally
we notice a broad, shallow notch on the posterior border, between ilium and ischium.
Dorsad, the pelvis is broad, smooth and flat, with a thorough fusing of all the bones
composing it. Parial foramina occur between the diapophyses of the uro-sacral ver-
tebree only in the post-acetabular region, where they are of good size.

The ultimate vertebra may be more or less individually outlined, and simulate
in form the leading one of the caudal series. In the pre-acetabular region the ilia
are moderately concaved, lie more or less in the horizontal plane, and fail to come
quite in contact with each other over the ‘sacral crista,” which latter is here quite
low and indistinct, due to the thorough fusing of all the bones in this region. From
the extreme outer point of one antitrochanter to the corresponding point on the
same process on the other side measures, on a right line, about 7.5 cm., while the
length of the “ pelvic sacrum”’ is about 12 ¢m.

Thus, though steganopodous in character, this pelvis of Pelecanus differs mate-
rially in form and aspect from the pelvis of either a Cormorant or an Anhinga.

In the skeleton of the tail we find six free caudal vertebree and a large pygostyle.
All are highly pneumatic. The neural canal, of some considerable size, passes

through the entire series and well into the pygostyle—an unusual occurrence in
birds. All possess tuberous neural spines, but only the last three have heemal ones,
and these increase in size from the last caudal to include the fourth. They extend
almost directly forwards. The transverse processes of the first five vertebra are
bent ventral-wise, more particularly in the second and third, while in the last one
they are nearly aborted. The articular facets on the centra are concaved anteriorly,
and nearly flat on the posterior aspects.

The large pygostyle is drawn out into a blunt point at its postero-superior angle.
Its dorsal margin and the hinder half or more of its ventral margin are sharp— the
remainder of the latter being thickened. The antero-inferior angle projects forwards,
corresponding to the heemal spine of the first vertebra absorbed to form this com-
pounded bone.

Thus it will be seen that in this species of Pelican we have 41 vertebree in its
spinal column, namely: sixteen cervicals that are without free ribs; one cervical with

198 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

well-developed ribs; one free dorsal ; three dorsals fused with the pelvic sacrum ;
fourteen in the pelvic sacrum; and six caudals; the pygostyle not being included
in this count.

The sternwm and os furcula are intimately fused together at the carinal angle,
forming there an extensive union. ‘This is also the case in Pelecanus sharpei (PI.
XXVIII., Fig. 42). Apart from this fact, the sternum has much about it to remind us
of that bone in Phalacrocoraz. It is profoundly concave upon its dorsal aspect, and
correspondingly convex upon the opposite surface. Either costal border, trans-
versely very broad, is occupied nearly its entire length by the five heemapophysial
facets, with the long, shallow concavities that are between them. ‘These latter are
riddled with small pneumatic foramina, while only a few of these openings are found
elsewhere in the sternum, and they are very minute. ‘Two wide, shallow indenta
tions mark the xiphoidal margin, and the lateral xiphoidal processes are short with
rounded ends. They extend backwards and outwards. The deep keel projects
somewhat forwards, but is merged upon the surface of the bone behind long before
it reaches the posterior sternal margin.

Hach “costal process” is low and of a subquadrilateral outline. On the anterior
border of the bone there is a notable concavity, longitudinally disposed and of some
considerable breadth. It extends from the upper termination of the anterior and
rather sharp margin of the keel to lead into the general concavity of the dorsal as-
pect of the sternal body. - It separates the long, narrow costal grooves in front, as
well as the rather deep costal facets above them.

U-shaped in pattern, the lower loop of the os furcula is not particularly stout,
while the chief feature of this bone is its enormously swelled and enlarged free
upper extremities (Pl. XXVIIL., Fig. 42).

These are entirely hollow, and each is provided with an elongated pneumatic
foramen upon its postero-mesial aspect. Postero-laterally, either one presents for
examination a subcircular facet for articulation with the head of the corresponding
coracoid, internal to which a stumpy, tuberous projection extends backwards. But
this fails by an extensive interval to meet the scapula, when the bones of the
shoulder-girdle are articulated as in life. The mesial and outer aspects of these
great clavicular heads are flat and smooth ; anteriorly, their thickened borders are
convex from above downwards, the posterior borders being concave. On top they
each present a flat, triangular surface with the apex to the front.

From its extreme pneumaticity I find a coracoid in Pelecanus fuscus to be a very
light bone, while it has an altitude of 9.7 cm., being large in its other proportions.
The sternal end is considerably dilated, and to the other side is a very small up-

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 199

turned epicoracoidal process. On the posterior side at the mesial angle there is a
prominent jutting flange bearing an articular facet upon its entire under surface for
articulation with the sternum. The inner two thirds of the inferior border is also
for articulation with the same bone. The head is more or less massive, being ob-
liquely compressed above. Well below this, anteriorly, is a non-elevated, circular
facet for the os furcula. Above the large glenoid concavity, between it and the
summit of the bone, is a deep valley passing downwards and forwards from the pos-
terior aspect. Pneumatic foramina occur in it, as they do also on the mesial aspect
of the shaft in an elongated group below the coracoidal head. ‘The facet for the
articulation with the scapula is a deep circumscribed concavity, and in front of it a
conspicuous scapular process is developed, but it never reaches the os furcula in
articulation when the bones are in situ. Below the open valley for the tendons,
the shaft, is pierced by a foramen, a character often seen in birds of other groups.

A scapula is small in proportion for the size of the bird, thick, narrow and
short. It is bent neither right nor left, but moderately curved, its convexity being
along its dorsal aspect. It has a distinct ellipsoidal raised facet for articulation with
the above-described pit in the coracoid, while the surface it offers for the glenoid
cavityis small. Its most striking character is the very much elongated process at its
antero-mesial angle. This acromial process does, not meet the clavicle in articula-
tion. On the dorsal aspect of the blade, near its middle, is a distinct tubercle for
muscular attachment, that is quite noticeable.

Of the Appendicular Skeleton.
(See Plate XX VII., Figs. 31-34, 38 and 39.)

In the pectoral limb the hwmerus is a very long, large bone showing the usual
double sigmoidal curvature in its shaft, which for its middle third is subcylindrical
Ma torn = (seculal: OX INTs Mig: 34.)

The radial crest is but moderately developed, while a peculiar tuberous enlarge-
ment is found on the ulnar border of the bone, just distad to the pneumatic cavity.
It is stopped abruptly immediately before we come to the shaft, by a distinct
though very narrow notch. The ulnar tuberosity is not very prominent, only parti-
ally overhanging the pneumatic fossa. Between it and the true humeral head is a
distinct notch or valley. At the distal end of the shaft, the oblique and radial
tubercles stand out with considerable prominence ; the olecranon fossa is pretty well
marked, otherwise we find only the usual ornithic characters here. The humerus
has an extreme length of about 27 centimeters.

200 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The ulna of the forearm is even much longer than this, being fully 32.5 centi-
meters in length, and from its great pneumaticity a very light bone. At its proxi-
mal extremity it has a very large pneumatic fossa just below the facet for articulation
with the radius. The olecranon process is barely at all developed. Along the
moderately curved shaft there are at least twenty-two distinct papille, nearly equi-
distant from each other, for the insertion of the quill-butts of the secondary feathers
of the wing. On section, at its middle third, the shaft is triangular, and its distal
end presents us with nothing peculiar. (The ulna of P. sharper is shown in PI.
XOX VIL Pigs 3)

The radius is a long, slender bone and is also somewhat curved. Its distal end
is transversely expanded, below, which expansion is the pneumatic fossa.

The radiale and ulnare of the carpus both plainly show the pneumatic fossa
leading into them, as do all the bones of the manus. The carpo-metacarpus has
an extreme length of about 12.4 centimeters. Along its continuity it is slightly
carved anconad, while the very slender medius metacarpal stands well away
from the main shaft, being somewhat longer than it is at the point of anchy-
losis distally. The pollex metacarpal is short and bulky. The carpo-metacarpus of
P. sharper exhibits the usual characters of this bone among the Pelicans (PI.
XEXVAIE his: 39):

The proximal phalanx of the index digit, with a length of 5 centimeters has
a broad expansion posteriorly, and is peculiar in being perfectly flat and smooth
upon its anconal side, while upon the palmar aspect it is divided into two
deep concavities which are absolutely riddled with pneumatic foramina at their
bases.

The terminal joint of this finger is long and trihedral in form, with its pneu-
matic foramen at the proximal end. Though a little longer than the pollex
phalanx, the latter has very much the same shape, and is likewise pneumatic. ‘The
free terminal joint of the medius digit has a broadish, triangular expansion behind,
and the holes for the admission of air pierce it upon both sides. ‘This bone is 3.4
centimeters long, by 1.8 broad at its broadest part; while the distal joint of index
has an extreme length of 4.6 centimeters.

In the pelvic lumb, a femur although pneumatic to a certain degree, it is not so
markedly so, as either the tibio-tarsus or the tarso-metatarsus. It will, in the dried
skeleton, probably weigh more than the former, notwithstanding it is not as large,
nor so long. Its stout shaft is but very little bowed in the antero-posterior direction,
and the extremities are large and massive. The broad trochanter does not rise above
the articular summit of the bone proximally, and the pit for the round ligament on

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 201

the caput femoris is but little excavated. Distally, the condyles appear to be
somewhat antero-posteriorly compressed, and transversely spread apart from each
other. The external condyle is slightly the lower and larger of the two, and
it is deeply cleft behind for the head of the fibula. Anteriorly, the rotular chan-
nel is shallow, nor is the popliteal fossa on the other side of the bone as deep in
proportion as we find it in many other birds, both large and small, (Pl. XX VIL.,
Fig. 32).

A tibio-tarsus instead of being bowed in the antero-posterior direction as it often
1s, it curves the other way so that the fibular border of the bone is convexed, and
the opposite one, correspondingly, or even rather more, concaved. The extremities
are large, but the several cnemial processes at the proximal one are but very moder-
ately developed. Low and long, the fibular ridge extends down half the length of
the shaft, and its articular margin or border is roughened. ‘The tibio-tarsus of P.
sharper exhibits these characters very well, as they are seen in the Pelecanide
generally (Pl. XXVIL., Fig. 33).

- At the distal end of the tibio-tarsus, the large condyles of the usual reniform out-
line, protrude prominently to the front, while behind they almost immediately
merge into the general surface of the lower end of the shaft. The intercondylar
interval is deeply excavated between them in front; atitheir lateral aspects the points
for tendinal and ligamentous insertion are roughened and distinctly defined. A
small bony bridge, such a frequent ornithic character, spans obliquely the anterior,
longitudinal channel for the passage of tendons. In the deepest part of this recess,
and directly under this little osseous bridge, a large pneumatic foramen enters the
shaft of the bone. It is the principal aperture of this kind, by far, in the bone, and
exists in the same place in the shaft of the fellow of the opposite side.

A fibula has its head and articular surface thereon moderately well developed,
but the bone contracts rapidly as we proceed in the direction of its distal end, and
after passing the articular surface for the tibia, it comes to be little more than a
stout, bony thread, that by no means reaches the condyle of the tibio-tarsus, nor
does it anchylose with its distal end.

Pelicans have, comparatively speaking, a very small ee which is roughly
wedge-shaped in form, with the flat base below, and the superior edge rounded, and
not especially sharp.

The tarso-metatarsus is a stout, straight bone, with pronounced characteristics. The
intercondyloid process upon its summit is rounded and conspicuous. Immediately
below it, in front, terminates the usual longitudinal channel found on the anterior
aspect of the shaft. It is deep here and opens into the shaft by a double pneu-

202 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

matic foramen. The inner one of these is large, and not only communicates with
the interior of the shaft but passes also directly through it—appearing to the inner
side of the base of the hypotarsus as a large foramen. ‘Two or three much smaller
foramina appear upon the opposite side of the hypotarsus, and they lead to similar
passages through the shaft.

A prominent feature of this bone is its large hypotarsal process. ‘This is com-
posed of a thick, oblong piece or internal portion, which is capped upon its posterior
aspect by an elliptical, vertical cap, having slightly protruding margins.

Two very much smaller such plates are developed external to this larger one,
having each only about one half its altitude, and being not more than one fourth as
thick. By their posterior surfaces more or less ossifying across, two vertical tubes
are formed, an internal and external one, through which the tendons pass in life.
As thus formed, this hypotarsus stands out rather abruptly and perpendicularly
from the shaft, with hardly any inclination to merge with it at its lower part, as is
the case in a good many birds. As to the shaft of this bone, it is convex posteriorly
and strongly marked by the raised muscular lines; it is concaved slightly in front,
the excavation being very deep proximally; shallow in the middle third; and deep-
ening a little again as it passes into the usual foramen between and above the external
and middle trochlear processes. ‘These latter are large and normally disposed, the
mid one being the lower of the three, while the internal and external project about
equally backwards. The facet for the free first metatarsal is concave and of some
considerable size. ‘The os metatarsale accessorium is a little over two centimeters long,
presenting the usual head and being slightly twisted upon itself distad. It agrees
with the toe-joints in being non-pneumatic. These latter are nearly all straight,
only some of the distal ones being slightly curved. Fora bird as large as a Pelican
they indicate rather a feeble foot, and this is further sustained when we come to see
the weak terminal joints, which are transversely somewhat compressed, not very
long, but withal distinctly, in fact rather strongly curved. These phalangeal joints
are arranged upon the plan of 2, 3, 4, and 5 bones to the hallux, second, third and
fourth toes respectively.

Pelecanus fuscus has a femur 8.5 cm. long; a tibio-tarsus of 12.5 cm.; a tarso-
metatarsus of 7.8 cm. and a mid-anterior basal phalanx of pes of about 3.9 cm. in
length.

When one comes to think of it then, a Pelican has rather a peculiarly balanced
skeleton. Its lower jaw is considerably longer than its ulna, and the latter is in turn
considerably longer than the humerus. This last-named bone is only a little more
than half as long as the carpo-metacarpus of manus. The tibio-tarsus and the carpo-

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 203

metacarpus are almost exactly of a length, the difference being only a millimeter in
favor of the former.”

Further information in regard to the osteology of the Pelecanidx will be given
later on in the present memoir, as well as in the explanation of plates at its close.
In Volume I. of the Hand-lnst of Birds by Dr. R. Bondler Sharpe (1899, pp. 238,
239), I find that he recognizes ten species of existing Pelicans, and seven fossil
ones. They are found in nearly all parts of the world, including Australia, Tas-
mania and New Guinea. It is not likely that they differ very widely in their
osteology, and it is probable that in its main features it is very well exemplified in
Pelecanus fuscus as has just been set forth above.

Existing Pelicans have by ornithologists generally, all been restricted to the one
genus Pelecanus of the family Pelecanidx, where they undoubtedly belong.

On the Skeleton of Fregata.
(See Plate XXIX., Figs. 45-48; Pl. XXX., Figs. 50, 51.)

Of all the steganopodous birds perhaps no one of them exceed Fregata aquila, in
point of interest, in so far as its osteology is concerned. In not a few particulars it
has a very remarkable skeleton, while in others it would appear to indicate that the
form or species is a more or less generalized one. For example, both superficially
and otherwise, the skull of Fregata resembles, in not a few respects, the skull in some
species of Albatrosses (Diomedeidx). This not only applies to the lower jaw, where
the similarity is very evident, but also to a number of characters in the cranium
and face. ‘The long, powerfully hooked superior mandibles are a good deal alike,
as are the maxillo-palatines. regata has a vomer that approaches that bone in the
Albatrosses ; its palatines are not far off, and even still less so its pterygoids and
quadrates. ‘The lacrymals are upon the same plan of structure, and the entire

19 There are some specimens of embryos and subadults both of Pelecanus and Cormorants in the U.S. National
Museum collections, and at my request Mr. Lucas has examined some of these for me, and writes the following letter
on the subject, for all of which it gives me pleasure to thank him.

DEAR DR. SHUFELDT :

J have examined Pelecanus sp. about three or four days old and Phalacrocorax carunculatus for supramaxillary and
found no trace in either. Pelecanus seems to mature more rapidly than Phalacrocorax. In the young Pelican the lacry-
mal is well developed and free, and there is no trace of the partial hinge joint at base of bill. There are traces of the
three fused metatarsals and the calcaneum (?) is still free. In the young Cormorant the nostrils are still open, the
lachrymal free. The occipital style is represented by ligament and were we all ignorant of its existence, it mght readily
be overlooked. The hyoid is large. It would seem then that the supramaxillary does not appear until late in life and
it may have no morphological meaning ; simply it ossifies at the time of closing of nostrils. The occipital style of P.
carunculatus is small in the adult. The specimen was about one third grown, and about ten days old probably.

Sincerely yours, ; :
FREDERIC A. LUCAS.

204 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

cranium proper in the Man-o’-war-Bird might well answer for that of an Albatross
but slightly removed from the typical stock. regata, however, lacks the deep supra-
orbital glandular fossee so characteristic of the Diomedeide, and, from above down-
wards, the skull is somewhat more compressed than it is in, for example, such a
species as the Short-tailed Albatross (D. albatrus) (Pl. XXIX., Fig. 46).

The superior mandible is broad at its base, and tapers gradually forwards, to be
armed at the apex with a powerful and decurved hook which is exceedingly sharp
at the point. This mandible is convex from side to side, moderately compressed,
and concave longitudinally along the mid-line of the culmen, from the cranium to
the base of the apical hook anteriorly. The narial apertures are small and situate
each at the bottom of a fossa-like depression, while from them running directly
forwards, one upon either side, is a distinct groove. It is rather deep, and very
narrow, not being carried upon the hooked part of the bill at its distal termination.

No distinct cranio-facial hinge exists, but at the middle point in that region
the proximal ends of the premaxillaries remain unobliterated throughout life (PI.
XXIX., Fig. 46).

Deeply coneave towards each other, and with sharpened margins, the superior
borders of the orbits are separated from each other by an interval of something
more than 2cm. Mesially, the intervening frontal surface shows a slight eleva-
tion, while in the parietal or post-frontal region there are two larger, convex and
elongated elevations placed side by side with a median, not at all deep, depres-
sion passing between them. Within the cranial casket these elevations harbor the
superior surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, and the skull is thinner there than
elsewhere (Pl. XXIX., Fig. 46).

The crotaphyte fossee are well-defined, even better so than in an Albatross (D.
albatrus), being very slightly depressed below the general surface, and, in the mid-
dle line posteriorly, do not meet by an interval of a centimeter (PI. XXIX., Fig. 45).

Apart from this character, and the fact that the squamosal processes are more
prominent and sharper in Fregata, the posterior aspect of its cranium agrees almost
exactly, character for character, with what is presented to us on that view in the
cranium of D. albatrus. In this I do not exclude the pterygoids and quadrates.

The large subvertical, subcylindrical foramen magnum is partially overarched.
by the well-defined occipital area, and the condyle, although of the same shape, is
not quite as prominent as it is in an Albatross (Pl. XXIX., Fig. 48).

Seen upon side view, we are to note the deep valley of the temporal fossa, made
so by the large outstanding post-frontal process anteriorly and the sharp, ridge-like
squamosal projection referred to above (Pl. XXIX., Fig. 45).

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 205

The lacrymal is a free bone articulating by its upper portion with the free border
formed by the frontal and nasal bones, while its descending limb is bulbous at its
lower extremity, and fails to reach quite the maxillary below it. The pars plana
is nearly aborted, there being merely a small bridge of bone left, that arches over
the anterior end of the nasal nerve as it enters the rhinal chamber. This nerve
passes in an open groove, but is again shielded by an osseous span, just as it enters
the orbit. The “foramen rotundum”’ is large and is distinct from a still more exten-
sive vacuity which is seen above it on the anterior wall of the cranial casket. No
foramina exist in the interorbital septum proper. Occasionally a small distinct
nerve foramen is seen to the outer side of the opening for the exit of the optic
nerve. The anterior border of the mesethmoid is both concaved and sharpened
(Pl. XXIX., Fig. 45).

The zygomatic bar is quite straight, being transversely compressed at its quadrato-
jugal end, to become twisted upon itself in the jugal part, and so vertically flattened
for the remainder of its extent or in the maxillary moiety. The extreme anterior
end fuses in between the premaxillary and nasal. At the hinder extremity we find
the usual little peg articulating in the pitlet on the outstanding process of the
quadrate (Pl. XXIX., Figs. 45 and 48).

As has already been remarked above, one of these last-named bones bears a
very close resemblance to the quadrate in an albatross. The orbital process

of the os quadratum in Fregata is antero-posteriorly compressed just as it is
in Diomedea, and its free extremity is expanded and finished off in the same
manner. |

We notice a slight difference, however, in the form of the internal articular
facet of the mandibular end of the bone. It is more compressed from before, back-
wards in Fregata, and the articular surface presents but one common convexity,
whereas in Diomedea this facet is impressed by a deep, oblique valley, the axis of
which is parallel to the pterygoid of the same side.

As in the Albatross, a pterygoid bone is a straight, stout element, with some-
what enlarged anterior end, and a markedly expanded posterior one; in the last
character being much more enlarged than it is in Diomedea. Both birds have their
pterygoids pneumatic, and when articulated in situ, they touch each other in the
middle line, beneath the sphenoidal rostrum.

In Fregata the basitemporal region is small and of a triangular outline; the
eustachian passages are very open canals, and their anterior beginnings are separated
by quite an interval —the base of the sphenoid standing distinctly between them
(Pl. XXIX., Fig. 48).

206 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Although morphologically very much alike, the palatines in Fregata fuse together
where they come in contact with each other posteriorly, which is not the case in any
Albatross ever examined by me. The ascending and descending lamin are not so
powerfully developed as they are in the Albatrosses, but in Fregata we still find the
broad, horizontally flattened anterior moieties of the palatines, with the mesial,
elongated and narrow interval separating them. At the fore part of this we like-
wise see the mamillo-palatines, similarly separated, with their external borders and
surfaces accurately fused with the contiguous bones. Between them, we discover
the sharp apex of the extremely slender, and long, and free, and curved vomer of the
Man-o’-war Bird, so very suggestive of being an extreme modification of that element
as we found it to exist in Diomedea. (See Figs. 16 and 17, in my memoir on the Oste-
ology of the Tubinares and Steganopodes, P. U.S. N. M., 1888, p. 279, for the vomer
in an Albatross.)

The postero-external angle of a palatine in Fregata is inclined to be.somewhat
produced, whereas in the Diomedeide as a rule that angle is rounded off (PI.
XXIX., Fig. 48).

Upon examining the mandible in Frregata it also presents a number of characters
it has in common with that bone in Diomedea. In form it is a long V-shaped struc-
ture, with truncated postero-articular ends. The rami are strong and thick; the
ramal vacuities are closed in; the rather meager symphysis is decurved and sharply
pointed at the apex. Along the superior margin of either dentary portion, runs a
distinct groove; these borders being cultrate in the Albatross, and the aforesaid
groove being conducted down upon the mesial aspect of the dentary element, where
it is far less pronounced, and its nature not so marked. ‘The mesial aspect of either
dentary part of the jaw in Fregata is also deeply grooved for nearly its entire length ;
this last groove is but faintly developed in Diomedea, and that only at the anterior
third of the bone (Pl. XXIX., Fig. 47).

Fregata has a more pneumatic mandible than Diomedea, and the foramen at
either articular end is, in the former genus on top of the mesial process, while in the
latter it is situated at the base of the obliquely-disposed, deep, central concavity, or,
in other words, that concavity which is intended to accommodate the inner large
articular facette on the quadrate. It is single and circular in either case.

Fregata has a very simple skeleton as to its hyordean apparatus, for the fore part is
considerably aborted, while behind all the elements do not ossify. The small glosso-
hyal is performed entirely in elementary cartilage, and only the diminutive cerato-
hyals, which are distinct from each other, ossify. The short, rather bulky, first
basibranchial ossifies, but there is no sign of a second one. Of the thyrohyal ele-

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES ZOK

ments, the ceratobranchials are long, slightly curved, and completely ossified; the
epibranchials are in cartilage only. In my specimen the sclerotals of the eye, and
the bony elements of the internal ear, are missing.

Of the Remainder of the Axial Skeleton.

Upon examining the vertebral chain of Fregata aquwila we find in it thirteen
vertebree in the cervical region, that do not support free ribs; the fourteenth
vertebra has a long, slender pair that are without unciform processes, the next five,
all freely movable upon each other, connect with the sternum by means of their
costal ribs or heamapophyses; then, finally, there are two pairs of pelvic ribs, but
it is only the costal ribs of the leading or anterior pair, that connect with the
sternum. In the specimen before us, we may call them, from the fifteenth to the nine-
teenth vertebra inclusive, true dorsals, while counting, as best we may, the number
of vertebree fused together in the pelvic sacrum, there appear to be fourteen in all.
Next follow six free caudals and a large pygostyle.

Since the first part of this memoir was written I have had placed before me, a
skeleton in the rough of the Great Wandering Albatross (D. exulans), and upon com-
paring the arrangement and number of its vertebree with what has just been given
for Fregata, we find it to be dissimilar in many particulars. This leads me to think
that with respect to the spinal column, the ribs, and the vertebree, no typical Alba-
tross will be found to agree with the Man-o’-War Bird.

Pneumaticity is a prominent character of the trunk skeleton of Fregata, and it
" would seem that all the bones enjoyed that state. The atlas has a broad neural
arch, and its cup instead of being perforated, is extensively notched above. On the
axis the ‘“‘odontoid process” is short and stumpy; and its heemal spine is also an in-
significant affair. On the dorsal aspect of this vertebra, the neural spine is broad
and tuberous, while the postzygapophysial processes are much swollen also. These
latter, in the third vertebra, are joined upon either side with the prezygapophyses
by means of a somewhat delicate interzygapophysial bar. A large heemal spine is
present here, and a lowneural one. The same character is to be found in the fourth
vertebra, and both third and fourth possess short backward-projecting parapophysial
spines.

In the fourth or fifth cervical a distinct neural process exists; it is absent again
to include the ninth vertebra; it is but faintly developed in the tenth, and from
thence backward it gradually increases in proportion and changes in form, until we
have the low, quadrate plate of the dorsal series. Throughout the latter, heemal
spines are absent, and from the fifth to the tenth vertebra inclusive, the carotid

208 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

canal exists, unclosed as it is by the rather feebly produced parapophyses. From
the third vertebra to the thirteenth inclusive, lateral vertebral canals are to be found,
and in the fourteenth vertebra the pleurapophysial elements free themselves as a
pair of ribs. It is only in the last three dorsals that metapophysial spines, of no
great length, extend backward from the postero-external angles of the transverse
processes, and in these three vertebre, upon their dorsal aspects, a pneumatic pit is
found, on either side, posterior to the prezygayophyses. ‘The mode of articulation
among the centra is of the common ornithic character, and one of the chief features
distinguishing these vertebre is the lack of prominence, or even entire absence, of
projecting processes, so conspicuous in many other birds. A good example of this
is seen in the eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh vertebrae, where the tendency of the
short parapophysial processes is to merge with the centra by means of osseous
bridges connecting the two; and another is the marked absence of hzemal spines.

As near as I can judge from my specimen, the arrangement of the ribs of Pregata
is as follows: On the fourteenth vertebra there is a rudimentary pair, while on the
fifteenth there is a long, slender pair of free ribs, that are without epipleural proc-
esses. These are well-developed on the succeeding pair belonging to the sixteenth
vertebra; and this pair of ribs are the first of the series to connect with the sternum,
by means of rather short heemapophyses, the ribs of the dorsal series, seventeenth to
nineteenth vertebre inclusive, are long, very narrow, highly pneumatic, and are
characterized by the unusual length of their epiplural spines. ‘They all have costal
pairs of ribs, gradually increasing in length, and connecting with the sternum.

Two pairs of pelvic ribs are seen, both lacking epipleural appendages, and the
ultimate pair anchylosed with the vertebra to which they belong, and with the ven-
tral surfaces of the ilia. The last pair of costal ribs fail to reach the sternum.

The pelvis is broad and flattened. Anteriorly onejentire vertebra projects beyond
the ilia, but it is codssified in its position with the “sacrum.”

Viewed from above, we are to note that the ilia are widely separated from the
sacral crista, which latter are very large, rounded and depressed. Slight concavity
characterizes the preacetabular iliac areas, and the anterior emarginated borders of
these bones are very obliquely truncated from their antero-mesial angles backwards.
The interdiapophysial vacuities in the uro-sacral region are of considerable size, and
the most part they have a parial arrangement and are very large in front.

The postacetabular areas are about equal in extent to the anterior ones, and are
convexed as much as the latter are concaved. Bony fusion between the ilia and
the vertebre is, in all this region, very perfect, extending clear to the sacral ex-
tremity, and no part of the latter projects posteriorly beyond the iliac bones.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 209

Upon lateral view of this pelvis we note that the ischium (upon either side) is
much drawn out behind, and there pointed. It may be said that hardly any ilio-
ischiadic notch exists, the usual site for it being very shallowly rounded off. For
their anterior moieties the pubic styles are very slender, but their elongated pos-
terior ends are more clubbed and thickened, where they come simply in contact
with either ischium above them. On the lateral aspect the antitrochanter is seen
to be not very prominent; and the cotyloid ring and ischiadic foramen have their
usual ornithic characters. Posteriorly, the obturator foramen opens most com-
pletely into the space of the same name; thus, in reality, merging the two vacuities
into one. In the capacious pelvic basin on
the ventral aspect we find the last six parap-
ophysial struts of the vertebra, when pres-
ent, very distinct and slender, being thrown
up as braces in the usual manner. ‘This fea-
ture also obtains with all the vertebre at the
fore part of the sacrum, and indeed, there are
only two in the series that entirely lack this
development of the parapophysial processes,
they being the twenty-sixth and twenty-
seventh of the vertebral chain as a whole.

This pelvis is very ight and highly pneu-
matic; air-holes-always occurring in a small
group immediately in front of either cotyloid
ring, as well as in many other places. /

Moreover, in many respects the pelvis in
Fregata is a very differently characterized
bone from what we find in an Albatross.

In the skeleton before me, I find six large, ‘

; ; Fig. 37. Dorsal aspect of the pelvis of Fregata
free caudal vertebre, besides a big parallelo- aquila, very slightly reduced. From a photograph
grammatic pygostyle. The vertebrae have _ by the author of the specimen in the collection of

: the U. S. National Museum (No. 18485).
very long, depressed, narrow diapophyses,
the anterior and posterior borders of which are rounded off. Stumpy, bifid,
centrally perforated hemal spines are found only in the last two or three, while in
all these vertebrae, so light from the high state of pneumaticity they enjoy, the
neural spines are elevated and pointed. The neural canal, nowhere very large,
seems to extend even into the pygostyle. This latter bone has a rounded superior

border, while below and behind it is thickened and broadened. At its lower part

7

210 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

it is usually transversely perforated by an oval foramen of some size. Above its
anterior concave articular facet the margin is sharp, the corresponding posterior one
being rounded. In the more expanded part below this latter margin, we find the
numerous pneumatic perforations that lead into its interior parts. The large
pygostyle of an Albatross is triangular in outline, and the caudal vertebrae of one
of these birds bear but slight resemblance to those bones in regata.

A number of anatomists in various places have already invited attention to the
striking peculiarities of the sternwm and shoulder girdle of the species we here have
under consideration (Pl. XXX., Figs. 50 and 51).

In the specimen at hand, I find that the symphysis of the furcula is extensively
coossified with the fore part of the carina of the sternum, while its upper clavicular
extremities are in a like manner very completely fused with the mesial aspects of
the summits of the coracoids, upon either side. The sternal ends of these latter
bones form free articulations with the sternum, and the scapule are also freely articu-
lated each with the corresponding coracoid. This description, it will be seen, differs
from what Newton found in a specimen of /regata, and he says, “In one very re-
markable way the osteology of Fregata differs from that of all other birds known.
The furcula coalesces firmly at its symphysis with the carina of the sternum, and
also with the coracoids at the upper extremity of each of its rami, the anterior end
of each coracoid coalescing also with the proximal end of the scapula. ‘Thus the
only articulation in the whole sternal apparatus are where the coracoids meet the
sternum, and the consequence is a bony framework which would be perfectly rigid
did not the flexibility of the ramiof the furcula permit a limited amount of motion.”

My skeleton is from an adult bird, as no doubt the one examined by Professor
Newton was, and this makes the circumstance all the more remarkable.

In Albatrosses the symphysis of the furcula also fuses with the sternum, while
the sternum, coracoid, and scapulee of some of those birds bear other slight resem-
blances to the corresponding bones in the skeleton of the Man-o’-war Bird.

Fregata has a very short sternum, being about as long as it is broad. The body
above is profoundly conecaved, where it shows numerous pneumatic foramina espe-
cially down the median portion. Either costal process is triangular, pointed and
lofty, and the costal borders short. They about equal in length, however, on either
side, the sharp-edged lateral margin.

The rather short xiphoidal processes are situated, one at either posterior-external
angle of the body of the bone, and they are rounded off behind. For the rest, the
xiphoidal border that joins them is nearly an unbroken transverse line, exhibiting

20 Alfred Newton, ‘‘ Dictionary of Birds,’’ Art. Frigate-Bird, Part I., pp. 293, 294, London, 1893.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 211

neither notches or indentations. Ventrally, the carina extends the entire length of
the bone, its lower margin being very convex and thickened ; the lateral edges of the
latter extending beyond the sides. The anterior carinal boundary is sharp and short
surmounted above by a rudimentary manubrium. Either costal groove is deep and
wide, and the coracoids, when articulated in situ, meet in the median line above, where
they separate the anterior sternal border and the small trihedral manubrial process.

The os furcula is of the U-shaped pattern, and is codssified, as has been said, with
the sternum and coracoid. Its rami are narrow and compressed, with its hypoclei-
dial portion below very broad, triangular in outline, slightly concaved in front,
and withal antero-posteriorly compressed. Above, the clavicular ends are trans-
versely very thin. Either one shows two places of bony fusion; one at the tip, and
a still more extensive one in front of the head of the coracoid. Mesiad, between
these, there exists an oval foramen. The clavicular extremities are separated from
each other by a distance of 6 centimeters. By far the largest bone of the pectoral
girdle is the coracoid. Hither one of them has a height of 8.5 cm. with a large
shaft and broad sternal end. A minute epicoracoidal process is present, and the
clavicular process, although pretty well developed and curving forwards, does not
reach the end of the clavicle by quite an interval. The glenoid cavity faces more
than usual to the rear, much as it does in an Albatross. Measuring on its chord, a
scapula has a length of about 8 centimeters. Its inner border is convex, and its
outer more decidedly concave. For its middle third, the bone is narrow and thick-
ened, the distal extremity being slightly dilated, compressed from above down-
wards, and brought to a rounded point posteriorly. Its coracoidal extremity is
also much compressed in the vertical direction, very wide from side to side, with its
inner angle drawn out into a well-developed process, and with a small glenoidal
facet occupying the other one.

The Pectoral Limb.—The bones making up the skeleton of the upper extremity
are all completely pneumatic, and, as compared with those of the pelvic limb, are
chiefly remarkable for their enormous comparative lengths. This is well shown in
the following table :

GEMS TO MPELUIM OG US seer se reece fastecc wis es vjsiectiseac atabacenece we seananecstne: 21.0 cm.
OL J ENSIONTNOS Gs sohoobandatob oes Gubd cata spade TOOsC naan OG EeE Hes eTCEEOS RaUa Eee oat 9s
Ge (UIline caetnete andes docddeeooc RCO HG EHS O ESS SCE COE a GOCE Reo eae Aeris pastry ares Di 35) BC
ue Mb 1 O=GANSUSHemaa eee ere eee ects eats cee hee Siac ae Imcide citrate ison fe
ue I RANG IIOIG cosgdomban Stoosdae Set oSD Son CED BEDS Un cH o rae EEE At STB HE Asano nnae 26.6 ‘
bi IM GUE s cbesadaoes GueccbaaddcuchSo saehpOaeRUHOr ea aC RAB eRDce cer eR ccerctee Gi 6
ss Carpo-metacarpus i -pessce-c deci tcies oelae nec se cieceete sine siseiels eiieiestnoss IO %
es MANS Oa e LaAUSUSHrese es ccec cil sni-tees ta stasecleren cinacseiest daiseciisawisctese QA st
of MCE at Oat cere cete tescsaele tee aicaciysciac eotoontitemenetes sme secre teers UW oo

66 MEA FETIOTAUOS srrm ceanae caneee elise slie coerdalaiee eee ren amtoe cial wists ansisven To 86

Pile MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The hwmerus presents the usual double sigmoidal curve seen in the humeri of
almost all birds. Its shaft is smooth and subeylindrical in form, being somewhat
compressed from side to side. ‘The pneumatic fossa is inclined to be shallow and
the foramina in it very small; but there are pneumatic openings in other parts of
the bone, notably at the distal extremity, where large ones occur upon either aspect.
The radial crest or the crista superior is very prominent, being of a triangular out-
line, with a thickened border distad. The ulnar tuberosity or the crista inferior is also
conspicuously developed, with the tuberculum internum much produced. The caput
humeri is elongated and spindleform; it is separated from a flat tuberous area on the
ulnar side of the palmar aspect by a deep transverse sulcus, the sulcus transversus.
At the distal end of the bone the muscular grooves are very deep on its anconal as-
pect, the ulnar side apparently much raised in consequence. A deep fossa exists
both palmad and anconad to the trochlee. A low ectepicondylar eminence is pres-
ent, with deep, circumscribed muscular pits near it on the radial border. No very
special resemblance exists between this bone in Wregata and the humerus as it is
found in any of the typical Albatrosses. The same would seem to apply to the re-
mainder of the skeleton of this limb. _

In the wina we find the shaft somewhat more cylindrical than it is in the humerus,
and presenting but a very slight degree of curvature. It has two distinct rows of
papille for the quill-butts of the secondary feathers, the more prominent row being
represented by eighteen of them. The concavities for the trochlee of the humerus are
deep with raised edges, but the olecranon process is low and tuberous. Its distal ends
present the usual ornithic characters, with muscle-grooves very distinctly marked.

The radius viewed upon its superior aspect presents for its length an elongated
sigmoidal curve. This curve for its distal two thirds nearly agrees with the curva-
ture of the shaft of the ulna, when the bones are articulated in sitw; while for the
proximal third it is reversed, and here occurs a long, narrow, spindle-shaped “ interos-
seous space.” The radial shaft is more or less cylindrical, smooth, and but faintly
marked by muscular lines or ridges. The distal end of the bone is considerably
expanded in the transverse direction, and here pneumatic foramina are to be seen.
Its proximal head is only moderately developed, and it is the middle third of the
continuity of the shaft that possesses the greatest caliber. This latter very gradually
diminishes as we approach the extremities.

Fregata when adult has in its wrist the two usual carpal segments, which, from
the high state of pneumaticity they enjoy, are extremely ight. Although they have
the usual form seen in birds, they are here powerfully marked by the various mus-
cular-grooves and articular facets that characterize them.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES Zils

The carpometacarpus also presents us with the common ornithic features ; though
from its great pneumaticity, it is one of the lightest bones of its size we have ever
met with in the class. The pollex metacarpal forms a large triangular projection
at its usual site, while the shafts of the index and medius are nearly straight and
parallel with each other; the former being fully six times the bulk of the latter.
Distally, neither one projects beyond the other, as is sometimes the case in birds of
other groups.

The expanded portion of the proximal phalanx of the index digit is both per-
forated and riddled with pneumatic foramina of various sizes and shapes, and upon
both sides. This part sends down a conspicuous rounded process beyond the proper
shaft of the bone, while from the antero-distal aspect of the shaft itself, a similar
process projects forward. At the proximal extremity are two other apophyses
standing out from the bone, one being upon its anconal and the other upon its
palmar side, while the plane of the articular surface of the summit extends, to
some extent, over and upon each. The distal or terminal phalanx of this finger
is of great length ; trihedral in form; and much scooped out posteriorly. Pneu-
matic foramina enter it at various points, one, somewhat elongated, even occurring
at its apex. The pollex digit is not more than two thirds the length of the one
just described, and its posterior aspect, instead of being scooped out, is very sharp
and prominent ; and this border in the still smaller phalanx of the medius digit,
has upon it a low tuberous apophysis for muscular attachment. None of these ter-
minal joints of the fingers appears to bear claws at their extremities.

The Pelvic Inmb.— Feebleness of a very marked character stamps every bone of
the lower extremity in Fregata. The skeleton here is, moreover, largely non-pneu-
matic. It is, apparently, only the femur and proximal moiety of the tibio-tarsus
that enjoys that state at all. ‘The former bone is quite as pneumatic as the humerus
of the arm, while the portion of the tibio-tarsus mentioned appears to be only
moderately so. 3

The femur is short and bulky, with its head very distinctly sessile, and its upper
part markedly scooped out for the insertion of the round ligament. The trochan-
terian ridge does not rise above the articular summit of the shaft, and it is broad
and flat in the antero-posterior direction externally. Below these parts extends the
short, straight, cylindrical shaft, more or less strongly marked by the usual muscular
lines. The condylar portion or distal end is weakly developed, though all the char-
acters common to the femora of most birds are present. <A fibular notch is well
defined, and the external condyle is placed lower down on the shaft. Both the
popliteal fossa and rotular channel are very shallow; the latter, it may be said,

214 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

hardly exists at all. Pneumatic foramina are always found at the base of the
former, immediately above the internal condyle.

Lack of salient characters distinguishes the tibio-tarsus even more profoundly
than the femur. Its cnemial crest and processes are almost completely reduced, the
former barely rising above the nearly level articular summit of the bone. Com-
paratively short and quite straight, its shaft is of decidedly slender bulk, being
subcylindrical in form. The fibular ridge is confined completely within the limits
of its upper third, being but a little more than a centimeter in length. Its articu-
lation with that bone is very free. At the distal end we find a pretty well de-
veloped pair of condyles, but the osseous bridgelet in front is low down and weak,
indicating that the tendons too, which it is intended to hold in place, must also be
but feebly developed.

The fibula is nearly complete, its lower end, of hair-like dimensions, is fused with
the side of the shaft of the tibio-tarsus immediately above the external condyle of
the latter bone. Above its proximal articulation, the fibula is of larger size, stand-
ing in strong contrast with the very slender straight part below that point.

Fregata has a flake-like patella of some size, being quadrilateral in outline, and
marked obliquely across its anterior surface by a groove for the ambiens muscle.
As with the vast majority of birds, it is non-pneumatic in character.

The tarso-metatarsus is wonderfully short and thick-set. This bone is so much
abbreviated in the direction of its longitudinal axis that it hardly appears to
possess any shaft at all. Antero-posteriorly it is flattened, while transversely it is
relatively broad. On its anterior surface well-marked grooves plainly indicate the
three metatarsal elements of which it is composed, while posteriorly the short shaft
is quite flat and smooth. Its hypotarsus is bulky and circumscribed, — not extend-
ing down the bone, — while a single central canal pierces it for the passage of the
tendons. This is of some size. Distally, the trochlear processes are comparatively
large and spreading. ‘They all lie in nearly the same transverse plane, the inner
one being the lowest in position; the outer, the highest; and the middle one
occupying an intermediate place. The foramen for the passage of the anterior
tibial artery is peculiar, inasmuch as its lower exit is in the sulcus between the
outer and middle trochlear projections instead of on the back of the shaft above
that point, where it is usually to be found. ‘The accessory or first metatarsal is as
large in proportion as in those birds where the skeleton of this limb is harmoniously
developed in point of size with the rest of the osseous system. All the phalangeal
joints of the pes are well developed, being arranged upon the plan of 2, 3, 4, 5, for
the first to fourth toe respectively, and were not this part of the skeleton of the foot

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 215

ridiculously small for the size of the bird to which it belongs, it might, with truth,
be said to be very well developed.

The ungual joints are powerfully curved, and considerable curvature character-
izes the majority of the others, especially those of the first, second, and third toes.
Although a digression from the consideration of the osteology of Mregata, it is inter-
esting to note that the greatly developed podotheca of the ungual joint of the middle
toe is beautifully pectinated, —a fact, in the present instance at least, that distinctly
militates against the view, still entertained by a few ornithologists, that the function
of the toes of birds so armed is the possession of an instrument wherewith they may
rid themselves and their plumage of vermin.

Relationships of the Steganopodes.

If we base our judgment on the osteology of the birds that have been exam-
ined in the present memoir, it would seem that we are Justified in regarding the
Suborder SrEGANOPODES as being composed of three superfamilies. These may be
designated as, first, the Pelecanoidea; second, the Phaéthontoidea ; and third, and
lastly, the Pregatoidea.

Arranging these, and arraying the existing families of them, with their genera,
a taxonomic scheme on such a basis would stand thus:

SUPERFAMILIES. FAMILIES. GENERA.
Pelecanus.
[ Pelecanidee.
| i Phalacrocorax.
; Phalacrocoracidse
Pelecanoidea ts Nannopterum.
Anhingidee. :
: Anhinga.
Sulidee.
Sula.
Phaéthontoidea. Phaethontidee. Phaethon.
Fregatoidea. Fregatide. Fregata.

The genera and families of fossil forms are not taken into consideration in this
scheme.

Ornithotomists are agreed that the Steganopodes, constitute a well-defined group,
but beyond this the majority are reticent as to the question of the affinities existing
among the families and genera making up this group, and the relations of it as a
whole to other avian groups in the system.

If from among the Phalacrocoracide we select the genus Phalacrocorax, there is
no doubt, in so far as its osteology indicates, that it is closely related to the genus
Anhinga. ‘This, as has been shown above, is evident from a direct comparison of

s

216 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

the corresponding bones of the skeleton of any species of Cormorant with those of
the skeleton of Anhinga.

On the othershand, and by similar methods, there is no disguising the kinship
existing between Phalacrocoraz and Sula, although the gap between these genera is
somewhat greater than the one standing between the Cormorants and the Anhingas.

Pelicans of the genus Pelicanus are aberrant forms which, as osteologically indi-
cated, have varying relations with all three genera thus far mentioned. ‘They are
however, apparently more nearly related to Sulidx than they are to the Cormorants.

From the Pelecanoidea the passage to the Phaethontoidea is not far to seek, for
upon comparing the corresponding bones in the skeleton of such a Gannet as Sula
brewstert with those of Phaethon flavirostris we are at once confronted with so many
points of similarity as to leave no doubt in our minds that it is between the
genera and families represented by such species as these that the linking of the two
groups takes place.

This is important, for in another direction we are led, on the one hand, through
Phaethon to the suborder LonerpEnNeEs, and on the other to the suborder TUBINARES;
Phaethon flavirostris having some osteological characters that strongly suggest larine
affinities, and still more that bring to mind the skeleton of a Puffinus.

Their distinct maxillo-palatines, their perforate nostrils, their hardly coalesced
palatines, their four-notcheds ternum, and their ilia widely separated from the
“sacral crista,”’ taken in connection with numerous other important skeletal char-
acters, fully entitle the Tropic Birds to rank as a superfamily —the PHAETHON-
TOIDEA as given above.

There can be no doubt about Fregata, for the skeletal characters seen in its skull,
its sternum and shoulder-girdle, its pelvis and lmbs, and in its trunk skeleton, as
we have in detail described them above, stamp it at once, not only as being a form
having many skeletal characters completely at variance with those found in average
steganopodous birds, as Cormorants and Gannets, but as a type likewise for which
a superfamily must be created, in order to show that these striking departures are
fully appreciated by the student of its osteology. As indicated in our scheme
above, this superfamily may be designated as the FREGATOIDEA.

The pelvis in Mregata is decidedly more like the pelvis in Phaéthon than in other
Steganopodes. In its pelvic limb-bones, which are extraordinarily short and otherwise
weak, as compared with the very lengthy pectoral ones, and the size of the rest of the
bird, it stands quite unique in the suborder to which it belongs. More remark-
able than all, however, are the many characters in its skull, which powerfully re-
call the Albatrosses among the TusrnargEs. ‘These are so evident that one is almost

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES Zale

led to believe, if it be not actually the case, that the strong-hooked beak in the
skull of Fregata is a diomedean character rather than a pelicanine one. Apart
from the free ends of the furcula coalescing with the coracoids, there are characters
in the sternum and shoulder-girdle of Hregata which also recall the forms of the
corresponding bones in the Albatrosses, but beyond this there appears to be nothing
else in the skeleton of the Man-o’-War Bird at all reminding us of those birds.

As this relationship exists between [regata and Diomedea, remote as it may be,
it nevertheless, taken in connection with what has been pointed out above in regard
to Phaéthon and Puffinus, ought to lead us to believe that the SrecaANoPopEs are more
closely affined with the TupinArgEs than they are with the Loncrprnngs.

There are those who claim to see a kinship existing between the Accipitres and
the FreaatorpEA, but there are surely no indications of it in so far as the osteology
of any of the representatives of the two suborders in question are concerned.

ADDENDA.

Since writing the above account of the osteology of the Steganopodes, I have per-
sonally reexamined some of the material in the United States National Museum,
and, thanks to the marked kindness of Mr. F. A. Lueas, the able Curator of the De-
partment of Osteology of that institution, | have been permitted fully to examine
and compare the entire collection there, constituting as it does the finest assortment
of material illustrating the osteology of the Steganopodes in existence. A number of
the specimens drawn from this material are now figured for the first time in the
plates to the present memoir.

To what I have already set forth in the body of the paper, there is nothing I find
in particular to add to the osteology of the Phaéthontidx or the Sulide. Among the
Plotidx (the Anhingide of the A. O. U. ‘““Check-List”’) I examined a skeleton of Plotus
levacllanti, and it presents all the usual characteristics of the skeleton in that family
of birds. A dorsal view of its pelvis is given in Plate I., Fig. 1, which will assist in
illustrating what I have said in the body of the memoir in regard to the skeleton
of P. anhinga. I have never had the opportunity to examine the skeletons of the
two other known species of this family. (Sharpe’s ‘‘ Hand-List of Birds,” p. 236.)

The collection of Cormorant skeletons (Phalacrocoracidx) in the U. 8. National
Museum is, as I have said above, the finest in the world at the present writing,
nearly every known species being represented. It is Mr. Lucas’ intention, some-
time in the future, I understand, to monograph this group, and it will be a very
valuable contribution to the subject. Their skulls present some very interesting
variations, and the majority of these are well shown in the figures of the Plates

218 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

illustrating this memoir (Plate IV., Figs. 13-21 and Plate VI., Figs. 25, 27 and 29).
They not only vary in size according to the species, but perhaps the most interest-
ing variation they offer is the marked vertical compression of the skull they exhibit,
associated, as it is, with a decided elongation and narrowness of that part of the
skeleton. This is well seen in such a species asPhalacrocorax pelagicus robustus, where
this character about reaches its maximum. At the other extreme, we find the skull
of some Cormorants to be moderately shortened, with a broad, dome-like cranium,
which admits of an unusually capacious brain cavity. A species having this char-
acter markedly exemplified is Phalacrocorax albiventris, and its skull is shown in
Plate IV., Figs. 14 and 21, and in Plate VI, Fig. 29. A good medium type stand-
ing between these two extremes is seen in Phalacrocorax dilophus, while all the other
species of Cormorants tend either toward P. p. robustus, or toward P. albwventris in the
matter of this flatness and elongate-narrowness of their skulls, or in the shorter,
broader and more capacious cranium of the last-named species. The shading either
way is often so gradual that everything else being equal, it hardly seems to offer
justifiable grounds for generic divisions. Associated with these forms of the skull
in the Cormorants, we are to note the variation in the form of the pterygoid bones
at the inferior aspects of the same. Some Phalacrocoracide possess long and com-
paratively slender pterygoids, while other species have them much shorter and
stouter. Phalacrocorax p. robustus is an excellent example of the first of these (Plate
VL, Fig. 28), while P. albwentris well exhibits the last-named condition, while in
P. dilophus again, they are moderately elongated and fairly stout, thus once more,
affording an example of the medium type in this particular. In some Cormorants
the mesethmoid bone is not perforated by a large median vacuity, as is seen to be
the case in others. It is thus perforated in such speciesas P. p. robustus and P. albi-
ventris, while it is perfectly solid in such forms as P. dilophus and P. melanoleucus.
There are also interesting differences to be noted in the comparative size and form
of the foramen magnum, the morphology of the cranio-facial hinge, and other
minor points, the majority, of which, if of any importance, are noticed in the body
of the present memoir.

The pelvis in the various species of the Cormorants also exhibits a difference in
form. In P. pelagicus, for example, it is comparatively short, narrow, and with the
ilio-ischiatic notch not very deep, while in Graculus Carbo, it is much elongated,
narrow, and the aforesaid notch very deep. Other species of the Phalacrocoracide
tend one way or the other in this particular. The short-bodied Cormorants have
the sternum more or less broad and short, while in the long-bodied species this bone
is likewise more elongated and narrower.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES 219

As I have shown in this memoir all Cormorants possess a big patella. Mr.
Lucas in studying this bone has observed that this sesamoid in some of the species
is perforated for the passage of the ambiens muscle, while in others it is not so, but
this perforation is not associated with other characters in such a manner that the
condition can be regarded as having any taxonomic value. Mr. Lucas at my
request kindly examined this point for me in quite a number of species of Cor-
morants, and found that the patella is thus perforated for the ambiens in Graculus
Carbo, Phalacrocorax dilophus, P. wigua, P. harrisi, P. Magellanicus, P. albiventris,
(where it is small) and in P. pelagicus, while the patella is imperforate in Phalacro-
corax melanoleucus, P. punctatus, P. penicillatus and P. wrile.

Osteologically, the Pelecanidx constitute quite a homogeneous group of birds,
and certainly a thoroughly circumscribed family of the Steganopodes. I have ex-
amined the skeleton in several species, but more particularly in the case of Pelecanus
sharper, P. fuscus, P. onocrotalus, and P. erythrorhynchus. In some species the mandi-
bles are broad and comparatively shorter than they are in others, and, when so, they
are compressed from above downwards. ‘This is the case in P. sharpei (Plate VIL.,
Figs. 36, 37), and in this species we note in its skull that upon the lateral aspect of
the superior mandible, just where it is joined to the maxillary bone, the compact
tissue is continuous downwards to the anterior end of the corresponding palatine,
completely overlying and concealing, on side view, the spongy tissue of bone in the
rhinal chamber, (Fig. 37). Whereas in such a species as P. fuscus there is a large
triangular interval left open here, so that upon the same view we are enabled to see
almost the entire mass of the osseous spongy tissue of the aforesaid space, (see Fig.
40 of my memoir, “ Observations upon the Osteology of the Order Tubinares and
Steganopodes,”’ Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, p. 312). In the drawing referred to
the upper and lower edges of the united palatines have been shaved off, but I was
quite a juvenile osteologist when I prepared that specimen ; indeed it was my first
osteological preparation (1864). The correct form and outline of the lower united
edge of the palatine bones is shown in the case of P. sharper in Plate VIL., Fig. 37,
of the present memoir. In Figs. 35 and 40 of that plate I would say that the
horny podotheca covering the superior mandible of Pelecdnus fuscus has only in part
been remoyed, and this also applies to the anterior two thirds of the mandible shown
in Fig. 41. Beyond what has been mentioned above, in most other respects, the
skulls of P. fuscus and P. sharpei are very much alike.

In the mandible the ramal symphysis is, for the size of the bone, altogether the
weakest union of any in the entire Class Aves. For example, the ramus of the jaw
in P. sharpei has a length of 34.5 centimeters, while the symphysis joining the two
rami together, anteriorly, measures but 3 millimeters in any direction.

220

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

(All the specimens figured in the Plates (X XI.-_X XX.) are reproductions of photographs made

by the author, the material being in either his own private collection, or the collection of the
United States National Museum.) ‘

Puate XXI.

Puate XXII.

Fig. 1. Dorsal aspect of the pelvis of Plotus levaillanti. Adult. (Coll. U.S.
Nat. Museum No. 18,748.) Two of the pelvic ribs show upon the right side.
Somewhat reduced; the mid-longitudinal line of this bone measures 9.5 cm.

not including the ossified anterior tendinal extensions.

‘Fig. 2. Basal view of the skull of Phaéthon cethereus, adult, mandible removed,

slightly reduced. Specimen in author’s collection. From the island of San
Pedro Martis, Gulf of California. Collected in April, 1889.

Fig. 8. Superior aspect of the skull of Phaéthon flavirostris, adult. (Coll. U.
S. Nat. Musum No. 17,841.) Slightly reduced, the reduction being propor-
tionate in amount with the skull shown in Fig. 2. ; |

Fig. 4. Skeleton of left foot of Mregata aquila, adult. (Coll. U. S. Nat.
Museum, No. 18,485.) Somewhat reduced. Sheath left on midanterior toe
shows the “ pectinated claw.”

Fig. 5. Ventral view of the sternum of Phaéthon cwthereus, adult (author’s
collection). “Very slightly reduced. Collected in April, 1889. San Pedro
Martis Isle, Gulf of California. The skull in Fig. 2 and this sternum are
from two different individuals.

Fig. 6. Left lateral aspect of the trunk skeleton of Phaéthon flavirostris, adult.
(Coll. U. S. Nat. Museum, No. 17,841.) Very slightly reduced. The skull
shown in Fig. 2 belonged to this skeleton, but the reduction in the former is

somewhat greater.

Fig. 7. Right lateral view of the skull and mandible of Sula gossi, adult
female (author’s collection). Very slightly enlarged. Mandible detached.
The superior mandible is tubular at the extremity and pervious at the
apex. Collected at San Pedro Martis Island, Gulf of California, 16
Oct., 1888.

Fig. 8. Basal view of the skull of Sula gossi, adult female (author’s collec-
tion). Very slightly reduced. Collected at same time and place as the speci-
men shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 9. Basal view of the skull of Sula Brewsteri. Same specimen as shown in
Fig. 7. Very slightly reduced. Left pterygoid bone dislocated inwards to
show the form of the corresponding quadrate.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES Da

Pirate XXIII. Fig. 10. Superior aspect of the skull of Sula gossi. Mandible removed. Same
specimen as the one shown in Plate II., Fig. 8. Very slightly reduced.

Fig. 11. Superior aspect of the skull of Sula brewsteri. Mandible removed.
Same specimen as the one shown in Plate II., Fig. 9. Very slightly reduced,
and in the same proportion as the skull shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 12. Left lateral view of the trunk skeleton of Sula gossi. Reduced one
third. Belonged to the same individual, which furnished the skull shown in
Fig. 10.

Pirate XXIV. (All the bones figured in this plate are from the Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. and their
numbers are shown upon the specimens. They are all adult, and natural
size.)

Fig. 13. Left lateral view of the skull of Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus.
Mandible removed. (See Fig. 18.)

Fig. 14. Left lateral view of the skull of Phalacrocorax albiventris. Man-
dible removed. (See Fig. 21.)

Fig. 15. Left lateral view of the skull of Phalacrocorax urile. Mandible
removed. (Specimen bears no number.)

Fig. 16. Basal view of the skull of Phalacrocorax melanoleucus. Mandi-
ble removed (Australia). There is but one known species of cormorant in
the world smaller than this one.

Fig. 17. Left lateral view of the skull and mandible of Phalacrocorax
dilophus. Mandible detached. (See Fig. 19.)

Fig. 18. Superior aspect of the skull of Phalacrocorax p.robustus. Mandi-
ble removed. (See Fig. 13.)

Fig. 19. Superior aspect of the skull of Phalacrocorax dilophus. Mandi-
ble removed. (See Fig. 17.)

Fig. 20. Superior aspect of the skull of Phalacrocorax melanoleucus.
Mandible removed. (See Fig. 16.)

Fig. 21. Superior aspect of the skull of Phalacrocorax albiventris. Man-
dible removed. (See Fig. 14.)

This series of specimens is designed to show the marked variation in form
of the skull among the cormorants (Phalacrocoracide), ranging all the
way from the much vertically compressed skull of P. p. robustus (Fig. 13)
to the lofty skull of P. albiventris (Fig. 14).

PuaTe XXV._ Fig. 22. Dorsal view of the trunk skeleton of Phalacrocorax urile, with chain
of cervical vertebre naturally articulated but curved far backward and to the
right. Reduced one half. The skull shown in Fig. 15 belonged to this skeleton.

Fig. 23. Left lateral view of the trunk skeleton of Phalacrocorax urile. Re-

duced one half, and the same specimen as shown in Fig. 22.

TERY: MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Pirate XXVI. Fig. 24. Anconal aspect of the right carpo-metacarpus of Yregata aquila (Spec-
imen No. 18,485, Coll. U.S. Nat. Museum). Adult. Reduced ; the actual ex-
treme length of the bone being 13.2 em.

Fig. 25. Left lateral view of the skull of Phalacrocoraxy melanoleucus. Man-
dible removed. Natural size. Same skull as shown in Plate IV., Fig. 20.
Fig. 26. Anconal aspect of the proximal phalanx of the medius digit of the

manus of the right pectoral limb of Fregata aquila. Slightly reduced. From
the same skeleton that the bone shown in Fig. 24 was obtained, with which
it was distally articulated.
Fig. 27. Basal aspect of the skull of Phalacrocorax dilophus. Natural size.
Same skull as the one shown in Fig. 17, Plate 1V.
Fig. 28. Basal aspect of the skull of Phalacrocorax p. robustus. Natural size.
Same skull as the one shown in Fig. 13, Plate IV.
Fig. 29. Basal aspect of the skull of Phalacrocorax albiventris. Natural size.

Same skull as the one shown in Fig. 21, Plate TV. Note how much shorter
the pterygoid bones are in this species as compared with the corresponding
elements in the skulls shown in Figs. 27 and 28.

Fig. 30. Dorsal aspect of the sternum and os fureula of Phalacrocorax albi-
ventris (No. 18,437, Coll. U. S. Nat. Museum). Reduced about one fifth.
(See Fig. 21, Plate 1V. Both from the same bird.)

Puate XXVII. (Pelecanus sharpei and Pelecanus fuscus. Adults. All less than half natural
size. P. sharpei is No. 18,736 of the Collection in the U.S. Nat. Museum,
and P. fuscus (author’s collection) was shot by me on Indian Cay, Bahama
Banks, in 1864.)

Fig. 31. Anconal aspect, right ulna, Pelecanus sharpei.
Fig. 32. Anterior aspect, left femur, P. sharpei. Same specimen as Fig.
31 and the others on the Plate.

g. 33. Anterior aspect of the left tibio-tarsus, P. sharpei.

g. 34. Palmar aspect of left humerus, P. sharpei.

Fig. 35. Basal view of the skull of P. fuscws ; mandible removed.

Fig. 386. Basal view of the skull of P. sharpei ; mandible removed.

Fig. 37. Left lateral view of the skull of P. sharpei ; mandible removed.

Fig. 38. Anterior aspect of the right coracoid; P. sharpei.

Fig. 39. Anconal aspect of the left carpo-metacarpus, P. sharpei.

Fig. 40. Superior view of the skull of P. fwscus ; mandible removed ;

same specimen as Fig. 35, and the mandible shown in Fig. 41.
Fig. 41, Superior view of the mandible of P. fuscus. (See Fig. 40.)
The three bits of wax supporting this bone show beneath the articular

cups and the symphysis.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES TESS

Puate XXVIII. Fig. 42. Dorsal aspect of the sternum and the codssified os furcula of Pelecanus
sharpei ; reduced about one fifth. No. 18,736, Collection in the U.S. Nat.
Museum. See Figs. 31, 32 and others of Plate VI. Same skeleton.
Fig. 43. Palmar aspect left pectoral limb of Phalacrocorax urile. Reduced
about one fourth. From the same skeleton that furnished the skull shown in
Fig. 15, Plate IV., and the trunk skeleton shown in Figs. 22 and 23, Pl. V.
Fig. 44. Inner aspect of the right pelvic limb of Phalacrocorax urile. Reduced
about one fourth from the same skeleton that furnished the pectoral limb

shown in Fig. 43.

Prate XXIX. (Skull, including mandible of Pregata aquila. No. 18,485 of the Coll. U. S.
Nat. Museum. Adult. All slightly reduced ; Fig. 46 more so than the others.)
Total length of skull 17.3 centimeters, and ramus of mandible 16.5 cm.
Fig. 45. Left lateral view of the skull ; mandible detached.
Fig. 46 Superior view of the skull ; mandible removed.
Fig. 47. Superior view of the mandible.
Fig. 48. Basal view of the skull; mandible removed. For other bones of
the skeleton of this individual see Plate I., Fig. 4; Plate VI., Figs. 24, 26 ;
Plate X., Figs. 50 and 51. In Fig. 48 the right quadrate bone and the

pterygoid of the same side have been removed.

Puate XXX. Fig. 49. Ventral aspect of the pelvis of Pelecanus sharpei; considerably re-
duced. The longitudinal median line of the vertebral portion of this bone
measures about 19.5 em. It is from the same skeleton that furnished the
bones shown in Plate VII.

Fig. 50. Ventral aspect of the sternum and shoulder-girdle of regata aquila ;
slightly reduced. See remarks under Fig. 48, Pl. IX.

Fig. 51. Left lateral aspect of the sternum of /regata aquilu. Natural size.
See remarks under Plate IX. and Fig. 48.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXI.

SHUFELDT. OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES. PLATE I.

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SHUFELDT. OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES. PLATE II.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. BEAM Ee exe

SHUFELDT. OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES: PLATE III.

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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXIV.

SHUFELDT. OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES. PLATE IV.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXV.

SHUFELDT. OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES. PLATE VY.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXVI.

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SHUFELDT. OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES. PLATE VI.

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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXVIL.

SHUFELDT. OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES. PLATE VII.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXVIII.

SHUFELDT. OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES. PLATE VIII.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXIX.

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- SHUFELDT. OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES. PLATE IX.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXX.

SHUFELDT. OSTEOLOGY OF THE STEGANOPODES. PLATE X.

Publications of the Carnegie Musewm. Serial No. 21.

MEMOIRS

OF THE

Cea WG, MUSICU M.

VO I: No. 4.

W. J. HOLLAND, Px.D., Sc.D., LL.D., Eprror.

J. B. Harcuer, Pu.B., Associate Eprror.

| CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES

OR THE

SUPERFAMILY CHALCIDOIDEA,

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF

NEW SPECIES IN THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM,

COLLECTED IN SOUTH AMERICA BY

HERBERT H. SMITH.

By WITEIAM HARRIS. ASHMEAD, A.M. Sc.D.,

ASSISTANT CURATOR, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PITTSBURGH.
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE.

JANUARY, 1904.

For sale by Messrs. Wm. Wesley & Son, 28 Essex St., Strand, London, England ; Messrs. R. Friedlander u. Sohn,
11 Carlstrasse, Berlin, N. W.6, Germany ; and at the Carnegie Museum, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S. A.

PRESS OF p
Tue New ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

THIS VOLUME

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 'TO

DR. CARL W. von DALLA TORRE

_ THE EMINENT BOTANIST AND HYMENOPTERIST, PROFESSOR IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK, WHO, IN THE COMPILATION OF

; a = “

Sg neean ‘*CATALOGUS HYMENOPTERORUM,’’ HAS DONE SO

MUCH FOR WORKING HYMENOPTERISTS

\

eels “THE AUTHOR
WaAsHINGTON, D. C., January, 1904

=

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

IDSGUGEIIOIN. 2 o ode 68.8854 Fon pO OR Oe Ol nEn So okie ae eee een a
Errata and Corrigenda..... 0 GSI. CabS Hisee Cer Oa ON ne Re acne eee
JCROCIO ROM a5 6 oo keS.Slo-0 a 00 Get Aidea ASclo cto) o cnenS Ono Sa RG RENCE ORE or ee
Part I. Classification of the Chalcid Flies, or the Superfamily Chalcidoidea.............
Talolle Or Wayiniliesa ins a cs ac6 6 6 ame Oo © COG DC a Rene ee
IPeueniihy TUOX, Ayeeoantelra0 bo te pce a Orci ole, Sk Gack ee oe eee en oa ae
Table of Subfamilies............ “ove GONG IG. SID 4G CIRC LLG 0 ROTO So eet eee ena
Silt lyase Mea OMUNES: eee heli REN- cae Seige 4 Ses e beh x sed eee see. a acer

Talo Ql CO 4:5,6:8. 6 sails Sree es Nee Bi eee ear een ee er

Sulccrrmal yale ey COpMA INGO leer stete ata otis eteye es. 2c) aya as aisles) a's sacle so 4s

‘WEN OMG: OL, (GIVER 8. 3 Siang Piet Oae ee men IRE ee et OI em mone a

HEeetrtait lye ONG me ony ce wee e wen elas ie lete fuels lb ese s deus seats 5 es ees
AAD egos SULA eCL meter rae neta Meuse a kan, adit « Secia use w ots 4a dials bee
Sinlovenamilhy JG. JiGlewenioe ss 20s 5'Bg crs Ges Sac eens cane ieee era eer eer

ANAS: GNP Gieres 5 31s eh Se ees Eee LIS nee Seen a
Suloramailygilele emMorymnimeckyegats wie ess ave a eta c wits ag ini awe slate GM Glee ae wie «

sialekots Grenenapermeren. ate etter) cass Coors tS Marna ees ache Ma wee ese eS

Substamllya Memon odontomeritee yay. \c4 + rq s seas «a's eee esc s sede es

Maile mote Genera, wr tieien Wnts, cai do Moe Say c.s Sree oye hoo ne bie Serna a BES oh eee

Subfamily LV. Podagrionine.......... akc SSAA EOE Re ane ee

Aa DleROMmO CHeLAMER a er ree ee Anion wim ne ers eee Bone ees ea ene

Sultanate we Mee AST MMH Ee 1a) -%1 0s oat ate ele Wales aye wi ele ed scene aes oe

dalle motm Creme barge acre <P yey skates! cunistrene) Suet ayo) veces chases ace adem» ghee =

Sta osetia fe lene Oy GoM ysMelInl ce eae tetas Fogel = Reed cele.) encieis «lesch< ie Sls.ee sw 'evs ho os

Telolle: Git CeO eS 5 6 bb Garb 5:6 bo acne EC SRe nea ene

Hi) ctiril yale Nee Inelercidleery es watts ows sce see ss ko cine yeh apn ees wna eee we be ee
APA lenots Steals wmemeten ned eitaia avalos «Gane con Sct Siac wise wits ie cue ee ecw
Siig eC Os PICINee sae ye erste ce ls eeolsrcl «+ = viel saliss nes ceeie arale oye ee

Sulntcmmnilliyaleemee bal eidimeongters same jlerninis a mice eevee acs sd wid 4 ce’ ee oie
‘Wal ole -@it- SURV OCS tes oa: }: & eater ee leone See ee tee ae em
Welball, Choalenciitnies 45 Gaa stealing Gis crc sen ae a ore
‘aloe eit Genvereisiotcors belies om arenord: cae ko GMCIO: OLE oe ee ee

Walolle JDL, (SimMi@aiith as oe ctu Glee ooo eee occ eee ee
alalnlemo ima G emenare pment eae pentr sence clear saytcecae & ouclce ales «ce wwe e's ae he
icicHlllemenO halcrtellimiy emery cetrem cts spciets ee wos Sake ok eis a Sloe oe Sie ole at
Walplle Of Geneseo SWS ib cco. GSrc iene oe CE oer Ne

Musi ome lON semen mel linia, cate ey oe la he cc capes aces Ga eS Se ow SS he eles
Wetoll@ Gir GHEE ison Gece ech etek ee IES CoN TOR nme 2

vl TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tribe V. Dirhinini

Mablewota Generac ener

Manmily, eaNete SE onytomiices see a eee
Pablevoty Wrilbese kites eee es

Tribe I.

DOOOOD Dano Dino peo oO HK Oo OS

Tribe III. Eurytomini
TRablevot Genera: csv eee mera

Rabe wv.” Ruleyimiecs..4 secs ariel tec
Tablecor™ Genera.< <o's clans Se eee oe

Table V. Decatomini

Table of Genera

Family LXTV. Perilampide
Table of Genera
Family LXV. Eucharide
Table of (Generaye. |. sey a eee oe, SEEN
Family LX VI. Miscogasteridee
AAO Oe Sulomyenlliee gaia aodeobhesanscon sen
Subfamily I.

PoOton Do oD OO Do oOo oO OO oo oO 6 8 0G

SOOO Fo oa noon op oOo oo Ooo Go

Table of Gemetace sve fr hie i ke eee some 2 ee Oe oe

Subfamily II. Tridyminz

i BES] oy) estrone bial 0 = <a ae ee e eeemaotie Be in caer A RNG sy ee er AA pane ake ode

Tribe I. Tridymini
WablezoteGieneranaeieess eae neiene
Tribe II.

Metastenini

Tablevof Generates Ms oh gk Ore A ee Ee ee ee

Subfamily III. Miscogasterine

Table of Tribes

Mnibe we delaliicoptertni-e se eeae er

Walblevof Gem erae 7 ne. .ae creas otal cae

Tribe 1. Muiscosasterinl. 940-2. 5485:

Table ot.Genetasest:8 ee eee

Subfamily TV. Lelapine
Table of-Gemenac oss act neka Oe e eer

Hamitly; 1xOv asl Cleonymides eee rye aren
Tablecof Subfamiliesiv-as ea: ee eee
Subfamily I. Chalcedectinee
Table of Genera... 3: coe a4 sors ee eee
Subfamily Tis ~ Cleonyanineeys ae tee eee
Table of Genera
Subfamily INT. Pelecinelline:....2....55--
Subfamily TV. Colotrechnine..............
Family LX VIII. Encyrtide
Table-ofgSubfanulltesi) won oe ue

OWORD Ch Usnwtcri Sen On Oy OO DG Oto 6 00 0

ais! ieivfay (a) te) fm: ta) (p) ie) (elie: ce) s, =) ele! (e, 0) ta) (*) isi je) ial je) ‘e)

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#) ie) fey: fe) fai (ay (| ia) 0) eytm) fa) |e] is) (8) Je! e| Gm) \enieh ies) fe) ja

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eiiedleujepianieiis\ i= ae) (eifalvelie,iie) (e)ojieleliaiisl=lhsiiel af elisa!

Oi tT Ot Oo Oto 0 oO moO Oo OD boom Od

Picecr cr Oe DO Oeg OO Tho 4 Oooo coc oop

TABLE OF CONTENTS vil

Sotananl yaleweeE penn ewe ke ne seh. Ho. chee G hades pec esas 287
‘Talolle-esr WNC 5.6.5 05 6 oc Gee eae PRP ie ee en 287
WUintloe ls <- ]aioye rena soos, evi cn ene reece, eee 287
sD liexole GQeneragee trees eset + est. we bn Sak eae he 287

Mice wl Pee lanaosHovalMinesc ewe a scat: sient fae Aha ee ace ene ne x 291
IRaloie oi Genera, os occ oe oe oe moe Ree ae EL ear 291
Sloe iy JUL IBIS AARNE ce a ces. e So, eee eee eee 292
WPalolle Ort SMASH o. A.6.6 cine ote. 1S ERE Re eee en 292
‘Mri. la UECUTROYaRVESTIS “UNS wee eer nena en ee 292

‘Tail aller Gren erey. cS als Gisele os ues ane oA ke 293

Abril ts leragen Sim cypreb alee Month elias Gos Sd A Ae eae ER web as totes 29%
danleroimG eile ramet nese. ace) tng Aer ens We ee Te oy 297

Arete STEVE.» MWR AS, nets geval SP Rn eto Oe Pa 298
sa eRO is Gren era meine yar era ter Ge waren Seer rete My es ou es, 298

Arie eae Unb enOp MAGUS Aas oa) Seeds oh Set aee ck eee ee Gla ee 311
Mia lesoin GQ emenameMen sr yyecetnd acl teen ee Gk ee oe ato ded die alli
Sulofarnnyaae Mee Stoniphomine: evel. 4 tohs Aes os ee ce eee de sb alee 311
Jranmmdhy JEDSIDS ~ Teerahene ICES: cesteterele eee piohe Irae acacia ar nee a 311
‘GPailole-Gir tsi oienimainE Sg Gigea: oeeen a Ste oi GL Nene Ones REI me HENCE ey et ee 312
SU occa epenleteromalimcer ier seer yAcace ai Sie «cla fklec Holes cease oe davies. S12
SPealolley GRC Nel CGR Si g-okcmolteee opokc <n a SEE ORS a a ole
aiiewiemmn Mctapominie eyes. Geta osias tala. soo Sms te A ee tee alte
McA lexOtn CEMehom arse tala sett ets) ain SNe Glee cn ee Ue. ue ats a Se

iribew sleeker aitelinitneer- wee silicic qe ci ciame ye sae adios os ce 6 BLS
iialolevoten Genera eis ate ee ame eee eR ik 315

sew lalemam lute limits yaerisiciaci a erin co USRND News ees Se lowie «oe ex Balad
aloe off Cane oe ee Get 317

iivribep AY prema teromialinimmee aire os seni me es Se eae ok aa ke 318
dabletoim Generanmirce tn aryacen ae eRe AS Reh ce he GR Aoi gNla URa eates 318
Sultana yale Meni stMnee ne tetnnes tia Sates Po eeaie so Riel te tetsu os ols 318
eailevoteeilbest earumeirnn eee, A Gren lee aa. Ghia Sits ccs said beck s & Boe,
Mbrcilpemlweelvo PULOCCMMy ete enact cl, Lele iota pet he ee wee Pea ee BDZ
Map tenoime Generate atinnc = sane oe | a een a a. acti sues BUS

Tetons JUL, © INIT 03/5 cc rcot can nen aman ne Neale bee, Soar acre ingen ee a rr 323
‘TPallolles @uE: Gren ays Shien OG RENT tae CAI CE: ae ROS
Aine liepeelisonl atiniiersernscrss oko ce et oe ee ee Soe ae ee Sige B24

TE Me Os GCOS ee aid cod ck Sono Er ALS BS antec aR eee 324
Siloiearemily TOME. | TD maa Me Aes oc cas aria echo tac esee ecto ore. Cech crore ne nee ice S20
aD leroim GenehamMm tet ein Onan Sony A Ai ae mie iui cea’s e BZD
Sub tamily ON eepopmenlcasterincensss sma a. sssaeetlG Asoc ad. oe ee ee ee 327
‘Talolle @iP INBIOSS 2 5: Sib ousacacta Oe St ascend tes ele olin ot aa on eS AY
‘Ubremtere “Msn ANGRY OLMIS eo ean ce asec cee eee Ae cee ee ee 327
Palo Ge Cneneig aid coors aie Ak Gm et eA ci PRG Rca on ae ag 327

lively cee Gee nae ny MOUTON peo sc wees SIRS Mine es Pageia eM Sole aie Shove alle e's 329
IAG Oe, SAE SOG oS 6 6 Ue a aes ee ira ec a 329

Mtr eM Ube MS plheoreasteriintn 2.05. a .capecneds thee o Bs eee ge oa wo ee oe 330

Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Genera sac cle ee oe ee eee 330

Tribe LV... “Craitomint3.ce6c08. 5 be oe ee ee ee 332
Table. of. Generis .os 3:5 5 cual ORS nr eee ee 332
Subfamily DV.. JSpalameames 00 20a seein 2 yee eae 333
Nablevor Generans oe eae “achg Ec: lbonspne, th Ac oa ne 333
Subfamily V7 UDiparinee 33. poe Oe We pee Sy es he 334
"Table of Gamera ive o.cedks ae SR beh oo oe ee ee eee 334
Family “LXX. - Hlasmiidee. 22 sh. a tes cpa eee eee ee 335
Tablevof Generac 5.35005 x10 8S GA ee eo ee eee rae 335
Family DX X00. Eulophidae. wv.42. i. eee 2 eee ea 336
Table-of ‘Subfamilies: cui ocak ee on ae Rin) Aad Coe ene ar hts Soil
Subfamily I. - Mntedomines (sive Fine es0yh ole 2 ae ee eee 337
Table of ."Tribesi cia cach a cceens Sacer cose ee ee ee ee oon
Tribe. I. Tetracampinis, 2053.20 sce. os bee ee See 337
Table of (Gemera. o25 aint ao Sach ge ee ee 338

Tribe Tl. “Omphaliniy+. ..25 S04. la 2-0: Seen eee eer en eee 338
‘Eable.of Genera. gs feces oe Sa ee ee eee ee 339
Tribe-TtL. > Entedoninil. © i542 o oe ee eee 340
Table of Genetas.\ sch alle ioc eee eee IES EN Pa 340

Tribe: LV. Pediobitar: 65502 jn- 88. Wes Gea ee ee 343
Subfamily 12. “Ajpheliminwes. 2.5 00.6034 5 -pa see ae ee 344
able of “Rribes ese scsic zeae eck ce a Ml dle coe eee aL
Tribe I... Apheliwtnii. 9. ¢.ccpsiay Shee ne ee ee 345
Tablevof ‘Genera, 06 cas has ko eee ee eee eee 345

Pribe TT... Pteroptricinty:.%.. 25 .n.2 eects epee Oe eee eee ee 347
Pableiof ‘Genera... 6.5.0.2 ooo ke Se ee ee eee 347
Subfamily LlL:- Detrastichimes).. 5.5 42.134 eee ee ee ee 347
"Fable of Pribes ice lf ie eiiaectee i oceanic, Spee ee ON Oe ee 347
Tribe 1...“ Ceratomeurimiss = «35.002 eee eee 347
Tribe TL Tetrastichint:.o4, 2.4.2 ee pee Se eee eee ee 347
Table of “Generals Ye. esis. dea os eee 348
Subfamily IV. “Wlacherbinee 22. n ae eee ee eee ere 350
Table of Tribes: .% 2c chec b hoe os ee 8 ee i ee aes 351
Tribe L.. ‘Haplectrimt. 3.24006... ay hee eto < Eee ere eee 351
Tablesof (Gemetacnns ti keane oak ee Oe ee eae 351
Tribe. Ophelimimi? face. 55,0. ee Dee 352
Mallevote General = e1-eses ees ae ",, Meet apiewnshis hy aide Ei ee ae eae 352
Tribesiil: Blachertimi: 082c-pe rn oe eee ee ee 354
Tablé“or ‘Generaie.c.ceied Puce ae ee eo Se eee eee 354
Subfamily OV... sMulloplhimee 5.2. .ee Se es see ea 305
Pableof. ‘Tribess.. sinaiy. okuesieenn Bee ee eee ee 356
Dribe [. Hullophiinty 2) 0. he, ey eee eee eee ao cone 356
Fable of (Genera ansehen ee eee 356

Prbe Tl. | Glemiptarsemint (0 .. foots eee eee cane rear ene 358
Table. of 'Gemera'?sicc eS enie c Seow hee ee ee 358

Pamnily UXO Brichogrammitdees. 1-7 y-cv. eerie d ae gt ee pea 358

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DX

Telble © SUITS 25.5 's.6 ee a bn eaten crore One Ce see nen mane een eS
Sui yelemnO Mogstiinemraser swe sepa ois s qede ss nn twee ees 2 eee ee ot ODD

fib lepotm Gclerieee rire hare era Nera s solely ers eS eee cae ee OOO
looky AO ete cropey erry ant 22 eee) oie Renee pene eee ee 360

TENS, OF GINS ech ais-ete 1 ican w Ged coin Ce nen Nae 360

TRerayilyy JLo OUTS INTERIORS 315, oie gia ech Oo ee ae 361
SA ickote Sula tamilltes mer ete erases tos Selgpaie lw chs Gina cise ev bee ese eee 362
Sulbianallyale en Gonatocekinan ys ote et stg a eis ole Sie ode tate eee 362

Telos Git. IONE se BENS occ nk oes Sacro bee Loe eee re 362

IUat oye Vier QUOG FOTOTIOT Be cen ek Ae Le ee 362

Tale OF Cena a'e 53% oceaoieia © Cees Coen eRe OR Sen ree a 362

Telos JUL, "Gcie Oost. 5.2 5 5 Sed Oe eens area one nee 362

Walle GF Gene, a6.2.5 6S dic oie doa capes nnn ee Roe ae ew 362

sitioverenmby IL Jui Ganneyeting ss ee eo car ag eee eee ae 363

dip lerotalari commun nt seers ls rn a Se MS Sas hog Sess eee 363

rallye ls ATG DOIN oc, Gc eee mer eco re teen Coches ea ee eo 363
AaplexGinGremetamewiae aye oo Me cence RS ese ee bee Eee a0

HeGtem elem Mey imaginieeey ee ee bet A en, eros SSS elec wee dae ee are, s 363

Hliaila lenoste Gremcliceeye stem ert en ela hire ens e tee a weet see es OS 363
Generapunlnownetoranthor audimov classified: ..s4.s2.:-5¢-+2--62- ses bee ee lane 364
Generarmeorrectly placed withy Chaleidoidea: 2... 32. 5.5. ee ew lve ee ee 364
eiverciione yd a Ab Whevie WOnGewee: eqrieis eh lay Secs anc in oot wwhes Stem oes vee nee ee 522
Biblosraphyz00 senera alphabetically arranged 2) 2)2 2.2... 6. 2.5. ets heck 365
Eee a olinmeamenicamsGhalcidoidea: ta. ace ee ee sc de shee everest teeeee esas 394
Family JLWo° AMDIOTINO ESS sscte METERS SS ch: Se ie Oike eon eae 394
Family HONG ee ony ni dco mine sane eA wis vise? ots ee kg Se sie ewe Se sree Sao 395
HHceral yaa UP NOL liven @lnalletdideocrmre ame ares aac amcn ee ah Sgn sare die ee bake ew 88 402
El acrat yyae ONle Oleg eo rmmyionaNn des) say. eee ee. ic) ten sb cen he hw alone ne See we 458
Weim, TOSI G) CIR GIRI aan CES hs alnecterns accents o Gls caren eol a) ae cnet een tr ean 467
Family NGA itie nari doom pr reas See Snes Savete pits Se ailduiete «age crea) 467
JPeymonilbye SUD VTE ge “IY Insyeroyare es era bee) eas Our vn en coe a AT4
earn livaiey UNO VAIS he @leomynaidaevywrns ote ce hse aches en kes Sse Falk oe ee ee 483
eanmailr ILPSO WIN, Binvosriagntclee ae) ota ae ea Gis cual e ae nen nee 486
oni yaaa CONC NO meme eromalidaee oe Sathish ee ceils wigs Syd edge Saws eae ee 497
Family EENOXC ME last deewerwrn tert ele erence Sis eins ee ede les Ba Gb Ste Sean's 502
AEeairiont yee NONGIER POH al opbiceemeenees 4 et hs el. oe Ae che casi ese ey ew es 503
rca lyme RONG leemelirichooramimidcess a. cist. aac etn se ewe tee cen cece eee O21
pannlyaae Oe XO Glee waviivmarideiren se ete ie cee as aves es eon Se kee ee et anes B21
iternuucmnnn ween ere Net ey ce eae a Ee See AL SEER Eee Seg tees. 522
SDSS! IODC acl Sie bd ee isn Gio Seat els Ub el ers Ane cee oe UeNet ra oe 533

ot ONS

ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page 240, line 27, Ofetesella should read Otitesella.

Page 254, line 30, Anacryptua should read Anacryptus.

Page 261, line 43, Prodecotoma should read Prodecatoma.

Page 293, line 40, (type Phenodescus) should read Phenodiscus.

Page 297, line 7, Tetracnemoidea Ashmead should read Tetracnemoidea Howard.

Page 318, line 7, Nasonia Ashwood should read Nasonia Ashmead.

Page 335, line 33, Australia should read Australian.

Page 339, line 20, Roudani should read Rondani.

Page 342, line 2, Asecodas should read Asecodes.

Page 347, line 3, Tetrastechinz should read Tetrastichine.

Page 355, line 7, Stenomesioidea should read Stenomesioideus.

Page 362, line 9, Abdomen petiolate should read abdomen sessile or subsessile.

Page 364, line 38, Diplalepis should read Diplolepis.

Page 365, line 1, (= Megastigmus Dalman) should read (= Megaspilus Westwood).
Page 371, line 13, (= Aviechbawmenella Dalla Torre) should read (= Kriechbaumerella).
Page 373, line 31, Enargopelte should read Huargopelte.

Page 377, line 32, (type H. dichrous Thomson) should read (type H. niger Ashmead).
Page 380, line 5, Lymnenon should read Lymncon.

Page 389, line 15, (type Malea Ashm.) should read mellea.

Page 400, line 19, Plesiostigmodus should read Plesiostigmodes.

Page 496, line 7, Parencyrtus brasiliensis sp. nov. should read Parencyrtus brasiliensis Ashmead.
Page 502, line 14, Subfamily V. should read Subfamily IV.

Page 505, line 6, verticellatus should read verticillatus.

Page 537, line 14, Dimmoctia should read Dimmockia.

NORE BN Eh AU REAOR:.

Some pages of my MS. were lost, either in transmitting or in the printing office, and some
species in the Index do not appear in the body of this work. These are:

Decatoma equiramulis Mayr, D. breviramulis Mayr, D. longiramulis Mayr, Spilochaleis mesomela
Walk., Ceratosmicra flava Ashmead, and (. Koeblei Ashm.

To the Bibliography of the Genera should be added :
APTEROLELAPS Ashmead, Fanna Hawaiiensis, I., 1901, p. 312 (type A. nigriceps Ashm.).
Aseiba Cameron ( = Cerchysius Westw. teste Howard), Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1889, p. 127.
Brucuosius Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 314 (type B. laticeps Ashm.).
Nerocato.accus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 320 (type Catolaccus tyloderme Ashm.).
Nero_eLaps Ashmead, Fauna Hawaiiensis, I., 1901, p. 812 (type N. hawaiiensis Ashm.).
Packardiella Ashmead, n. n. for Pteratomus Packard, ante, p. 364 (type Pteratomus putnamili

Pack.).
Tetraenemoidea Howard, Proc. U. 8. Natl. Mus., XXI., 1898, p. 233 (type T. australiensis
Howard).

Westwoodella Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 359 (type Oligosita subfasciata Westw.).
Xanthoatomus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante p. 360 (type X. albipes Ashm.).

x1

MEMOLRS

OF THE

Cone ri MUSH UM.

WQIG, Jt NO. 4.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SUPERFAMILY CHALCIDOIDEA.
By Wm. Harris AsHmMEAD, A. M.

INTRODUCTION.

About fourteen years ago Mr. Herbert H. Smith placed in my hands for study
part of his extensive collection of South American parasitic Hymenoptera, repre-
senting the old families Proctotrypide, Cynipide and Chalcidide. The collection was
a valuable one and when I took it I confidently expected to find time to finish with
it within two or three years; but so much other material was thrust upon me for
study that I found it a physical impossibility to do it justice in that length of time ;
only a few short papers on it have been published. The work accomplished during
these past fourteeen years has I think fully demonstrated that I have not been idle,
my knowledge of the groups, genera, and species of the Hymenoptera has greatly
increased and-broadened, and I now feel better able to do justice to the splendid col-
lection received so many years ago.

The Herbert H. Smith collection of insects, made in South America, repre-
senting nearly all orders, has been acquired by the Carnegie Museum, Pitts-
burgh, Pa., and much to my regret, the many fine species, except a set of dupli-
cates in my hands, and which I had always hoped might be secured by the
National Museum, must go to that Museum. Dr. W. J. Holland, the Director
of the Carnegie Museum, desires now that I complete my work as soon as pos-
sible and return the material in my possession. In acceding to this request I
have stipulated that he publish my classification of the chalcid-flies, or the Super-
family Chalcidoidea, as a part of this work, and it is through his liberality that
I am able to give so many fine illustrations and present in a more attractive form
my ideas on the classification of another great complex in the Order Hymenoptera.

225

226 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The Proctotrypoidea, and Cynpordea in the collection will be described in another
paper.

In this contribution I have restricted myself to elucidating the chalcid-flies and
have divided it into two parts. The first part is devoted to a classification of the
superfamily Chalcidoidea; the second part deals with the South American Chalci-
doidea. In this latter part, besides my report upon the Herbert H. Smith collection,
the descriptions of the new genera and species, is given a complete bibliographical
catalogue of all the known South American species.

PART I. CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID-FLIES, OR THE
SUPERFAMILY CHALCIDOIDEA.

Among the ten great groups or superfamilies of the Hymenoptera, recognized by
the author, there is none so large numerically, more important economically, or so
difficult to study and classify as the superfamily Chalcidoidea or the Chalcid-flies.
The species exist everywhere not by hundreds, but by thousands and millions, and
they are probably of far greater importance, from an economic standpoint, than are
the Ichneumonoidea or ichneumon-flies.

Only a few of them, comparatively speaking, are in any sense injurious, a single
minor group, the tribe Jsosomini, in the family Eurytomidee, alone being injurious
to vegetation. All the others, except the fig-insects forming the family Agaomdez,
the Megastigninx, a subfamily in the Torymide, and some few hyperparasitic
genera in different families, being genuine parasites and beneficial to man. It is
true, however, that some of the chalcid-flies destroy a few beneficial insects, but the
vast majority of the known species destroy mostly the injurious species in the
other orders, 7. ¢., the Coleoptera, the Lepidoptera, the Diptera, the Rhynchota,
etc.; they attack the eggs, the larve, and the pup, and in some cases even the
imagoes of their hosts, and their value to many great industries of the world cannot
easily be estimated. Who, for example, can estimate the value of the fig-insects to
the fig industry of the United States? Through the efforts of Dr. L. O. Howard
and Mr. W. T. Swingle, of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture, the caprifier of the
Smyrna fig, blastophaga psenes Linné (grossorwm Gravenhorst), has been successfully
introduced into the fig-orchards of California, and the experiments already made
fully demonstrate the great value this little chalcid-fly has to the fig industry. It
is evidently destined to revolutionize fig-growing in the United States, making it
exceedingly profitable, and, on account of the superiority of the American-grown

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES ADA

Smyrna fig pollenized by these Chalcid-flies, will in time diminish the impor-
tation of the Smyrna fig. The Megastigmine too, I suspect, are like the fig-
insects, and will be found to be of great importance as pollenizers of various plants
and trees.

At present the known genera and species of the Chalcidoidea are considerably
less in number than are the Ichneumonoidea recently classified by the writer; but
this is due simply to the fact that the literature on the subject, in various languages,
is widely scattered, in many foreign journals, magazines, proceedings of learned
societies, etc., and the minute size of most of the species and the difficulty of their
study, have deterred entomologists from giving them any attention. Only a little
over 5,000 species have been described.

If we look back for a century and a half we find comparatively few who have given
much attention to these “atoms of creation,” and of these a few names only stand
out conspicuously as students of this great complex. The study of the group began
about one hundred and fifty years ago with Linneeus in Sweden and with Geoffroy
in France. Linné, or Linneeus, in his Systema Natura, tenth edition, published in
1758, described several species under his genera Ichnewmon, Cynips, Sphex, ete.
Others took up their study, and an interest in them was aroused in Sweden, Austria,
Germany, France, Italy, and England. In Sweden, besides Linné, Swederus, Fabri-
cius, Zetterstedt, Dalman, Boheman, Dahlbom and Thomson did much valuable
_ work in the group; in Germany, Klug, Nees von Esenbeck, Bouché, Ratzeburg, and
Forster—the last mentioned, the greatest systematic worker in the group; in Austria,
Reinhard and Mayr; in Russia, Motschulsky ; in France, Geoffroy, Latreille, Fons-
colombe, Perty, Guérin, Giraud, Sichel, and André ; in Italy, Spinola and Rondani ;
in England, Curtis, Haliday, Westwood, Walker, Saunders, Kirby, and Cameron ;
and in America, Say, Fitch, Cresson, Walsh, Riley, Provancher, Howard, and Ash-
mead. <A few others might be mentioned, but those specified are the ones whose
names stand out prominently as adding materially to our knowledge of the group
during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

For years I have been studying this great complex and in the following pages
have attempted to define the families, subfamilies, tribes, and genera of the world.
The work has been a gigantic and most laborious one, necessitating the microscopic
examination of many thousands of these minute creatures; but if it shall be found
that I have brought some order into their classification, that I shall excite an
interest in the collecting of the many thousands still unknown, and that I shall
stimulate others to study them, my time has not been wasted and I shall be amply
repaid.

228 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

SuperFAMILY VII. CHALCIDOIDEA.

1758. Cynips, Linné (partim), Syst. nat., Ed. 10°, I, p. 343.
1802-05. Diplolepaires, Familie soixante deuxiéme (partim) Latreille, Hct Nat.
Crust. et Ins., XIII., p. 198.
1802-05. Cynipseres, Familie soixante-troisiéme (partim), opus. cit., p. 211.
1809. Diplolepariz, Familia quinta (partim) Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins.; III., p. 15.
1809. Cynipsera, Familia sexta (partim) Latreille, opus. cit., supra, p. 21.
1811. Diploleparia, Familia (partim) Spinola, Ann. du Mus. Natur., X VIL, p. 138.
1320. Pteromalini, Familia (partim) Dalman, Kongl. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. HandL, p.
132.
1825. Chalcidites, Quatriéme Tribu (partim) Latreille, Fam. Natur. d. Régne anim.,
p. 446.
1830. Chalcida, Family, Leach, Edinb. Encyel., IX., p. 144.
1840. Chalcididse, Family, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II., p. 154.
1846. Chalcidites, Order, Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, L., p. 1.
1856. Chalcidie, Forster, Hym. Stud., I1., pp. 1-90.
1875. Pteromalide, Familia, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., p. 3.
1877. Chalcidita, Tribe 4, Forster, Ueber den Syst. Werth d. Fltigelg. bei d. Hym..,
jos iY).
1886. Chaleidide, Family, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 197.
1897. Chalcidoidea, Superfamily VII., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV.,
p. 248.
TABLE OF FAMILIES.
1. Hind wings exceedingly narrow, linear, pedunculate at base; ovipositor issuing from beneath just anterior
to tip of abdomen ; antennz without a ring-joint, the scape rather small, short, compressed...... 12
Hind wings never very narrow, nor linear, not pedunculate at base ; ovipositor issuing far anterior to
the tip of abdomen ; antennz elbowed, with 1, 2, or 3 ring-joints, very rarely without, the scape
large and rather ee ee en i eee nmiCe et ariic menAT ee mop EAS mca paws Ooo dome bo
2. Axillee triangularly produced or Sie farmer into a basal region of the scapulee, their base or
anterior margin on or in advance of an imaginary line drawn from tegula to tegula ; anterior tibial A
spur most frequently small or weak ; tarsi 3-4-jointed, rarely 5-jointed or heteromerous............ 10
Axillee normal, or at least never produced forward into the basal region of the scapule, their base or
anterior margin straight and always back of an imaginary line drawn from tegula to tegula;
anterior tibial spur large and strong; tarsi 5-jointed (rarely 4-jointed, or 3- or 4-jointed in some
Winplessemales)) 2 coach. rsd ollcmanectee Co eR Oe CE One EE Ecce eS
3. Head in 9 oblong, with a deep, broad longitudinal furrow above, the occipital margin superiorly,
usually with a small recurved tubercle or spine at its middle; mandibles or palpi most frequently

furnished with saw-like appendages; anterior and posterior legs very stout, their tibie very much
shorter than their femora, the middle legs very slender, sometimes aborted ; hypopygium very

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 229

prominent, acute, cultriform or lanceolate; ovipositor long, prominently exserted; 3’ always
apterous, the head anteriorly with a deep triangular fovea, in which are placed the short 3-9-jointed
antenne ; the abdomen in the © is broadly sessile, long and tubular, thickened at base, or
broadened apically with a tubercle or filament at each apical angle.......Family LX. AGAoNIDz.

Head rarely oblong and quite differently formed, never with a deep broad longitudinal furrow above,
most frequently transverse, or subquadrate, the occipital margin never with a small recurved spine ;
mandibles and palpi without saw-like appendages ; middle legs not especially slender, the anterior
and posterior legs are often stout, but their tibize are always longer, at least never shorter than
their femora; hypopygium rarely very prominent; <j‘ most frequently winged, rarely apterous ; in
the latter case the abdomen is normal, not long and tubular.

Mesopleura large, entire, without a femoral furrow, except occasionally in some males, the
mesepisternum large, triangular, not extending to base of front coxe; middle tibial spur
saltatorial, most frequently long and stout, or dilated at base.......................... 8

Mesopleura always with a femoral furrow or impression, the mesepisternum variable, rarely
large, except in the Cleonymidz, most frequently small, wedge-shaped, or linear and extend-
ing to base of front coxe ; if large and triangular, either the anterior or the posterior femora
are much swollen ; middle tibial spur not saltatorial, usually short or weak, never very stout.

Hind tibiz with 2 apical spurs, rarely with 1 only ; in the latter case the radius termi-
nates in a large, rounded stigma, the ovipositor very long........................ 4

Hind tibize with 1 apical spur ; ovipositor rarely long; if long the stigma is small...., 9

4. Mandibles faleate, usually with 1 or 2 teeth within; thorax most frequently very gibbous, the
scutellum usually very large, often abnormally developed, elevated and produced posteriorly, the
axillee connate, not distinctly separated from the surrounding surface and broadly united along
Peis er MAT SIMS Aye ajelletersiel ele iereteieltel<l ele) creliers ele «rs ci el sunete ett oenes a é . 6

Mandibles usually 3-4-dentate at apex, rarely falcate, with 1 or 2 teeth within ; thorax not, or very
slightly, gibbous, the axille distinctly separate, their inner margins most frequently widely
separated, very rarely touching. ;

Hind coxe rarely much larger than the anterior coxze, most frequently smaller or equal; if
much larger, the pronotum is elongate, mesepisternum large, the hind legs very long, the
postmarginal vein very long; ovipositor very rarely prominent......................... 9

Hind coxee very large and long, usually five or six times larger than the anterior coxee.

Hind coxe subtriquetrous, or at least compressed into a sharp ridge above ; hind femora
rarely very much swollen, and most frequently simple, rarely with one large tooth or den-
ticulate beneath ; hind tibia usually straight ; abdomen most frequently subcompressed
(more rarely depressed), with a long ovipositor ; if without an exserted ovipositor, the
abdomen is conical or conic-ovate with a peculiar sculpture, the radius (stigmal vein)
usually very short, the hind tibiz at apex normal......... Family LXI. ToRyMIDaz.

Hind coxze usually very long and subcylindrical ; hind femora always much swollen and
most frequently armed with teeth beneath or finely serrated, rarely without teeth ;
hind tibiz strongly curved and obliquely truncately produced at apex, so that the tarsi
seem to be attached a little before tips; abdomen of various shapes, most frequently
conical or conic-ovate, more rarely globose, or oblong-oyal, the ovipositor very rarely
prominent; radius variable, rarely very short.......... Family LXII. CHALCIDIDA.

5. Pronotum rarely transverse-quadrate, conical or conically produced anteriorly, or very short, trans-
verse linear, and very much narrowed medially, rarely as wide as the mesonotum.............. 7

230 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Pronotum large, quadrate or transverse quadrate, never very short, if somewhat shortened always as

wide as the mesonotum.
Pronotum quadrate or subquadrate ; abdomen in 2 not triangulated, either globose, ovate, conic-

ovate or lanceolate and compressed or subcompressed, the hypopygium most frequently
prominent plowshare-shaped ; second dorsal segment never very large ; mandibles not strong,
most frequently 4-dentate................................. Family LXIII. EurRyTomMip@.
Pronotum shorter, more transverse and as wide as the mesonotum ; abdomen in 2 most frequently
triangulated, or globose, the second and third segments occupying most of the dorsal surface,
the following very short and more or less retracted within the third; hypopygium not
prominent ; mandibles 2- or 3-dentate at apex.....-.......... Family LXIV. PERILAMPIDZ.
6. Second abdominal segment very large and most frequently enclosing the following ; coxe not large,
subglobose, nearly equal ; all legs very slender; radius scarcely developed, its stigma sessile or sub-
Rs (leer sere Tae ne Emma cin tri Gh Go Un Oro oom iOll Ne LDA. | ISOLA ODED,
7. Mesepisternum not large, triangular; anterior femora never much swollen, the posterior femora also
normal or only slightly swollen ; marginal vein in hind wings usually long, the costal cell not reach-
ing to the hooklets or spinulze and most frequently very narrow ; radius well developed.
Family LX VI. MiscoGASTERID®.
Mesepisternum large, triangular; either the anterior or the posterior femora are much swollen and
sometimes toothed, or both are swollen with the hind femora toothed ; if with slender legs, the hind
legs are very long, their coxze long, cylindrical, while the radius (stigmal vein) in front wings is
very short, with the postmarginal vein very long extending to the apex of the wing (Pelecinella).
Family LX VII. CLEONYMIDZ.
8. Mesonotum either depressed, with more or less distinct parapsidal furrows, the scapule longitudinally
ridged, or convex or subconvex, entirely without furrows, rarely convex with distinct furrows ;
axille most frequently meeting at inner basal angles, rarely very widely separated.
Family LX VIII. ENcyRTIp a.
9. Mesonotum subconvex with incomplete or complete parapsidal furrows ; hind coxe rarely much larger
than the front coxe ; axille separated, not meeting at inner basal angles; mesepisternum usually
small, wedge-shaped or triangular ; hind wings with a long marginal vein ; mandibles usually stout,
8- or 4-dentate at apex... 1.0... ce ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eeee amily LXIX. PTEROMALIDA.
TOMEindicoxceinormallsmesopleunasimipressed aaa eee enone ete ne enn el
Hind coxe abnormally large and dilated, their femora flat or compressed ; tarsi very long ; mesopleura
entire, not impressed ; marginal vein in front wings most frequently extraordinarily lengthened, the
radius very short, scarcely dilated ; mesonotum without furrows ...... Family LXX. ELASMIDZ.
11. Tarsi 4-5-jointed, rarely heteromerous; anterior wings not short and broad, with the pubescence
normal, marginal and radial veins normal; postmarginal vein often wanting; mesonotum with
complete or incomplete furrows ...............0-e-e cece ee ee eee» Hamily LXXI. HULOPHIDZ.
Tarsi 3-jointed ; anterior wings short and broad, broadly rounded at apex with the pubescences most
frequently arranged in rows, more rarely normally pubescent ; marginal and radial veins united in
the form of a strongly curved lnmeN.......................Family LXXIJ. TRICHOGRAMMIDA.
12. Pronotum usually large, rounded, or -conically produced anteriorly; wings always with a long
marginal fringe, nearly veinless and always without a radius (stigmal vein), the marginal vein most
frequently reduced to a mere dot; antenne in 9 most frequently terminating in a distinct fusiform
or egg-shaped solid club, more rarely with a 2-jointed club; tarsi 4—5-jointed.
Family LX XIII. MyMAripz&.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 231

Faminy LX. AGAONIDA.
1846. Agaonide, Family 6 (partim) Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., p. 23.
1856. Agaonoide, Familie (8. descrip.) Forster, Hym. Stud., II., p. 29.
1871. Agaonide, Family (partim) Walker, Notes on Chalc., Pt. IV., p. 58.
1867. Blastophagidee, Familia, Kirchner, Cat. Hym. Eur., p. 188.
1882. Cynipide, Sycophagides, Division 1, Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 20.
1897. Agaonide, Family LX., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 248.

This family is one of the most striking and remarkable of any in the super-
family Chaleidoidea. It is based upon the genus Agaon Dalman, established in
1818, from a specimen taken in Sierra Leone, Africa.

The species composing this family, on account of their habits, curious forms, and
the diversity of structure in the sexes, were long a puzzle to the ablest and most astute
of the European hymenopterologists, but it is now definitely settled that they form
a component of this great complex. Sir Sidney Saunders, as late as 1883, placed
them as a division with the family Cynipide. In my opinion, however, they have
little in common with the Cynipoidea, and I concur with Walker, “Westwood, and
Mayr, in believing them a component of this major group.

Mr. Francis Walker, an Englishman, was the first to give the group family rank ;
but, as is the case with most of his families, he never properly defined or character-
ized it, and merely lumped together a miscellaneous lot of insects obtained from figs,
and called them a family—the Agaonidee. His ideas of the family were extremely
vague and indefinite, and he placed in it many forms with which they had no
relationship.

In 1871, Walker, in speaking of them said: “The Agaonide appear as yet
chiefly in three aspects, and in three different regions. ‘The first region is the
Mauritius, where they have been discovered by the researches of Dr. Coquerel.
The three species figured are said to be ‘condemned to eternal darkness’ in the
central regions of figs. These figs are the fruit of Micus terragena and are unfit for
human food. Dr. Coquerel found the three species (Apocrypta paradoxa, A. perplexa
and Sycocrypta caeca) in abundance in the interior of these figs, together with great
numbers of a fourth species, which he named Chalcis? explorator and which he
believed to be parasitic on the other three species. Dr. Coquerel thought he saw
an affinity between them and certain Bethylids, Scleroderma contractor, ete.”

Walker thought they had more connection with certain South American and
Australian Thynnide. He says: “ Scleroderma seems to have more affinity with
Typhlopone, the worker of Labidus, and with Dichthadia glaberrima, the supposed
female of Dorylus; and thereby the multitudinous tribe of ants whose economy is

2a2, MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

so remarkable, emerges from blind and radical Apocryptx and Sycocryptx, the per-
petual dwellers in the interior of figs.” “ But the affinity of these two genera to the
Chaleidie is more evident and appears by several connecting links in the Agaonidz ;
and thus the near relation. to the general ancestors of the thousands and perhaps
tens of thousands of the Chalcidiz species, the tribe being considered in unity, are
cradled in figs.”

Our knowledge of fig-insects, within the past twenty-five years, has been very
greatly augmented by the studies of Prof. John O. Westwood and Sir Sidney Saun-
ders, of England, Dr. Gustav Mayr, of Vienna, Austria, Dr. Paul Mayer, of the
Naples Station, Italy, and my own studies on some Florida, Mexican and West
Indies species, so that to-day sufficient forms are known in both sexes to enable me
to segregate, define and place in their proper groups, the miscellaneous insects
known as fig-insects.

In this work I have restricted the Agaomide to the caprifiers, or true fig-insects,
chalcid-flies that live in and pollenize, or fructify, fig-trees.

The others; heretofore classified with them, belong elsewhere, in three or four
different families, and are either inquilinous or genuine parasites. Some, the vast
majority, belong to the Torymidx, while others belong to the Chalcididx, Miscogas-
teridx, Pteromalide, ete. 2

All fig-trees, in a wild state, are dicecious and wherever fig-trees grow, principally
in tropical and semi-tropical countries, there also will be found fig-insects, for these
microscopic creatures are essential to their pollenization.

Undoubtedly, judging from the great number of fig-trees known to botanists,
many genera and hundreds of species still remain unknown to us.

Among the genuine fig-insects, two well-marked subfamilies may be distin-
guished, separable by the aid of the following table :

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.

Abdomen in 9 subcompressed, the ovipositor prominent, the mandibles with an appendage, usually ser-
rate ; males apterous, the abdomen long, narrowed towards apex and curving beneath the thorax.

Subfamily I. AGAONINZ.

Abdomen in 2 subcompressed, the ovipositor prominent, the mandibles without an appendage, the palpi

sometimes with an appendage ; otherwise similar to the Agaonine ; males apterous, the abdomen broad-

ened towards apex, narrowed towards the base, and with a tubercle or long filament at each apical

EY) ee a A Een ara ee eee eA es GIG ea Gn oolntiGotp ag ob ooo ao odor IML Syeooy se Giiniany

SUBFAMILY I. AGAONINZ.
1883. Cynipidee, Division I., Sycophagides (partim), Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc.
London, 1883, p. 20.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 233

The males in this subfamily are easily distinguished from those in the next by
the shape of the abdomen, which is always long and tubular, narrowed toward apex
and never broadened at apex as in the Sycophagine. It is also more flexible and is
usually curved or bent forward under the thorax.

The females are more difficult to separate and, although with practice one can
detect a difference in cephalic characters, almost impossible to define, the only reli-
able character to separate them from those in the other subfamily is the mandibular
appendage, which is usually finely serrate. . In the Sycophaginx the mandibles are
always without an appendage.

The known genera falling in this group may be easily recognized by the use of

the following table:
TABLE OF GENERA.

pbemales alway Sawin cednpemuerraersteeedeee cto ciate cites tenis cela) susie cieteiniinaie a celec Geiss ceumanoeaeeet 2
Males, always apterous. . Bb OSH. OO FOU 0IO.6665 60.00.00 DO DO.C DCG OCIOU-CO.O COLES LAC COICO nO OI eat Rene AC,
2. Antenne with the third or Bye UM cIna iene aieinict process -; iG FEL OG Hk sO ACE RARER
Antenne without a joint with a distinct proces. . 66.p0\Dn.G00 610g 00 00-0 nba.ou Ota Home chee GeRCAi ClO rion ety

3. Front wings with the marginal, stigmal and eee veins fully detatoncd, or at the most with
(ine [OOS UMMINETTNE | VEU BYSEAH casconscocaceonocoteoosocoszocceaues aod oo suercesos copedewebas:qse0495 eoucne# cose onaapasoon conosbsHesen 4
Front wings without marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins.

Head oblong, about 14 times as long as wide; antennz 11-jointed, thickened toward apex.
Eupristina Saunders (type EZ. masonii Saund.).
4 Postmarginal vein present ...

Postmarginal vein absent ....
O,, Aunumegnmes Il Ow Wout con bogs ed ao obo ee so eC noel CH o2 be oc abuse So OOeO 00 oA oun pboUn Go aeeoneE
Antenne 10-jointed, the last five joints enlarged, ......Kradibia Saunders (type K. cowanii Saunders).
G, lgacl mon yeny longs, qmecheins Om mEnmly SO o.006060000000 0000 5000 d40900 90 500d bd on Oden uu eo Oo Boe
Head oblong, or very long, from 2} to 3 times as long as one the facial channel narrow ; mandibles at
apex bidentate ; antennz 11-jointed........ .Pleistodontes Saunders (type P. imperialis Saunders).
7. Head quadrate or nearly, only a little narrower in front than behind; stigmal vein usually a little
longer than the marginal ..................Hisenia Ashmead gen. noy. (type E. mexicana Ashm.).
8. Seventh abdominal segment on each side with a small rounded or at most oval.spiracular fovea.
Blastophagus Gravenhorst (type Cynips psenes Linné).
Seventh abdominal segment on each side with an elongate, disk-shaped, spiracular fovea.
Ceratosolens Mayr (type C. appendiculatus Mayr).
9. Front wings with the marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins wanting; head trapezoidal, a little
longer than wide ; antennz 11-jointed, not thickened towards apex, the joints smooth ; middle legs
very minute or subobsolete. .................. . Tetrapus Mayr (type T. americanus Mayr).
Front wings with the marginal, stigmal fl Be ena veins present ; head oblong, 2} times as
long as wide; antennz (?) 12-jointed, the scape large, triangularly dilated, the funicle slender,
filiform, the club abruptly enlarged, 3-jointed ; mandibles 3-dentate ; thorax bidentate at each side.

Agaon Dalman (type A. paradoxum Dalm.).
10. Head anteriorly with a large, deep, triangular fovea.

iBasallapantrofantenmes enclosedimaicanallen nen eee yeeee ace ss cece se oe ee nese e alee es ene wll

ibasalepanimomantvennces 206 enclosedsiniaicanalie ee sarees ce ace cece see dees ce cee Le

234 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

11. Front tarsi 2-jointed, the front and hind femora stout and more or less compressed ; eyes very small
OF Wantin ee. 16.5.5! /aje- 3.5 Sis co eden sueeisee ave ele eretais so aelererery creel ais feveacietatuerreene . Ceratosolens Mayr.
12. Front tarsi 2- to aomed not reposing in a sulcus at the tip of the front tibiae . sie ake telpoleravotersuerenotenetepalte
Front tarsi 1-joimted, reposing in a sulcus at the tip of the front tibize ; claws small, almost she.
Legs four, the middle pair aborted ; antennz 3-jointed, ene ; head and thorax subquadrate.
Tetrapus Mayr.
13. The usually large antennal fovea terminates posteriorly in a narrow or broad longitudinal slit ; if it
does not, then the transverse oval antennal fovea does not extend to the middle of the head ..... 14
14. Body somewhat narrow ; antenne 3- to 6-jointed.
Front:tarsis2 or 3 JOM beds aria csicte ae is eieksineee cei Sokne oa ee eee on Ae ee Oa eel
Front tarsi 5-jointed.
Thorax in outline trapezoidal ; antennee 6-jointed, with 3 ring-joints.
Pleistodontes Saunders.
Thorax not so shaped, either bell-shaped or ellipsoidal, antennz 3- to 6-jointed...... 15
15. Thorax not oblong, in outline either ellipsoidal or bell-shaped ; antennz 3- to 6-jointed.
Thorax ellipsoidal, slightly contracted at the sides before the middle ; antenne 6-jointed, with

with one ring-joint and a 2-jointed club............................. Kradibia Saunders.
Thorax bell-shaped; antenne 3- or 4-jointed, with one ring-joint. .......Hupristina Saunders.
16. Head about twice as long as wide; front tarsi 2-jointed ; antenne 6-jointed.......Ceratosolens Mayr.

Head not or scarcely longer than wide, at the most not more than one and one half times as long as
wide; front tarsi 3-jointed ; antenne 3-jointed.

Head a little wider than long ; tarsi of hind legs very long, more than twice longer than their

tibie . ars Gye ch aero waa fo Ot Serena ears Sh lov cat Cake CORSE SMR RE .. Blastophaga Gravenhorst.

Head Secaie a little eee than at never oe than eee tarsi of hind legs short, not or

only a little longer tham tibie ...............................misenia Ashmead, gen. nov.

SUBFAMILY II. SycopHacinZ.
1883. Cynipidee, Division II., Aploastomata, Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
1883, p. 20.

This group was first correctly separated by Sir Sidney Saunders, who designated
it as Division II., Aploastomata, in the family Cynipide. It has, however, nothing
to do with the Cynipidee, but forms a natural group of the genuine fig-insects. At
present no species is known outside of the Asiatic and African faunee.

The females belonging to the group are distinguished from those in the previous
subfamily principally by the absence of mandibular appendages. The head, how-
ever, is also somewhat differently shaped, being flatter, with a broader frontal sul-
cus and no hook-lke tubercle on the middle of the occiput, while the abdomen
is more depressed and the ventral valve is not prominent.

The males are more easily recognized, being quite different from those in the
Agaonmex and the wingless males in the Torymidx. The head is very long and
narrow, while the abdomen is long, sessile, and gradually broadened towards apex,
each lateral apical angle being furnished with a tubercle, or a long, thread-like organ.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES DEBYD)

The genus Platyscapa Motschulsky I do not know, but, judging from Mot-

schulsky’s description, it seems to be one of these insects, and I have included it in
my table with the hope that it may be rediscovered, and its proper position in our
system definitely settled.

1.

TABLE OF GENERA.

INGAMIOS. 3/9 oGisc Due oe moO DEAS Y Bea Gra'd Goa on BIL CE eA A ONO TRO Ey an Sen er grt ae ee ae ear ae
WiRIES 4 ob bobs be ob od Bard dolelan b-06 ES:on ldo De end CNG One PCIe Carre NOR Se Cnet en pete ee ea ee:
. Postmarginal vein obsolete or nearly ; maxillary palpi with rows of teeth along the under side ..... 3

Postmarginal vein well developed, longer than the stigma] vein ; maxillary palpi without rows of teeth
beneath.
Antenne 13-jointed, with 2 ring-joints, of which the second is rather large; hind tibize with
rows of comb-like teeth at apex ; stigmal vein not short..............Sycophaga Westwood
(type Cynips sycomori Hasselquist).
Antenne 9-jointed (teste Motschulsky) ; hind tibize normal ; stigmal vein short.
Platyscapa Motschulsky (type P. frontalis Motsch.).

. Antennee 11-jointed ; hind tibiee without rows of teeth at apex................... Crossogaster Mayr

(type C. triformis Mayr).

> ADUSRODS y culac'ad seo Hb Sooo bbrad SA loGrid G Go Gol be Cote COS CE RENE RCM Reo aE RR in oa RP 9

Winged.
Postmarginal vein subobsolete ; head with a large, deep triangular fovea anteriorly that extends
posteriorly to the middle of the head ; antennz 11-jointed ............Crossogaster Mayr.

. Head oblong, without a deep triangular fovea anteriorly ; antennze 3-jointed...................... 6

Head nearly quadrate, a little wider than long, with a deep, triangular fovea anteriorly.
Antenne 8-jointed, the scape thick, depressed ; body broad............... Crossogaster Mayr.

. Scape of antenne about as broad as long; mandibles broad, 3-jointed ; tarsal joints 2-4 wider than

long ; abdomen terminating in two long filaments, one on each apical angle...Sycophaga Westwood.
Scape of antennz long, subclavate, more than twice longer than thick; mandibles conical, without
teeth ; tarsal joints 2-4, not wider than long; abdomen not terminating in two long filaments.

Apocrypta Coquerel (type A. perplexa Coquerel).

Faminy LXI. TORYMID.

1833. Torymide, Family II. (partim) Walker, Ent. Mag., L., p. 115.

1846. Torymide, Family I., Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, L., p. 14.

1848. Torymide, Family I., Walker, opus. cit., II., p. 100.

1856. Torymoide, Familie XI., Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 19, 23 and 43.

1875. Torymina, Tribus (partim) Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 11 and 59.
1886. Torymine, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.

1897. Torymide, Family XLI., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 2438.

Pe : ; ; ; 7
This is a very large and most interesting family, approaching nearest, on one

side, to the genuine fig-insects (Agaonidee); on the other side exhibiting affinities
that ally it to the Chalcidide, and some forms in the Miscogasteride and the Ptero-

malidex.

236 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Many of the genera, especially in my subfamily Jdarninz, were included by
Walker, Westwood and Mayr, among the Agaonidx, a position not tenable. The
genus Podagrion Spinola, too, on account of the swollen and dentate hind femora
was placed by Mayr, Howard and others with the Chalcidide. The swollen and
dentate hind femora, although of great taxonomic importance, in themselves should
not alone be depended upon to place genera and species. Many genera and species
are now known with such femora that unquestionably belong to other families. In
the family Cleonymidz there is a whole subfamily with such hind femora and it
would be absurd and most unnatural to classify it with the Chalcidide on that ac-
count alone.

In establishing families many characters must be carefully considered, weighed
and analyzed, and we should not be led astray by superficial resemblances or by
characters common to many groups.

Six fairly well defined subfamilies have been recognized.

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.

1. Mesothoracic furrows not well defined, the scapulz therefore scarcely or indistinctly separated ; abdo-

men in Q conically pointed, the ovipositor not exserted. ......... 2.0... cece ee eee e cence sees eess 6

Mesothoracic furrows distinctly defined, the scapulz therefore well separated; ovipositor always

prominently exserted, most frequently very long...... 0.0.0.2... 0c cece ee ee ce te ee nets esses 2

2 -stHind-tibie: wathronily oneiapicalispurs sa.» suena aeceeerce econ aon e Ee eee eS
Hind tibize with two apical spurs.

Posterior margin of the mesepisternum incised beyond the middle ; metepimeron curyed, dilated

above the apex ; posterior femora simple, neither armed with a tooth nor serrate............-. 3

Posterior margin of the mesepisternum entire; posterior femora rarely simple, more or less

swollen, serrate or armed with one or two teeth beneath, sometimes much swollen and armed

with several teeth beneatht.<.:. 5. 5 v2, ccccevaa cs outer Giese are eis cioemsih cise reared Gea eee

3. Stigmal vein always long; abdomen usually more or less depressed ; if subecompressed the hypopygium
is large and prominent ; males frequently apterous, the head usually oblong, with a triangular fovea
anteriorly in which lie the antenne ; abdomen short, never tubularly lengthened.

Subfamily I. IDARNINZ.

Stigmal vein very short, the knob of same being sessile or subsessile ; abdomen usually subcompressed,
the hypopygium not prominent; males most frequently winged ; if apterous, the head not oblong
and without a triangular fovea anteriorly,.................-.-+-+-+-.-. subfamily II. ToRYMIN&.

4. Hind femora not much swollen, as long as their tibiz, beneath feebly serrate or armed with one or two
teeth beyond the middle towards apex, their tibiz straight; metanotum usually with a median
carina, coarsely rugulose or punctate ; stigmal vein not long, but still longer than in the Torymine,
oblique and Clavate ...........:....0ceeeeeeeeeesese cess ++. Subfamily III, MonoDONTOMERIN®.

Hind femora much swollen and armed with from four to eight teeth, their tibize arcuate ; metanotum
with a A-shaped carina; stigmal vein short, the knob subsessile, similar to the Torymine.
Subfamily [V. PODAGRIONIN&.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Darl

5. Stigmal vein in front wings terminating in a large rounded or dilated knob or stigma, the basal
MOAVONES CHEWING, GOEWANG o5 65 cabo odco 0900000000 0n 0000000006 . subfamily V. MEGASTIGMINZ.
6. Abdomen in 9 conic-ovate or pr aneiten at apex, in 3 Sine erate with a peculiar sculpture in both

sexes, the middle segments most frequently with transverse rows of pits or rounded punctures ;

Sie MmaAlEveINEVeLyACh OL leas ahaa En hits niente inne n ne Su bfamilyaiVile ORMVAR TN ANS

SUBFAMILY I. IJDARNINA.
1846. Agaonidee, Family 6 (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., p. 23.
1897. Idarninz, Subfamily I., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 235.

All of the species composing this subfamily are found associated with the genuine
fig-insects; they are either inquilinous or genuine parasites, as is the case in the
Cynipide and the Hurytomide, and in-at least another group in the Torymide, 2. ¢.,
the Megastignine. =

The group comes nearest to the subfamily Toryminz, agreeing with it closely in
cephalic and thoracic characters, and in haying two apical spurs on the hind tibiee ;
but here the resemblance ceases, and it is easily separated by the difference in vena-
tion, shape of abdomen, etc. —

The males are most frequently apterous, the head being long or oblong, with a
triangular fovea anteriorly in which he the antennee, a character also found in the
Agaonide ; but the abdomen is short and never tubularly lengthened nor broadened
at the apex, as in that family.

The females agree somewhat with the Agaonidx in venation, but differ decidedly
in cephalic, mandibular, and abdominal characters, the abdomen being either de-
pressed, without a prominent ventral valve, or subcompressed with a prominent
ventral valve, with a long ovipositor. From the Torymine they are at once distin-
guished by the Jong stigmal vein and the different shape of the abdomen.

TABLE OF GENERA.

IL, TSTONES 36 lebocbidolbdins oo UE Badolsao One EO e OOH RUDE COO Ss Une Ona CH Ce MCE Od Toiecis Canc ini rama |
INTEMGS: 23: ad: Sa a1 0.5 Cblo mc mi ete ate OG GIOIA, USTOINET COGS IG Cirle te oe he are tenner Pe)
2. Abdomen normal, the last two segments not cares say susc Memeo ays neta pcyat Sel say areisiesysy ave) Sie wteileie etayster
Abdomen abnormal, the last two segments very narrow ate stn into a kind of tube or tail, the
ONAN OSUEO Tay CTV gal OMS eee eee yares eel cusieeVousiororeesiensic ese eicrsieh aitidicitsie'e wisn tai tie sieyels ote Gelatiene Geen eh enes uO

SB AiMiBINMED IOAonMtECl 5 5.6 MSwe-cseS Ge Obed, 05.0 HO OIE Oe Oy COT SECO ERE ee ae nee ene ane

Antennz 18-jointed, with three ring-joints ; mesonotum with distinct parapsidal furrows.

Seventh abdominal segment very long, longer than the preceding segments united ; scape of
antennee scarcely thrice the length of the pedicel....................-Ehilotrypesis Forster.
(type Cynips carice Hasselq.).
Seventh abdominal segment hardly as long as the preceding segments united ; scape of antenne
long, about four times as long as the pedicel Sycoscaptella Westw. (type S. affinis Westw.).

4. Prothorax long, conical ; metathorax long ; legs short and stout, the front femora incrassated.
Polanisa Walker (type Idarnes transiens Walk.).

238 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

5.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Seutellum not flat, usually convex or at least subconvex, and usually, but not always, without longitudinal
STOOVER TIMES se sispels anise ecto Gia SiGele Ah akeee ah ore, ote vans Se ave eter seo eke D eRR TAHA c orere te eeate Coen ee eet eee eee
Scutellum flat and broad, quadrate, with {wo longitudinal grooved lines.

Metallic ; flagellum filiform, the joints of the funicle at least twice as long as thick ; ocelli ob-

tusely triangularly arranged ......................Ldarnes Walker (type I. carme Walker).
Non-metallic ; flagellum subclavate, the joints of the flagellum not or scarcely longer than

thick ; ocelli arranged nearly in a straight line..................Koebelea Ashmead, g. nov.

F (type K. australiensis Ashm.).

. Ovipositor shorter than the body and sometimes not at all prominent.........................-. Ll
Ovipositor longer than the body ; funicle of antennee 5-jointed. .......... 0.0... cece ce eee ee eees 0

. Abdomen with the ventral segments normal, not widened downwards ......................-.-. 8

Abdomen with the ventral segments widened downwards.
Hypopygium very prominent, plowshare shaped ; antennz 12-jointed, with 2 ring-joints.

Goniogaster Mayr (type G. variicornis Mayr).

5 MIGSCUIORAGIG tibmRO WTS ClCH, CONNIE. 560000000000 002000 on so cose UD DE UDODUA DO GCOUODOSSDO0C8 ©

Mesothoracic furrows noé distinct, wanting posteriorly.
Antenne 11-jointed, with one ring-joint inserted much nearer to the front margin of the head
than to the middle ; stigmal vein long, nearly three fourths the length of the marginal.
Sycoryctes Mayr (type S. patellaris Mayr).
Antenne 13-jointed, with three ring-joints inserted at an equal distance between the middle and the
front margin of the head ; stigmal vein less than one third the length of the marginal.
Trichaulus Mayr (type T. versicolor Mayr).
Antenne 12-jointed with one ring-joint ; stigmal vein about half the length of the marginal.
Apocryptophagus Ashmead, g. nov. (type Chalcis 2? explorator Coquerel).
Antenne 9-jointed (teste Motschulsky) ; abdomen elliptic, much depressed, the ovipositor twice the

Antenne 12-jointed or less......

lena thvotechesbodyeereseeetee eee eee rere rer eer Platyneura Motschulsky (type P. testacea Motsch.).
Postmarcinall veimidistin ets raliwaiysmpLreseniiereiee ete ceieer ee eh eh aci jena tert ree eer neers 12
Postmarginal vein wanting or never well developed ................0-.:000- cece ener er eeen eee 14
Ovipositor hidden ...... Fras aiavazadey evolve aysin av dre teilatavatara( av rene ayayerct aves Sastareteye ete vevele eketeke pene teer: svete ee steel apa ara ea 15
Ovipositor always) prominentyonvexserted operetta sere ieeer 13

Antenne 12-jointed with two ring-joints, the funicle 5-jointed, inserted near the clypeus, the joints of
the flagellum fluted; body metallic ; ovipositor about as long as the thorax and abdomen united
or a little longer, and thickened towards apex. Colyostichus Mayr (type 2 C. longicaudis

Mayr, 3 Heteradrium longipes Mayr).

Antennze 11-jointed with one ring-joint, the funicle 5-jointed, the club 8-jointed, the joints of the
funicle hardly longer than thick; ovipositor scarcely as long as the abdomen, gradually thick-
ened towards apex. Heterandrium Mayr (type ¢' H. biannulatum Mayr, 2 Colyostichus brevicaudis

Mayr).

Seutellum with two longitudinal grooved lines, the axillee widely separated ; ovipositor a little shorter
than the abdomen. ..........................-...sycophila Walker (type S. decatomoides Walk.).

Seutellum without grooved lines, the axille nearly uniting at base of scutellum; ovipositor only
slightly projecting..........................Froggattia Ashmead, g. noy. (type F. polita Ashm.).

Mesothoracic furrows indistinct, never complete ; antennee 9-jointed.

Micranisa Walker (type Idarnes pteromaloides Walk.).

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21

22.

23.

24,

25.

26.

27.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 239

PRAT SIE =] OMN LCC ae meMem Rare erate paren mney seeieanyel cron sted eirhteheivete cy eicjorte wl ele wisusic cys chewed eine hclneiais wits s waloe ve, LE
HATS IS BOTA) OL be letra rey weer MERA ver estan ie celeste iota cialis wrele iso arsuda sinless »oneialielae wispasiecies cic) OL
/ANDUCROUS OF yyy TAUCKINEINITAy WINGS. 66s bode08 58 Cb dU CO Ue On OM UED OS Ene a6 ne Deion peaenee sie eee bs)
Winged. . 50.0'0.6.6 603 OCOHB OU EADO DD OO HG DOORS Oca DCCA IOIOCICIC SE SRST CC IEA Re RcC i terme nRmEC
ieee inserted on ie anterior margin of the ina or far sto its middle; clypeus not extending

to the middle of the inner saviein GIR CRRS ce se aL tee en 19
AME nin zai Serveduonat hesmiddlevobuubetacenen wars mmm accra. sey cie els ee asc sete noses. See cen + OO
Head anteriorly with a large, deep, triangular fovea from which originate the antennz........... 20
Head anteriorly without such a fovea; wings entirely absent, not represented by filaments....... 25
Wings represented by two pairs of thread-like filaments. Bae Sich 6 oie Or RAISIN ea
Wings represented by one pair of thread-like filaments or ee rsiiee. mae Ci eC RAT EC OICLOL > Sane a PRE
Head oblong, not or scarcely wider than the thorax, the eyes Ge 5 antennee separated by a sharp

carina ; hind tarsi with the first joint dilated.............................Philotrypesis Forster.

Head large, oblong, slightly narrowed anteriorly, the hind margin sinuate, the hind angles rounded,
setose ; antenn 8- or 9-jointed with 1 ring-joint, the scape large, clavate ; mandibles large, porrect,
curved, acute and entire at apex, but within, 3-dentate.

Tetranemopteryx Ashmead, g. noy. (type Sycoscapter 4-setosa Westw.).

Head oblong, the hind angles rounded, not acute. seats Ratan Oe cubac capinaeccn se
Head oblong-quadrate, the hind angles acutely eee) not rounded . Seetaitole teal shesstiuelceateveten 2
Head large, oblong, broader than the thorax; antennze 10-jointed, with 1 ane inserted close

together near the front margin of the head; mandibles porrect, stout and curved, the tips acute,
entire, the inner margin with a tooth behind the middle.................. Sycoscapter Westwood
(type S. insignis Westw.).
Head oblong-quadrate, sinuate posteriorly ; antenne 8- or 9-jointed, without a ring-joint, inserted close
together near the mouth; mandibles porrect, falcate, the tips bidentate, the inner margin with a
tooth near the base.............. Sycoscapteridea Ashmead, g. nov. (type Sycoscapter monilifer).
Head oblong, the sides anteriorly nearly straight, the front angles rounded, the hind angles acutely
produced ; antennz 8-jointed (or 9-jointed with 1 ring-joint), inserted close together near the mouth ;
mandibles small, faleate, entire; wings represented by short filaments.
Sycoscapterella Ashmead, g. nov. (type Sycoscapter anguliceps Westw.).
Antenne shorter, at the most 9-jointed, the joints closely united, inserted further from each other than
to the sides of the head, most frequently with only 4 or 5 free joints ........................ 26
Antenne Jonger, 10- or 11-jointed, with only the last three joints closely united, inserted near or not
toe Quveny Meo Une WGI Ioelsle, Aans pb occaoc doléd ote OPBIBO MES BE cE nan dom Cc enneee ence Cone cam cu
Head between the clypeus and the sides concave ; mandibles bidentate ; labium and palpi wanting, in
place is a membranous tube; antennee composed of 4 free joints, of which the third is small,
annular, transparent and eda SALAM oo eee eee eer Loarnessallcer:
Head between the clypeus and side flat; mandibles 3- or 4-dentate ; labium and labial palpi present,
the palpi 1-jointed ; tibize short, closely and thickly spinous ; antenne with 4 or 5 free joints.
Head depressed, wider than long, but not perfectly flat, more or less triangular, the angles
OUI C CMR e NR ipa tye nt rare wer hee te hed AS Sma acim yet o LEChaulus: Mayr.
Head perfectly flat, longer than wide, trapezoidal; mandibles broad, 4-dentate within ;
antennee 5-jointed, the scape flat, dilated towards apex................-Koebelea Ashmead.
Head more or less depressed ; tarsi 5-jointed, the basal joint of hind tarsi often much compressed and
with very long bristles.

240 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

28.

28).

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

Hind tarsi much longer than their tibie, the basal joint long ...................0.00.2.2. 28
Hind tarsi not longer than their tibia, the basal joint short. ............. 00 cece eee ee eeee 29
First joint of flagellum smaller than the second; mandibles bidentate; hind tibiee with several very
long bristles, the first joint two thirds the length of the tibia..................Colyostichus Mayr.
First joint of flagellum much longer than the second ; mandibles unidentate at apex ; hind tibie with-
out lone: bristles, 22 202 SAG A eee ee ne a ee ee V.COLV CLeSmN lavas
First joint of the flagellum only a little longer than the second and not much longer than thick ; man,
dibles very long, strong and toothed within ; hind tibiz with short stiff bristles ; all joints of tarsi
slender ; pronotum very large, quadrate, larger than the meso- and metanotum united.
Goniogaster Mayr.
Head large, sinuate anteriorly and posteriorly, and also with the lateral margins posteriorly incised so
as to form a tooth just before the hind angles; wings represented by a pair of thread-like filaments ;
antennze 10-jointed, with 2 ring-joints, inserted widely apart or laterly close to the eyes, the scape
very large, dilated, quadrate above, rounded basally, and beneath at base deeply incised ; mandibles
robust, triangular, curved, the tips bifid, within towards base produced and tridentate.
Sycobiella Westwood (type S. sawndersti Westw.).
Head large, transverse ellipsoidal, sinuate anteriorly, rounded posteriorly, the hind angles rounded ;
wings entirely wanting ; antenne 9-jointed, with 1 ring-joint, inserted on the middle of the face.
much nearer together than to the inner margin of the eyes, the scape very large, dilated, clavate ;
mandibles long, porrect, the tips bidentate, dilated towards base, the dilation being tridentate.
Walkerella Westwood (type W. timeraria Westw.).

Tarsi 4-jointed ; wings represented by thread-like filaments ................02 cece cette ceeeees OF
Parsi 3-jointed.; swings wantime 26%. essere ar oe sei ders eee ole ae oe ene eee ee oS
Head oblong-quadrate, emarginate or sinuate anteriorly and posteriorly ; ocelli absent ; antennz 8- or

9-jointed, without a ring-joint, inserted far above the middle of the face, the scape large, dilated,

clavate ; mandibles large, porrect, nearly as long as the head, curved, the tips bifid, the inner
margin armed with a tooth near the middle or sometimes truncate.

Otetesella Westwood (type O. digitata Westw.).

Antenne 9- to 11-jointed (the club sometimes 3 joints), with one ring-joint, shorter than the head and

inserted close together near the mouth, the scape large, depressed, subclavate; mandibles small,

acute, slightly curved, without teeth within. ....... Sycoscaptella Westwood (type S. affinis Westw.).

Postmarginal vem distinet; well developed mmsmacnc testa) ein eae eer eee
Postmarginal vein wanting or but slightly developed... ........0....0c5 cece ew ee eee ne ee ec eeees OD
Second joint of the famicle not: Shorter than; the; fitst.s.aeeee cee riceo eee eee pe ermoe
Second joint of the funicle very short, annular, much shorter than the first.
Antenne 12-jointed, with 2 ring-joints; pronotum long.................Colyostichus Mayr.
Antenne 11-12-jointed, with 1 or 2 ring-joints, inserted much nearer to the mouth than to the middle
of the head}-the-funicleso-jointedis. ea. sees ee en ee ee ee eee emorT|
Antenne 13-jointed, inserted below the middle of the head, the furrows in the joints of the flagellum
not’ ending im littlesteeth’. #y, .:. fence eee ee ee ee eRe eae Ene aes

Postmarginal vein longer than the stigmal ; mandibles not long, falcate, 2- or 3-dentate ; antenne 11-
12-jointed, the club not much thicker than the funicle; pronotum subquadrate, a little wider at the
middle than before or behind ; scutellum large, subconvex, the parapsidal furrows very fine, but
GISHIMCH,, 5.0 a0 oe oc 1s vieiene tie tle ds matte cet bates ott oe tue epene Ones erect een tier CONVO SUIC OR Sme Verve

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 241

Postmarginal vein not longer than the stigmal ; mandibles very long, falcate, bidentate at apex ; antennz
11-jointed ; pronotum very long, rounded in front ; scutellum the
parapsidal furrows distinct. bwceee Se ane . .sycobia Walker (type S. bethyloides Walk.).

38. Stigmal vein rather short, ee than one ohne the length of the marginal ; antennze 13-jointed, with 2
ring-joints and a 6-jointed funicle. . ee en cn A ne leo eee Sa ee TIchaulus: Mayr:

39. Antennee 13-jointed, with 2 Ro ree ; mesonotum with distinct parapsidal furrows.
Pronotum quadrate, a little narrower than the mesonotum ; scutellum with two grooved lines ;

abdomen oval, subdepressed, much shorter than the thorax, briefly petiolate, and terminating

in an exserted penal sheath...................0.0.000-0+002+2..... 9ycophila Westwood.
Pronotum large, rounded anteriorly; scutellum without grooved lines; abdomen compressed,
ShOmenunane MeWhonaxs en rnaer cee eee ete ace ee sce. 3. --exoggathia;, Ashmead

SuBFAMILy I]. ‘ToryMIn«&.
1840. Pteromalides, Subfamily pes tim) Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., IL,
Synop., p. 67.

1846. Torymide, Family 4 (partim) Walker, List. Chalcid. Brit. Museum, I., p. 14.
1871. Torymides, Subtribus ( partim) Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 59, 64.
1899. Toryminee, Subfamily II., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 247.

The vast majority of the species falling in this group are parasitic on gall-inhab-
iting insects, belonging to the orders Hymenoptera and Diptera, although others are
recorded as haying been bred from Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, etc., and from the nests
of bees and wasps.

I think it quite likely these latter records are erroneous, and that the Coleoptera,
Lepidoptera, ete., had dipterous parasites from which the torymines came.

TABLE OF GENERA.

Ils ISEHDANSS) : 6 enatercSe @ techy chcigucit Gis Clo ORD a Om BNOa Ot Een ee CORIO Lec Cia? SLO EeenA as Acar acre pe ee
VES Beene eet eter ty Sern eiagriemte tty fief cata Jade eda oases yee Poke teumeh eee hecaid awe wages ca oe 8
2. Antenne 13-jointed, Ahh ont one ring-joint. . SSO SOLO RS ab doth Ae nb COD UMC Ue eNOS RBs Sree)
Antenne 13-jointed, with two ring-joints...............Lochites Forster (type L. papaveris Forster).
3. Scutellum without a cross-furrow before apex........ 0.00.0 cece cee ee ee ee ee ce eee essen A

Scutellum with a cross-furrow before apex.
Abdomen with second dorsal segment incised medially at apex.
Syntomaspis Forster (type Zurymus cyaneus Boheman).
4, First joint of flagellum not abruptly narrower than the following; clypeus at apex truncate....... 5
First joint of flagellum abruptly narrower than the following; clypeus at apex subproduced.
Lioterphus Thomson (type Torymus pallidicornis Boheman).
5. Thorax not especially long, the pronotum not conically elongate.............. 0.0.0. ee cece cece ee 6
Thorax long, the pronotum much developed, conically elongate.
Abdomen with a distinct petiole, the body much compressed, shorter than the thorax, the

ovipositor very long....................Eedamua Walker (type E. macrotelus Walker).
Gy Mandiblesi3-dentater; bead not triangular costal cell wide ............ 222.2. ce ewes eee eee ee 7

Mandibles 2-dentate ; head subtriangular, as viewed from in front ; costal cell narrow.

Callimomus Thomson (type C. scaposus Thomson).

2A? MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

7. Prothorax not especially short ; metathorax declivous, not largely punctate.
Torymus Dalman (type Ichnewmon bedequaris Linné).
Prothorax short, the metathorax abruptly declining, largely punctate ; antennze subclavate, the club

lanceolate. .........:2----0--0-+eeeeeeeeeesss.. Lorymoides Walker (type T. amabilis Walker).

8. Antennee 13-jointed, with only one ring-joint.. 2... 5. 15-6 5 ee es oe oe we ee eee ee Oo
Antenne 13-jointed, with two ring-joints.................-+-.-----+-------------- hochites Forster.

9. Scutellum without a cross-furrow before apex....... 22.0 --0- eee ec ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eeeees- 10
Scutellum with a cross-furrow before apex................+.++..+-.-----..-.. Syntomaspis Forster.

10.” Mandibles 8-dentate > costallcelll/ wides.s2: sms ateacni- 2 sec eerie eee ee teense
Mandibles 2-dentate ; costal cell narrow..................+.+eee++--.-.-.- Callimomus Thomson.

(iE Clypeusanteriorly mormaltmotproduceda nhs ce. <a cece ree ecient aera ee
Clypeus anteriorly subproduced medially. .....................++.+.+....... Lioterphus Thomson.

12. Thorax normal, the pronotum not especially long. ............-2-- ee ee cece ce ee ee ete eee 13
Thorax long, the pronotum elongate, conical... .. So coe Ane oe ee seg amuanyallixers

13. Pronotum not especially short, the metathorax not largely punctate............... Torymus Dalman.
Pronotum short, the metathorax abruptly declivous, largely punctate............rorymoides Walker.

SUBFAMILY II]. MonoponTroMERIN 2.

1875. Torymides, Subtribus (partim) Thomson, Skand. Hym., IV., p. 59.
1899. Monodontomerinz, Subfamily III., Ashm .Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV., p. 247.

In this group the hind femora are more swollen than in the previous groups,
while the lower edge is serrate or armed with one or two teeth, thus showing an
approach to the Podagrionine, and through that subfamily to the Lewcospidine and
the Chalcidine.

Some of the species are parasitic upon hymenopterous and dipterous gall-mak-
ing insects; others, belonging to the genera Physothorax and Plesiostigma, have been
bred from fig-insects, while species belonging to the genera Diamorus and Monodon-
tomerus are bred commonly from the nests of bees and wasps, and they are said to
be parasites of these insects. In a single case, at least, I have positive evidence that
Monodontomerus was bred from the puparium of a tachinid-fly found in the nest

with the bee.
TABLE OF GENERA.

if Hemales),Voyi positon prominentiyiexcerteds ss lvoe eel tne ace meena Cake eee
Mallet os is otschsieiard fats Sis aalatarda WE Now lane Bs cals aye eer Meas eeetc revs Re earache ROS

2 Hind femora beneath very finely denticulate and usually also with a single large tooth, rarely with 2
L100 Pare ran en A RY a ee avis ab trocar entre we AARON Ad Bors Sci on Se bo dh0o UO
Hind femora beneath smooth, with 1 or 2 large teeth, some distance from the apex ............... 3

Mr SCTE) NTH ORISSI MOO NWOOOWAG ANE Goncenduencsccepsocassescnssococbeacodbouencaouc 4

Scutellum without a cross furrow before the apex.
Abdomen short, not longer than the head and thorax united ; stigmal vein very short.
Holaspis Mayr (type Torymus militaris Boheman),.
Abdomen elongate. much longer than the head and thorax united ; stigmal vein not short,
Oblique... es ve sc ee recy ov sess se seceee+ss++,-.-,-, Websterellus Ashmead (type tnittict).

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 243

. Abdomen with the hind margin of the first dorsal segment (or its flap) incised at the middle _.........5

Abdomen with the hind margin of the first dorsal segment straight, not incised.
Monodontomerus Westwood (type M. obscurus Westw.).

. Funicle with 6 joints ; head smooth or at most with sparse punctures ........ 1.0. ee cece cece eee eess 6

Funicle with 7 joints ; head and thorax with large, thimble-like punctures.
Hind femora with a single tooth beneath towards apex.................... Diamorus Walker
(type Torymus armatus Boheman).
Hind femora with two teeth beneath toward apex. nee Sgeheaan . Physothorax Mayr
(type Diamorus oS Mone 9, Pinon disciger Mayr <).

. Thorax delicately shagreened ; hind femora with a single indistinct tooth beneath towards apex.

Plesiostigma Mayr (type P. bicolor Mayr).

. Eyes bare ; abdomen with the hind margin of the first dorsal segment incised ; hind femora usually ser

rate or with one or two teeth beneath towards apex , bas Bre WN tenes eae et GB ce eT SS RRR A DRE)
Hyes hairy ; abdomen with the hind margin of the fins aa segment cecin not incised ; hind
femora sometimes without a tooth ............ Oligosthenus Forster (type Ichneumon stigma Fabr...

. Front femora much swollen, the pronotum longer than the mesonotum ; antenne with two ring-joints.

Plesiostigmodes Ashmead, g. noy. (type P. brasiliensis Ashm.).
Front femora normal, the pronotum shorter than the mesonotum ; antennee with one ring-joint.
Hind femora serrate and usually with one tooth beneath ; stigmal vein short but distinct, the
knob always petiolate ; thorax without thimble-like punctures...... Cryptopristus Forster
(type Torymus caliginosus Walk.).
Hind femora feebly serrate beneath without a tooth ; stigmal knob sessile, the stigmal vein not

developed ; thorax with small, thimble-like punctures.......Hemitorymus Ashmead, g. nov.

(type H. thoracicus Ashm.).

¢ ATEHOMS OP Walla TAUCHMNSIMIRTAY WEIS 55 oo na oo babe dn bo boohoo nd ae dune dubn bo UbueuS Ho bUobcoso an oe IMS

Winged.

Hind femora beneath towards apex finely serrate and usually also with one or two teeth.... 13

Hind femora beneath smooth with one large tooth some distance from the apex,.......... 10
Scutehlumywithoutwal eross-turrows before apex... 5.02.0. 6s4--e sash ss sece ee ccceess sees sess. LL
Scutellum with a cross-furrow before apex................ 02 ee cece ee ee ee eee ee eees Sesh ae ele
Stigmal vein very short; abdomen concave above...................-....00- taeege Mayr.
Stigmal vein not short, oblique ; abdomen not concave above............... Sebeterallus Ashmead.
Hind margin of the first dorsal segment incised at the middle.............................-.. 18

Hind margin of the first dorsal segment straight, not incised at the middle.
Monodontomerus Westwood.
Head smooth, or at the most with sparse punctures ; funicie 6-jointed........................... 14
Head and thorax with rather large, thimble-like punctures.
Hind femora with a single large tooth; stigmal vein not short, the knob moderately large ; hind
tAmSieviery lone athe sinsheyommti lomo. esac. oon wees. aoe.) . - Diamorus, Walker.
Hind femora with two rather small teeth (normal form) ; stigmal vein very short, the knob very
small; hind tarsi not especially long, the first joint not longer than 2 and 3 united.
Physothorax Mayr.
Kyes bare; hind margin of first abdominal segment usually incised medially................... 15
Byes hairy ; hind margin of the first abdominal segment straight, not incised; hind femora usually
De OMEN LO ON Ne meneg rae aay Merle ened a ae ne ey. ee eye tyes... Oligosthenus Morster.

244 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

15. Front femora much swollen, the hind femora finely serrate beneath ; antennz with 2 ring-joints.
Plesiostigmodes Ashmead, g. nov. (type P. brasiliensis Ashm.).
Front femora normal, the hind femora finely serrate beneath and often with a tooth ; antenne with 1

ring-joint.
Stigmal vein distinct, its knob always petioled........................COryptopristus Forster.
Stigmal vein very short, its knob sessile... MM ae chs 5 2 .Hemitorymus Ashmead.
16. Antenne inserted close together.

Antenne 2-jointed, the second clavate (dimorphic form)....Plesiostigma Mayr, Nannocerus Mayr.
Antenne 4- to 7-jointed ; thorax not depressed ; hind femora with 2 teeth beneath towards apex ;
hind tibize with spines only at base of tarsi (dimorphic form)...........Physothorax Mayr.

SuBFAMILY IV. PopDAGRIONINE#.

This group in having the hind femora greatly swollen and dentate beneath, with
the hind tibize curved, resembles the Chalcididx, but otherwise, in the structure of
head, side pieces of the thorax, coxee, and in venation, it is a genuine Torymid, and I
have here removed it from the Chalcididx, where late authorities have placed it, to a
place in this family. - ;

The genus Podagrion is parasitic in the ege-cases of the orthopterous family

Mantide.
TABLE OF GENERA.

Stigmal vein not so short, the knob petiolate ; tarsal joints 2-5 very short, transverse, the first joint long;

hind femora armed with 4 teeth................... Pachytomus Westwood (type P. klugianus Westw.).
Stigmal vein very short, the knob subsessile ; tarsal joints 2-5 not short ; hind femora armed with from 6
to 8 teebh.. .i.s5. 02 ed caee babies at oat sclch ee cesses oe kb Odagrion Spmola (type Lasplendens Spmola):

SuBFAMILY V. M&GASTIGMIN2.
1875. Megastigmides, Subtribus, Thomson, Skand. Hym., IV., p. 59.
1899. Megastigminee, Subfamily IV., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p.
246.

The species falling in this subfamily are easily recognized by the large circular
or rounded knob of the stigmal vein.

Species of the genus Megastigmus are bred commonly from hymenopterous and
dipterous gall-makers (Cynipide and Cecidomyvide) and also from the seed capsules
of various trees and plants. The group is, therefore, phytophagous as well as para-
sitic. Megastigmus spermatotr_phus Wachtl was bred from the seed of the Douglas
spruce, Pseudotsuga douglasii. It is identical with M. pinus Parfitt, also bred from
the seed of a pine and described thirty-six years earlier.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Head and thorax smooth or transversely wrinkled or aciculate ; mandibles 3-dentate............... 2
Head and thorax neither smooth nor transversely wrinkled or aciculate, but sparsely or very finely

punctate ; mandibles 4-dentate.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 245

Abdomen distinctly petiolate, the petiole the length of the metathorax, the body short, elliptical,
not compressed, shorter than the thorax ; scutellum without a cross-furrow before tip.
Odopoia Walker (type O. atra Walker).
Abdomen subsessile, cane body elongate, subcompressed, the length of the thorax ; secutellum with
a cross-furrow before apex.......Bootania Dalla Torre (type Metamorpha leucospoides Walker).
2. Head seen from in front a little wider than long, the ocelli placed in a slight curved line; scutellum

with a cross-furrow before apex............Megastigmus Dalman (type Ichneumon dorsalis Fabricius.

SUBFAMILY VI. ORMyYRINZ.

1856. Ormyroide, Familie X., Forster, Hym. Stud., I1., pp. 19, 22 and 24.
1875. Ormyrides, Subtribus, Thomson, Skand. Hym., IV., p. 100.
1899. Ormyrine, Subfamily V., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 1V., p. 247.

Dr. Arnold Forster was the first to separate this group from other Torymids.
It is a very distinct and compact subfamily, agreeing with the subfamily Torymine
in venation and in pleural and pedal characters, but otherwise it is totally different
from it and the others. The females are easily recognized by the elongate, pointed,
or conically produced abdomen, non-prominent ovipositor, and by its peculiar sculp-
ture; the males by the oblong oval shape of the abdomen, as well as by the sculpture.

It shows some affinity with the Hurytomidx, and particularly with my tribe
Rileyini, in the shape of the pronotum, and in antennal and abdominal peculiarities.

All are bred from hymenopterous and dipterous gall-insects, belonging princi-
pally to the families Cynipide and Cecidomyiide ; only a few species have been
described. : |

Only three genera are known distinguished as follows :

TABLE OF GENERA.

ily Wines 5 alockomen: aslomes, Cl orsssG0l bk bs kasd cs eecane access goa decd cobo o> Geno consis oa eee ame
Females ; abdomen long, conically pointed and more or less compressed, especially towards the apex,
WS OQWMOOMIOW METSP [DROWMNNEMN, 555 caodce 6dsucoon en doug ua cooouvenc endo on oud be Gununanoeoooe 4

Me Apdomentuwiihout apeculian sculpuure normal) sessed secs eee eee esce secre cee ss. O

Abdomen with a peculiar sculpture, and some of the segments with two rows of pits or deep punctures.

No large, coarse punctures at base of middle abdominal segments ; antenne with one ring-

joint . eee ee aeaeee ae DLonobeus Horster (type We cingulatus Horst,).

With large, coarse punctures at base of middle abdominal segments ; antennze with two ring-

OMMGS Garee eeneroeactnrs a5 eraetet cusvioleatepels ..Ormyrus Westwood (type O. punctiger Westw.).

3. Abdomen finely punctate ; antenne with three Racine Tribus Forster (type T. punctulatus Forst.).
4, dNoclonnem worn & jySoUllere SOU NAOS 45 ea0e ose och oo 65 nb UD be eas Ondo dons Done CHO OU ecco cman D)

Abdomen with a peculiar sculpture.

Aminennceawithhone PINS =JOINL, .o ss csles oe Geese sede e ssc). -=- Monobeus Forster.

AMFEnMcS MiNi hing -{OMtSe en) |e senso seach ese clda-esaciis-/- -OlMyrus Wesbwood.

See AMLEMM cA UME ec MnInOT OlISttn ne bees cals ce sees nese se vivre es cece... kribeus Worster.

246 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Famity LXII. CHALCIDID.
1830. Chalcidee, Family (partim), Leach, Edinb. Eneye., IX., p. 144.
1840. Chaleide, Subfamily I. (partim), Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., I., p. 166,
Synop., p. 60.
1846. Chalcidide, Family II. (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Mus., I., p. 2.
1856. Chalcidoidee, Familie II., Forster, Hym. Stud., IL, pp. 18, 21 and 29.
1875. Chalcidina Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 11, 12.
1886. Chalcidine, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer, I., p. 197.
1897. Chalcididee, Family LXII., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 245.
1900. Chalcidide, Family LXII., Ashmead, Proc. U.S. National Museum, X XIII.,
p. 202.

This family, although allied to the Torynide and to the Hurytomide, is very
distinct in many particulars; by the usually very long, subcylindrical hind coxe,
the greatly swollen hind femora, usually dentate or serrate beneath, by the
strongly arcuate hind tibize which are usually obliquely truncately produced at
apex, so that the tarsi appear to be attached a little before the tips, and by pro-
notal and abdominal differences.

The group is most extensively represented in South America, where many genera
and many species have been discovered.

Two subfamilies have been recognized, distinguishable as follows:

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.
Front wings longitudinally folded ; ovipositor curving upwards and backwards over the dorsum of the
ADAOMENE, ser. iec eis oe ww creas Sees @eTare ences Cele ORI oS eee SU bia nnllvael le COSP ID DNs
Front wings not folded; ovipositor when prominent, straight, not curving over the dorsum of the

abdomen 5 ice Sarees sad ob eS ses Eide ee eco Sub fammilliy, alte @ ream CED LNEAE

SUBFAMILY I. Lxucosprpinz.

1833. Leucopside, Family, Walker, Ent. Mag., IL., p. 13.
1839. Leucospide, Family X V., Haliday, Hym. Synop., p. u.
1846. Leucospide, Family I., Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., p. 1.
1856. Leucospoide, Family I., Forster, Hym. Stud., IL, pp. 18, 20 and 29.
1886. Leucospine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 197.
1897. Leucospidine, Subfamily I., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV., p. 235.

Dr. von Dalla Torre, in his Catalogus Hymenopterorum, Vol. V., has incor-
rectly credited this subfamily to Forster ; it should be credited to Walker, who desig-
nated it asa family as early as 1833.

The group isa natural one, and is very distinct from the other groups of the Chal-
cidide, in habits, in abdominal peculiarities — the ovipositor being curved forward

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES QA47

over the dorsum of the abdomen, often reaching to the scutellum, and in having
the wings longitudinally folded as in the Vespidx, Hwmendx and in the Diaprid
genus Galesus.

The group is parasitic in the nest of bees and the longitudinal fold in the wings
is significant, for the leucospid is thus enabled to crawl into the nest of a bee without
seriously disturbing its contents.

The group was monographed by Dr. August Schletterer in 1890, in the Berliner
Entomologische Zeitschrift, vol. 35. This work should be in the hands of all stu-
ents who desire to study these insects.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Frons anteriorly not cornuted ; hind margin of the head not curved inwardly ; third joint of antennz at
least as long as the second, usually, however, distinctly longer; pronotum anteriorly as broad as
behind escutellumenevertcordaten circ ce seclacides eee ccs «eisce eles ceca ese ees ne aseeadenee

Frons anteriorly bicornuted ; hind margin of the head curved inwardly ; third joint of antenne smaller
than the following ; pronotum narrowed anteriorly ; scutellum cordate.
Marres Walker (type M. dicomas Walker).

2. Abdomen more or less compressed, rounded or vertically angular posteriorly, but never pointed ;
ovipositor extends from beneath the venter and curves over the tip of the abdomen backwards,
reposing upon the dorsum, sometimes extending to the scutellum ; hind cox without a tooth above ;
maxillary palpi distinct, 4-jointed. . SPaRee Mater Nays Sees aise ie He ete eke a ae esses ose wes S Molseers SO

Abdomen more fusiform and not Eneatadie compressed, the ane followed to the dorsum, with a
long channel and with the apex pointed ; ovipositor confined to the under surface of the abdomen
and not extending further than to its tip; hind coxe with a strong erect tooth above; maxillary
palpi 3-jointed, short and slender..........Polistomorpha Westwood (type P. surinamensis Walker).

3. Front cox not especially long, much shorter than their femora, the tibiz as long as the femora;
middle tibize without a tooth at apex ; hind tibiz at apex normal, with 2 spurs.

Leucospis Fabricius (type L. dorsigera Fabricius).

Front cox very elongate, nearly as long as their femora, the tibiz shorter than the femora; middle
tibize with a tooth at apex ; hind tibize curved and acutely produced into a spine at apex.

Exoclenus Shipp (type Leucospis anthidioides Westw.).

SUBFAMILY II. CHALcIDIN«.
1835. Chalcidide, Family, Walker, Ent. Mag., IT., p. 20.
1839. Chalcidide, Family XVI., Haliday, Hym. Synop., p. ii.
1856, Chalcidoids, Familie, Forster, Hym. Stud., ii., p. 29.
1897. Chalcidine, Subfamily II., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV., p. 247.

In having the hind femora greatly swollen and usually dentate or serrate, this
subfamily agrees with the Leucospidine, but differs in having the front wings not
folded longitudinally in repose, by having a much smaller pronotum, and quite a
different shaped abdomen, the ovipositor, when prominent, being straight and never
curved forward over the dorsum.

248 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

I have divided it into four tribes, which may be distinguished by the characters
made use of in the following table :

TABLE OF TRIBES. -

J Albdoment ‘Sessile: jicz. ooo) sh5. 28 a Bese Sich cite, slcsaaes cee ve Sere ete ee ee oR TE Ea ete
Abdomen: petiolate. gi52 spoke Ae sateen cece ese ee Su eas arsenate aasoll EanPy ae Ta SE age tay sy ete aot oye ate eens aT
2. Postmarginal vein wanting or only slightly developed, the stigmal vein very short, sometimes absent ;

antennee inserted close to the mouth border. eS Ono Meee aoe Soa atd -D
Postmarginal vein always well developed, the ‘enn vein rarely very short.

Antenne inserted near the middle of the face, or at least always above an imaginary line

drawn from the base of the eyes .................................. Tribe I. Chaleidini.

Antenne inserted near the mouth border, or always below an imaginary line drawn from the

basSerOf the eyes. .c coc oc gece taeas Wate Soe .....Tribe IV. Haltichellini (partim).

3. Antenne inserted near the mouth border, or always below an imaginary line drawn from the base of

the eyes . signa: i iuter oye "ete aveurois, ‘aYolie. aries Tous oqSuein Stereiavs shave over eroueT eee kseoRe yma terete MNS 2 etn is Co EE
Antenne inserted near the middle of the face, or always above an imaginary line drawn from the
base of the eyes . ee ee OA eee Rome ero bo ed dotsueemeeeco 4b
4. Postmarginal vein very je ovipositor if prominent not very slender, the eighth dorsal segment often
produced into a long compressed! stylus) ©.) 2 jy. n-ne ee ee) bnibe Lies omienial:

5. Head normal, not cornuted.
Abdomen petiolate’ c.c steers iee Borne cexck unxcnen a aR eee ae e . Tribe ITI. Chalcitellini.
Atbdomten\Sessil Cre 35.8 acai AUR Ades peat ata ey ee fe ay genes gn orn ee “Tribe IV. Haltichellini.

Head abnormal, deeply excavated in front, cornuted ; siaonies SEOs or sai ear
Tribe V. Dirhinini
Tre I. Chalerdina.

This group is distinguished by the sessile abdomen and by having the antennze
inserted near the middle of the face or at least never below an imaginary line drawn
from the base of the eyes.

Through the genus Acanthochalcis it is related to the subfamily Lewcospidine,
while in the abdominal peculiarities of most of the species the group is much closer
allied to the tribe Haltichellum.

Most of the genera attack principally lepidopterous insects in the pupal stage.
Phasgonophora, however, and probably also the allied genera Trigonwra, Stypiwra,
ete., prey upon wood-boring coleopterous larvee.

TABLE OF GENERA.
a 2) sr) (2 SRC eaSscOcApIoo DG Skas Geo oh Fos bcs Doon sd poo onubouboDdSoguaseseoseaaevanssaan B
EN eee rari Tecan tare accordance O op od scGeasaas Ad bo SS ono ean WY
2. Seutellum normal, unarmed, although sometimes with a slight median depression towards apex; if
with a slight elevated plate behind, the same is entire, rarely subemarginate .................. 3
Scutellum posteriorly armed, emarginate or produced.................0... ee ee eee ences eres 8
3. Abdomen not ending in a long, distinct ovipositor, although the eighth dorsal segment is often much

produced, long and compressed, resembling a stylus and enclosing the ovipositor............... 4

10.

11.

12.

13.

“TA.

ASHMEAD: OGLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 249

Abdomen ending in a long, distinct ovipositor, which is sometimes as long as the whole body.
Acanthochalcis Cameron (type A. nigrescens Cameron).

. Abdomen much produced at apex, the eighth dorsal segment long, compressed, resembling a stylus 5

Abdomen normal, subglobose or ovate, the eighth dorsal segment never very long................ ll

. Scutellum normal, rounded behind, if with a slight plate behind the same is entire, not emarginate 6

Scutellum terminating in a projection or plate posteriorly which is usually emarginate........... 8

. Abdomen at base rounded, not truncate . Eee ar se EAT OO ere tate ane OF

Abdomen at base truncate, the truncature Peundea | by a carina.
Antenne 13-jointed, the flagellum long, slender, filiform ............Phasgonophora Westwood
(type P. sulcata Westw.).

. Highth dorsal abdominal segment produced into a triangular stylus, the second segment (or the first

body segment) occupying only about one third the length of the body ; antenne 11-jointed, sub-
clavate aE errs naan ae Lr eonura sichel (type 2 crassicauda Sichel).
Kighth dorsal abdominal segment very long, compressed but not triangular, the second segment vari-
able, usually, however, occupying about half the length of the body ; antenne 11-jointed, filiform,
tapering toward tips..........................Lhaumatelia Kirby (type Chalcis separata Walker).

MScCHLelmmuawithvar short thick projection| behinds ss. p52. sei.ccee cscs cee as cereec cc teeceswcess QO

Scutellum ending in a raised emarginate or bidentate plate.
NIGEL ROR WINETONCC, «sho duce coramoe sees 9.5 ahd cio oe ae Seman CIRC Ee IO RGL tee ee eee AO
Metathorax with two very prominent projections on each side, and very hairy.
Abdomen with the eighth dorsal segment produced into a long stylus ; antenne 12-jointed.
Megalocolus Kirby (type Halticella ducator Walker).

. Metathorax with two teeth on each side; hind femora armed with 7 or 8 teeth beneath.

Pseuedocholcis Kirby (type Halticella declarator Walk.).
Metathorax produced and excised medially ; hind femora unarmed..... Oxycoryphe Kriechbaumer.
(type O. subznea Kriechb.).
Marginal vein very short, the postmarginal and the stigmal veins abnormally long; hind femora with
numerous small teeth beneath (about 14) ; abdomen long, conically produced.

Larradomorpha Stadelman (type L. insignis Stadelm.).

Marginal vein long, the stigmal vein normal, not very long.
Hind femora armed with one long tooth followed by 6 or 7 smaller teeth ; antennz 11-jointed.
Stypiura Kirby (type Chalcis conigastra Perty).

Hind femora with numerous depressed punctures, and with about 6 large teeth beneath; antenne

13-jointed.................................--Bpitelia Kirby (type Chalcis stylata Walker).
Antenne 18-jointed, with 1 ring-jointed, rather short; hind femora armed with many minute teeth
beneathiee sey ese assess sdeees ove. 2s... -CHalcis Fabricius (type Vespa minuta Linné).
Scutelllumeposterionhysunarmedssnormallises es sy eaece saa se es sale seria ccseecdee cen ss acc. Ld
Scutellum posteriorly armed, emarginate or produced. ..................-..2....0.--e2-+22-... 16
ANrdomentampase oundeditnotirumcaten ss. 6 ss1 suisse eee eee eect alles eset eesass 14
Abdomen at base truncate, the truncature bounded by a carina.......... Phasgonophora Westwood.
Hind angles of metathorax rounded, not prominent. ................ 0s. ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee 15

Hind angles of metathorax prominent, acute, clothed above with usually a silvery white pubescence ;
thorax coarsely punctate, the abdomen punctate or at least not entirely impunctate ; antennz
Mio, Woe tlacelliviin, wiloey se eanaeee Boo dbe seas aoe ounGoUNOaSaaecas Acanthochalcis Cameron.

250. MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

1s, Aimemigs Uso louecl, Yat GS THOT OMMG: soo o05000enas og onooconsonanednendcaDuSoosnosn Dooce LY
Antenne 11-jointed, with one ring-joint.

Marginal vein about four times the length of the stigmal vein ; hind femora with 6 moderately
large teeth beneath ; antennz 11-jointed, the flagellum filiform, the first joint shorter than
the: SCAPEs a5 wv eosh Sell ccghin atin Seen eee OA eee eer eee ier Trigonura Sichel.

Marginal vein long, four or more times longer than the stigmal vein ; hind femora with 8 teeth
beneath ; antennze 11-jointed, the flagellum long, filiform, the first joint longer than the scape.

Thaumatelia Kirby.

16. Scutellum with a short thick projection behind ; metathorax emarginate or armed................ 17
Scutellum ending in a raised emarginate or bidentate plate ; metathorax unarmed................ 18
17. Metathorax produced and excised medially ; hind femora unarmed ...... Oxycoryphe Kriechbaumer.

Metathorax usually with two teeth on each side (rarely normal); hind femora armed with 7 or 8
teeth benméath.. .c.joce) veces one ticee ueuces tise in elec seo eine el ce ei a eeeeees pb seudochalcis Karbye

18. Antenne 11-jointed ; marginal vein long, the stigmal vein normal, not very long.
Hind femora armed with one large tooth, followed by 6 or 7 smaller teeth....Stypiura Kirby.
Hind femora with numerous depressed punctures and with 6 large teeth .......Epitelia Kirby.
Antenne (?) 12- or 13-jointed; marginal vein very short, the stigmal vein abnormally long; hind
femora with numerous small teeth beneath (about 14)................. Larradomorpha Stadelman.
19. Hind femora armed with many small teeth beneath. ............................Chalcis Fabricius.

TriBE II. Smicrine.

This tribe approaches nearest to the tribe Chaleidini, but is at once separated
from it by having the abdomen always distinctly petiolate, never sessile, and by
having the hind coxee abnormally long, as compared with those in the Chalcidina.

The species are principally parasitic upon lepidopterous larve, although some

will attack other insects.
TABLE OF GENERA.

1 OY 00: (ee Ween eae eae wa mEri tomer cca atone aa AA aoa Sc ae BamobE eo} dGodd od 2
Ci s-s e einen a un ae ere Manian ee ARNEL AS amino orn to,ni0o,0 6 miercis co o/o..e8
9) Middlestibiceavithoutanvapicaluspury cece ieeor cle-ieen een aero erin intent earns
Midalle tilicovaatiran apt cellits punts ere terete serene ttetels ovate eateretectent-feten=tictetiete ete tetete stelle ete teat eee te

3. Antenne 12- or 18-jointed ; thorax black; abdomen ovate or conic-ovate, the second segment shorter,
not occupying nearly the whole surface ; hind femora armed with many minute teeth.

Smicra Spinola (type Chalcis sispes Fabr.).

Antenne 14-jointed ; thorax mostly yellow or marked with yellow, never wholly black ; abdomen. coni-

cally produced, the second segment large, occupying most of the surface ; hind femora armed with

6 teeth of moderate size.............+.-+++++2----.-pitranus Walker (type E. fulvescens Walk.).

4. Hind femora armed with one large or moderately large tooth near base followed by many small or

minute teeth, 10: or more:in number. ns. 5 25 bean docs omen eine ero ee een OO eee:
Hind femora armed with from 3 to 9 teeth, the teeth usually large............................. 14
5. Metathoraxsunarmed) ¢c.... 4. locale o (OriGene riCC erect ercice rite
Metathorax armed with from two to four teeth or projections .....................+.020-+++-2 LO
6. Scutellum at apex simple, wnarmed, without an elevated plate, teeth or spines................... 7

Scutellum at apex armed, with an elevated plate, which is usually emarginate or bidentate ....... 13

10.

11.

12.

13.

14,

15.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES BS Ik

. Metathorax without lateral teeth or projections. ...... 0.0... 0. ce ce ce ce cc ce ee ce ce ce cee ee ee eeee 8

Metathorax wth lateral teeth or projections. -.<:.. +222 e+e.essc esse ee ee ee es eeesceceanae----. LO

. Abdomen produced, the eighth segment in female greatly lengthened into a long compressed stylus ;

antenne 13-jointed......................Bustypiura Ashmead, gen. nov. (type E. bicolor Ashm.).

Abdomen conic-ovate or fusiform, the eighth segment in female normal or nearly, not produced into a
stylus ; antennze 13-jointed.

Petiole of abdomen very long and slender, as long as the thorax or nearly, or at least twice as

loneeaAsmuNe mle Fat ln Oram Mer are neyo ria itt ions toot deus siatelete ie isbels eid otc) slaysveverst heey tele levees: level aie cievees

Petiole of abdomen usually short and stout, never very long or slender ; scape of antennze nor-

mal, not extending beyond the ocelli Spilochalcis Thomson (type Chalcis xanthostigma Dalm.).

. Scape of antennze abnormal, very long and usually clavate, extending far above the ocelli, its apex

beneath sometimes excavated and enclosing the base of the flagellum; abdominal petiole slender

and of a uniform thickness throughout Ceratosmicra Ashm., gen. nov. (type C. petiolata Ashm.).

Scape of antennze slender, cylindrical, not or scarcely reaching beyond the ocelli; abdominal petiole

thickest at the middle, tapering off towards each end...............Sayiella Ashmead, gen. noy.

(type Smicra debilis Say.).

Scutellimmenormalnuimmarmede cd wy dseentners) seis cle aeeeeieiee as ersesiepela sales Sa tinGiepecclencs aia cere LL
Scutellum at apex bidentate or with an emarginate plate or ridge.

Metathorax quadridentate (two teeth on each side of the petiole) ; body of abdomen short ovate,
the petiole shorter than the thorax ; antennz 13-jointed, the flagellum filiform, clothed with
a dense, short pubescence, the scape short, subcompressed.Xanthomelanus Ashmead, gen. nov.

(type Chalcis dimidiata Fabr.).

Metathorax bidentate (one tooth on each side of the petiole) ; thorax never wholly black ; antennze

UA) OUI C Cl enna ee eerare IANS ers heracey aie ys ete cleric tai ac we tale edison ceva wh sla ois eee Mecwae AD

Metathorax quadridentate (two teeth on each side of the petiole) ; thorax sometimes wholly black ;
scape of antennz long, extending beyond the ocelli. ;

Thorax wholly black ; body of abdomen ovate, the petiole variable in length, usually long and
slender, but shorter than the thorax ; antennze 13-jointed, the flagellum filiform, the scape at
tip beneath not excavated... Melanosmicra Ashmead, gen. nov. (type M. immaculata Ashm.).

Thorax yellow or yellow marked with black; body of abdomen usually conical, the petiole
long ; antennz 13-jointed, the scape at apex beneath excavated.

Ceratosmicra Ashmead (partim).

Scape of antennz normal ; body of abdomen in female fusiformly pointed or conic-ovate, the petiole very

short, not or rarely longer than thick.......................-.---Spilochalcis Thomson (partim).

Scape of antenne usually long and extending much beyond the ocelli ; body of abdomen ovate, the

petiole very long and slender, as long or nearly as the thorax.... Mischosmicra Ashmead, gen. nov.

(type M. Kahlii Ashm.).

Metathorax normal or with one small tooth on each side of the petiole ; abdomen variable, subglobose,
conic-ovate or fusiform, but rarely ending in a stylus; antennz 13-jointed.

Spilochalcis Thomson (partim).

ATHIMMED 1B=.Or W4ejonwaisel 6566 bolog ado solo daoolse0o 06. do CO GIOb olen Ho Solu ior ena omer ore Ao)
Antenne 12-jointed.

Metathorax posteriorly quadridentate..........Thaumapus Kirby (type Smicra decora Walk.).
AMMIGIIED IBIOWAC!s so sob code eee Ga BoSdcGiad Coa sede BD OIrU Idd DUE Orc EEE ce ace eee nae (0

Antenne 14-jointed; hind coxe usually with a leaf-like expansion at apex, their femora armed with
large or moderate sized teeth........................ Epineus Kirby (type Smicra dux Walker).

252 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

16.

WE,

18.

19.

21.

22.

23.

ind! femoraranmedawithysilancie beet hioral eSch er seer iene ren ei mer tere ne ena teeter
Hind femora armed with 9 moderately large teeth.
Scutellum sometimes unarmed but usually ending in a bidentate plate.
Enneasmicra Ashmead, gen. noy. (type Smicra exinamius Walk.).

Hind femora armed with 7 large teeth or less. ae MERU ME E HS Gea da seamed oeriaaccoda: Jl)
Hind femora armed with 8 large or moderate sized teeth n (the 8 8th tooth sometimes reduced in size or
followed by one or two minute teeth, or the 6th tooth is tridentate at apex).
Mesonotum with distinct parapsidal furrows, or at least distinct anteriorly................ 18
Mesonotum without distinct parapsidal furrows.
Abdomen fusiformly pointed, the petiole very short ; hind femora about 23 times as long
as wide................---+-.-....Protoceras Kirby (type Smicra leucotelus Walk.).
Scutellum at apex usually ending in an emarginate or bidentate plate ; abdomen in female lanceolate
or conically produced ; the 8th segment often long, styliform.
Octosmicra Ashmead, gen. nov. (type O. laticeps Ashm.).
Eiind! femoranenmed ny ich Gel aro-enbe Cult Oye SS sere ete ete ete ea ee)
Hind femora armed with 7 large teeth, the seventh usually much reduced in size.
Abdomen in female conically produced or fusiform, the 8th segment sometimes styliform or pro-
duced into a stylus, the petiole not short ; mandibles in 9 bi- in ¢ tri-dentate.
Heptasmicra Ashmead, gen. noy. (type Smicra obliterata Walk.).

. Hind femora armed with 5 large teeth or less ......... Se nS le oe SA ee ey Aeon

Hind femora armed with 6 large teeth (the 6th tooth sometimes broad and at apex 3- satiate
Metathorax armed with two triangular teeth and a lamina or plate just behind the insertion of
the hind wings, the latter extending slightly over the metapleura, the sculpture coarse ; teeth
of hind femora short and stout......... Diplodontia Ashmead (type Smicra carolina Ashm.).
Metathorax usually, but not always, armed with two, not very prominent, teeth, but without the
lamina or plate behind the insertion of the hind wings, the sculpture alveolate ; teeth of hind

femora large, long.
Abdomen in female subglobose or short ovate, the petiole always more than twice longer
than thick.....................Metadontia Ashmead (type Smicra montana Ashm.).
Abdomen in female lanceolate or fusiformly produeed, longer than the head and thorax
united, the petiole very short, not longer than thick.
Hexasmicra Ashmead, gen. nov. (type Smicra transversa Walk.).
Hind femoravarmed with’4 larse teeth orslesss3-)-.-ie- sane ace eee eee Ee eee eee eee
Hind femora armed with 5 large teeth.

Kyes very large, occupying nearly the whole sides of the head; mandibles broad, 3-dentate ;

scutellum usually ending in an emarginate or bidentate plate ; metathorax alveolate.
Pentasmicra Ashmead, gen. nov. (type P. brasiliensis Ashm.).
Hind femora with 4 large teeth ; metathorax usually with teeth or projections, rarely unarmed ; plate
at apex of scutellum bidentate or broadly emarginate; abdomen ovate or conic-ovate, rarely
fusiform, the eighth segment in female never very long........Tetrasmicra Ashmead, gen. nov
(type Smicra concitata Walk.).
Hind femora with 3 large teeth............... Trismicra Ashmead, g. nov. (type S. contracta Walk.).
MOGs lies Cardoen Bid yO SWS co oc Sabb co dnde docs soon sb an sacn anon edoonsogapeanuaecacens ME
Middletibizss“othiantapicall Spurs... .e8- cele cei ie corer nie cee nC ICE CoC oeeteee Serene

24,

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

3l.

32.

33.

34,

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Die

Antenne 12- or 13-jointed ; thorax black ; hind femora armed with many minute teeth. .Smicra Spinola.
Antenne 14-jointed ; thorax yellow or yellow marked with black ; hind femora armed with 6 teeth.

Epitranus Walker.
Hind femora armed with one large tooth near base followed by many small or minute teeth, from 10

GD BO OP MORS, occ cccosvcacoosarencd ooo coco ce 6940000095 CoUD0G Ub OUD oo DUN ce UO Ono HOEY
Hindstemoraarme dant hminomecsboomlanrrenteethp meena seen aaa esse ae eases ess. OO
Metathorax armed with from 2 to 4 teeth or projections....................................... 29
Metathorax unarmed.

Scutellum at apex unarmed, without an emarginate or bidentate plate................... 27

Scutellum at apex armed with an emarginate or bidentate plate.
Abdominal petiole very long and slender, as long as the thorax or nearly....................... 28
Abdominal petiole usually short and stout, or at least never very long nor very slender.
Pronotum anteriorly rounded or sloping, not acute; petiole carinate. Eustypiura Ashmead.
Pronotum anteriorly acute; petiole not carinate.....................Spilochalcis Thomson.
Scape of antennz abnormal, long and clavate, extending far above the ocelli. Ceratosmicra Ashmead.
Scape of antennse slender, cylindrical, not or only slight extending above the ocelli. Sayiella Ashmead.
Metathorax bi-dentate ; a tooth on each side of the petiole.
Scape of antennz normal ; abdominal petiole not very long nor slender.
Spilochalcis Thoms. ( partim).
Scape of antenne usually long and slender, extending much beyond the ocelli; abdominal
petiole very long and slender, as long or nearly as long as the thorax.

Mischosmicra Ashmead.
Metathorax quadridentate ; two teeth on each side of the petiole.

Seutellum at apex, bidentate or with an emarginate plate. ...... Xanthomelanus Ashmead.
Scutellum at apex normal, unarmed.
Thorax wholly black ; scape of antennee normal, petiole of abdomen normal.
: Melanosmicra Ashmead.
Thorax yellow or yellow marked with black; scape of antennze abnormal; petiole of ab-
domen very long.
Scape long and clavate, excavate at apex beneath, extending far above the ocelli.
Ceratosmicra Ashmead.
Scape slender, cylindrical and extending only slightly beyond the ocelli.

Sayiella Ashmead.

ATMIGMNES IB}> Ore EONS ol oc don wo SO Sle OS Ae Ole DURES CRORE Cena ener ara aa ere ara
Antennz 12-jointed ; metathorax quadrideutut ...........................-... Fhaumapus Kirby.
ANTONE ISAO «68 occ omoid Good op 0S BOBS Ob PE OE God TOC DOCU tania eater ee canna
Antenne 14-jointed.

Hind femora armed with large or moderate-sized teeth ...................... Bpineus Kirby.
indstemonrasanmmedewitl Splangenteebanon LesSe sea. 4.2 cice. or ates ce be secs eclas sede ence desea, OO
Hind femora armed with 9 mederately large teeth.........................Hnneasmicra Ashmead.
iEliniderem orararme dint ae jars eatecvnOGNlessi smears «. cee 2] se yece cess sess eb ades cee. seve s OF
Hind femora armed with 8 large teeth.

Mesonotum without distinct parapsidal furrow ............................ Protoceras Kirby.

Mesonotum with distinct parapsidal furrows.......................... Octosmicra Ashmead.
Mastemoraawlunonlancensee bheOmelesstapmts yaad Atle) clad OMe sons Gb ccaislclaiee coda sie ve aasee OD

Bhmnadsrenrorawiuny lance teetheenen sere teers dees ee a. 4.6)... Leptasmicra Ashmead.

Dink MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Jon uindifemoraarmed i withtolarceiteeshionelessmenen sneer eee eee ee een G
Hind femora armed with 6 large teeth.

Metathorax armed with two triangular teeth or projections and a lamina or plate just behind the
insertion of the hind wings that extends slightly over the mesopleura ; teeth of hind femora
Short and Stout ss). ulbesste sete et Sei eee nie Ces ee ae ee LD OC ONiiag AG nmleade

Metathorax sometimes armed with two teeth, sometimes unarmed but always without the
lamina or plate.

2 of unknown! (20. = esses socio de ee sae ee se ena ee ieee Letadontia Ashmead:

2. Unknow as ccc. fase elo a ae ae meee Corre MELO xasinicrawAsiimedge

BO, Ishinel score eromeel yyhon 4! lewene Ween OP NESS 5 oo co conc un no esos sb OG ob US DO Sa eos bD oC os so S00cs BU
Hind femora armed with 5 large teeth.............-.....-...-.+-+.--...... Pentasmicra Ashmead.
37. Hind femora armed with 4 large teeth. .......,....-..-..--+---.+-.----- Letrasmicra Ashmead.
Hind! femora armed with 3 lange) teeth. 2524) 2s ee eee aes aceon eee ae een ISnlIChapAtsimeade

Trise III. Chaleitellanc.

This tribe is proposed for a small group closely allied to the tribe Haltichellini,
but is easily distinguished by the distinctly petiolate abdomen.

The group is unknown to the American fauna, although some South American
genera in the Smicrini come quite close to it; they are, however, easily separated
by having the antenne inserted farther up on the face and not low down close to
the mouth, as in this tribe.

TABLE OF GENERA.
Te Memales sss.) ocareshie orleal ie speac'te a tle ln Sea eioee ca ae ae nL Co Lee Rey
MIN ESe sail cantare ea teen adore eee
20 Antenne 13-fointed en. «sss aes se alee a ieee:
Antenne 11-jointed (the elub indistinctly jointed).

Hind femora with 7 or 8 large teeth.........Chalcitella Westwood (type C. evanioides Westw.).

. Hind tibize without a tooth outwardly near base, the hind femora armed with many very minute teeth.
Arretocera Kirby (type Epitranus albipennis Walk.).
Hind tibiz with a tooth outwardly near base, the hind femora with one large tooth and then finely

serrate beyond.............................Anacryptua Kirby (type Epitranus impulsator Walk.).
4. Characters as in females.

co

Tripe LV. Aaltichellini.

This tribe resembles most closely the tribe Chalcidint and is separated from it
with dicuffilty, the difference in the insertion of the antennze alone being the only
character that readily distinguishes the two tribes.

In this tribe the antenne are inserted close to the mouth border, the scape being
long, while the postmarginal vein is wanting, or rarely very long as in the Chaleidini
and the Snucrini.

TABLE OF GENERA.

jE 5 0121 ge oe ee Ae ORE RR Re re Bien ee GaN AS ie RING ORS Codola nd OD Ued GU Gonos Seomno0 2

11.

12.

13.

14.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 255

a

. Hind femora with one or more large teeth or projections beneath, as well as being finely denticulate
OUP SENS 666 do ae ono Ob-ON es CIOO CCMRESG CO CG CIC CH GyCeGIa 1 CHO CCRC Cae REN OR a Cie nee eee ree
Hind femora sii or at most very finely done beneath, without a large tooth or projection 7
» MIGiANOERS MOM, COTO TROISCHOINS . 55 50 00ca00 2000 00 e005 80 Hse deen eae sosa so saecaseH oon 4
Metathorax with projections, 7. e., spines or teeth on each side poster ae beers siLaewe he, LA
. Hind femora with two prominences or elevations beneath and minutely denticulate.

Hockeria Walker (type H. dexius Walk.).
Hind femora not so formed, at the most with one prominence or one tooth, the edges beyond usually
fine lyaCenticwlateOlaserravcn meer weir ee Neel a cree ee hie Aa sneue Ca eee ee 1 O
. Antenne 13-jointed ; scape without a tooth beneath near the middle,...............Neochalcis Kirby
(type EHuchalcis vetuta Dufour).
Antennz 11-jointed ; scape with a tooth beneath near the middle...................Huchaleis Dufour
(type E. miegit Dufour).

. Scutellum at apex bidentate ; hind femora armed with 11 small teeth beneath ; antenne 11-jointed.
Allocera Sichel (type A. bicolor Sichel).
. Metathorax normal, without projections or teeth. ................ 0 cece ce eee eee teense eeess 8
Metathorax with projections or teeth on each side ..... 2... 2.2... 00 ee ce ee eee eee eee ee ee ee 14
. Scutellum normal, neither bidentate nor spined..... 2... 0.0... cee ee ee ee ee te ete ee ee ee 9
Scutellum either spined or bidentate at apex .-.....................-....-+++.++.--.-....----. Lf

. Hind femora beneath with the edges finely denticulate or serrate, the head normal or not very thin

ANCETO. POSCEMOLI rmeear ise rreeey a teat OE RNR ond ls, ca erga ctaels wise erad Sallscs: Sie nisee aw} Seiwiews aee LO

Hind femora swollen but the edges beneath simple, not denticulate, the head lenticular and very thin
antero-posteriorly, wider than the thorax, the ocelji on a straight line; stigmal vein curved, not
short, a little longer than half the length of the marginal vein ; costal cell broad ; antenne 13-
jointed, with 2ring-joints...................Encyrtocephalus Ashmead (type L. simplicipes Ashm.).

. Antennze 13-jointed ; abdomen short, the second segment (first body segment) occupying about half the

whole surface ; hind femora armed with about 12 small teeth,.................Haltichella Spinola

(type Chalcis pusilla Spinola).
Antenne 12-jointed ; abdomen short, the second segment occupying fully half the whole surface ; hind

femora very minutely denticulate beneath..............Conura Spinola (type C. flavicans Spinola).
Scutellum at apex bidentate. TR ya REO RS aie eK oS Steductid eet ane omnia eves eek oi alontie He ee
Scutellum at apex produced into a long, stout spine. ............-. ee ee ee ee ee eee ee eee ees 1S

Antenne 12-jointed, very long, the scape long ; hind femora unarmed .......... Antrocephalus Kirby
(type Haltichella fascicornis Walk.).
Antenne 11-jointed, the flagellum very long and slender; hind femora beneath with the apical half or
so finely denticulate and often hairy......... .Stomatoceras Kirby (type Halticella liberator Walk.).
Antennee 11-jointed, the flagellum subclavate, densely pilose ; hind femora unarmed.
Aspirhina Kirby (type Halticella dubitator Walk.).
Antenne 12-jointed, the flagellum filiform ; hind femora armed with one large triangular tooth, the
edges beyond finely serrate..........Notaspidium Dalla Torre (type Notaspis formiciformis Walk.).
PNmibemmncoppll Our oramelle| @inibe Ceca pene penetra me cen he tiel arate Gefdcletn einen les Vie qecee ee cn epee ses LO
Antenne 12-jointed.
\WaS TNO WEROGTIGG! 5 5 ¢ pla ed eared S86 oe Wo ole Od eel Bs tG Birt Seine aici cet en ones ae tnaeie Re mace career 8)
Wings variegated.
Metathorax with a stout spine on each side; abdomen with the second segment occupying
half the whole surface......,..., Trichoxenia Kirby (type Halticella cineraria Walk.).

256 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

15.

16.

18.

19.

20.

21.

24.

25.

26.

Metathorax long with a long projection on each side posteriorly ; abdomen not longer than the thorax,
subcompressed at the sides, the second segment long ; subcostal vein ending in a knob, the marginal,
postmarginal and stigmal veins not developed......Hybothorax Ratzeburg (type H. graffiti Ratzeb.).

Metathorax short, ending in two long divergent spines; abdomen oval, acute at apex, the second seg-
ment long; marginal vein present ; the stigmal vein short, not distinct.

Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre (type Celops palpebrator Kriecht).
Antenne 10-jointed.

Postmarginal vein long and slender, the stigmal vein short, its knob subpetiolate ; head viewed
from in front triangular ; abdomen briefly pointed at apex.
Hippota Walker (type Chalcis pectinicornis Latr.).

. Hind femora with one or more large teeth or projections beneath, as well as being finely denticulate

CO) basi = G2), ee ee ee ae ae ep ae ee a PAUL Eons Goce oho cloe cao ond Oo. ab Aoloo ao eS Gada do 1B

Hind femora without a large tooth or projection beneath, simple or smooth, or at the most finely den-

ticullate. bem eal «2 eneicjejs eg ae c Mpee deer arrese eae epa:/5 9h dos «Se yened STS McNe enue De OL eee Rarer eee ML
Metathorax nonmallpvitowtpLojectiOnstor eet r ei itt iaee ee etter eerie eee eee ree)
Metathoraxe with sproyections)or teethionkeachisi dey as name cir seer eee ieee SS

Hind femora with a single large triangular tooth ; scutellum seodused into an acute spine.
Antenne 12-jointed. . Pea PIR aia ects wn mia Neier ode Ho etna .. Notaspidium Dalla Torre.
Hind femora with one or two prominent snifeations Tenet near the middle and finely denticulate or
serrate.

Hind femora with one prominence. .... eRe ee ce scone OAD

Hind femora with two prominences...........................-.-..-+~-.... Hockeria Walk.
NAMM MS AOU a og oy cold ange vO Mho Seda oaee as con 0s oS bon Soden Leas o0 52 550 NIGORUEHIENS iON.
Antenne L2jombede sn. a coms sass «eee Meco eee ee ERS ee eee eee EC aL CISB OOD
Metathorax mormalliuithoutspnojectonsy iain eel cine serene enema nara ee ee
Metathoraxwithlayprojection\onyeachysic oyna: ee am esse ee ear
2 Scutelluminormal ameithersbidentate mortspinle dey. oye isi se eerie rar enter
Scutellum either spined or bidentate. . eA ee re ets PRO etre en TY oi no wis 2D

. Hind femora beneath with the edges fhectte denticulate or serrate ; head normal, or at least not very

thin-anitero-posteriorly ga... bene ath Re als cheek eee ee re ee mee
Hind femora beneath smooth, not Henuealnie:
Head lenticular, very thin antero-posteriorly and wider than the thorax; antennz normal, 13-
jointed, with 2 ring-joints ; middle tibie slender. ................Eneyrtocephalus Ashmead.
Head normal ; antennze abnormal, 13-jointed, with 1 ring-joint, the pedicel and first two joints of
the flagellum each covered above by a broad lamina or horny flap ; middle tibiz clavate.
Schwarzella Ashmead, g. nov. (type S. arizonensis Ashm.).

Antenne 13-jointed ..). .si8 cess - et geen cone Eee ee eee eer eiaichellars pinolas
Antennée, 12-joimbed eg ac: 0. see ete See a nea eee OEMS MLO am
Antenne 11--or A2-jointeds 105i. ;cccecceoe ay ee ee OO. ee ROC rn tt ae eee
Antenne 13-jointed.
Scutellum jproduced into.a, lone. ‘stout spime.e mer cigs aera ee eee ea
Scutellum at apex bidentate or with a median impression.
Mnibennse V2sjoinlbed way. ees fee ere ee eres eee eee ieeastas PROC OD ia isa ei
atennice I-jointeds 04 q.sns seek eee eee eee OL COC ha spe Die
. Antenne 11-jointed ; hind femora unarmed... .. 1.2.0.0 ee ee ee ee ee ee eee te eee ee .Aspirhina Kirby.

Antenne 12-jointed ; hind femora with a large, triangular tooth ,,.,..,.....Notaspidium Dalla Torre.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 257

28. Aiiommea 10: or Tihfenint@els'4. 055 3 Gs sean aocG An ee PRO ne ee ae 30
Antenne 12-jointed.

VAN eSNG tava abe emery se ieven easyer ieeyineen ar Warn ete eare sick crete ais. aesdslc gitbive «ci eissicte dies dele we 29

NV AinxcauaInio areca eee Menu NPEDe Mane wn... 0y 0, on. 2. te.) Prichoxenia Kirby.

29. Metathorax long, with a long projection on each side posteriorly ; subcostal vein ending in a knob, the

marginal and stigmal veins not developed.............-...-+-----.-.-... Hybothorax Ratzeburg.
Metathorax short, ending in two long divergent spines ; marginal and stigmal veins present.

Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre.

30. Antennz 10-jointed (or 11-jointed with a ring-joint).............................. Hippota. Walker.

Trise V. Dirhimini.
This tribe is distinguished from all the others by having the head deeply emar-

ginate and horned. The antenne are inserted close to the mouth as in the

Haltichellin.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Female. ..... Sora iors Sot

VIC SEeVaveuceuchetcieiaheiseciuete tc ictarauetsy she
A, Oviposinor mou exsenieels lnenel yytwn cusw) WOVAUSS. 5 555600 50560000 00d 0000 un 0g 0 G0 00ue dD Db G0 bd de bebO

Ovipositor strongly exserted, long; head with four horns; antenne 13-jointed.

Hontalia Cameron (type H. cwrulea Cameron).

3. Metathorax strongly bidentate.

Antennz 12-jointed.........................-... Dirhinus Dalman (type D. excavatus Dalman).

Antenne 18-jointed ........................... Eniaca Kirby (type Chrysis hesperidum Rossi).
ema eAC GAN VAIL CNIS CLO MIN © RAS eos pege ve peh aie Pate oe (ence eMlscege ts =) sUalctsTost= (eer sient teats: eionetey te fara\lava. ater avousresn a ols, olel aid we oe D

Head with four horns.

Metathorax without teeth ; antennz 13-jointed............................Hontalia Cameron.
5. Metathorax strongly bidentate.

PAID MINCE t=] ONC Cena Ee een it nn nna nee se DILnINtSalman.

PANIC TINT Ce milla) OUNIbC Ckeeae en ene nan IONE rs Lea ee tise ai alerlaciele seed sions <.eulaca Karby.

Famiry LXUWI BURYTOMIDA.
1830. Cynipsida Leach, Edinb. Eneye., IX., p. 144.
1833. Eurytomide, Family I., Walker, Ent. Mag., I., p. 12.
1840. Eurytomides, Subfamily 2, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II., p. 166 ;
Synop., p. 66.
1846. Eurytomidee, Family 3, Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, i., p. 8.
1856. Eurytomoide, Familie XII., Forster, Hym. Stud., ii., pp. 19, 23, 44.
1875. EKurytomina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 11, 25.
1886. Eurytomine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., L., p. 19.
1897. EKurytomide, Family LXIII, Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., IV, p. 245.
On account of the diversity of habits among the various groups composing this
family it is one of the most interesting of all of the families in this great complex
to study, except possibly the family Agaomdez.

258 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Some are phytophagous or gall-makers; others live in the nests of bees and
wasps; others are parasitic upon gall-making Hymenoptera and Diptera; while
still others are genuine parasites on Coleoptera and other insects, and a few, repre-
senting my tribe Aileyuu, destroy the eggs of orthopterous insects.

The family may be separated into five tribes as follows:

TABLE OF TRIBES.

1. Metathorax seen from above short, not longer than the scutellum, usually distinctly shorter, and some-

what. abruptly :declivious osu tenccih os crlei eee crete aero see ro ae eae a een ee
Metathorax seen from above long, always longer than the scutellum and usually gradually sloping to
apex (in a single case quadrate and squarely truncate behind) .......................2-+22+-- 2

2. Head not cornuted ; eyes oval or ovate, not round. ........ 2.0... cece ee ee eee ee ee eee teen eee
Head cornuted, much wider than the thorax ; eyes round ......:.............. Tribe lL. Aximini.

3. Marginal vein slender, longer than the stigmal or rarely shorter, but never very stout or stigmated ;
abdomen most frequently long in both sexes, in female conic-ovate or conically pointed ; antennze
dissimilar in the sexes, in females usually subclavate, in males with the joints of the funicle con-
stricted or excised at apex with whorls of long hairs ........................ Tribe Hl. Isosomini.

4, Marginal vein short and stout, stigmated, either quadrate or semicircular......................... 6

Marginal vein usually slender, linear, rarely stout, but never stigmated, quadrate, or semicircular 5

5. Antenne 10- to 12-jointed, with only one ring-joint, and dissimilar in the sexes, in females filiform or
subclavate, in males with the funicle joints excised or petiolate at apex, with whorls of long hairs or
wWathisparse lone hairs een Se neesere ee riccine ere reece eee eit cml am onaytormnmie
Antenne 13-jointed, with two or three ring-joints, and very similar in the sexes, the funicle joints not
excised or pedicellate at apex, and without whorls of long hairs.............. Tribe IV. Rileyini.

6. Antennee at the most 11-jointed, with 1 ring-joint, the funicle 4-jointed and very similar in both sexes,

filiform or subclavate, without whorls of long hairs; abdomen short, globose, or oval, never very
long or strongly compressed ; hind tibize with rigid bristles behind............Tribe V. Decatomini.

Trrpe I. Aaimini.

Mr. Peter Cameron, in Biol. Centr. Amer. Hym., Vol. 1, p. 111, established for
Aaima Walker and Hontalia Cameron, the subfamily Awnunx. ‘The two genera,
however, have nothing in common, are quite distinct in structural characters and
belong to different families. My. Cameron was evidently deceived in regard to
their relationship by a superficial resemblance in the structure of the heads of these
insects. Axima is clearly a eurytomid, as I first pointed out several years ago, while
Hontalia is a chaleidid allied to Dirhinus, and must be placed in my tribe Dirhinine.
Aaima is parasitic in the nests of the small carpenter bees, Ceratinide.

TABLE OF GENERA.
nega X=) 0002) (2 ee en ee ee Aerie ees Mnmictra settee Boome ca pornatid COomUa emo Obes. 2
DVD A OS sig ea5s) sonra copa iayes ate’ Big orgie ’s alors afarensis (oye eleh ciara Seater aie Fete eG Poot ots hehe a eae reo eee er maa
2. Marginal vein four or more times longer than the stigmal vein; antennz 11-jointed, the funicle 6-

jointed ; abdomen long, lanceolate, compressed........... Axima Walker (type A. spinifrons Walk.).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 259

Marginal yein hardly twice the length of the stigmal vein; antenne 11-jointed; abdomen not long,
lanceolate....................-.........-Aximopsis Ashmead, gen. nov. (type A. morio Ashm.).

3. Marginal vein four or more times longer than the stigmal ; antennz 11-jointed, the funicle joints long,
binodose, each joint with two whorls of long hairs..................-----.-.-.-Axima Walker.
Marginal vein hardly twice the length of the stigmal vein...................Aximopsis Ashmead.

Trise II. IJsosomini.

All the species falling in this tribe are phytophagous and thus differ in habits
from all of the other tribes.

The group approaches very close to the Hurytomim and many of the species
were at first described under the genus Hurytoma. There is, however, a well
marked structural difference between them, and the tribe may be easily separated
by the characters made use of in my table of tribes. In having a long metathorax
and in the antennal characters of most of the genera, the Jsosomini approach
nearest to the Aaimini, but the horned head in the latter is sufficient to keep them

apart.
TABLE OF GENERA.
Il, UNAMENAS 5a so sce

Malesia cst.
2. Apterous....
Winged.
Marginal vein always longer than the stigmal vein. BATE Suhty SRA Heiss ni acu ER ogvate: ove 8s
Marginal vein shorter than the stigmal vein, the latter very oblique, extending off from the
marginal at an angle of thirty degrees.
Head and thorax umbilicately punctate, the frons with a deep antennal furrow ; abdo-
men elongate, conic-ovate, the dorsal segments subequal, as in Jsosoma.
Isosomodes Ashmead (type Isosoma gigantea Ashm.).
3. Metathorax sloping or rounded behind, not abruptly and squarely truneate behind................ 4
Metathorax quadrate, abruptly and squarely truncate behind.
Mesonotum delicately umbilicately punctate ; abdomen ovate, slenderer than the thorax, the
second segment the longest, the others about of an equal length.
Isosomorpha Ashmead (type I. europe Ashm.).
4. Thorax more or less distinctly umbilicately punctate, punctate or shagreened, opaque, never smooth
and shining ; antennee usually 11-jointed, with 1 ring-joint, the funicle 5-jointed................5
Thorax smooth and shining, impunctate or at the most feebly microscopically shagreened......
5. Mesonotum umbilicately punctate, punctate or rugulose; abdomen usually long, conically pointed,
the segments subequal in length, the fourth not or ae slightly longer than the third.
Isosoma Walker (type Ichnewmon verticellata Fabr.).
Mesonotum with the middle lobe nearly smooth, delicately punctate, with usually delicate transverse
aciculations anteriorly ; abdomen very long, conically pointed, the fourth segment very long.
Euoxysoma Ashmead (type Systole brachyptera Ashm.).
6. Pedicel longer than the first joint of the funicle, the joints of the latter moniliform or nearly ; abdomen
ovate, with the fourth segment much longer than the others, except the second ; postmarginal vein
scarcely longer than the stigmal vein.............Isosomocharis Ashmead (type J. sulcat Ashm.).

260 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Pedicel shorter than the first joint of the funicle or no longer, the first three joints of the funicle obconi-
cal ; abdomen conically pointed, with the segments, except the second, which is the longest, nearly
of an equal length (sexual form) .........................Philachyra Haliday (type P. ips Hal.).

7. Mesonotum and scutellum highly polished, impunctate ; abdomen conic-oyate, as long as the head and
thorax united ; antenne 11-jointed, the funicle 5-jointed, the first joint the longest, obconical, longer
than’ the pedicel (Agamiciform)!).. 2.25) .6--45) sae nee ee eee eee be bllachyra stealer

85) Marginalliveinvalwaiys) longer thankiheysitomtallmge tiles nee eee anaes)

Marginal vein shorter than the stigmal vein.

Head and thorax umbilicately punctate, the former with a deep frontal furrow ; flagellum fili-
form, the joints of the funicle long, three or more times longer than thick, briefly pedicellate
at apex, with two whorls of long hairs on each joint,................ Isosomodes Ashmead.

9. Metathorax not abruptly and squarely truncate behind, either sloping or rounded ................. 10

Metathorax quadrate, abruptly and squarely truncate behind ; head and thorax umbilicately punctate.

; Isosomorpha Ashmead.
10. Thorax smooth and shining, impunctate or at the most very feebly, microscopically shagreened... 13

Thorax more or less distinctly umbilicately punctate, finely punctate, or coarsely shagreened,

OF OEY 00th eee ee ante ey OAL A eee er OR nnd at Na Gao Ao maacclonhoaase nace. Jl
11. Head and thorax finely punctates. <7). ck- ese ceaeete scree a eas oe riders mie ee eee ere

Head and thorax more or less umbilicately punctate or coarsely shagreened.

Mesonotum more or less distinctly umbilicately punctate, not finely transversely aciculate ante-
riorly ; funicle joints long, more than thrice longer than thick, constricted or briefly pedicellate
at apex, with indistinct whorls of long hairs ..........+.....2+:e-eseeeeeeeee Isosoma Walker.

Mesonotum not so punctate, the middle lobe smoother, delicately punctate, with usually delicate
transverse aciculations anteriorly. . 5G, Palos a'bD Sd. ct wormo0d-o0 Dic . Euoxysoma Ashmead.

12. Metathorax elongate ; abdomen clavate, ie ere aeiaee punctate, as iene as the hind coxe, the
body a little longer than the thorax ; antenne filiform, slender, pubescent.

Aiolomorphus Walker (type A. rhopaloides Walk.).

13. Funicle joints long, subcontracted near the middle and subpetiolate at apex, each joint with two, some-

wiratammesular swhonls.ot lonouhains meee emetic ere .Isosomocharis Ashmead.

Funicle joints long, petiolate or aumiotierie at apex, with long hairs, but not arranged in two whorls
and the joints cylindrical, without a median contraction ; abdomen oblong-oval, the petiole rugulose,
about twice as long as thick ora little longer, the second segment the longest segment, longer than
the third and fourth united, the latter about equal with those beyond.........Philachyra Haliday.

Trree IIT. Hurytomina.

This is the most extensive tribe in the family and the National Museum collec-
tion contains many undescribed species. All of the species are genuine parasites
and destroy the larvee of several orders, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, ete.

Dr. A. D. Hopkins, of the West Virginia State Agriculture College, claims,
however, that Bruchophagus (Hurytoma) funebris Howard is phytophagous and
states he has proved it by a series of experiments. I think, however, some mistake
has been made and I cannot accept Dr. Hopkins’ observation as conclusive. Dr.
Howard described it as having been bred from Ceerdomyia lwguwmicola Lintner, living

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 261

in clover seed. All the other species, however, belonging to this genus, whose para-
sitism is known, destroy coleopterous larvee, and I am inclined to think that both
Drs. Howard and Hopkins are wrong, and that Bruchophagus fwnebris is a parasite
upon some Bruchus, or the larva of a small rhynchophorous beetle living in the
clover seed. :

The genera are numerous, but it is believed these may be easily recognized. by
the use of the following table :

TABLE OF GENERA.

1 Pram test rer ae Te we Ege ten LAT nO hy ae strmmeiciabcn suo yc reveien al ssi Gy ails a vara/ ecw totay ast iedeoweileduiesckdisttoneeh aarenlene 2
Milles — so shee caw nals ale cate pee Bee CO Bet ee me CT ee Ee ee ee ee 5
Of AINOManNCINING "Se eeco es onoucees oT Oo

Metallic green or blue, coarsely, umbilicately punctate.

Head in front quadricarinate (a carina along the inner orbits and bounding the frontal furrow) ;
eyes surrounded by a ring of coarse punctures; antenne 11-jointed, sometimes appearing
only 9-jointed by the union of the club joints ; funicle 5-jointed, the joints long, the first the
longest, about two-thirds the length of the scape ; abdomen conic-ovate, the fifth segment the
longest ... 0.0.0.0 ee ee ee esse sees sess -Chryseida Spinola (type C superciliosa Spinola).

2H Mesonotiumicdistinetly umibilicately pumctatel..sceneseesce.sssenaeee.neeensse-ascesesssace. 4

Mesonotum not umbilicately punctate, smooth or nearly, shagreened, or at least rugulosely punctate.. 12

4. First jomt of the funicle elongate, as long or nearly as the scape, or at least never less than two-thirds

Ene rlemotin ote tem scaly Ce wry erimrerr tren s tralten eyecare 4 acs Sine pained oar oa erenatnne abet aelec lola gee O

First joint of the funicle not especially long, never longer than half the length of the scape, but

Menealbye mick stremven hte tla Nile wie Sele te scene nen ce fee tiwalfidviwecesteeecsece 6

5. Head with a deep antennal channel, the front ocellus lying in it at apex ; antennz 11-jointed, filiform,
not or only slightly thickened toward apex.

Abdomen rarely much longer than the head and thorax united, strongly compressed, pointed at
apex; seen from the side, the dorsum is strongly convexly elevated, the fifth segment the
VOMSESH. co coe ence ewe ee es oe eure sees esses. bephrata Canreron (type B: rujicollis Cam.).

Abdomen very elongate, narrow, lanceolate, compressed, fully twice as long as the head and
thorax united, the segments more nearly equal in length.

Aximogastra Ashmead, gen. nov. (type A. bahize Ashm.).

6. Mesonotum with distinct, complete parapsidal furrows. .............. 000. cece cece ee ee eee cesses 7

Mesonotum without parapsidal furrows or the furrows are only indicated anteriorly............... 14

7. Head sometimes with a deep frontal channel or antennal furrow, but the front ocellus is never placed

within it, but always above it near the anterior margin of the vertex.......................... 8

Head with a deep frontal channel or antennal furrow, the front ocellus always placed at the apex of
this furrow, never above it.

Seape elongate, more than twice longer than the first joint of the funicle, the funicle joints
rather long, the first about twice as long as thick ; abdomen compressed, not longer than the
head and thorax united, ending in a conical point; the dorsum, as seen from the side, is
highly convexly elevated ; postmarginal vein variable, sometimes shorter than the marginal,
but rarely very much longer ; hind tibiz with rather short, stiff bristles behind.

Prodecatoma Ashmead, gen. nov. (type P. flavescens Ashm.).

262 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

10.

iL,

12.

14.

. Marginal vein always distinctly longer than the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein well developed,

sometimes Very Lom... as csc eelers wresionattevd oteve cher neletetene uated aren are tere el Tenor CT eceere Seen Tree 9
Marginal vein short, not, or scarcely, longer than the stigmal vein, usually a little shorter, the post-mar-

ginal vein rarely well developed, rarely as long as the stigmal (in only a single case is it very long) .. 13

}+ Hind! tibiee with 2 ‘apicalltspursi 2 2) eraicustete re eteyete ete ee a aree) eee et eee eee ee)

Hind tibiee with 1 apical spur.

Funicle with the joints oval-moniliform ; eyes broadly oval.

Phylloxeroxenus Ashmead (type Eurytoma phyllexere Ashm.).
Postmarginal vein very long, fully twice as long (or even longer) as the stigmal vein.............. 11
Postmarginal vein not much longer than the stigmal vein.

Marginal vein scarcely longer than the stigmal ; antenne clavate, the club large, 3-jointed, the
joints of the funicle moniliform ; abdomen with the fifth segment, as seen from the side, two
or more times longer than wide ; head convex in front, the occiput deeply concave.

Eurytomocharis Ashmead (type HE. minuta Ashm.).

Marginal vein very distinctly longer than the stigmal ; antennze filiform or nearly, at most sub-
clavate, not greatly thickened towards apex, the joints of the funicle oblong, cylindrical ;
abdomen conic-ovate, subcompressed, the fifth segment, as seen from the side, shorter than
WAG. iss Mice sie cian eee tale areieyahsier eer Sauer OS _...., -Burytoma Illiger (type E. planata IMllig.).

Hind tibie normal, mot dilated nt. sa tese tose ic Sere cee eee rare er eee
Hind tibize compressed, dilated.

Head transverse, wider than the thorax, and thin antero-posteriorly, the eyes more or less
rounded, prominent ; antennee inserted far above the middle of the face, the scape very long,
reaching far above the ocelli and with a tooth or tubercle at apex beneath, the flagellum filiform
with sparse hairs, the funicle joints more than twice longer than thick ; abdomen very strongly
compressed, the petiole long and slender. Eudoxinna Walker (type Sesxetra transversa Walk.).

Marginal vein at least one and a half times as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein not
longer than the stigmal; abdomen conic-ovate, longer than the thorax, the fifth segment nearly
twice as long as the fourth; antennz 11-jointed, the flagellum subclavate, the joints of the funicle
submoniliform......................-.-.-..-santhosoma Ashmead (type X. nigricornis Ashm.).

Marginal vein not or scarcely longer than the stigmal vein and stout; antennze 11-jointed, the fla-
gellum clavate or subclavate ; abdomen globose, or short ovate, shorter than the thorax, the segments
subequal. > os. 05 aa. cise seem esos aeien ee eee Stole yyallcers (GypemSeralbupermisa\V calle) am

. Abdomen short, subglobose, the fourth segment much the longest, enclosing the following.

Systolodes Ashmead (type S. brevicornis Ashm.).

Abdomen ovate, subcompressed (the tip sometimes produced into a stylus), the fourth and fifth seg-

ments short, although a little longer than the others, and subequal........Bruchophagus Ashmead

(type B. borealis Ashm.).

Head with a deep frontal furrow ; abdomen oyate, subcompressed, petiolate, the petiole usually not
short, the fifth segment the Jongest, but not greatly longer than the fourth.

Funicle 5-jointed, the joints moniliform or submoniliform, the first much shorter than the

pedicel........................+.... Decatomidea Ashmead (type D. xanthochroa Ashm.).

5. Non-metallic, smooth, delicately shagreened or umbilicate punctate, rarely finely punctate....... 16

Metallic green or blue, coarsely umbilicately punctate.
Head in front quadricarinate, the carina along the orbits sometimes delicate ; funicle with the

joints excised at apex above, with whorls of long hairs..................Chryseida Spinola.

16.

7.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 263

Mesonotum closely, distinctly, umbilicately punctate.............. 0.0. ce ce eee ce ee ee ce eececee. 17
Mesonotum not umbilicately punctate, either smooth or nearly, or shagreened or finely, regularly sculp-
WUC lon Sooo ooo oh BAS THS CONT OE.OA UD BOUUIO UE Ot GEICO OD IAS CRITI COO Denar ene et ann
First joint of the flagellum long, as long as the scape or longer...................-+++e2--+2.... 18
First joint of the flagellum not especially long, always much shorter than the secape.............. 19
Head with a deep antennal furrow, the front ocellus placed within the furrow.
kono e comme mines Omsexa On| yAne ene ee nn enn nse Bephrata @©ameron:
PEKen Ow MELORM Chinn oe Sexe hy; ann arE a nen r s0-)as 4 v.45 Aximogastra Ashmead.
Mesonotum without or with incomplete furrows............... 0.00 cece cee ce cece ee ee ee cesses. 28

Mesonotum with distinct, complete furrows.
Head sometimes with a deep antennal furrow, but the front ocellus is never situated in the fur-
HOM G00 40 bain ol Goelb ore a bond Ios ceIG p> Ho Sn IUD Aaa E nore Rene Peete canoe raat ee ea 0)
Head with a deep a dale furrow, the front points always Peedi in the furrow at its apex.
Prodecatoma Ashmead.
Marginal vein always distinctly longer than the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein well developed,

sometimes very long, always longer than the stigmal.. Mabe eustovated Nat Guateierae Payle ee eevee aust sn oe po:
Marginal vein short, not or scarcely longer than the stigmal vein, Pare ee the postmarginal
vein not well developed, not longer than the stigmal,..........................2000---. 27

Jawa! iilores wala 2 eyolCel SWE 56 on oo na c000 0b 0000 00 on on aude cnHooaed nde Riilatstaweases 2.
hiniditibicenyithelsapicalesputeern remanence celtic ee Pen lips eronante Ashmead.
Postmarginal vein only a little longer than the stigmal vein ........................20.-.-2222. 28
Postmarginal vein very long, fully twice as long (or longer) as the stigmal vein.................. 25
Marginal vein always distinctly longer than the stigmal vein..................0.cecceeceesees.. 24
Marginal vein only a little longer than the stigmal.......................Hurytomocharis Ashmead.

Funicle 5-jointed, the joints at apex excised above and pedicellate with long, whorled hairs; body of
abdomen rather small, subovate, the petiole usually longer than the hind cox, the fourth segment,
counting the petiole as the first, the longest..........................-. . .Burytoma Illiger.

Scape of antenne long, with a tooth or tubercle at apex beneath ; joints of funicle long, slightly con-
tracted at the middle, each joint with two whorls of long bristles............... Budoxinna Walk.

Marginal vein slender, at least one and a half times as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein
not longer than the stigmal. ........ 0.0... cece eee ee cece ence ee eeeessess,. Santhosoma Ashm.

Marginal vein rather stout, not longer than the stigmal vein ; funicle 4-jointed, the joints oval, briefly
petiolate at apex, with long, sparse hairs ; abdomen small, oval, the petiole about twice as long as
thick ; dorsal segment 2-4 subequal ..................-...-2-- +e +e eee sees ess. -pystole Walk.

Funicle 4-jointed, the joints excised at apex above, the basal or thickened portion about twice as long
as thick, with long hairs above ; abdomen small, globose, the petiole rugulose, the fourth segment the
NOMS CSE Mey VATE PAIR e ee) ea or yer eras Dectelalsy cote cilonaleceb erator sts lou lclalanehedsignaue: gas . .Systolodes Ashmead.

Funicle Pe cinrea the seins briefly pedunculate at apex, with sparse, ee irregular hairs ; body of
abdomen oval, the petiole short, stout, the fourth segment the largest ..... Bruchophagus eat

Head with a deep antennal furrow.......................+2+2-0-+-,-+----- -Decatomidea Ashmead.

Trise IV. Rileyrni.

In this tribe the antenne are alike, or very similar, in both sexes and 13-jointed,

with two or three ring-joints ; they are never 12-jointed or less as in the other tribes.

264 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

I consider the species composing this tribe to be genuine Eurytomids, but with
a habitus quite their own and difficult to describe intelligently — the head, prono-
tum and abdomen being slightly different from those in the Mwrytomim. The
sculpture, too, except in the genus Neorileya, is different from other Eurytomids.
The shape of the abdomen in some of the species recalls to mind the subfamily
Ormyrinex, in the 'Torymidee, the species of which have similar antennee and show
same affinity with this tribe.

Macrorieya is parasitic in the eggs of tree-crickets (Cicanthus sp.); a species of
Neorileya was bred by Mr. Urich, in Trinidad, W. I., from an egg of an unknown
orthopterous insect ; while the species belonging to the genus Rileya are parasitic
upon the larvee of various Cecidomyliids.

TABLE OF GENERA.
yg) 39001 s\n ree A ee ea ROE em Et NIM ee Uwe Oa) ete UO Ae MA Gs doc ooo duoedo os go 2

Males... vic sets eiere e-sthse ihe, sais ces a: siuels Wcmelouiaces Oe Woes orcad een ERO Te Co eae ee

2. Head and thorax smooth or nearly or at the most, very finely punctate, or feebly microscopically

SHASTEENEE. foie wea id Gob acd NAG aquest Ee eS UOTE Rene AO EOE eae Oe ee eee
Head and thorax umbilicately punctate.

Pronotum as wide as the mesonotum, the hind margin arcuately emarginate, straight and trun-
cate in front ; mesonotum without furrows ; axillee rather small, triangular, widely separated ;
antennz 13-jointed, with two ring-joints, the flagellum short, not twice the length of the scape,
subfiliform, the funicle 6-jointed, the joints subquadrate, hardly as long as wide; marginal
vein scarcely longer than the stigmal, shorter than the postmarginal - abdomen oval, de-
pressed, shorter or not longer than the thorax, subconvex above, and briefly petiolate, the
fourth segment much the longest, the third very short, the second and fifth about equal,
united not longer than the fourth. .....Neorileya Ashmead, g. nov. (type NV. flavipes Ashm.).

3. Antenne with three ring-joints.

Pronotum as wide as the mesonotum, the hind margin straight, a little more than twice wider
than long and about as long as the mesonotum ; parapsidal furrows delicate but complete, or
nearly, sometimes obliterated anteriorly ; head transverse, a little wider than the thorax ; fla-
gellum subclavate, the funicle 5-jointed, joints 3-5 transverse ; marginal vein fully twice as
long as the stigmal and a little longer than the postmarginal ; abdomen subcylindrical, conic-
ovate, a little longer than the head and thorax united, almost sessile, the fourth segment very
large, occupying most of the surface, the others very short................Rileya Ashmead

(type R. cecidomyix Ashm.).

Pronotum quadrate, a little narrower than the mesonotum and hardly shorter than wide ; par-
apsidal furrows distinct, complete ; head transverse, as wide as the thorax across from tegula
to tegula, subeoncave behind, convex in front, with a frontal excavation for the antennal
scape ; flagellum subclavate, the funicle 6-jointed, joints 2-6 subquadrate, the last two a little
wider than long ; marginal vein very long, more than twice longer than the stigmal vein, the
postmarginal vein very long and slender; abdomen very long and narrow, lanceolate, sub-
compressed, nearly twice as long as the head and thorax united, joints 5, 6 and 7 long, the
sixth the longest of the three, the eighth projecting and pointed.

Macrorileya Ashmead g. noy. (type Rileya ecanthi Ashm.).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 265

Ame Amienmse avail mene ce Cle = | OUULSI am fer tates) Menciitete eriare sieve Cie sors eae eite diolcs a(n chet eles Gurwen veeecen OD
Antenne with two ring-joints.

Head and thorax umbilicately punctate, the parapsidal furrows wanting ; pronotum as wide as

- the mesonotum, the hind margin arcuately emarginate; flagellum filiform, pubescent, the
FOMMcHSUbOAdnavem ane pein se ae er seks acre te seiaecias s-07. -Neerleya Ashmead.

5. Head and thorax smooth or nearly, at most very finely punctate or microscopically shagreened, the
parapsidal furrows sometimes delicate but distinct.

Pronotum as wide as the mesonotum, more than twice wider than long; abdomen ovate, the
fourth segment very long; flagellum filiform, pubescent, the joints of the funicle nearly
equalyaslitilenwiderthamelOneh wee lec snes. ose es oe oe le -Lleya Ashmead.

Pronotum quadrate, nearly as long as wide and a little narrower than the mesonotum ; abdomen
elongate, cylindrical, as long as the head and thorax united, the segments subequal ; flagellum
subclavate, gradually thickened towards the tip, the last two joints of funicle transverse.

Macrorileya Ashmead.

Tripe V. Decatomini.

This tribe is very closely allied to the tribe Hurytomin, but is readily separated
from it and the other tribes by the much thickened or stigmated marginal vein,
and by the antennee being alike, or very similar, in both sexes. ‘The hind tibize are
always armed with rigid bristles behind. Some of the Huwrytomiu, however, also
have similarly armed tibie, so that this character in itself is not sufficient to dis-
tinguish the group.

All the species are parasitic upon hymenopterous and dipterous gall-makers.
(Cympide and Cecidomyride).

Only two genera fall into this tribe, distinguished as follows:

TABLE OF GENERA.
il, INSMNIES. oo oy eo eens do dae AS coos poe Huo bo Obama OO dod d C0 OOD ICO ci Ocoee SCS Inn Ate GN Cen rc Cen ei aemme”4
MIAIIES — 5600006 200.09 DDO DO DODO aE HA Do OUD DODaND dO cdIDOUGGed5.0bK0 obob oa senads sua ooes am Ne
2. Wings neat. with a nthe submarginal blotch or band; antennz 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, the
club usually not jointed, if with 3 indistinct joints, 11-jointed, pedicel obconical, nearly thrice as long

ASwUIIG kealbwaNp Eda.u Me pls cicee ieee ate: wet recat) Gish . Decatoma Spinola (type Diplolepis adonidum Rossi).
Wings hyaline, without a Aves Be iat: pedicel shorter, not or hardly twice as long as

GNC Regen Gan Oo neo Biase tele cle ioe ie neues csorleueve sieve eels sere ser te ee Ashmead (type EF. batatoides Ashmead).
3. Wings hyaline, with a dusky or fuscous submarginal blotch or band................Decatoma Spinola.
Wings hyaline, without a dusky submarginal blotch ; all femora considerably swollen.

Eudecatoma Ashmead.

Famity LXIV. PERILAMPID.
1846. Eucharide, Family (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., p. 108.
1856. Perilampoide, Family IX., Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 19, 22 and 46.
1875. Perilampina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 11, 22.
1886. Perilampine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., L., p. 198.

266 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

1897. Perilampide, Family LXIV., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p.
245.

Francis Walker placed this family with the Hucharide, with which it is unques-
tionably closely allied. It is, however, easily separated from the Hucharide by
many salient differences, and I agree with Dr. Férster in considering it a distinct
family. It has some affinities allying it with the family Miscogusteride, the affinities
existing also in the Hucharide and particularly through Cameron’s genus Orasema.

Chrysolampus Spinola belongs to this family and not with the Pteromalide,
where Dr. Von Dalla Torre has placed it. His changing the well-known subfamily
Sphigigasterine into Chrysolampinx, is therefore unnecessary and unwarranted.
Chrysolampus is identical with Lamprostylus Forster.

The group attacks principally Lepidoptera, but will also attack other insects, as
I have bred Perilampus sp. from Chrysopa cocoons.

The genera are not numerous and are characterized in the following table:

TABLE OF GENERA.

ie Atbdomenwpetiolate rs ian ieee ee ane 5 ©

Abdomen sessile or subsessile .....................005. 34

2. Scutellum normal, although sometimes very large, not produced into a long spine ....... 3

Scutellum produced into a long spine... . .Buperilampus Walker (type Perilampus Genoa Walk. Ye

Bo AMNOIEDK SUNOCO, WOH COMTI JOOUMOUNIO 550000000000 0000 co bo bh on co CU so DO Oo COCO bobo nooo OOSo Hones ©
Thorax coarsely punctate.

Antenne 13-jointed. . sole arbtis) a ford) 0) Ste vee aeseeiade ih cakes Rts eyeahslel oho erie ay ate Ge rea te easiest aE

Antenne 9-jointed (iets Rie ubEue Se eee nee SebIcOpSEKenechaumien

(type S. fasciata Kriechbaumer).

4, Flagellum very short, compacted into a short club......Philomides Haliday (type P. paphius Haliday).
Flagellum not very short, at the most subclavate... Perilampus Latreille (type Cynips italica Fabricius).

5. Antenne inserted below the middle of the face, 13-jointed ; stigmal and postmarginal veins abbreviated.
Chrysomalla Forster (type C. roseri Forster).

(Hein Rela sts gsi0001 0) (aaa ny OR ey Mel i ian ena omnes ning nomodGnaerenanaeese coe
Antenne pectinate. o’ (9 unknown).........Aperilampus Walker (type Perilampus discolor Walker).
7. Metathorax thickly and deeply punctate ...............Chrysolampus Spinola = Lamprostylus Forster

(type C. splendidula Spinola).
Metathorax not so punctured, smooth or with only a few punctures....................Hlatus Walker
(type E. thene Walker).
Famity LXV. EUCHARID.
1846. Eucharide, Family 5 (partim), Walker, List. Chale. British Museum, I., p. 21.
1856. Eucharoide, Familie 8, Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 18, 22 and 42.
1886. Eucharine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., L., p:. £98:
1897. Eucharide, Family LX V., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 235.
1899. Eucharide, Family LXV., Ashmead, loc. ctt., p. 245.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 267

1900. Eucharide, Family LXV., Ashmead, Proc. U.S. National Museum, XXIIL.,
p. 202.

In this family are found some of the most singular looking and wonderfully
shaped Chalcids known, the structure of the thorax, and particularly of the scutel-
lum, being most wonderfully and curiously modified and developed; and this de-
velopment, in connection with the brilliant metallic green and blue colors of its
members, makes the group the most striking and attractive of any in the Superfam-
ily. Some of the species are now known to be parasitic upon ants and probably
the whole group attacks these insects. In temperate regions the family is poorly
represented, but in tropical countries, where ants most abound and flourish in enor-
mous colonies, these insects are not rare and seem to have reached a very highly
specialized development.

The known genera may be tabulated as follows :

TABLE OF GENERA.

I, INSANE. o.n.00 God 00:04 OO RS 0 breton Wi-u bibAae co eudla co) Coen pa een ce hea Enc nar oos Ca aen
HANES 5 05 6.8 bo Obi cuba Gi eso Go Foley ico wy RANE Sse Ml RG SEU sa cnr mT oa ge
2, imines 1B=omaael OF NEE, yao te aa Belo sao dodo! hog Shaw RIE AIC IIS OO UE ERC en rey eee

Antenne 14-pointed or more.
Scutellum simple ; antennz 16—-18-jointed.....Hucharissa Westwood (type E. speciosa Westw.).
Scutellum produced posteriorly into a spine which is longitudinally striate ; antenne 14-jointed.
Saccharissa Kirby (type Hucharis contingens Walker).
3. Scutellum simple, neither bidentate nor produced into long processes........................... 4
Scutellum bidentate or produced posteriorly into long processes over the abdomen................ 11
Ary LNMUSMIMNES, THOMOND. 65 coos omancode oo doce ones ooduT
Antennze not moniliform,............

5. Abdomen compressed, ascending..................Bucharis Latreille (type Cynips adscendens Fabr.).

Abdomen neither compressed nor ascending.
Hind tarsi with the first joint much thickened ; antennz 11-jointed..........Tricoryna Kirby
(type Eucharis jello Walt.).
Hind tarsi with the first joint very long, but not thickened...................Metagea Kirby
(type Hucharis Zalates Walk.).
OG, JOunus Of MAVENS MON seme, GyllincleAll sagan dceaca50 bo debo00cacsdn G0 suen coon Goune 7
JoimEstoMmantenneyserave Orsubdentatenrep rr aei ce ctaisieisslslisieltoeis el sieosicleieie oie eicheln ma cle cis sietie. = 9
Jo Aimee IS jOUUEC WAS TOMS SCH) soedobos do soon a6 Sood Ce oor ods ced oe Ron CORIO Ce ere een:

Antenne 11-jointed, the joints long.

Thorax smooth, polished; petiole of abdomen abruptly enlarged at apex.
Pseudometagea Ashmead (type Metagea schwarzii Ashm.).
Thorax rugose ; petiole of abdomen normal, long and cylindrical. ...... Psilogaster Blanchard
(type P. cupreus Blanchard).
8. Thorax not greatly elevated, similar to Chrysolampus in the Perilampidz, punctate and with complete
parapsidal furrows; mandibles long, acute at apex, the right mandible with two teeth within, the
left with one tooth within. ........................Orasema Cameron (type O. stramineipes Cam.).

268 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

WI

18.

IS).

. Antenne 1 ljombed s4saccius see ae comemome one ao LO

Antenne 13-jointed............................. Whipipallus Kirby (type Eucharis volusus Walk.).
Scutellum rounded, not conically elevated posteriorly ; wingshyaline. Pseudochalcura Ashmead g. noy.
(type Eucharis gibbosw Provancher).

Scutellum subconically elevated posteriorly ; wings with a substigmal cloud or fascia. Chaleura Kirby
(type Eucharis deprivata Walk.).

Scutellum with the processes very long, usually as long as the abdomen and sometimes very broad,

forming a shield over the abdomen, or conically produced..........................-.2----. 18
Scutellum bidentate, the processes never very long.

Metathorax armed with strong lateral projections or teeth.............................. 12

Metathorax unarmed, without teeth.

A hump-like elevation above the metapleura.........................tilbula Spinola

(type Ichnewmon cynipiformis Rossi).

No hump-like elevation above the metapleura .................Schizaspidia Westwood

(type S. furcifera Westw.).

Metathoracic processes curving downwards........ Lophyrocera Cameron (type L. stramineipes Cam.).

Metathoracic processes consisting of two diverging horizontal teeth................Tetramelia Kirby

(type Schizaspidia plagiata Walk.).
Scutellum-not ‘conically produced: 5.00 (Passer osc ce botnet ae eee
Scutellum conically produced over the abdomen.
Head with a deep antennal furrow ; hind femora very broad ; abdomen subsessile, fusiform,
depressed.......................-Destefania Dalla Torre (type Sternodes Pasateri De Stef.).
Scutellar processes long and slender, generally curving inward toward tips...................... 18
Scutellar processes very broad and covering the entire abdomen.
Thorax not pubescent, the apex of the scutellar processes simple, or cleft or notched....... 15
Thorax pubescent, the apex of the scutellar processes rounded and not sharply cleft, the notch
extendine two thirds theentire lengthe 245-1 see eee ee ae eee)
Scutellar processes long, broad and contiguous, but very flat, the extremities rounded, subtruncate, or
furnishedswithstwo) roundediishort spinesesssee aera eerie eis erent renee ieee
Scutellar processes not so shaped.
Scutellar processes very broad, triangular .....Thoracantha Latreille (type T. latreillei Guérin).
Scutellar processes long, contiguous and acutely pointed at tips, longitudinally striate.
Uromelia Kirby (type Thoracantha striatw Perty).
Mesonotum and scutellum medially impressed ; head almost as wide as the thorax; antennee 10-jointed,
the third joint as long as the scape, the following much wider than long. ... . Dicelothorax Ashmead
; (type D. platycerus Ashm.). ~
Mesonotum and scutellum not so impressed, the scutellar processes haying the basal portion as wide as
the thorax, briefly compressed in the center, then dilated and at the apex furnished with two rounded
short spines.................................. Letocantha Shipp (type Thoracantha nasua Walk.).
Antenne 10-jointed, the first funicle joint the longest, the following short..........Dilocantha Shipp
(type Thoracantha flavicornis Walk.).
Head andveyes normal mot tulbexciillatios src artery etree mete eee een ere oe er ene ee)
Head and eyes tuberculate.
Antenne 12-jointed..................-Isomeralia Shipp (type Thoracantha coronata Westw.).

Antenne 11-jointed, the third joint not much longer than the fourth,........................... 20

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

ol.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 269

Antenne 10-jointed, the third joint very long, as long as all of the other joints united.
Lirata Cameron (type L. luteogaster Cam.).
Thorax not pubescent, the scutellum always longitudinally striate.................Kapala Cameron

(type Eucharis fuscata Fabr.).
Thorax clothed with a fine pubescence, the scutellum smooth, not longitudinally striate, the processes

smooth to their apices, where they are transversely serrate.................Lasiokapala Ashmead
(type L. serrata Ashin.).
Seutellum spined, bidentate or produced into long processes extending over the scutellum........ 22
Scutellum normal, simple. . ne ean er ey erences chins Sinine aise et ee en Seas LO
Scutellum bidendate or ae into long processes that extend over the abdomen.............. 28
Scutellum produced into a spine-like process.
Antenne mevermore) than i3-yombedeseees s-se ceieiiee sacs ee me ea oe snc case caseccee ss cee e 029
AMIbemhicepl soy Onnibe dispense nia pie ine enn rt Iannis cPanel saccharissa, Kirby.
AUC Mow Omit oe) CULE Meare Herm Biel eatin a iahay.) seyaeiats Sic ee wae aisle oauselee elma Wl we 24
Ampenmee: 22=;ommbed eek. ees cs ae esses sss aaesesss sess scsse0s... muUCharissa, Westwood.
ATNIGMIED Sia ols, Wadoowls DRONES. . .6oduec0 os 60000065 DUO0 06 deco boon Good Umno oe on eemoreae Ice
AminenniccrramMOse Ona wAt butane hes meinen we ain) cite Sect ois. Geeta dees dase eevee este dene s 28
Flagellar joints moniliform . a dn join'c' herb oie Se cake ate ae Ops ROAD, DOE CR a ea
Flagellar joints cylindrical, Pe odin * ido ooldddo tn omlbe Se OMRCIde CORIO ORI came e OnRnre Mere sl
NOCOMEnTCOMpPressedsascOMG MN Gn mem ae eis ae eels ie/saleace a. ae.----.-.-... aucharislatreille:
Abdomen neither compressed nor ascending.
Biics te Int Ofevarsi mich wyMle ene diyanart ses ose)-eee es ce y--slenae es a4 oe ee. s- kkicoryna Kirby.
First joint of tarsi very long, slender.......................2.+.+++-----...Metagea Kirby.
Antennee 10-11-jointed.
Petiole of abdomen abruptly enlarged at apex; thorax smooth... ...Pseudometagea Ashmead.
Petiole of abdomen normal, long, cylindrical ; thorax rugose,.........Psilogaster Blanchard.
Antenne 13-jointed, rather short ; thorax closely punctate, the parapsidal furrows distinct ; right man-
dible with two teeth within, the left with one tooth within....................Orasema Cameron.
Scutellum spined, bidentate or produced into long processes that extend over the abdomen....... 29

Scutellum normal, unarmed.
Antenne with 4 branches; wings hyaline.........................Pseudochaleura Ashmead.
Antennz with more than four branches ; wings with a substigmal cloud or fascia.
Chaleura Kirby.
Scutellumpnotrcouicalllyaproducedsintorasspine ss... cn acc. yaagee nee eee sen ieee efecd----- 30
Scutellum conically produced into a spine..............................-.-Destefania Dalla Torre.
Scutellum with the processes very long, usually as long as the abdomen and sometimes very broad,
HOnamins' @, SMEG OWA WHS ACONNEM, 645000505000 40 bog 06 00 G0 0060 05 06 CO Dade UDO OU Ee Coden een
Scutellum bidentate, the teeth never very long.

Metathorax armed with strong lateral projections or teeth. ................ 0000 ce aces eee 82
Metathorax unarmed, without teeth.

A hump-like elevation above the metapleura.........................stibula Spinola.

No hump-like elevation above the metapleura.................Schizaspidia Westwood.

Metathoracic processes curving downwards ; antennee simple................Lophyrocera Cameron.

Metathoracic processes consisting of two horizontal teeth ; antennee with 9 branches.

Tetramelia Kirby.

270 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

32. Scutellar processes long and slender, generally curving inward toward tips..................... 386

Scutellar processes broad, contiguous their entire length or at least basally...................... 83

33. Scutellar process long, broad and contiguous, but very flat, the extremities rounded, subtruncate or

furnished: with) two) rounded ishortispinesse essere aaa oeee ene niece en Eero.
Scutellar processes not so shaped.

Scutellar process very broad, deeply, semicircularly emarginate at apex; antennee with 9

LENO G Ol See Een ae Sera ciate aa aine eo etadeyd qatdisdonon ee ob . Thoracantha Latreille.
Scutellar processes long eee aun and netics striate; antennez with 8
braidhes 2. cs. eth Gee we tee eee Ce eg ee ana oee ae eee
34.) Thorax pubescent = area ose eer els teat eee ee eee ee ee ome

Thorax not pubescent.
Mesonotum and scutellum medially impressed ; antennze 10-jointed, .. .Diccelothorax Ashmead.
Mesonotum and scutellum not impressed, the scutellar processes at base as wide as the thorax,

briefly compressed in the center, then dilated and at apex furnished with two rounded, short

spines. PREC are ER een eg Nae ipimneraia oie to-a),0.0,5 ..Letocantha Shipp.

35. Scutellar processes at apex rounded and not sharply cleft, the notch i entine two thirds the entire
Vem: 3 isch gia eis sree hone SG Oe an eee oe eee ee Dllocanthagshtnoros
o6uLleadvandreyes mormalamotituberculatenen em nee tae eeey eater reer nee eee
Head and eyes tuberculate. Aa oo eeseees+..[someralia Shipp.

37. Antenne [1-jointed, the third acme not much eneeet than the fourth. igh lsldheks Geeks eee OO

Antenne 10-jointed, the third joint very long, as long as the other ne sae . .Lirata Cameron.

38. Thorax not pubescent, the scutellum aeianoue striate. . Pe eG crore . .Kapala Cameron.
Thorax clothed with a fine pubescence, the scutellum smooth, not striate, the apices of the scutellar
processes serrate... 2... 0.0... ee ee ce ee eee eee cee esse seesaseesss.s... Luasiokapala Ashmead.

Famitry LXVI. MISCOGASTERID A.
1833. Miscogasteridee, Family 4 (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., I, p. 370.
1856. Miscogasteroidee, Familie 14 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., II, pp. 19, 24 and
51.
1875. Pteromalina, Tribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 12 and 216.
1886. Pteromalinee, subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I, p. 198.
1897. Miscogasteridee, Family LX VI., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV.,
pp. 235 and 245.
1900. Miscogasteride, Family LXVI., Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. National Museum,
DOSING. {0 PAZ
This family very closely resembles the family Pteromalide, and the two are sep-
arated with difficulty, the only reliable character to separate them being the num-
ber of apical spurs on the hind tibize. In this family the hind tibiee have two apical
spurs, while in the Picromaldx there is but one apical spur. It is a good character
but not easily seen in the smaller species, and the greatest care and caution must
be exercised in examining specimens before they can be placed in their proper fam-
ilies. A very strong lens is required to see the spurs and sometimes it will be found

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Dill

necessary to use the compound microscope before the number of spurs, in these
minute chaleidids, can be definitely settled.

Four distinct subfamilies, distinguished by the characters made use of in the fol-
lowing table, have been recognized :

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIBS.

1. Metathorax at apex produced beyond the insertion of the hind coxze; the abdomen petiolate or sub-

WetiOlaverepr MCR ETM Ny ei ytenrar terrence aia elecelslecisley seis, oe 5> eiaisy stern Miele eltesis wo -efenaitvels breve ee 'sve sia A
WIGIAWNOAR MONE, IMO_ TROGITORC! Ai BOE. ac oc occ docu uc ccocuccaecccdaucdooecnoncuauucbudgaoun
2. Abdomen distinctly petiolate ; if subsessile it is elongate and strongly carinate beneath............. 3

Abdomen sessile or subsessile.

Antenne 8-11-jointed, inserted just above the clypeus or close to the mouth border.
Subfamily I. PIRENIN&.
Antenne 12-13-jointed, and most frequently inserted far above the clypeus, very rarely inserted
yuUstzaboventherclypeusmesccises nies seen eee ace ci eeree ce ne Subfamily Il. TRIDYMIN#.
3. Antennze 12-18-jointed; marginal vein always shorter than the subcostal, the costal cell normal ;
second abdominal segment ofien large but not especiaily lengthened ; ovipositor not exserted ; meso-
thoracic furrows most frequently complete.......................Subfamily III. MiscoGAsTERInz.
4. Antenne 13-14-jointed, subclavate, inserted below the middle of the face; front wings with the mar-
ginal vein very long, usually fully as long as the subcostal vein; second abdominal segment much
lengthened ; ovipositor usually exserted ; mesothoracic furrows incomplete; ¢ antennz often verti-

celllate-piloscmenee reorientation ace een eee caeee soubiamily PVs linn ern,

SUBFAMILY I. PIRENIN ~&.

1843. Pireniani, Tribus (partim), Haliday, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, III., p. 2965.
1856. Pyrenoide, Familie (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., IL., pp. 18, 22 and 40.
1875. Pirenina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 12 and 187.

1886. Pirenine, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.

1899. Pirenine, Subfamily I., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1V., p. 247.

This group is of small extent, although widely distributed. It is separated from
the other subfamilies principally by the paucity of joints in the antenne, and most
of the species falling in it, whose parasitism 1s known, attack dipterous larve.

The genera Calypso and Macroglenes are easily separated by the different shaped
heads in the males. Neither Haliday nor Thomson, however, give the characters
to separate the females, and since I am only acquainted with Macroglenes, it has been
impossible to give characters to separate the females.

TABLE OF GENERA.

lee mm alsin Ses aieie Speers a cisiee o &
Mirai esimcsecsanss tte seysisaueovine So HA SOO Oe Race iceera eo > @
D., JOOS: |OMIOSSOSIND., & 55-6: dau 6d, doa € GYR OUR ee SORT iG nee nO Sor EEE REIS che eRe CN aed ae eee wan)
JDWFGS TORRE Gs 3:5. 5 FU Nate Oh Obed Gute ie DGS Cb ey Ms aE ONES ENP ee lc RR ahs Panne oe oe)

Pe, MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

3.

10.

it.

12.

138.

Abdomen with the second segment occupying about one half the whole surface or only a little more.
Antenne 11-jointed, the scape long, slender, the pedicel at least as long as the club; marginal
vein not more than four times the length of the stigmal vein...........Hrotolepsia Howard
(type HE. compacta Howard).
Antenne 10-jointed, the scape short and slender, the pedicel shorter than the club; marginal
vein long, about siz times the length of the stigmal vein.................Herbertia Howard

(type H. lucens Howard).

. Antennee 10-jointed, with one or two ring-joints.

Maxillary palpi 2-jointed.............. suk. gaol chs aeaineie Mtomve Oye nie dels svas eee remereters
Maxillary palpi Asjoimted: ¢ o5csise/ed ays.daiscone ore tacls eines cleyropetee Resin ee ate Tea eases eee

Pa OLA O10)=) (KO) acy <co) 210 Cee eee ee ener lee Hines mye nd outan cada ta ado douse deoSscloddodae. U

Ovipositor not exserted.

Postmarginal and stigmal veins very short.

IB® ran aval av asha vate sealed a eu thorieret enews sek epee JGaiggs Halts (ape Cen Eee
Des, ditetaten vats lesen e meee ares cat xoroelenee Westwood (type Ichneumon penetrans Kirby).
. Antennee with two ring-joints ; neLutaa al and stigmal veins very short............Pirene Haliday

(type P. varicornis Hal.).
Antenne with one ring-joint ; postmarginal and stigmal veins long..................Herizotes Forster

(type LE. monticola Forster).

. Legs abnormal, the tibie strongly inflated or swollen, stouter than the femora, the tarsi short and

slender, the joints very short ; clypeus triangularly produced. ......Spathopus Ashmead, gen. nov.
(type S. anomalipes Ashm.).

GBIVES PUBESCEMbis 5. ss Sek cred c Scteece im seers heat iO I Ee eS Ie Ieee eee ae
LON {em Och Gear tee ein Ren Cn Aen epee ee awn a tric lgMUagiotaa obo oo dogo ob eooe 6 alll

Antenne 11-jointed ; marginal vein not more than four times the length of the stigmal, the latter with
a distinet Chul? .). pistas gave leper si eeaeree ceeee EO eno eee Sele eee Es EOvOLeD Siar Ommance
Antenne 10 Saal: a vein Serie siz times the length of the Cee vein. Herbertia Howard.

Antenne 10-jointed, with one or two ring-joints.

Maxillary: palpi two-joimbed sh, 6.5-u.ae emo cation OU eee eee Oe EOS
Maxillary: palpi xfowr=jointed., «2... 2558 sures tas ots asl ce ateletol on MOD ee DORE ro Cec ee ete

Eyes normal, not converging above. ............ 000. ee ee eee ce ee ee eeu eesss.... Calypso Haliday.
Hyes abnormal, converging and nearly meeting above on the vertex. .........Macroglenes Westwood.
Marginal vein not twice as long as the stigmal vein ; flagellum not clavate.......... Pirene Haliday.
Marginal vein about twice as long as the stigmal vein, thickened at the base; flagellum short, clavate,
the joints of the funicle: moniliform)) pilose. s+) .-cis.2se sae eae ea alee ee eeLLZ OLS et cler,

SUBFAMILY IJ. TrRIDYMINZ.

1835. Ormoceride, Family (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., II., p. 167.

1856. Ormoceroidee, Familie 15 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., I1., pp. 19 and 24.
1856. Hormoceroidee, Familie 15 (partim), Forster, opus cit., p. 59.

1875. Tridyminee Tribus, (partim) Thomson, Hym. Skand. pp. 12 and 192.

1886. Tridymine, Subfamily, (partim) Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.

1899. Tridyminee, Subfamily II., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 247.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 213

This subfamily seems to be a natural group of gall-inhabiting species, allied to
the Pirenine, but easily separated by the structure of the antenne.
Two tribes may be distinguished :

TABLE OF TRIBES.

Mesonotum with complete, distinct furrows...............-.4.--00-- eee eeee sees Lribe I. Tridymini.

Mesonotum with incomplete furrows, indicated only anteriorly.................... Tribe Il. Metastenini

‘Tripe [. Tridynin.

The complete mesonotal furrows distinguish this tribe. Most of the species fall-
ing in this tribe are parasitic upon gall-making or gall-inhabiting Diptera, belonging
to the family Cecidomyudx. dipocerus Mayr, however, is a genus living parasitic-
ally upon fig-insects in Brazil, and one or two exotic genera attack other gall-

inhabiting insects.
TABLE OF GENERA.

ily JOQTIAIOS' sa \so- dete pioding Oo adie Uarad-ad Scree.crot OS che OCR IE EG aaron een cs Cee oe ar me ere
MaleSea ene ECC oie e vain ioe ea alae dacke we we eo bisue sale nes cea teseeaac a LO
2. Antennee inserted near the mouth or just above the clypeus.............. 0... cece cee ee ee eee 8
Antenne inserted on or near the middle of the face, far above the clypeus.................... 8
Semel Va ron) lay einana OLIN arene eee ena ee rye eae sieve rere Se rca lak Siaictaialeasiatesinje Wovucemwerest cinta wee eres ce |
Marginal vein abnormal, semicircularly thickened at the base. .... .Stigmatocrepis Ashmead g. nov.

(type S. americana Ashm.).
4. Clypeus at apex truncate or with a slight median sinus, never produced......................... 9
Clypeus at apex triangularly produced.

Antenne 12-jointed, the flagellum clavate, the joints of the funicle quadrate or transverse ;

abdomen ovate or conic ovate................Tridymus Ratzeburg (type T. aphidum Ratz.).

5. Head and thorax not umbilicately punctate, at the most finely punctate, shagreened or rugulose, some-

LIMES SMO OU Mecetee hte temra Tea cree tec ea a we ae i ciewtew Gens cewatanean es O
Head and thorax umbilicately punctate.

Front wings hyaline, sometimes with a smoky discoidal cloud, the marginal vein much longer
than the stigmal, the latter with an upward curve, the first marginal vein not longer
than the stigmal ; antennee 13-jointed with 2 ring-joints, the pedicel not long.

Decatomothorax Ashmead g. noy. (type D. gallicola Ashm.).

6. Head and thorax finely punctate or shagreened, rarely smooth. ................00000eeeeeeeeees 7
Head and thorax finely rugulose ; marginal vein not longer than the stigmal vein, the latter straight,
but oblique, not curved, postmarginal vein longer than the stigmal ; antennee 13-jointed, with 2
ring-joints, the pedicel large, as long as ora little longer than the ring-joints and the first joint

of the funicle united...................Alloderma Ashmead g. noy. (type A. maculipennis Ashm.).

7. Abdomen conically produced, the ovipositor exserted ; antenne 12-jointed, the funicle joints trans-
verse ; marginal vein more than twice ¢he length of the stigmal vein..... Gastrancistrus Westwood.
(type G. vagans Westw.).

Abdomen short oval, above depressed, beneath boat-shaped ; antennze 13-jointed, the funicle 6-jointed,
ihe nomtssshonty Meany cup-shapedenviey deat cedadass\e4 ss ecsers sss aes. OXYglypta Morster,

274 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

1).

. Front wings normal. ee a ee eT Re Roti TCR ORnIT Ie GUND oes bed d.c.o.Oe Klute ono aebrowlen aero oD

Front wings with the eentien comprising the costal cell dilated and eblicnels truncate at the juncture
of the submarginal vein with the marginal.
Antenne 13-jointed, the flagellum dilated, the joints of funicle transverse, subpedunculate.
Epicopterus Westwood (type #. choreiformis Westw.).

5 Antenne alS=joimbeds with) 2Nonks eines) OUNUSS rr rier lenceria neat eerie nee eee neem
peo ent yor: ms Wao) di) (OUOE Ss Leanne ene ei ncianmniagiag Gb dkdclee OSoo ob dads uns eoseeooduwoos duon LO
Thorax at most sparsely punctate, or almost smooth. ...................20.....-.25+++---2.2.. Ll
Thorax slightly rugulosely punctate ; antenne 12-jointed ; marginal vein about twice as long as the

stigmal.... 1.2.0.2... ee ee ee ce ee ee ee ee es eeees.. nyntasis Walker (type S. encyrtoides Walk.).
Wings with marginal’ cilise e. . osc baka d ateleiae ele tls ole oe eh le ae RE TCs eee eee

Wings without marginal ciliz.
ANCES WAOUMIeG!, yrula ORE TUVE=IOMA, 5550000 n0 on do cc on unsuvosuon soon cena oooo snes 1D
Antenne 11- or 12-jointed, with two ring-joints.
Antenne 11-jointed; abdomen as long as the head and thorax united, compressed.
Syntomocera Forster (type S. clavicornis Forst.).
Antenne 12-jointed ; abdomen elongated, usually compressed and carinate beneath.
Asematus Forster (type A. amphibolus Forst.).

. Abdomen oblong, fully as long as the head and thorax united; head short, subconvex in front ;

mesonotum not short, the furrows deep. Cecidoxenus Ashm. g. nov. (type C. nigrocyaneus Ashm.).
Antenne 13-jointed, subclavate, the joints of the funicle, except the first, quadrate or nearly ; meta-
thorax short with a median carina, the spiracles small, oval; head with sparse, thimble-like punc-
tures ; abdomen conic-ovate................Semiotellus Westwood (type Semiotus mundus Walk.).
Antennée With. two} TINGE] OUNIS sora w aeysdett) sere eee Ee UE ey Oe eRe eee:
Antenne with three ring-joints.
Abdomen depressed, the ovipositor subexserted, never very long, at the most one third the
length of the abdomen, usually shorter,.........Avpocerus Mayr (type 4. excavatus Mayr).
Metathorax short, with a median carina; abdomen compressed, above depressed, beneath keeled.
Terobia Forster (type T. dispila Forst.).
Metathorax very short, without a median carina; abdomen subglobose or short oval; flagellum sub-

clavate, the pedicel large, the joints of the funicle small, submoniliform, increasing in size towards

the club ......................++.-.....Paraterobia Ashmead g. nov. (type P. nigriceps Ashm.).
Antenne inserted near the mouth or just above the clypeus.............. 0c cece ee ee eee ee ees 16
Antenne inserted on or near the middle of the face, far above the clypeus...................... 21
Marginal vein mormial® ..22°\.c.4. otjaciee cee octets ce ecient mnie eotetetaial cients oes ie een ere a
Marginal vein abnormal, semicircularly thickened at the base............ _Stigmatocrepis Ashmead.
Clypeus at apex truncate or with a slight median sinus, never produced ........................ 18

Clypeus at apex triangularly produced.
Antenne 12-jointed, the flagellum filiform, pubescent or hairy, the funicle joints quadrate or
transverse quadrate, losely joined ...................--+--+ee--+-- Lridymus Ratzeburg.
Head and thorax not umbilicately punctate, at the most finely punctate, shagreened or rugulose,
Soy aS HUNKS P 10 (0101 | UE anne NaI Nec orn Geandarcoe. wie nodo coco boat onocoD do ones po coven Aly)
Head and thorax destino cae ales d
Antenne 13-jointed with two ring-joints ...................-......--Decatomothorax Ashmead.

Head and thorax finely punctate or shagreened, Aare SOME nee mierda Homo venooawonooul. 2)

20.

2d.

22.

23.

24.

25.
26.

27.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES DD

Head and thorax finely rugulose; marginal vein not longer than the stigmal, the latter straight but ob-

-lique, not curved, postmarginal vein longer than the stigmal ; antenne 13-jointed with two ring-

GOMES Ope rye eMC PSN Puss <tantet carers eta erlolasstins yeaa sce se ess oe vo Alloderma Ashmead.
ee es hintca. eee Ere ate tien oh erases aStraneistrus: Westwood,
Antenne 18-jointed . a... Oxyatypta Forster:
eae eee ie 05.80.00 60 08 86 oo oo ogo ores d cin bib. dad) 6 crbrh oo onttn ab Cr eases Oe ice Rr ee ee a

Front wings fae the portion comprising the costal cell dilated and opliauals truncate at the
juncture of the submarginal vein with the marginal ; antennze 13-jointed. .. .Epicopterus Westwood.

Antenne 18-jointed, with two or three ring-joints............. 00... eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 26
Asntioinraes Tile Gis TO ORMOT 5 cs ow cy lee ee ae es ee 23
Thorax at most sparsely punctate or mearly smooth..................2- 0202 ee ee ee ee cece ee ee ees LE
Thorax slightly rugulosely punctate ; antennee 12-jointed.........................syntasis Walker.
WANS SACOoo Im aG Smalls Cilio aes arecka areas siareiatdcissialls\decicic wie leae ee deen she eehee gee lad se cee 20

Wings without marginal cilize.

Antennee 12-jointed with one ring-joint..............................Cecedoxenus Ashmead.
Antennee 11- or 12-jointed with two ring-joints.

Antenne 11-jointed, with two ring-joints.......................-.Syntomocera Forster.

Antenne 12-jointed, with two ring-joints...........................Asematus Forster.

Antenne 18-jointed. .. 2... 6. ce ee ee ee ce ee ee ee cece se sese cesses... Nemiotellus Westwood.

PTIbenM ce wbhet Ty OMPIMNG =| OMNES sree eee emg A Pa SI «ey deuce vais sm ce maces Cowes e ewe elec ace t aan. 2M

AmirenmcemwiuhEcnnee rineny) OlNuSH eee ans eee aah eee eee eeeces se seas Ae pocerus) Maya,

Metathorax: shorts wathka) median: caine ss ser ee. s esa ese. 4 oe 4424-2 2. erobia Forster.

Trise Il. Metasteninz.

The species falling in this tribe are easily separated from those in the tribe

Tridymim by mesonotal characters, the parapsidal furrows being incomplete.

TABLE OF GENERA.

PRC INeNLe SPae tare creates seue eer sees ar Na) eae act fy chain Cease alee naln die iae Wee Seid oe add ap de veo 2
VICI e Spee pees pt ee eet eae demerger Ge Shin ND Oh wrt td yea date daw we aaue dee a LL
PpAntenmeenl 2a oinbed. with) tworrine=joimtspmoceerce eee soe. cee ce ce ee ose ee sees ss maces scene es 8
Aten US -jOMbeds Wille VOMRIMNS-fOIDUS. cose quogs ee ce Sea ds otceee oss. ce os deere. sews ecesecs 4

. Flagellum incrassated ; mandibles 3-dentate, the malar space not large ; metanotum short, smooth, with

a distinct median carina, the spiracles small; marginal vein longer than the stigmal vein, the post-

marginal very long. . A eel ier le, Hic meee .Metastenus Walker (type M. concinus Walk.).
Flagellum at the most subclavate, the can Benicar fen (?) 4-dentate, the malar space large ;

axillee widely separated ; metanotum punctate, with a median carina; marginal vein thickened, as

long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal longer........ Disema Forster (type D. pallipes Forster).

. Tip of antenne normal, not ending in a spine. bis SiS. io: BOOT Oke OE A OE Ree)

Tip of antennee ending in a spine, as in Bhaphitetes Walk., the feectiag long and slender, the funicle
joints all long; left mandible 3-, the right 4-dentate; metathorax not short, without a median
carina, the spiracles large, oval; abdomen large, depressed, very much longer than the head and
thorax united .-.......................Stylophorella Ashmead, g. nov. (type S. perplexa Ashm.).

. Pronotum not distinctly separated ......................-....00:

Promotiumn Cistinetihy SeonueweGlc Js ob keos gees atns odes cH eed co oo elon eGmes Ose neU ne oewae ns doocuN.

276 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

6.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14,

15.

16.

Wife

Funicle filiform, the first joint large.
Marginal vein slender, always longer than the stigmal vein ; abdomen ovate.............0.. @
Marginal vein thickened, not longer than the stigmal vein.
Body short; clypeus bidentate ; mandibles 3-dentate...............Xenocrepis Forster
(type Cxnocrepis arenicola Thoms. ).

. Abdomen with a yellow band at base ; metathorax short, with a median carina and lateral folds ; cly-

peus separated, anteriorly arcuate............Dimachus Thomson (type Pteromalus discolor Walk.).
Abdomen without a yellow band at base; metathorax not short, withowt a median carina; clypeus

separated, smooth, with a median tooth anteriorly. .Hemitrichus Thomson (type H. rufipes Thoms. ).

a 1Mevexel hoyaay \yneley loves hE A AKOMUSINOI, cog b0cncd add ododdouc bu coadcotaccococnsmconboceacocccaeeg 9

Magellum'! withthe inst joimtlons;scylindicicaly sees eee eee eee eee reine nne LO

o)

. Antennee short, clavate in both sexes, inserted a little below the middle of the face; clypeus at apex

truncate ; metathorax rather short, without lateral folds, the spiracles rounded.. ..Habritus Thomson
(type Pteromalus brevicornis Ratzeburg).

Antenne filiform, inserted on the middle of the face ; clypeus at apex with a median incision ; meta-
thorax not long, without a median carina, spiracles large, nearly linear.........Dinarmus Thomson
(type D. acutus Thoms.).

Antenne filiform, inserted on the middle of the face, the funicle joints all longer than thick ; clypeus
anteriorly with a median sinus; metathorax not short, without lateral folds, median carina, or spir-
acular sulci, the spiracles oval.............Arthrolysis Forster (type Pteromalus scabriculus Nees).
Antennes 12-\oimtedh wath two rine joimts\s\ esac see ace ecee eee ceo eee een
Antenne 13-jointed, with two rime-jomts.-.2...25-+-..050+ s+ ose ese oe see anes ce ee eee eee LO

Marginal vein not thickened, longer than the stigmal vein; metanotum short, smooth but with a dis-

tinct median carina, the spiracles small...........................-.-..... .Metastenus Walker.
Marginal vein thickened, not longer than the stigmal vein; metanotum punctate, with a median
(C71) eee ICM nP Ie Oa ae IMIAM ne PoC G SA Do RC RG cope Se ob atic e re Sol) WSoMOey INOEIER,
Pronotum) notidistinctly separatedsan- asec nine Oe eee eee ee Eo eerie
Pronotum distinctly separated. 2. ws. ccjegeiu oo ai Goyer als Mal sceyeeete cies ease emevaterosecie aunt rere seeer mene yom neon nee LO.
Marginal vein slender, always longer than the stigmal vein. ..................--e+++----++es-+-s LO

Marginal vein thickened, not longer than the stigmal vein.

Clypeus bidentate ; mandibles 3-dentate............................... menocrepis Forster.
Metathorax short, with a median carina,...............++20+e0+ee+ee+-s.--- Dimachus Thomson.
Metathorax not short, without a median carina...................+..+++...+.-. Hemitrichus Thomson.
Antenne insertedon| the middllerot thetface, lonew an seon. conse see ae
Antenne inserted somewhat below the middle of the face......................Habritus Thomson.

Metathorax without a median carina, the lateral folds present, the spiracles large, nearly linear.
Dinarmus Thomson.
Metathorax without a median carina, the lateral folds absent, the spiracles oval. Arthrolysis Forster.

SUBFAMILY IIJ. MISCOGASTERIN /.

1833. Miscogasteride, Family LV (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., I., p. 370.
1835. Ormoceride, Family (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., L., p. 167.
1835. Pteromalide, Family (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., IT., p. 286.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES DAA TE

1856. Miscogasteroide, Family XIV (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 19, 24
and 59.

1875. Pteromalina, Tribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 12 and 216.

1885. Pteromalinze, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198; II., 1886,
p. 33.

1885. Mischogastrides, Subtribus Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 16 and 219.

1886. Mischogastrides, Tribe, Howard, Ent. Amer., IL., p. 33.

This subfamily, although distinct, has affinities which ally it with the families
Perilampide and the Hucharide, and also with the Pteromalide, through the sub-
family Sphegigasterimx. From the last mentioned it is separated by the two-spurred
hind tibiee, from the others by the cephalic, thoracic and abdominal differences
brought out in my tables.

Two tribes may be recognized :

TABLE OF TRIBES.

Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows incomplete, indicated only anteriorly ; clypeus transverse, sub-
lunate, the anterior margin narrowly incised medially..................... Tribe I. Halticopterini.

Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows complete; clypeus not transverse.....Tribe Il. Miscogasterini.

Tripe I. Halticopterin.

The incomplete mesonotal furrows are sufficient to distinguish the tribe. The
group is apparently parasitic upon Diptera belonging to the family Anthomyiide,
and some are recorded from Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. These latter records,
however, are questionable and, additional evidence is needed before the true para-
sitism of these imsects is definitely settled.

Many insects are found associated with the wood-boring Coleoptera, gall-making
Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, etc., and it is not easy to tell correctly the host
from which you breed several parasites.

TABLE OF GENERA.

REMEBER TTA CS Uey ge era ane rie iee se at Seas eT Meo ian aaa Te ALOR See Es 90d, Sas cal lou Sng cncindhle apace SR AMaNE Aleta eaters 2
GUESS 3: 5 Ss oa .0:0-eru cigta enelae yes 8S SLOnOta Om Oia cotinine 5.6586 bad papORteE6
2. Clypeus transverse, sublunate, the anterior margin narrowly incised medially.

Marginal vein longer than the stigmal, the latter ending in a small knob ; mandibles strong, 4-

dentate............................Halticoptera Spinola (type Diplolepis flavicornis Spin.).

Marginal vein usually not longer than the stigmal, the latter with a small knob; mandibles not

strong, but 4-dentate, the upper tooth bent, the lower straight...............Dicylus Walker

(type D: lynastes Walk.).

3. Palpi abnormal; marginal vein longer than the stigmal.......................Halticoptera Spinola.
Palpi normal; marginal vein usually shorter than the stigmal or no longer............Dicylus Walker

? = Tityros Walk. ¢.

278 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

TriBe II. Miscogasterini.

‘This tribe may be recognized by the complete mesonotal furrows; otherwise it is

practically identical with the previous tribe, with similar habits.

TABLE OF GENERA.

PRBS TIMAe Soh. EE eee oeeeinepes eee cere ae ee gee eae

BL E21] \ a er arrears en RP aC Sta Me Rc oO ate am olat ean cmd og do-oows D

4 Pronobum not distinctly separatede ay... cha ae eee en ieeeer ee eenee ieee

Pronotum distinctly separated.
Mesothoracic lobes not convex ; abdomen elongate, Bibcompresced the petiole short.
Toxeuma Walker (type T. erice Walk.).

. Mesothoracic lobes flat or at most subconvex, the furrows not deep, delicately impressed posteriorly. 4

MIGSOUNOACKE OES COMIX, Wa© MMTAROWS CEEDs sc ccc0cs noc oo oc oo on on no po bb uO DH Hooda bo OU bo oncen &

. Metathorax long, rugose, with a median carina and complete lateral folds; scutellum with a more or

less distinct cross-furrow before apex, the lateral margins convergent toward base.
Megorismus Walker (type M. aon Walk.).
Metathorax short, almost smooth, with a distinct median carina ; scutellum with the lateral margins
nearly straight, not or only slightly convergent toward base....................Ormocerus Walker
‘(type O. latus Walk.).

5 JAAHONS Nomers Isola mens 4-CSMEMNIOs 5500000000 sg 00 S000 GD ON DD OD UMUC NOOO SO UD UU DODO OD UOOS OS &

Petiole short or moderate ; mandibles variable.
Metts mandibley3-dentates the) re hit) 4-dentavemne nate eens eet sees ieee
Both mandiblesvalike: either 3-01 4-dentater ss). 454s o0 sees ee anon aoe eee eee eects cent

. Petiole rugose or smooth ; front wings with the stigmal vein ending in a small knob.

Lamprotatus Westwood (type L. splendens Westw.).

Petiole punctate, subdepressed ; front wings with the stigmal vein ending in a large knob.
Dorsum serico-punctate..............Gitognathus Thomson (type Sphxropalpus viridis Forst.).
Dorsum squamo-punctate..................Stictomischus Thomson (type S. scaposus Thoms.).

. Both mandibles 3-dentate ; stigmal knob small; clypeus transverse, separated, the anterior margin

truncate. Berens Docc e cece cesses eccssesseesss.. Neladerma Walker (type S. letum Walk.).
Both mandibles 4-dentate ; stigmal knob large........Miscogaster Walker (type M. hortensis Walk.).

8. Stigmal vein Adee ae Sree 19010) Ny pelapgose es anedeadods Goods ne dp conc od co MEK EOE Wo \Velker,

9) Pronotum) not distinctly separated): + = aa eee ee eee eee ne eee eo

10.

11.

Pronotum distinctly separated.
Both mandibles 4-dentate ; flagellum hairy, the first joint not longer than wide ; mesothoracic
lobes MObTCONVEX.4 arc tnc Gia A. ees ene eee a ers: ehocl eee en eene er O Xe UL aya Vell celle
Mesothoracic lobes:convex. che furrows deepa se scsi scenes ce cei eta ieee neta et ae
Mesothoracic lobes flat or at. most subconvex, the furrows not deep, lakes ceed posteriorly.
Metathorax long, rugose, with a median carina and complete lateral folds; scutellum with a
cross-furrow before apex, the lateral margins convergent toward base. ...Megorismus Walker.
Metathorax short, almost smooth, with a distinct median carina; scutellum with the lateral
margins nearly straight . Deke Sees ranean ene eerie ele ORIDOC ents ayy alive
Petiole long or short; both Sine e dentate. wr Ss Sines ne SIREN ow Se Re geetsh cid ees ee aaa em
Petiole short ; both Sanaanes 3-dentate, or the left is 8-dentate, the right 4- anata:
Leftimandible'3-)the wieht; A-dentates. om sc stele soles iene = cee siete tics ore enone eee ee
Both mandibles S-denttates » sr. poe cee ee iio enforce hone Rice ee letter etme eS

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 279

12. Stigmal vein ending in a small knob; palpi normal........................Lamprotatus Westwood.
Stigmal vein ending in a large knob.

[all pied > nO ial en en a nnn ae en nen Cribosnatiusekhomsone

IPelon MOMMA. coc occu ecegos co oacs Dp OG HUGG Dd CO 9nd Od 00g 0000 C0 Ke SNAG OMNISTE TES AN nopaasCoyay,

13. Stigmal vein ending in a small knob; palpi normal.............................seladerma Walker.

eid Suicmal vem» endinesmea,langsedkinobi cease -e ees: 42022 s¢s2.+ se ase see. -Wiseogaster Walker.

SuBFAMILY IV. LELAPINe.

1899. Lelapine, Subfamily IV., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 247.
1901. Lelapine, Subfamily IV., Ashmead, Faun. Hawaiiensis, I., p. 311.

This group reaches its greatest development in South America, where the species
of Lelaps are numerous, although as yet only a few have been described.

The group is, I think, correctly placed in the family Miscogasteridx. It shows
some affinities with the Cleonymidx, and with the Pteromalidex, through the subfam-
ily Diparine. The two spurred hind tibie, however, separate it from the latter,
while other characters separate it from the Cleonymide.

The metathorax at apex is most frequently contracted into a neck, the usually
conically produced abdomen being attached to this neck by a short petiole. The
mesonotal furrows are complete; the axille are usually approximate, although
separated at base of the scutellum, while the head, especially in the genus Lelaps,
resembles somewhat that found among the Cleonymidx, the eyes being large and
the occiput flat.

My recently characterized genus Apterolelaps is from North American, and super-
ficially resembles Philachyra Haliday, a genus in the Lurytomide.

TABLE OF GENERA.

il, IMCS. 5 bc oadec 2
AVA ES Harriet Seren mca ahaha s me

2. Antenne 14-jointed with 2 ring-joints.......... . 38
eXMILE MME LIONS HOMMUC Ms «a «sie eeac siete ia ae ee eS) nie wie «iene eis) oie 5

3. AWancedinees seer 28
Apterous.

Abdomen conically pointed, the petiole distinct, a little longer than thick, the second segment
occupying hardly half its surface ; flagellum rather stout, subclavate, the joints fluted.

Apterolelaps Ashmead (type A. nigriceps Ashm.).

4. Abdomen conically produced at apex, and usually ending in a prominent ovipositor ; second segment

large, occupying fully half the surface, the third to fifth very short, the sixth and seventh together

conical, longer than half the length of the second. Lelaps Haliday (type Merostenus sodales Walk.).

5. Abdomen conically produced at apex, the second segment not much longer than the third and fourth

united, the fifth longer than the fourth, the seventh conically produced ; scutellum with a cross-furrow

at its apical third.............................-Neolelaps Ashmead (type NV. hawaiiensis Ashm.).

280 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Abdomen subglobose or short oval, the second segment very large, occupying nearly the whole surface,
the following very short, more or less retracted within the second ; scutellum with a cross-furrow
Vely Mean ilSvapex aes ke antec eee ..Mesolelaps en (type M. cyaneiventris Ashm.).

6. Petiole of abdomen ‘Gas: the eae small, canine: antennee very long, 14-jointed, longer than the
whole body, the joints long, cylindrical, clothed with long, sparse hairs............Lelaps Haliday.

Petiole of abdomen very short, the body oblong-oval, truncate at apex; antennze not longer than the
thorax, 13-jointed, the flagellum filiform, pubescent, the joints after the first about twice as long as
THICK. Laide atau bees dew Biot, aban Gls ae a conceit apy oat Sates See aE eee Le SOLe la DSpAc miner Ue

Paminy EXVil. CLREONY MIDE

1837. Cleonymide, Family (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., IV., p. 349.

1846. Eupelmidee, Family 9 (partim), Walker, List Chalcid. Brit. Museum, L., p. 52.
1856. Cleonymoide, Familie XIV.! (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 19, 24

and 46.

1875. Cleonymides, Subtribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., p.- 217.

1878. Cleonymides, Subtribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., p. 3. _

1886. Cleonymides, Tribe, Howard, Entom. Amer., II., pp. 33, 34.

1899. Cleonymide, Family LX VI., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 200.

An historical sketch of this family was given in my paper entitled: “On the
Genera of the Cleonymidee,” published in 1899.

Unquestionably, the family comes nearest to the family Mncyrtidx, and forms a
connecting link between it and some families previously treated, 7. ¢., the Chalcididz,
Hurytomide and the Miscogasteride ; some genera in the subfamily Chalcedectinx
especially being remarkably like some genuine Chalcidide. Many males, too, are
easily mistaken for genuine Hupelmimes and Hneyrtines. Pelecinella has some char-
acters similar to the Ewrytonuidx, and the Torynudz.

Coleotrechnus, placed in this family, is unknown to me. It is placed here from the
description alone, and may be a genuine Encyrtid, although nothing is said of a salta-

torial middle tibial spur.
TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.

is) Mesonotalsturrows notiatialllimditcated ae asacisccarieeis cierto el ereieislsicicrenee eerie sienna nisin
NiBsononell titveONTS mane Ore Wess; CHSC 5o 05000000 00500000 000000000000 o0 bb Og De AD DODO SOOO NS OH ONS
2. Abdomen longly petiolated .. usu bw cabins ote ave al ayia aliee Grobere "ans lee ceronalecs tstevtey opevens fepeCA oe caer an PHI egere Pee
Abdomen sessile, or ere never fete role.
Posterior femora much swollen and usually toothed or finely denticulate beneath, as in Chalcis,
Smicra, etc.; abdomen usually depressed, the ovipositor rarely exserted ; antenne at the most 11.
JOINTER!~, 5.5 cciaie aierere tere Ge oo sum le ele Slate el Ge Bielevcheselele wie close a kemes SU DIAM ale: CHAR CHDEOmnNEAS
Posterior femora not much swollen and very rarely toothed beneath, the anterior femora usually
more or less enlarged, sometimes very much swollen and often excised or dentate beneath
toward apex ; ovipositor often, but not always, exserted ; antenne 11—-13-jointed.
Subfamily II. CLEoNyMIN Zz.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 281

3. Body of abdomen strongly compressed, sword-shaped, ending in a long ovipositor, the basal sheaths very
broad ; all legs slender, the hind pair very long, their coxe long, cylindrical; front wings with the
marginal and postmarginal veins very long, the latter extending to tip of wing, the stigmal vein very
small, subsessile ; antennze 11-jointed, inserted close to the mouth. .Subfamily III]. PELECINELLIN”&.

4. Abdomen subsessile, compressed, conically produced toward apex; front wings with the postmarginal
and stigmal veins very short, the knob of the latter nearly sessile, rounded ; posterior tibize compressed,

the hind margin denticulate......................-.-.-.-.-.-- subfamily IV. CoLOTRECHNIN 2.
SUBFAMILY I. CHALCEDECTINZ.
1889. Polychrommine, Subfamily, Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, I., p. 226.
1895. Chalcedectine, Subfamily, Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, III., p. 230.
1898. Chalcodectinee, Subfamily, Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., p. 186.
1899. Chalcedectinee, Subfamily I., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 201.
The sessile abdomen and the greatly swollen and usually dentate or serrate hind
femora, as in the Chalcidide, distinguish the family. It is not represented in
Europe and has reached its greatest development in South America and Australia,
where the species are evidently numerous. I have also seen an undescribed species
from Africa, where it should be well represented.

: TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Females.

Males . asst
2. Hind femora much swollen, minutely denticulate beneath ..

or wT bo

Hind femora much swollen and armed beneath with large, distinct teeth, or at least with one large tooth.
lating! femora, arcs! Waila WO B lenge WEEN o.oo co co bo bye bo 050500 conc oDDO DBE OD OO DU OEOoN D

Hind femora armed with several teeth. ;
Abdomen depressed, the fourth dorsal segment the largest, transversely striate or aciculate-
; Chalcedectes Walker (type C. maculicornis Walker).
3. Hind femora with one large tooth, with three or four smaller teeth beyond....................... 4
Hind femora with three large teeth............ ..Cleptimorpha Walker ane C. bine Walker)
4. Abdomen oblong-oval, subcompressed beneath, ane bare, and ending in a long ovipositor ; head and
thorax coarsely reticulately punctate ; flagellum long, slender, filiform... ...Chalcidiscelis Ashmead
(type C. koebelei Ashm.).
Abdomen shorter than the thorax, compressed, the ovipositor hidden ; mesonotum nearly smooth, or
transversely striate or wrinkled ; antennz 12-jointed, the funicle 6-joimted, the joints transverse.
Systolomorpha Ashmead (type S. thyridopterygis Ashm.).
Ds Aunieings Ions s5g0 0.00 capone aad Cove bho BOs bo DODo OiEd Gacy COROT UO epee ECE tener sce ene
Antenne 10-jointed...............................Amotura Cameron (type A. annulicornis Cam.).

6. Abdomen ovate or conic-ovate.
Abdomen not depressed, convex beneath, the fourth dorsal segment longer than the third, the
latter a little longer than the fifth ; metathoracic spiracles reniform. Agamerion Haliday '
(type Miscogaster gelo Walk.).
Abdomen depressed, flat above and beneath, the third and fourth dorsal segments short, united
shorter than the fifth; stigmal vein rather short ; metathoracic spiracles oval.

; Euchrysia Westwood (type LE. cleptidea Westw.).
1 Kirby has incorrectly classified this genus with the Chalcidinz.

282 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

7. Hind femora much swollen, minutely denticulate beneath. PN eae ice entice ares rns o.oo)
Hind femora much swollen and armed beneath with ae eatin teeth or at eect with one large

tooth.
Hind femorayarmediwithwlstorsulances tee unineme serie erie et enteritis eeeraS
Hind femora armed with several teeth..................:.-.-..--.-.-.-. -Chalcedectes Walker.
-8., Hind femoratwithcone large tooth)... 2 %.j ce eee ee Ce eee eta ec eme,
Hind femora with three large teeth... ...........0.2000+0+e0e0++e+0-2-..-..Cleptimorpha Walker.
9. Head and thorax coarsely, reticulately punctate...........................Chalcidiscelis Ashmead.

Head and thorax not coarsely reticulately punctate, the mesonotum almost smooth.
Systolomorpha Ashmead.

10. <Ambenmee Pjoimbed!) oye oesc 6 be es asic SS ease Sein ae eaclece ee OREE ee aera alt
Amtennce lO jombedi). dose ssc eae oe nee oneness enc eees ee eeieer eee motura@amerons
11. Metathoracic spiracles reniform.............. 0.0. c0 cece ce eeceseessesssss... Agamerion Haliday.
Metathoracie spiracles oval... ... 42.060 desea een oe eee eeeen ee ene nUChny Siam VechwWOOdr

SuBFAMILY II. CLENNYMINA.

1897. Cleonyminz, Subfamily II, aehuest, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, iv, pp.
201, 202. ,

To this group belong the better known genera of the family, namely Cleonymus,
Cheiropachys, Trigonoderus, Acrocormus, etc., genera of world-wide distribution. It
is the largest group of the family and includes many genera and species. Most
of the species appear to attack only coleopterous larvee and are of great economic
importance, since they destroy beetles destructive to our fruit, shade and forest trees.

TABLE OF GENERA.

a Ye Mn ere ne in er ark ner era ean SSS Hea Aeon ooo et oagsoodoudpsscO 2
Malle: ooo siete eis oes ute ingens wie alot hove teres See seca c) Sauce en ean CONN Aa eee cece ne ees ee
2. Anterior femora more or less distinctly swollen, and never excised dentate beneath............... 18
Anterior femora much swollen, or excised dentate beneath... ............ 000. ce eee ee ee ee ee eee ee O

3. Pronotum not much narrowed and always wider than long...................e cece cece ee eeeee
Pronotum much lengthened and narrowed, longer than wide.
Front femora greatly swollen, but not excised dentate beneath ; abdomen conically produced,
but not much longer than the head and thorax united.
Heydenia Forster (type H. pretiosa Forster).
Front femora much swollen, and excised dentate beneath ; abdomen elongate, conically produced.
Lycisca Spinola (type L. raptoria Spinola).
Ay, Wy es: Wares se. fie cinceys seereiinscd agein' oie ‘ales nua elegosslcidoe Gee curabeles Geto. teSteat caer ETc Pence STESRSSOL NE =A OO
Eyes pubescent.
Ovipositor. ‘very LONG. cra mes scuseeen a eden: See Oe eee OEE Ee EE OTe EO
Ovipositor not prominent, at the most subexserted.
Abdomen subrotund, oblong or conic-ovate, the sides rounded, not carinated......... 5
Abdomen conic-ovate, or conically lengthened, the sides distinetly carinated.
Epistenia Westwood (type E. cwrulea Westw.).

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 283

eLAbruMEin CONSPICUOUS) OnmniG eM yma se seictnoe cieuscn at -eoseles tae aalew cde sey ses so ooue a aacebeesa

Labrum conspicuous.
Abdomen conic-ovate................ Cleonymus Latreille (type Ichnewmon depressus Fabr ).
Abdomen subrotund ; antenne 12-jointed, with three ring-joints........... .Micradelus Walker
(type M. rotundus Walk.).

. Abdomen with the first and fifth segments the longest ; antenne 11-jointed........ Belonea Westwood

(type B. australica Westw.).

Abdomen with the first segment longer than the three following, the third produced into a sharp tri-
angular point at the middle ; antennz 9-jointed..... .Cameronella Dalla Torre, = Panthalis Cameron
(type P. blackburnii Cam.).

. Abdomen oblong or long-ovate ; mesonotum with the furrows only slightly indicated anteriorly ; fifth

abdominal segment nearly as long as the first four segments united, the second and the third to-
gether hardly longer than the fourth, the first and fourth subequal; front wings maculate.
Ptinobius Ashmead (type Charitopus magnificus Ashm.).

5 AVTIREE! 5 didtsle-6 5 oo.ctyd a Ose OtCRO, Caco GG Es OHO lc Reg ee tn |

Apterous.
Abdomen ovate, ending in a long ovipositor ; antennze 13-jointed, with three ring-joints.

Cea Haliday (type C. pulicaria Haliday).

. Abdomen conic-ovate, or conical, the terminal segment tubular, the ovipositor very long.......... 10

Abdomen as seen from above rotund, compressed or carinate beneath.
Front wings hyaline, the stigmal vein hardly two thirds the length of the marginal, and a little
shorter than the postmarginal ; metathorax with lateral folds, the spiracles oval-elliptic.
Tomicobia Ashmead (type T. tibialis Ashm;).
Abdomen conic-ovate, the segments subequal, the ovipositor not exserted.
Front wings with two transverse bands or macule; pronotum transverse-quadrate, narrowed
medially ; pedicel not lengthened ........Cheiropachys Westwood (type Sphex colon Linné).
Front wings without bands or macule ; pronotum transverse-quadrate, but not narrowed medially
and well separated ; pedicel much lengthened.......................Schizonotus Ratzeburg
(type S. sieboldii Ratzeb.).
Last two abdominal segments very long, tubular. Thaumasura Westwood (type T. terebrator Westw.).
Last five abdominal segments very slender, tubular. Solenura Westwood (type S. telescopica Westw.).
MICSOWIORAGS URROWS CONMIGO 50.60 ba cn coon coud duuGo0 DOs Codd Gund CUD aU OU DB Boa Ee soemeo eee ue
Mesothoracic furrows incomplete, indicated only anteriorly.
PROTON Saori, menrgonyecl mechelihy, oco5606000c0d0000000 500050 cong c0 boon ob benaeoenuae 1H
JBROmOUT: yeny loner, Conical, conc anac'ss ooo bees colo ooiee adda Bao cle eo Cote cen ci eeenee ae LD
Marana ecineno tari Cheenedmpescsp a Senin Srser evn a sin cdsevacied auaceedts (ties bhai Monel ee siakieeceeae 18
Marginal vein thickened, shorter than the postmarginal. Zapachia Forster (type Z. spiloptera Forst.).
Abdomen oval, hardly as long as the thorax, above depressed. ......................+-+2-----. 14
Abdomen conical, longer than the thorax, the segments after the first, which is the longest, subequal.
Front wings with one transverse band, the stigmal club large..............Acrocormus Forster
(type A. semifasciatus Thoms.).
Front wings without a band, the stigmal club small. Caudonia Walker (type C. agylla Walk.).
Front wings with a large, broad fuscous band beneath, the marginal and stigmal veins having a tri-
angular hyaline streak within from the marginal vein ; stigmal vein long, subclavate, as long as the
marginal ; funicle joints 3 to 6 a little wider than long..........Brachycaudonia Ashmead g. noy.
(type B. californica Ashm.).

284 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

I

18.

18)

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

217.

. Abdomen ovate, shorter than the thorax, the segments subequal ; middle tarsi incrassate.

Notanisus Walker (type NV. versicolor Walk.).

» Abdomen Sessils. <5... soe. ssn, o sie aye eet ts cece te Sart aces ee Oe ok seas ene ats ee cee ee eZ]
Abdomen’ petiolate. 04. icc.c\azceige oie cote eee Oe ore eee eae era
Abdomen elongate, conically produced or acuminate at apex ; postmarginal vein well developed. 18

Abdomen long, conic-ovate, ending in a prominent ovipositor, which is dilated into three broad, leaf-
like expansions, like a propeller ina naphtha launch. Dinoura Ashmead (type D. awriventris Ashm.).
Scutellum without a transverse grooved line before tip ; head triangular, narrowed anteriorly...... 21

Scutellum with a transverse grooved line before the tip ; head with rounded, convex cheeks.

Pronotum ‘tramsyerse, mot Target jo 2aci5 ae. chon chester mis cencte: ¢ ase cle comes cree Ee eee
Pronotum large, almost quadrate........ . Merostenus Walker (type M. phedyma Walk.).
Pronotum very short, visible from above as a fine transverse line. A . 20
Pronotum transverse..................... . .rrigonoderus Wetieed Gpen T. princeps Westw. Ve

Antennz 13-jointed ; middle tibiz normal ; metanotum with a sharp median carina.
Anoglyphis Forster (type A. nubilosa Forst.).
Antenne 14-jointed ; middle tibiz much lengthened. Macromesus Walker (type M. amphiretus Walk.).

Middle tibize not dilated at apex..................Platygerrhus Thomson (type P. gracilis Thoms.).
Middle tibize dilated at apex, their tarsi broad at base.............. Bie epee .. Pegopus Forster
; Cee eee montanus Walk.).

Scutellum without a transverse grooved line before tip.........................Photismus Thomson
(type P. nubilosus Thoms. ).

Front femora not, or less distinctly, swollen, and never excised dentate beneath................. 28

Front femora much swollen, and sometimes excised dentate beneath.
Pronotum not much narrowed and always wider than long.............................. 24

¢

Pronotum much narrowed and lengthened.

Front femora much swollen but not excised dentate beneath; abdomen clavate, de-

pressed’ 2. ae oe ia cde wast oeieia cla ain ee ee Rae cree ne ee EL eM GOeUl a eh Onsteln

Front femora ere and excised dentate beneath.. ..see..........yeisca Spinola.

Eyes bare.. I CO ee an
Eyes Ee te

Abdomen not ecarinate along the sides. . Fe RE ee een Hist Gerace Ge we am one!

Abdomen carinate along the sides...................................Bpistenia Westwood.

Labruminconspicuousior hiddent ae. aoe aac Sere ee Oren eer eor eee eee erreeEe.

Labrum conspicuous.
Metathorax with a median carina, the spiracles large, oblong or oval; flagellum subclavate,
densely hairy, the joints of the funicle wider than long.............. Cleonymus Latreille.
Metathorax without a median carina, the spiracles small, rounded; flagellum long, filiform,
densely hairy, the joints of the funicle long................... .Micradelus Walker.

. Front wings bifasciate or maculate ; marginal vein slender, Wout intiee as ante as the stigmal; pro-

notum not short ; metanotum with a median carina; head lenticular, much wider than the ee ax.
Ptinobius Ashmead.
Front wings bifasciate ; marginal vein not longer than the stigmal, the latter long, strongly clavate ;
pronotum short, transverse, slightly narrowed ; metanotum with a short median carina, the spiracles
elliptic ; head transverse ; pedicel shorter than the first joint of the funicle. Cheiropachys Westwood.
Front wings hyaline, not fasciate ; marginal vein longer than the stigmal, the latter not especially long,

ending in a small knob; pronotum large, quadrate, well-separated........Schizonotus Ratzeberg.

28.

29.

30.

bl.

32.

32.

33.

34,

4 ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 285

Mesonotum with the furrows complete. . Ne EP Tae Gece eos anes fore Ska) Sensi tens uate ee OU
Mesonotum with incomplete furrows, indicated als ony,
Marcin aeaveimnun o txt hiclcente clippyeraescet yur ener ietterete cen vere ce sete nave Glenslsl sya ier sfuve ws ale eee 29)
Marginal vein thickened, shorter than the postmarginal....................Zapachia Forster.
Wings with a transverse band or fascia.
Spiemealclubmverya lance meme rte ee ease s2 1 -_ cle - ©. > «- -ALCLOCOTNUS, Forster.
Stigmal club small.....................-.-0--+-++++2++e+--+..,.. Brachycaudonia Ashmead.
Wings hyaline, without a fascia.
ShicanallWeluioEsm alll ene wri an eR or ane G0 .'.5 «sles s cin ee «= caudonia Walker.
EN domcnmne no lave ni ale weds mer MAB eww ellen dure aint res kOe stan i ap alable cd ditg's Aeiddse sep bene e OF
Abdomen sessile.
Scutellum with a transverse grooved line before apeX........... 2. eee e ee ee cece ee eee ees OL
Scutellum without a transverse grooved line before apex........................5.-..- 82
Pronotum very short, visible from above as a fine transverse line.................-- +222 ee ee ee es B2
Pronotum not very short.
Zon oO EIMC Aira te aE nnn nnn nt nen nee IVLerostents) \Wallker:
RronomimMetnansvierscm een e ena ree ne een 824s. erlconoderus Westwood.
Metanotum not short, smooth and with a sharp median carina ; antennz 138-jointed.
Anoglyphis Forster.
Metanotum very short, closely punctate ; antenne 14-jointed,.................Macromesus Walker.
Postmarginal vein well developed. . ad eh ter. Bae caie) oooh nia «cr djeh as idl wales COO
Postmarginal vein scarcely longer than the short stigmal vein an its knob; scutellum with two par-
allel dorsal grooved lines ; metanotum with a median carina; antenne.........Dinoura Ashmead.
Middle tibize not dilated at apex. sts .eeeeeeeees.. Platygerrhus Thomson.
Middle tibize dilated at apex, the tarsi much thickened at base. eee EEE Ee ODuS Horster
Scutellum without a transverse grooved line before the tip,...................Photismus Thomson.

SuBFAMILY III]. PELECINELLINA.

1897. Pelecinellinee, Subfamily III., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 201.

This subfamily is at present represented by a single genus, Pelecinella Westwood.

Three species have been described, all from Brazil, and these are the largest and in
some respects the most striking looking Chalcid-flies known.

The affinities of the group were discussed in my paper, “On the Genus Peleci-

nella Westwood,” published in 1897.

Form very elongate ; pronotum very long, longer and narrower than the mesonotum, contracted in front ;

head with a deep frontal furrow; abdomen long, compressed, lanceolate, ending in a long ovipositor, and
longly petiolate ; hind legs long, the coxz long and cylindrical, the tibizee longer than the femora, very
gradually widened toward apex and terminating in two spurs, the tarsi slender, as long as the femora, the
first joint longer than joints 2-5 united ; stigmal vein very short, the marginal vein long, the postmarginal
longer than the marginal.........................Pelecinella Westwood (type B. phantasma Westw.).

SUBFAMILY [V. CoLOTRECHNIN&.

1875. Colotrechnides, Subtribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., p. 217.
1878. Colotrechnides, Subtribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., p. 46.

286 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

1886. Colotrechnides, Tribe, Howard, Ent. Amer., II., pp. 53 and 34.
1897. Colotrechnine, Subfamily IV , Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p.
201.

This group is unknown to me in nature. It is based upon Thomson’s genus
Colotrechnus, occurring in Sweden, who called it a subtribe.

Thomson’s description clearly indicates that it belongs to the family Cleonymide,
although the absence of mesonotal furrows is strongly suggestive of the Encyrtide.
Wings with the stigmal and postmarginal veins very short, the knob of the former rounded, subsessile ;

frontal depression long ; antennee 12-jointed, inserted below the middle of the face, the funicle 5-jointed ;
hind tibize compressed, the hind margin denticulate. .Colotrechnus Thomson (type C. subewrulens Thoms.).

Famity LXV. ENCYRIID A:
1837. Encyrtide, Family (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., IV., p. 439.
1840. Encyrtide, Subfamily 4, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Classif. Ins., II., p. 166;
Synop., p. 66.
1846. Eupelmide, Family 9 (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, L., p. 52.
1846. Encyrtide, Family (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I, p. 53.
1848. Pteromalide, Family V. (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, II, p.
104.
1856. Eupelmoide, Familie !V. (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., I1., pp. 18, 21 and 30.
1856. Encyrtoide, Familie V. (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., U., pp. 18, 21 and 32.
1875. Encyrtina, Subtribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 12 and 112.
1885. Encyrtinee, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I., pp. 198, 216.
1897. Encyrtide, Family LX VIII., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p.

Do:
1900. Eneyrtide, Family LX VIII., Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXII., p.
202A

This family was very fully characterized and discussed in my paper entitled
“On the Genera of the Subfamily Encyrtinze,’ published in the Proceedings of the
U.S. National Museum for 1900. It is unnecessary, therefore, to repeat the charac-
terization of the group, since the classification here is practically identical, the only
change being the establishment of a new tribe in the Hwpelminzx, and some new
genera in the various tribes. :

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.

1. Mesonotum entire, convex or subconvex, the parapsidal furrows entirely absent.................. 2
Mesonotum not entire, usually depressed or impressed, rarely convex, the parapsidal furrows distinct
or at least more or less distinct, never entirely wanting ; marginal vein usually long.

Subfamily I. HuPELMIN@.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 287

2. Marginal vein rarely very long, often punctiform, and always much shorter than the submarginal or
subcostal vein ; stigmal vein usually short, rarely long; scutellum never short or transversely linear ;
middle tibie without lateral spurs...........................--..... subfamily II. ENCYRTINZ.

Marginal vein long, as long as the submarginal or subcostal vein ; scutellum very short, transversely

linear ; middle tibize with lateral spurs, the apical spur lobed. ......Subfamily II]. SigNIPHORINA.

SUBFAMILY I. HuPELMIN@.
1846. Eupelmide, Family (partim), Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIL., p. 114.
1856. Eupelmoide, Familie 4, Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 18, 21 and 30.
1875. Eupelmina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 11 and 102.
1886. Eupelmine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.
1897. Eupelminz, Subfamily I., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 238.

This subfamily is quite distinct from the other two subfamilies, and is easily
recognized by the structural peculiarities of the mesonotum brought out in my
table of subfamilies.

A full account of the group is given in my paper entitled, ““On the Genera of the
Eupelmine,” published in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Wash-
ington for 1896. Since that paper was published, however, a new tribe and some
new genera have been recognized ; these are characterized below.

TABLE OF TRIBES.

Mesonotum in females always depressed or impressed, concave or subconcave, medially with usually a tri-
angular elevation anteriorly, the parapsidal furrows not, or rarely, sharply defined, never short ; in males
subconvex, with the furrows rarely complete, not short nor curved off laterally..... Tribe I. Eupelmini.

Mesonotum convex in both sexes, the parapsidal furrows delicate, but always complete, short and strongly

curved off laterally, the scapulee COL aa ole ete eae Bee has nine. Tanaostigmini.

Tripp 1. Hupelmon.

The impressed and incomplete mesonotal furrows in the females distinguish the
group. The males are not so readily defined, and are easily mistaken for males in
the family Cleonynuidx, the mesonotum being sometimes subconvex, with the fur-
rows complete or incomplete; the mesopleura are, however, usually entvre and this
peculiarity, together with the venation, the structural characters of the head, the
antenne and the metathorax, will, in most cases, distinguish these insects.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Females. 3 90 beaded ole oS God 0 86/01 ro Sitte BO, Ore a Oio ia aie EOE cratic en Cre te ae
Males. eT IS Ta Seay Sr SeP Sete ors eens) Seidel Msi arscte-aialis-o ieihidie ow Ginligio ade ale Sle as a OE
2. Hind tibie and first tarsal joimt compressed and broad . sind Mena e IekO

Hind tibiee and first tarsal joint neither compressed nor iowa ‘eaee ating the hind a tibiie slightly com-
(DIREISAC)) 6 vice a blonds oc Gowns Ores Cased Grae aMIS) emerson cute et cee ee ar nee ee ee a ee

288 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

3. Eyes hairy ; antenne 138-jointed ; axilla meeting at base of scutellum...........Metapelma Westwood
(type M. spectabilis Westw.).

4,. Front femora much swollen 3))5 2. 0..c% <r asciet aie sagelabedelelose bes Speeg Seater RtePe aero /a ed ae efter ee nen
Prout femora normal, or not much; swollent ss. se cseecnce acca Aamo ee meee

5. Winged ; front femora armed with minute spines beneath ; ovipositor very long .... .Oodera Westwood

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

lie

18.

(type O. gracilis Westw.).

Wingless ; front femora unarmed ; ovipositor subexserted ; head large, quadrate ; eyes rounded, bare ;

temples broad...............2.000+0eeee+e+2e.+...--O0derella Ashmead (type O. smithii Ashm.).
. First tarsal joint of middle legs without strong spines beneath, at most with hairs,................. 7
First tarsal joint of middle legs with strong spines or minute black teeth beneath................. 8

. Mesonotum not impressed ; axille triangular, meeting at base of scutellum. .,., Charitopus Forster

(type C. fulviventris Forst.).

. Face deeply excavated, the front ocellus always placed in the furrow................-2+eee--e---+ 9
Face rarely deeply excavated, although often with deep antennal furrows, the front ocellus never
placed in-the furrows, 2525 sana,s 25 35 dare Soler Shae ane ne DER eee

» Middle tibiae very Tomer <3 2)5) lose sre eesti ote sas eat oer ee Pea ae)
Middle tibic mot very lOmS:. «5.0. gas seeee: Henne: oie na eepee eee RE ee eee a
Antenne inserted near the border of the mouth. .......Stenoceroides Dalla Torre = Stenocera Walker

(type S. walkeri Curtis).

Antenne inserted far above the mouth border ; postmarginal vein greatly lengthened.
Polymoria Forster (type P. coronata Thomson).
Axillee not united at base of the scutellum, their inner suture strongly curved ; postmarginal vein very

short, scarcely developed, or rarely longer than the stigmal vein.......... Busandalum Ratzeburg
= Balcha Walker = Ratzeburgia Forster (type E. abbreviatum Ratz.).

yes hairy Or pubescenty 2. 2.508 iy een se ee es eee a
HIVES » DARE’ 5 301 ec chines astonettneiee cay re eel 6 GMI ee Tite ae EAA ISIS eee URS ee eee
Scutellum with a broad base against the mesonotum, the axille being widely separated........... 26
Scutellum with a narrow base against the mesonotum, the axille approximate or united at base of
So) eee ee eene ens ern eee AMES ou uuesaE Gh cbnonesccnecacodeseeo LT
‘Hind tibizeqwath 2 apicallespunrs ty 5a, a.) aa mean en Cea ee ee ee eee ees
End“ tibize withh apical spurs a ace seer a ee eee eee eer ee alG

Antenne inserted below the middle of the face; stigmal vein very long, curved.,. ..Calosoter Walker
(type Pteromalus eneubalus Walk.).
Antenne inserted above the middle of the face ; stigmal vein very short... ......Chirolophus Haliday
(type C. eques Haliday).
Head large, transverse, wider than the thorax, the eyes large, oblong oval, convergent above, the
vertex, however, not especially narrow, the lateral ocelli close to the eyes but not touching the inner
margin; antenne subclavate, inserted a little below the base of the eyes, and widely separated ;
abdomen depressed, not longer than the thorax, the ovipositor hidden. ........ Solindenia Cameron
(type S. picticornis Cam.).
Second dorsal abdominal segment short, not incised at apical margin................---.+.--+-+- 18
Second, third and fourth dorsal abdominal segments usually incised medially at apical margin, the |
second the largest segment... <j. 5-52 ae caus amine cid ce ame Ae eae ee St ee ee ee eee
Stigmal vein not short ; abdomen oval, narrower than the thorax, ovipositor exserted.

Brasema Cameron (type B. brevispina Cam.).

19.

20.

(21.

23.

27.

28.

30.

ol.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 289

Abdomen at the most with dorsal segments 1 to 3 incised at apical middle ; sometimes with only the

HUES Up UMC US COMMeGIINCTSe lame race sey-t putts et oie cesrstet alter e sic iealecra ioctl lero wal eia od ch evals wey lee sea. 2O
Abdomen with dorsal segments 2 to 5 incised or emarginate at apical margin................. 25
Second abdominal segment not as long as all the segments united.................2.0----eeee2ee QZ

bo
as

Second abdominal segment as long as all the segments united...:..... i Recta:
Hyes neither especially large nor strongly convergent above (although somewhat convergent), the ver-

UX MOL Very MEMO, wae loinGl OGsh MOH Aly oROMUTMEHES, . 5 65 ne an au co nc accaouccedod su cncouucnen OP
Hyes very large, strongly convergent above, the vertex narrow, the hind ocelli very approximate, the

iron Ooelings jolleveecl tue aiieOrlys oocco0e0 cn 0000006000 dood do wa oaun op o0 bo abu su dome ba oRDe Hee

. Frons with a deep A-shaped antennal furrow ; antennze 13-jointed, ringed with white, inserted close to

the mouth............................. Idoleupelmus Ashmead (type I. annulicornis Ashmead).
Frons deeply grooved ; antennee 13-jointed, but not ringed with white, clavate, obliquely truncate at
apex from beneath, inserted on or near the middle of the face; abdomen longer than the head and
thorax united, the dorsal segments 1-3 incised at apical middle...........Macreupelmus Ashmead
(type M. brasiliensis Ashmead).

Abdomen spatulate ; occiput with a bunch of deep black bristles behind the ocelli.
Tineobius Ashmead (type T. citri Ashmead).
Abdomen long, oblong-oval ; occiput normal.....Ischnopsis Ashmead (type I. ophthalmica Ashmead).

. Eyes converging above ; antennee inserted on the middle of the face................ Lutnes Cameron

(type L. ornaticornis Cam.).

. Scape long and more or less compressed ; postmarginal yein very long, the stigmal vein curved, not

Shotts). 5¢..--.-++--s54-+.+-+++++---..--..-Cerambycobius Ashmead (type Eupelmus clert Ashm.).
AA VAM OLESSEOMISUID AD FeLOUS Here acetates cya meee aia cea telstra eye tio? Giaara citaivn.e Ge sume aemaeielene, 20
NWVANNRCL Soo, & Sb. vo0%0 ba Won S'S Wolo a Ward o om op oH MEET O Cea toca IGN CREO Cacia CLC ner ae Cleae aeane eae)

Metathoracic angles normal; antenne inserted only a little below the middle of the face, never close
LORthe month borders tace without transverse furtowsa9.-)s 24s s6s ee seaaee esse easdssaseees6 29
Metathoracic angles spined ; antennze inserted close to the mouth border ; face with transverse furrows.
Myrmecomimesis Dalla Torre (type Myrmecopsis nigricans Walk.).

Abdomen with dorsal segments 2 to 6 not incised at apical middle. .......... Hupelminus Dalla Torre
(type Urocryptus excavatus Westw.).

Abdomen with dorsal segments 2 to 6 more or less incised or emarginate at apical middle (apterous
LO TITS) eerste rere pera eet nT t meP Ue Nene ra air Mvasyerce eyes iu, oc eit aeis seas eee upelmus Dalman:

. Abdomen long. conic-ovate, oblong, or conically acuminate, as long or much longer than the head and

thorax united, the dorsal flap always deeply incised at apical middle........................- 30
Abdomen clavate or spatulate, broadened behind, narrowed toward the base, not as long as the thorax

or shorter than the head and thorax united, depressed or flat above, the dorsal flaps not incised or

UNS TAGISOM NS HOE WOR? COCO 6.5.6 bctuegplo.cce town 66 auto ces acre ocd etre mestie mrs ont cnet ARISE AE renee ROS
Ovipositor shorter than the body, usually shorter than the abdomen,........-...........-.----. dl
Ovipositor always longer than the entire body, usually very much longer....................... 982

Antenne inserted a little below the middle of the face, on or above an imaginary line drawn from the

base of the eyes, rarely a little below it............Eupelmus Dalman (type LZ. memnomius Dalm.).
Antenne inserted above the middle of the face, or at least never below the middle.

Axille widely separated at base of scutellum ; wings not short, the marginal vein long, the stig-

mal vein very short, the postmarginal long; antennz 18-jointed.......Charitolophus Forster

(type C. cerulescens Forst.).

Axille approximate ; wings short, somewhat narrowed ; antennze 9-jointed (teste Motschulsky).

Cacotropia Motschulsky (type C. echidna Motsch.).

290 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

32.

33.

34,

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

Aol

42.

43.

44,

Scape compressed, extending far beyond the ocelli ; scutellum without a tuft of long stiff bristles at
apex ; abdomen elongate, the dorsal flap and segments 2-4 incised at apical middle ; ovipositor very
much longer than the entire insect..................Phlebopenes Perty (type P. splendidus Perty).

Scape long, slender, cylindrical, extending only a little above the ocelli; scutellum with a tuft of long.
stiff black bristles, as in Encyrtus Latr. ; abdomen not so elongate, segments 2-5 at apex, excised
medially ; ovipositor a little longer than the entire insect; front wings with a broad fuscous band
across the middle................... Encyrtaspis Ashmead, g. nov. (type E. brasiliensis Ashm.).

Head viewed from in front normal, at least as long as wide, or at least only a little wider than long ;
antennal furrows not very deep and very short; eyes oblong or ovate........................ 94

Head viewed from in front about twice as wide as long, the antennal furrows very deep ; eyes round,
strongly convergent above ; postmarginal vein not longer than the stigmal. Lecaniobius Ashmead

(type L. cockerellii Ashm.).

SOMiClUhreay tHeneall, Onions By Mah Ose INEM, 55 35 acco ob 45 endo coos nnnecd en sear adodceseeancasas BS

Scutellum with a fascicle of hairs; club of antenne compressed..................Hoplopsis Destefani

(type H. mayri Destefani).

Malar furrow distinct ; no carina from the lower part of each eye to base of each antenna; antennze
inserted on or somewhat below an imaginary line drawn from base of eyes, rarely slightly above
this line.................................. Anastatus Motschulsky (type A. mantoide Motsch.).

Malar furrows indistinct or subobsolete ; a distinct carina extends from the lower part of each eye to
the base of each antenna ; antenne inserted just above the clypeus........Arachnophaga Ashmead

(type Hupelmus piceus How.).

Hind tibiee and first tarsal joint compressed, broad. Sere to ol
Hind tibiz and first tarsal joint simple, the tibize ae slightly eect never Lene the first
tarsal joimt-always: cylindrical... c¥.5 es... secs «s oulas oe vee ue meee ine Rint cre aes oe mae ee CEOS
Eyes hairy ; flagellum subclavate, obliquely truncate at tip................. Metapelma Westwood
Front femoramuch swollen, <5. carad sos ae ees one eae eee eee ee eee eS
Front femora normal’), <4) oc20 56 Revs es Geer wale eel ee eee a ne eae eee LO)
Front femora armed with minute spines beneath...................2+.+++-....--Oodera Westwood.
Front femora not armed with minute spines beneath...........................Q0oderella Ashmead.
Antennze ramose or branched.....................- 5 aul
Antenne simple, withoutsbranches,... 1c a eelece see cede fee ere ee ee eee ee
Flagellum with four branches.
Eyes bare. cee Rta Seas Se RAT ers eardenoe ee eeeEO ..Chirolophus Haliday (type C. eques Hal.).
Eyes cree de cecessote ye epee Nearencie ters __ Chiritolophus Forster (type C. cxrulescens Forst.).

Antenne inserted near the middle of the face or sae an imaginary line drawn from the base of the
Ch erg a enn ae aa CT et ee tee PM uid MOM uae An Grea ibnndc. do Ga oau as. couMEmoe coal AB
Antenne inserted just above the Sains or ioe an imaginary ea drawn from the base of the eyes. 48

Mesonotal furrows incomplete or wanting at the most vaguely impressed or indicated only anteriorly

and converging and ending near the middle of the scutum........... 0.0. cece cece ee ence ee ee ees 44
Mesonotal furrows distinct, entire. EEC Ra een P TOI Anat oa Ata OT Mell acai A ee A 6 AUD
Axilla united or not widely et at the base of the icant slaie wievtis os devs oSeiwne arcane sO

Axillee well separated at base of the scutellum.
Stigmal and postmarginal veins short, the latter the shorter, always much abbreviated ; hind
sutures of axille curved; scape not compressed................Husandalum Ratzeburg.
Stigmal and postmarginal veins not short, the latter a little the longer ; hind sutures of axille
straight ; scape somewhat compressed ....................++-+.-+-+..--Calosoter Walker.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 291

A eI Gabi copMO LEC OMPRESCe Cape eye wie SP ee te Wa, Oo ee en een eyes en, 48
Hind tibiz compressed.

Pedicel not small, obconical, larger than the first joint of the flagellum. ? genus

AGupLvesspubescehiinnen ene nineteen sac aa ae ee ee es see... Wacreupelmus Ashmead:

47. Postmarginal vein long, twice or nearly twice as long as the stigmal vein ; scape short ; flagellum fil-
iform, clothed with a dense pubescence ; pedicel minute.
Joints 1-7 of funicle always longer than thick, the club-joints not very long.
Cerambycobius Ashmead.
Joints of funicle very short, thicker than long, the club-joints usually very long.

Anastatus Motschulsky.
48. Hind tibiee somewhat compressed.

Pedicel obconic, smaller than the first joint of the funicle, the joints of the flagellum, except some-
times 6 and 7, longer than thick ; dorsal abdominal segments not incised medially at apex.

Arachnophaga Ashmead.
Tripe Il. Tanaostigmins.

This little group is allied to the subfamily Hnceyrtinx, in which group Dr. How-
ard first placed his genus Tunaostigma, and also to the family Cleonymide, where,
deceived by a male specimen, I first placed the genus Hutrichosoma. Additional
specimens, and the discovery of two new genera have enabled me to see more clearly
the affinities and relationship of the group to other chalcidids, and I believe other
discoveries will confirm my views in assigning it a position with the Hupelminx
rather than with the Hneyrtine.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Female.
Males . SGeoUNE OO LOLOGE Da odog Hae ponD
2. Scape of antennee slender, not at alld Gilcrte Ue eee een Ee rome Wee 2 Ge Y adh he Aalaeod shuic) oie nie
Scape of antennze broadly dilated beneath, or dilated, or compressed its entire length.

Scape compressed or dilated its entire length . a eae eyo Ret in ae etiiee rhe Sethe /o
Scape broadly dilated beneath ; flagellum ate the joints of the festa ee erecirieaints

and much wider than long ; eS ararsinall vein shorter than the stigmal, the latter long
postmarginal vein shorter than the stigmal, the latter long, nearly perpendicular with aie

front margin ; abdomen not longer than the thorax, the ovipositor slightly exserted.

Tanaostigma Howard (type T. coursetiz Howard).
3. Flagellum subclayate, the joints of the funicle cylindrical, a little longer than thick ; postmarginal vein
about as long as the stigmal vein, the latter not short ; body bare ; abdomen as long as or a little longer
than the head and thorax united..............Tanaostigmodes Ashmead (type T. howardii Ashm.).
Flagellum subcompressed, the funicle joints, or at least 1 to 3, wider than long ; body well clothed with
short, scale-like white hairs; abdomen subglobose, scarcely as long as the thorax, the ovipositor
subexserted.........................Trichencyrtus Ashmead, gen. noy. (type 7. chapadx Ashm.).
4. Body clothed with short scale-like white hairs; scape very slender, the flagellum stout, pubescent, the
joints wider than long ; wings glabrous, the ena vein ending in a knob, slightly curved and as long
as the marginal vein, the postmarginal vein wanting..............-...-----Hutrichosoma Ashmead
(type E. mirabile Ashm.).

292 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
5) Flagellum filiform, without branches.) .2))5 2. seme se)-o cee ee ee ee eee eee

Flagellum with four branches.

Body bare or nearly.

Branches of flagellum long. ...............+.-0.e000e00+2+2+-.Lanaostigma Howard.
Branches of flagellum short .... wesccessseseeeses.., Lanaostigmodes Ashmead.
Body well clothed with short, stout, scale-like white hairs.......... Trichencyrtus Ashmead.

6. Body well clothed with short, stout, scale-like white hairs; wings glabrous, the stigmal vein curved, as
long as the marginal vein and ending in a knob, the postmarginal vein absent ; scape very slender,
the joints of the funicle much wider than long and briefly but distinctly pedicellate.

Eutrichosoma Ashmead.
SuBFAMILY II. Encyrrin”.

1840. Encyrtides, Subfamily 4 (partim), Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class Ins. Synop.,
1s TZ.
1856. Encyrtoide, Familie 5, Forster, Hym. Stud., I., p. 18.
1875. Eneyrtina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 12 and 112.
1886. Eneyrtine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.
1897. Encyrtine, Subfamily II., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 248.
1900. Encyrtine, Subfamily II., Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 324.
This subfamily was fully characterized in my paper, “On the Genera of the En-
eyrtine,”’ published in 1900.
The four tribes into which it was divided may be recognized by the aid of the

following table :
TABLE OF TRIBES.
1. Mandibles bi- or tri-dentate, or broadly truncate at apex, never acute ; tarsi always 5-jointed......
Mandibles dentate, acute at apex...................---.
2. Mandibles at apex, bidentate or, truncate......

m co oO

Mandibles at apex tridentate, the teeth sometimes very minute ; labrum usually conspicuous......

3. Mandibles not stout, or only moderately so, rather long and always bidentate at apex; labrum free ;

abdomen in females with the hypopygium large, lanceolate or plowshare-shaped, inclosing the ovi-

positor, and extending beyond the anus ; the second segment most frequently large ; antennee usually

inserted just above the clypeus, rarely just below the middle of the face. Tribe I. Ectromini.

Mandibles stout, but short and polished, the apex broadly truncate, unarmed or nearly so; labrum

conspicuous ; abdomen with the hypopygium less evidently prominent, not projecting ; body usually
stout, not metallic; hind tibie with two spurs; antenne inserted below the middle of the face.

: Tribe II. Encyrtine.

4. Hind tibize with one apical spur; hypopygium not prominent; body most frequently, but not always

CHING 3 EMMUSMNES VEO, ogo on 00 oon v0 no pe So boUn UD Odo oN ooOdouGo scons son Lilos UL, Milian,

5. Tarsi 4- or 5-jointed ; marginal vein punctiform, or subobsolete............ Tribe IV. Arrhenophagini.

TriBe I. Ketroman.
In this tribe the species are usually more elongate and narrower, the marginal
vein proportionately longer, with the stigmal vein shorter, while the mandibles are

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 293

always narrower and bidentate. In the females the hypopygium is usually

prominent.
TABLE OF GENERA.
Pe Remialccereee ery wratre tieracritiomeie emia revels aionora eucle wiersr Wiatsiersreisre Guicieurs as viv Gavewee st edeact, 2
WIAICS: 66 6:5 6:5 0:06 0-0 d ONDE Ho Hb. BG BO NU 'DOl0 0.0.0 ero b.e 6. RHOIO TS 6c SHE TScR eT CRS OCC Rare eet na rn ae
2. Face with a distinct carina between the base of the antennz.................-.-.ceee+see+e--s LO

Face without such a carina, rarely with a rounded ridge; antenne inserted just above the clypeus, or
below the middle of the face.

\WIDSIGSS OF SHIN HEROS SOCIO 55 nootas Gadd bone COMBO AEC OE Oene Doro drone Oe ieee a

WiTinaedl ECGS. 6 dd co BE oa ob dhe oe ee DO ee eI Oren as an ee ee

3. Front wings with the marginal vein rather long, twice as long as the stigmal vein, or even longer, always
Mua loneer Wham WO SHC), Has obcs cosh ed ou boo4ee Ooo 06 Bop ABUH o> Cen maoe> Ups nao Doren:
Front wings with the marginal vein short, the postmarginal vein very short.................... 10

4. Stigmal and postmarginal veins not short, or rarely short, the postmarginal vein most frequently

omeeret na miulless ii Onna Mee eeereereret tray creereiereciene sr orerecierete ceisiercic ate sien avec ois aisles sivle vidietlevectee ae oie OD
Stigmal and postmarginal, veins short ; scape slender, cylindrical.

Wings fuscous, marked with white bands or rays; frons broad, the lateral ocelli nearer to the

eye margin than to the front ocellus. Calocerinus Howard (type Tetracnemus floridanus Ashm.).

Wings hyaline ;.frons not so broad, the lateral ocelli not nearer to the eye margin than to the

front ocellus...............+.++-+.+..+..-Letralophidia Ashmead (type 7. bakeri Ashm.).

OU

> MUMMIES GajotMieel, walt MOE THO OMNIS, Scin bo 00 an do uc od 05 sn oU bb O5 dU bon 0b G5 do un bO de do bb dobe oe oes
Funicle 4-jointed, with two ring-joints.

Frons minutely shagreened, with minute punctures scattered over the surface ; scape slender,

cylindrical, the flagellum at the most subclavate ; stigmal vein very oblique, subclavate.
Meromyzobia Ashmead (type Hricydnus maculipennis Ashm.).
6. Stigmal and postmarginal veins short, the latter sometimes hardly developed ; front wings with a dis-
Oil) MOL OC emer ee Tobe varstntenefa ss fever vote ice aeicesiate sy cise aes cl ciciaierata sens es se welica ene 0
Stigmal and postmarginal veins notshort, usually long, the latter the longer, sometimes as long as the
Marcin sironb wanes without discoidaliblotenn etc cece veces corsas-saerecscscass 8
7. Frons very minutely shagreened, with minute punctures scattered over the surface, or almost smooth.
Head viewed from in front longer than wide; scutellum with a tuft of long hairs ; abdomen
scarcely longer than the head and thorax united, the ovipositor not or scarcely exserted ;
flagellum gradually broadened towards apex, compressed, the pedicel hardly as long as the

first joint of the funicle ; the joints after the third broader than long.

Chrysopophagus Ashmead (type C. compressicornis Ashm.).
Head viewed from in front not longer than wide, if anything a little wider than long ; scutellum
without a tuft of long hairs ; abdomen distinctly longer than the head and thorax united, with
a prominent ovipositor which is longer than half the length of the abdomen ; flagellum sub-
clavate, not compressed, the funicle joints longer than thick... ....Tineophoctonus Ashmead
(type Phenodescus armatus Ashm.).
Frons minutely shagreened, with minute punctures scattered over the surface ; scape not compressedly

8. Frons regularly punctate, or broad and smooth, margaritaceously shining...

dilated beneath, either cylindrical or subcylindrical.
Antennee not longer than the body, usually somewhat shorter, the first joint of the flagellum
rarely more than twice as long as thick; stigmal vein not curved ; axille just meet at inner
basal angles......................... Hricydnus Walker (type Encyrtus longicornis Dalm.).

294 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Antenne longer than the body, the first joint of the flagellum about five times as long as thick ;
stigmal vein gently curved ; axillz unite and form a slight ridge at base of scutellum.

Leptomastix Forster (type L. histrio Mayr).

. Frons regularly punctate ; scape beneath broadly compressedly dilated, the flagellum long, filiform,

cylindrical ; scutellum triangular, acute at apex, the axille separated...........Dinocarsis Forster
(type Encyrtus hemipterus Dalm.).
Frons broad and smooth, margaritaceously shining, or at the most feebly shagreened ; scape long,
slender, the flagellum long, subcylindrical, feebly compressed, the first joimt the longest, somewhat
more than twice as long as thick ; scutellum bifoveate at base. ,...............Hetroma Westwood
(type Hwpelmus rufus Dalm.).
Frons finely shagreened or alutaceous, subopaque; lateral ocelli close to the eye margin; scape
usually broadly compressedly dilated beneath, the flagellum slender, cylindrical; axille not quite
meeting at inner basal angles; front wings with a hairless line extending obliquely inward from the
SUMeneN WSN, 555 ago bo00 000060000090 000000 000000 bo 50 HEKEANUS ISON (HANS Zl, greentt How.).
Frons narrow, almost smooth ; lateral ocelli close to the eye margin; scape broadly dilated beneath,
the flagellum compressed, fusiform, as seen from the side ; axillee meet.at inner basal angle.
Anusia Forster (type Ectroma fulvescens Westw.).
Frons regularly punctate, coriaceous or shagreened, with distinct scattered punctures over the sur-
CAC en eee ae rre Merc E a hems OO Olomna AON ODAC UG OOSN Od aaboModd como doa bosouanoe] Ie
Frons smooth, margaritaceously shining, or at the most microscopically shagreened...--......... 13
Scutellum triangular, acute at apex ; scape dilated and compressed beneath...... .Dinocarsis Forster.
Scutellum subtriangular, rounded, not acute at apex; scape slender, cylindrical or at most subelayate.
Flagellum filiform or subclavate, nof compressed ; axillze touching each other at base of scutellum.

Funicle 4-jointed, with 2 ring-joints ; ocelli normal, the lateral close to the eye margin,

but mot touchingsit. 25) oe ee cece eee ee een ee ae ee WLeromyzoblaeAcmmeacle
Funicle 6-jointed, with no ring-joint ; ocelli very minute, the lateral lying close to the eye
margin........ .......Hricydnus Walker.

Flagellum compressed ; axille separated, not touching each other at base of scutellum ; lateral
ocelli not close to the eye margin ; ovipositor exserted, the hypopygium very prominent.

Henicopygus Ashmead (type H. subapterus Ashm.).
Scutellum subtriangular ; head transverse.

Scutellum, without stoves yj. sce ceils ssa sei sere tale rele eee ee eee eet er eet
Scutellum bifoveate at base.
Seape and flagellum not at all compressed, cylindrical............Ectroma Westwood.
Scutellum normal; scape broadly dilated beneath, the flagellum compressed, fusiform.
Anusia Forster.
Scutellum lunate ; head seen from above subquadrate, wider than the thorax, the lateral ocelli rather
close to the eye margin ; thorax with a silvery pubescence.................-.....Baocharis Mayr

(type B. pascuorum Mayr).
Frons not broads. .% 5 <i, wes dawns ogreedom ater deine Maes tet eae ee eee eth er cere LO

Frons broad, sublenticular, the occipital margin acute.
Front wings with the postmarginal and stigmal veins rather long, equal, not or scarcely shorter
than the marginal; clypeus excised at apex; antennz long, filiform, somewhat distant at
base, the pedicel shorter than the first joint of the funicle...........Stenoterys Thomson

(type S. orbitalis Thoms.).

16.

17.

18.

19),

20.

21.

22.

24.

25.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 295

Front wings with the marginal and postmarginal veins very short, the latter scarcely developed,
the marginal vein almost punctiform ; clypeus normal ; antennze long, cylindrical, subclavate,
the scape slender, the pedicel twice as long as the first joint of funicle.

Tetracnemoidea Howard (type T. australiensis How.).
Axille united at the inner basal angles, or at least touching each other........................ 17
Axille widely separated at inner basal angles ; postmarginal vein not developed.

Eyes rounded; antenne inserted far anteriorly below an imaginary line drawn from the base of

the eyeS.................-.-.-..--. Letracnemus Westwood (type 7. diversicornis Westw.).
ENV eStbALe wMOLMpMloeSCembmnrtan nm cette enet aint rena rlintanetetatel s/essichewtielesoieie sig slee estemee te warecloes 18
Eyes pubescent.

Marginal vein a little shorter than the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein at least as long as the
stigmal vein ; flagellum clavate ; the funicle joints short, wider than long.

Habrolepoidea Howard (type H. glauca How.).

Wings hyaline. . Perey eee eras ee eueist ee cna a edcs Nate EIS ONE Goteend A Seale meet, seu oe LO
Wings fuscous, with white rays or bands. . Sti. HE BOG O6,etbb.o A ERO Oe cet RO TRS RR Coc eae aera ieee mem -33
Marginal vein punctiform, not longer than ‘thick, the postmarginal vein not developed........... 22
Marginal vein not punctiform.
Marginal vein always longer than the stigmal vein................0.0.000eeeeeeeessessss 20
Marginal vein always shorter than the stigmal vein.....................00-0ee+eeeeees LL

Marginal vein about thrice as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein not longer than the shaft
of the stigmal vein, the latter short, perpendicular ; axille just meet at their inner basal angles ;
pronotum very short, scarcely visible from above ; mesonotum scaly punctate, or reticulate.

Tetralophiellus Ashmead (type T. brevicollis Ashm.).

Marginal vein only a little longer than the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein very short, hardly
developed ; axilla meet at inner basal angles; pronotum not short, conical; mesonotum smooth ;
antennz not short, subclavate. Mish eroya cierevettgs . Tetracladia Howard (type T. texana How.).

Marginal vein fully twice as ene as thick or at half the length of the stigmal vein, the post-

marginal vein only slightly developed; antennz clavate, the club ovate, 3-jointed, much stouter
than the funicle, the scape more than twice as long as thick at apex; funicle joints one fourth
longer than thick ; pronotum very short, transverse linear ; mesonotum microscopically reticulate ;
hypopygium very prominent, plowshare-shaped.........................Letracnemopsis Ashmead
(type Tetracnemus westwoodii Ckll.).

Antenne subclavate, the pedicel hardly longer than thick at apex, but longer than the first joint of the
funicle ; funicle joints submoniliform ; pronotum very short ; mesonotum shagreened or scaly punc-
Laver at eee eerie Chbachemus Elovvards (type. buceulatricis) How.)

. Marginal vein about twice as long as thick, not longer than the stigmal, the postmarginal vein hardly

so long ; axillee not quite meeting an inner basal angles; antenne subclavate, inserted close to the
mouth, the scape long, slender, only slightly thickened towards apex; funicle joints 1-2 subequal,
hardly longer than thick, the following gradually increasing in thickness; eyes very large; frons
narrow ; mesonotum smooth, metallic, a little shorter than the scutellum, the latter opaque,

shagreened ; abdomen ovate, shorter than the thorax, depressed........Habrolepopteryx Ashmead
(type Psilophrys pulchripennis Ashm.).

HE PISEOMAPLOMCATAM ALC mnie aap elotereculets cfs) telew ciets sasicsels clseie es scle ei ecie a eileie gisele e ce cues suckin LO
HE, HIS LOM ARC ALIN ADC Meme uetMe pe were eset ats tele fatevninietercucle siewreree. siie el sicueicat wisiauctepavervizysichais ae endyaueyduclsietsriars, viersie, OO
Antenne ramose, ‘tts inact RTP Aree rr a et ein cledeaten douse s dera ale eacers 20

Antennee simple, without branches, ae scape and are onan sometimes dilated or compressed , 06 Pad

296 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

26. Marginal vein rather long, the stigmal and postmarginal veins short.

27.

28.

28.

29.

30.

bl.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

Wings with fuscous rays; lataral ocelli nearer to the eye margin than to the front ocellus ;
axillee meeting at base of scutellum .....................0.-..-.+.--calocerinus Howard.

Wings hyaline ; lateral ocelli not nearer to the eye margin than to the front ocellus; axille not

quite meeting at base of the scutellum........................... Tetralophidea Ashmead.
Winged: £Ormag 25. 2 ace loge aie: dhe Ted « erckaretotie ermiger gue el sitar o ere ste Rea OL ee SC eer eS
Wingless or stilbapterous forms: a. 0a. 4c: oe ics ees ce one nee eS

Front wings with the marginal vein linear, longer than the stigmal, the postmarginal vein rather short,
hardly so long as the stigmal or clearly shorter, the stigmal vein bent so as to be nearly parallel
Front wings with the marginal vein usually shorter, the stigmal and postmarginal veins short, or the
stigmal vein is longer than the marginal and postmarginal veins united, or if with the marginal vein
long or somewhat long, the stigmal and postmarginal veins are not short, the stigmal vein-not bent
Sopasevonoe um arg livayp azaleas yyatt lave ave iraeay Octo ea) ee eee ee)
Frons and scutellum finely coriaceous, the thorax metallic or submetallic, with silvery hairs ; flagellum

filiform, the joints subequal, at least three times as long as thick, with long, sparse hairs.
Chrysopophagus Ashmead.

Marginal vein long or somewhat long, the stigmal and postmarginal veins not short.. whies eal
Marginal vein usually shorter, the stigmal and postmarginal veins short, or the Herel vein ones
than the short marginal and postmarginal veins united . biasenetotenetes SOM ARC EO cols oinitn Gle=
Frons minutely shagreened, with some minute punctures ceieed over aie sur eae sc etaGh a acAeeueeON
Frons broad, smooth, margaritaceously shining, impunctate ....... ...................+-.---2- 09
Antenne 11-jointed, with a 6-jointed funicle.. Sus ly/euel aia inant Siaeavekho) op chove OS se eetemace Cat one eames 365 OM
Antenne 9-jointed, with a 4-jointed funicle. ZEAE Biase BAe ee te aes Aieeoti ee shine Ashmead.
Antenne not longer than the body, the er of the flagellum albeel united and clothed with a short, ~
dense pubescence: goss so areaitlas sR ate n sone eee eT ee ere . .Bricydnus Walker.
Antenne much longer than the body, the joints of the deacons an pedtaadlats and each joint fur-
nished with two whorls of long hairs.......:........+-.-+-+5-+-+-----+----. meptomastix Forster.
Antenne long, filiform, 9-jointed, feebly compressed.....................-.....Hetroma Westwood.
Marcimalliveinyslender nouistouter ce. or neared OLE rie eee eee nero

Marginal vein rather short and stout, the stigmal and postmarginal veins very short.
Scape usually broadly dilated below, the flagellum slender, cylindrical... ...Anagyrus Howard.

Stigmal vein long; scape long, dilated and compressed beneath, the flagellum filiform, clothed with a

short dense pile ; scutellum Eee acute at apex; body shagreened.........Dinocarsis Forster.
Stigmal vein short; scape broadly compressedly dilated beneath, the flagellum compressed, fusiform,
broadest towards the middle and gradually tapering off towards apex.............-Anusia Forster.
Scutelluma dunate: 55/6 Se aie Jac hee eee oeiter ce einc es Sone eee eee eS

Scutellum triangular or subtriangular, never lunate.
rons smooth, shiming. somewhat unidescentscee re. se sales eee ree eee enero
Frons shagreened or feebly punctate.
Seape and flagellum normal, the latter clothed with a short, dense pile.
Ericydnus Walker.
Scutellum bifoveate at base ; scape and flagellum not at all compressed, cylindrical.
Ectroma Westwood.
Scutellum not foveate at base ; scape broadly dilated beneath, the flagellum compressed, fusiform.
Anusia Forster.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES MS) Tl

38. Frons convex, finely coriaceous ; scape rather short, clavate, the pedicel twice as long as thick at tip,
longeruhankene frst uniCles) Oi. qs cee ne scm et laces: ado. +s ope ese 2. > beocharis: Mayr.

So PL GON SMO DADO AC eer Ncny taemy anise aey tor erase sete Saas elecisie eres Laie eM sv ,aivitie se weuald cevckee 40
Frons broad ; axillee united at inner basal angles.
Antenne long, fusiform, without branches, and inserted rather high up on the face, the flagel-
lum clothed with sparse black pile.............................-... -Stenoterys Thomson.
Antenne with 4 branches, a branch on joints 1 to 4 of funicle......Tetracnemoidea Ashmead.
40. Axillee united or touching each other at their inner basal angles ; antennze either simple or ramose 41
Axillz either widely separated or at least not touching each other at their inner basal angles.
oben cami h a wran Chester ee seer eee 1 fs erics oo .e en. Lebracnemus Westwood.
all, JBV@S WARE, WO DUINESEEMS | ye wo piacig poe bee OF Co Cee ane ECR Re en Ce eee 1
Eyes pubescent.
Marginal vein a little shorter than the stigmal, the postmarginal vein at least as long as the
stigmal vein, flagellum hairy, without branches..................... Habrolepoidea Howard.
eee Ve MI ce rv CUC LOM omy hal CHES MM PME Marne yw AEB Ske ot ee yates tle eis Arise dae cieiive sarees eecw ree 44
Antenne with four long branches.

Marginal vein not thrice as long as the stigmal vein; postmarginal vein very short or not de-

UCLOD CO Rt Tee tT RTE mere oy cor R Marc fe Gi oteceal eet MaIOSE Gps Oe eae vedneeaas 4B

Marginal vein about thrice as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein short; pronotum

ViELVES NOLES et eye te Irae neni Een eae en ciao iiurac oe Srein, ehetralophiella- Ashmead:

43. Marginal vein only a little longer than the stigmal ; pronotum not short, conical, at least as long as
Late S ONO LUNE EU Pete ae nr er hci Sant ceca sew ee a bebracladia Howard.
Marginal vein only about thrice as long as thick or about half the length of the stigmal ; pronotum
ery Mom eaeeeiie wearer ena eee ees 4... Hetracnemopsis’ Ashmead.

44. Marginal vein punctiform, not half the length of the stigmal, the postmarginal wanting.
Pentacnemus Howard.

Tre Il. Eneyrtin.

The species falling in this tribe are broad and robust, the mandibles being broad
and stout, truncate at apex, and edentate or nearly ; the labrum is conspicuous ; the
antennee are very similar in both sexes; the marginal vein in the front wings is
short, the stigmal and postmarginal veins being usually long; in the hind wings
the marginal cellis long and broad, while the hind tibize have two apical spurs.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Metathorax with the lateral ridge bare; spurs of hind tibiz nearly equal.........................-. 2
Metathorax with the lateral ridge or at least the metapleura clothed with a silvery white pubescence ;
2. Frons broad with a sparse, thimble-like punctuation, thicker towards the scrobes ; stigmal and post-

spurs of the hind tibize unequal.....

marginal veins long, nearly equal in length and three or more times longer than the marginal ; apical
half or more of front wings usually infumated ; scape long and slender.

Scutellum with a tuft of long hairs towards apex ; first joint of the flagellum hardly so long as

the second ................................ nucyrtus Latreille (type Chrysis infidus Rossi).

Scutellum without a tuft of long hairs; first joint of the flagellum a little longer than the second.

Howardiella Dalla Torre (type Bothriothorax peckhami Ashm.).

298 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

3. Frons not broad, nearly smooth, opaque or minutely shagreened, or with only a few minute punctures ;
stigmal and postmarginal veins unequal, the latter only slightly developed, the marginal vein very
short, nearly punctiform ; front wings hyaline but with a discoidal cloud. .........Prionomastix Mayr

(type Encyrtus morio Dalman).
Trrpe IIT. Marina.

In this tribe fall the vast majority of the genera of the subfamily Encyrtine, dis-
tinguished from the others by the mandibles, which are somewhat differently
shaped, and tridentate at apex. The tribe was fully discussed in the Proceedings of
the U. 5. National Museum for 1900. The table of the genera published below is
practically the same as published in that work, except that some shght changes
have been made to enable me to incorporate some interesting new genera unknown

at that time.
TABLE OF GENERA.

Ws. Remialles. i... 5 oiesceis aeiene-d avs ei Sco ape Wihyraves let Suber Lettres ete te er Sree eee eo Pee sa
Males i. si erscieig ce tis Sew hije ne 5 Si nvm bode wide eh Barlaceireval cre eter ace aan ne Se ote gee Tea ec
2. Mandibles rather long, with acute teeth, the apical tooth usually the longest, rarely with the two
apical teeth longer than the inner ; labrum conspicuous ; front very closely punctate, or finely coria-
ceous, the thimble-like punctures absent, or the punctures smaller or more sparsely scattered ; wings
not ornate, and usually with a very short, or a punctiform, marginal vein, the hind wings usually with
a long costal cell that extends to the hooklets; abdomen usually more or less compressed towards
apex, the ventral valve extending to the anus but not plowshare-shaped ; head as viewed from in
front usually somewhat longer than wide, often much longer than wide, or subtriangular, the scrobes
forming: a striae. Sic ecracs stocast aes ade eae UA ee ee eee a Re CEC rare:
Mandibles shorter, with the teeth smaller, less acute and equal or nearly ; labrum not conspicuous ;
frons frequently but not always with a series of large, thimble-like punctures ; wings variable, fre-
quently ornate or dusky, although often hyaline ; scrobes usually semicircular................. 13
3. Marginal vein punctiform, not or scarcely longer than thick (very rarely twice as long as thicl), the
postmarginal vein not at-all or only slightly developed, very rarely as long as the stigmal vein ; stig-
mal vein is rather long, always more than twice the length of the marginal, or much longer; body
metallic or lustrous, 950 .ciaaks pets dota kg oe eens eon niee Sino eee Ok ee eee eee ree
Marginal vein not punctiform, at least twice as long as thick, but usually much longer, the postmar-
oral WOW omer NEN WINS StuieAaMEAl WENN, 5.50 c00n co onde coon oo dadaccands acon bsnasoncanessacoe UZ
4. Head viewed from in front long, subtriangular, much longer than wide, the cheeks, or malar space,
Che eee ee er ee een ae er Stem eee to Motion Oi nob td ado wU dso. condo dG) O
Head viewed from in front not or scarcely longer than wide, the cheeks, or malar space, not especially
Sa Hroni wings vib ay imaroinall eine Cen e ee eseete ener nee ee eer ae nei erence aba aera

Front wings without a marginal fringe.
Antenne yery long and slender, the flagellar joints all very long, cylindical, the sixth being at
least four times as long as thick, the preceding still longer..................Psilophrys Mayr
(type Encyrtus longicornis Walk.).
6. Pedicel fully three times or more longer than thickat apex................-. eee ee cece eter teres

Redicel’notbhreetimesrasloneyasnt nic ke aitral exc ney pete ite teteyetetctel tetas seepen ott stele teereicletieteiete eter street)

ASHMEAD: GLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 299

7. Flagellum very long, two or more times longer than the scape, the funicle joints all cylindrical..... 8

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Flagellum not so long, at the most not more than one and a half times the length of the scape, the
funicle joints gradually decreasing in length, not all the joints longer than thick, some at least wider
WNEID, TOMS oc Goa aaraiela deere alo.c ornib co win oho ene eke ad Goce Reid ence eee rein eer et ae S|

. Antennee very long and slender, as in Psilophrys, the seape very long and slender; cheeks not quite

the length of the eyes ; ovipositor very long......Parapsilophrys Howard (type P. gelechi# How.).
Antenne long and slender but shorter than in Psilophrys, about twice as long as the scape, the joints
of the funicle long and cylindrical, the club not or only a little thicker than the last joint of the
funicle; cheeks long...........................Liothorax Mayr (type Encyrtus glaphyra Walker).

. Flagellum at the most about one and a half times the length of the scape, the funicle joints gradually

decreasing in length, some toward the apex transversely ; club much thickened ; obliquely truncate
from beneath ; head and mesonotum finely, closely punctate or shagreened ; frons somewhat nar-
rowed ; eyes bare........................- bitomastix Thomson (type Hncyrtus chalconotus Dalm.).
Flagellam short, not much longer than the scape; the funicle joints, except the first, not longer than
thick ; club stout, broader than the funicle ; frons broad ; eyes faintly hairy. Berecyntus Howard
(type B. bakeri Howard).
Cheeks as long as the eyes or nearly ; antenne rather long, the funicle joints, however, rarely more
than twice as long as thick, gradually thickening apically ; the sixth joint never much longer than
wide and sometimes wider than long...........Copidosoma Ratzeburg (type C. boucheanus Ratz.).
Cheeks more than half the length of the eyes; pedicel hardly twice as long as thick ; the flagellum
not long ; the joints of the funicle, except the first, small, not longer than thick, submoniliform, but
gradually increasing in size...................-Prionomitus Mayr (type Encyrtus mitratus Dalm.).
Cheeks very short, nearly obsolete ; pedicel three times as long as thick, the flagellum short, cla-
vate, the joints of the funicle annular, wider than long, the club greatly enlarged, longer than the
funicle ; mesonotum short, twice as wide as long, the pronotum not visible from above ; frons very
narrow, the lateral ocelli close to the eye margin ; eyes large, rounded, pubescent.
Archinus Howard (type A. occupatus How.).
Mesonotum smooth, impunctate, blue or metallic ; pedicel about thrice as long as thick, the flagellum
long, the joints of the funicle much longer than thick, the club somewhat stouter than the funicle ;
eyes pubescent ; scutellum, but not the axilla, shagreened................Parencyrtus Ashmead.
(type P. brasiliensis Ashmead).
Mesonotum feebly, sparsely punctate, metallic blue or blue-green ; pedicel hardly twice as long as
thick, the flagellum long and slender, joints 4—5 twice longer than thick, cylindrical, the club
3-jointed, not thicker than the funicle; eyes large, glabrous; scutellum, as well as the axille,
sculptured. ......................+.-.....Cerchysius Westwood (type Encyrtus subplanus Dalm.).
Abdomen globose, or subovate, much shorter than the thorax, compressed, clothed with a rigid white
pubescence, the second segment usually large, smooth medially ; species sometimes apterous. 14
Abdomen with the dorsum flat or concave, not rigidly pubescent, ..............-.-020eee---e-- 16
Pronotum not large; antenne simple, the flagellum usually long, subclavate, but not broad nor com-
(OGESSe Ut een epee a een ert yr rumen apa cae Ur Oy os, Seite tie meee bee atauia wtaacrag LO
Pronotum large, conical, longer than the mesonotum ; antenne with the scape and the flagellum
broad, strongly compressed ; abdomen globose..... Mira Schellenberg (type M. macrocera Schell.).
Head above rounded, seen from in front much longer than wide; frons narrow; scape long and
slender ; scutellum not longer than the mesonotum, coriaceous ; abdomen ovate, as long as the thorax.

Spheropisthus Thomson (type S. pascuorum Thomson).

300 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

16.

WZ

18.

20.

21.

22.

Head seen from in front not longer than wide ; frons broad ; antennz not long, inserted on a line with
the base of the eyes, flagellum subclavate, the funicle fone or at least joints 3-6, wider than long ;
scutellum large, longer than the mesonotum ; front wings with a substigmal cloud ; postmarginal
and stigmal veins long, the latter nearly parallel with the costal margin ; abdomen shorter than the
thorax, compressed,........................-Chestomorpha Ashmead (type C. biformis Ashmead).

Head always distinctly lenticular, the scrobes short, the punctures frequently large, thimble-like ; hind
wings with the costal cell usually extending to the hooklets. . SAEED Pa ae ena hc aa eee, Homaliey

Head not or less distinctly lenticular, smooth, shagreened, or ine ene punctate, rarely with a
few large punctures scattered over the surface; if with large, coarse, thimble-like punctures, the
antenneeareinserted onthe middle ofthe facern. 1 asses ee ep ieriaete-cene eee eee

Marginal vein short or punctiform, not or scarcely longer than thick ; mesonotum punctate........ 18

Marginal,vein at least twice as long as thick, but usually much longer ; mesonotum smooth, impunctate

or finely PU UlOSey cafe sro ede Soret beale Sh eis eels Satan os Ses GhaPeye epee ary ERE eC ee
Mesonotum with the Serene similar tosthatotathe headey eerie secret ene
Mesonotum with the punctuation unlike that of the head, ye Cerne: less dense and the surface
COTIACEOUS' 5.50 ere, ais) ale: dis 1e!Bimce foo SG w 4, eho lah ave miSual labeler ofl ed eialccroM os Glee Nar EOE tacts ene eee
Scape normal, not dilated beneath, never with a leaf-like expansion, at the most clavate.......... 20

Scape strongly dilated beneath, or with a leaf-like expansion, the club much enlarged ; as long as or
lonserithans the tuni cles smerny rere neiscisnaleettcte ..ABnasius Walker (type 4. hyettus Walk.).
Punctures on the head and thorax coarse and dense.

Mesonotum very short, only half the length of the scutellum ; club of antennz as long as all the

funicle joints united ; postmarginal vein as long as the stigmal vein...... Chalcaspis Howard

(type C. pergandei How.).

Mesonotum at least as long as the scutellum ; club of antennz shorter than the funicle ; post-

marginal vein much shorter than the stigmal,.....................Bothriothorax Ratzeburg

(type Encyrtus clavicornis Dalm.).

Punctures on the head and the thorax smaller and less dense; mesonotum a little longer than the

scutellum ; funicle joints longer than thick.............Aratus Howard (type A. scutellatus How.).

Vertex very narrow or as least not very broad, and sparsely or very feebly punctate, never closely

1 ORL DENG) ee ee Se ane ere renter est ee warren mM aoeinara anton aso donc ud Sccko Son dob so ee
Vertex very broad, with a distinct anes like puneraaeen

Club of the antennz shorter than the funicle ; postmarginal and stigmal veins short, subequal.

; Pentelicus Howard (type P. aldrichii How.).

Club of the antennee very large, longer than the funicle and the pedicel united ; postmarginal

and the stigmal veins very long, the latter the shorter.....................Blepyrus Howard

(type B. mexicanus How.).

Vertex not very narrow, very sparsely and feebly punctate; eyes not especially large, nor nearly

occupying the whole sides of the head; scrobes rather deep; scape slightly dilated beneath

towards apex, the flagellum subclavate, ringed with white, the club scarcely thicker than the funi-

cle; ocelli in an obtuse triangle, the lateral farther apart than to the front ocellus; wings hyaline,

subfuliginous toward base, the marginal vein punctiform, the stigmal vein longer than the short

postmarginal and the marginal united............Hemznasius Ashmead (type H. confusus Ashm.).

Vertex and face very narrow, feebly punctate ; eyes very large, occupying nearly the whole sides of

the head and almost meeting on the vertex ; front ocellus placed far in advance of the lateral ocelli,

the latter close upon the eye margin ; flagellum short, clavate, the pedicel large, obconic ; first joint

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 301

of funicle, as well as the following, transverse ; front wings with a large discal cloud beneath the
stigmal and marginal veins, the postmarginal and the stigmal veins very long.
Euryrhopalus Howard (type E. schwarzi Howard).
23. Marginal vein short, rarely much more than twice longer than thick........................... 24
Marginal vein rather long, rarely shorter than the stigmal vein............................... 20
24. Head with some sparse thimble-like or umbilicate punctures; scutellum a little longer than the
mesonotum ; eyes pubescent.

Club of antenne not longer than joints 1 and 2 of funicle united, the funicle joints all longer
than wide ; marginal vein scarcely as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein longer
than the stigmal ; abdomen conic-ovate, a little longer than the head and thorax united, with
the ovipositor subexserted, dorsum subconcaye ; mandibles with the two outer teeth longer
and more acute than the inner............Hemencyrtus-Ashmead (type H. herbertii Ashm.).

Club of antenne very large and distinctly longer than the funicle, the funicle joints all very
short, wider than long; abdomen depressed, oval, shorter than the thorax ; mandibles with
small, subequal teeth..................Coccophoctonus Ashmead (type C. dactylopii Ashm.).

25. Wings embrowned, the costal cell in hind wings narrow and short ; mesonotum scarcely as long as the
seutellum, finely shagreened, with sparse punctures ; eyes large, bare ; flagellum ringed with white ;
pedicel obconical, only a little longer than thick, the following joints gradually shortening, the last
three funicle joints being not longer than wide...Phenodiscus Forster (type Encyrtus xneus Dalm.).

Wings hyaline, the costal cell in hind wings long and narrow; mesonotum scarcely as long as the
scutellum, finely transversely rugulose or shagreened, especially anteriorly ; eyes pubescent ; flagel-

lum subelavate, not ringed with white ; pedicel very long, three times as long as thick, the funicle

joints, except the first, wider than long......... Rhytidothorax Ashmead (type R. marlatti Ashm.).
26. Antenne inserted on or a little above the middle of the face.................0-.ccceecccceeeess OI
Antennee inserted near the mouth border or very far below the middle of the face. ............... 28

27. Frons convex, somewhat coarsely and closely punctate ; scape not extending beyond the ocelli; meso-
thorax rather coarsely shagreened ; front wings with the marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins
long, subequal......................+-..-+....Llanaoneura Howard (type T. ashmeadii Howard).

Frons highly convex but smooth; scape very long, extending far beyond the ocelli; mesonotum

smooth, polished ; front wings fasciate or maculate, the marginal vein short, the postmarginal and

stigmal veins much longer.......................,Hexacladia Ashmead (type H. smithii Howard).
PS, JNTIETINED MIN TAS IMIG Gajowoirkeele 5 uee 00g bo 5000G00c 0050 000000 bo boo UU DODO en eE bo oo bE opiae ouNZ
AMTUINE AMUN WE MMVElE ss, 4S Ok D=|OUMClS 560 co gu adbe dos Une 66 Ono obEOn oo Ue beMo deo Usp paealt)

29. Metathorax with the pleura and the lateral ridges always clothed with a dense, silvery-white pubes-
CEnCeHeDOdVaT ahem mOOUStiarewe Sem eeie orn eel ecinich len sismele etecstlaass cichaitilaysiatthere a aare Gatewtee wn aue BO
Metathorax bare, or with the lateral ridges superiorly alone pilose.....................2+.--22+. 04

30. Antenne similar in both sexes, the club strongly obliguely acuminate, conical, often white ; front
wings most frequently with a fuscous cloud or maculate ; scape cylindrical, not at all dilated 31
Antenne dissimilar in the sexes, the club not thicker than the funicle ; marginal and postmarginal
veins not very short, the former usually, but not always, a little the longer..................... 82

31. Marginal vein not punctiform, the stigmal and postmarginal veins rather long, at least twice longer
than the marginal............................Homalotylus Mayr (type Encyrtus flaminius Dalm.).
Marginal vein punctiform or nearly ; the stigmal vein very long, curved; the postmarginal vein en-
tirely wantimg._........................----..-.-.. Lsodromus Howard (type J. iceryx Howard).

32. Thorax without a white lunula before the tegule ; ovipositor not exserted, or if exserted very slender 33

*

302 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

38.

34.

36.

37.

38.

39.

Thorax with a white lunula before the tegule, rarely without ; ovipositor strongly exserted, thick and
compressed, the sheaths broad ; abdomen rather long, as seen from above conic-ovate.
Cerchysius Westwood (type Encyrtus subplanus Dalm.).
Frons rather narrow, the eyes large, converging above, the lateral ocelli lying close to the eye margin ;
abdomen oval or ovate, the ovipositor not exserted; thorax not closely or deeply punctate ; hind
wings with the costal cell short and narrow...... .Sceptrophorus Forster (type S. sceptriger Forst.).
Frons not narrow, the eyes smaller and only slightly converging above, the lateral ocelli not close to
the eye border, distant; scrobes semicircular; abdomen oval-rotund, the ovipositor exserted but
very slender ; thorax short, closely punctate, or with large, deep punctures; hind wings with the
costal cell broad and extending to the hooklets............................ Hchthroplexis Forster
(type Cexenocercus puncticollis Thoms.).
Head as viewed from the side with the frons not prominent ; antennz normal or at the most with only
the scape compressed or dilated ; wings hyaline, rarely fuscous or subfuscous with whitish transverse
or hyaline bands, the marginal vein rarely punctiform, but rarely longer than the stigmal vein, the
postmarginal vein most frequently developed, rarely wanting or shorter than the marginal or stigmal
2121 nS eer nnn ne MMC n eran craton Sibi ond bcliaaee Go aeoauy Goaces) Oe
Head as viewed from the side with the frons prominent, the face inflexed; antenne frequently
strongly compressed, dilated ; front wings usually fuscous or with fuscous rays, the marginal vein
somewhat thick, oblong, very rarely much shorter or much longer than the stigmal vein, the post-

marginal vein usually wanting ; ovipositor not or scarcely exserted............2 00 0e ee ee eee 48

. Marginal vein very short, punctiform, rarely longer than thick, the stigmal vein from two and one-half

to three times longer than the marginal, the postmarginal vein wanting or short, only slightly devel-
oped, rarely well developed ; scape slender, or at most subclavate ; body metallic............. 36
Marginal vein not short, punctiform, although rarely longer than the stigmal vein, the postmarginal
vein most frequently well developed, rarely somewhat shorter than the marginal or stigmal veins 38
Pedicel obconical, much stouter and longer than the first joint of the funicle, sometimes as long as
joints 1 and 2 united ; frons rather narrow, the eyes as seen from in front somewhat convergent
above ; club of antennee not especially large, shorter than the funicle. Pe nie Ahn crs 5 Bil
Pedicel short, scarcely longer than thick; frons moderate, the ocelli about their width from the eye
margin ; club of antennz large, the length of the funicle or nearly ; funicle joints short, submonili-
form, the three or four terminal joints wider than long...................Coccidencyrtus Ashmead
(type Encyrtus ensiger How.).

Lateral ocelli close to or touching the eye margin; postmarginal vein not or only slightly devel

oped.
Eyes bare ; postmarginal vein not developed........................... Ooencyrtus Ashmead
(type Encyrtus clisiocampz Ashm.),
Eyes pubescent ; postmarginal vein as long as the marginal.. ......Ageniaspis Dahlbom (part).
Lateral ocelli not close to the. eye margin, from one and a half to twice their width from it; post-
marginal vein somewhat developed. .....Psyllephagus Ashmead (type Encyrtus pachypsydx How.).
Species not metallic ; head and thorax opaque or subopaque, alutaceous, or closely microscopically
punctate sonishacreened sand! punctater sanaerae atte ere e eee cenit riers
Species.méetallic orjsubmetallion: ix. act. eine Sere cuticle cicero te ete ste ere ce een me

Postmarginal vein present.
First joint of the funicle shorter than the pedicel, all the funicle joints being short ; marginal

vein punctiform.................-.....-.-..-Aphycus Mayr (type Encyrtus apicalis Mayr).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 303

First joint of the funicle much longer than the pedicel, cylindrical, the following gradually
shortening, but the last is still a little longer than thick........... Heterarthrellus Howard
(type H. australiensis How.).
Postmarginal vein wanting ; joints increase in width, but they are not longer than wide.
Astymachus Howard (type A. japonica How.).
40. Thorax without a scaly pubescence, and without white lunule before the tegule................... 41
- Thorax with a scaly pubescence, and with white lunule before the tegule.

Scape more or less dilated beneath, especially towards the apex, rarely simple, the flagellum
ringed with white ; wings hyaline, the stigmal and postmarginal veins subequal, longer than
the marginal,.......................... Blastothrix Mayr (type Encyrtus sericeus Dalm.).

41. Scape normal, not expanded or dilated beneath, at the most subclavate ; wings hyaline.......... 42
Scape dilated or expanded beneath, the club not especially enlarged, shorter than the funicle, the
latter usually ringed with white, the first four joints of same longer than wide; front wings usually
with fuscous bands, or fuscous with hyaline bands or markings............. Microterys Thomson
(type Encyrtus sylvius Dalm.).
42. Thorax finely coriaceous, subopaque, without punctures scattered over the surface; frons punctate ;
DEsiMencinall wen Ilme~r tnein tne GeMEM. 2550 oc cc ce oc dean 0gad su dn Hs aucoKdsOaS ee OOGGEGcGG oe
Thorax smooth, impunctate, or at the most Be eearany reticulate, or with fine longitudinal striz
OH UNS WNEHO NOW 6d once cd0n cero cganonoocedseced dG Jocowes
43. Scape subclavate, the funicle 6-jointed, the joints wider than long, See bie not thicker than the settee
front wings hyaline with an oblique hairless line from the marginal vein ; stigmal and postmar “Fel
veins longer than the marginal; scutellum with a delicate median grooved line at base.
Holcencyrtus Ashmead (type Aphycus niger Ashmead.).
44, Mesonotum smooth, impunctate, or at the most microscopically reticulate...................... 45
Mesonotum with fine longitudinal striz.
Stigmal vein scarcely longer than the marginal, the postmarginal longer than the marginal and
the stigmal veins united ; eyes pubescent ; funicle joints 2-4 not longer than thick.
Ageniaspis Dahlbom (type Encyrtus fuscicollis Dalm.).
45. Stigmal vein very short, not or scarcely so long as the marginal and postmarginal veins united ; axille
either meet at their inner basal angles or they are separated....../...................-2.-.-- 47
Stigmal vein much longer than the marginal, as long or longer than the marginal and postmarginal
veins united ; the axillee do not meet at their inner basal angle............................. 46
46. Lateral ocelli not close to the eye border; club of antennz not much enlarged, only about half the
length of the funicle, the joints of the funicle cylindrical, much longer than wide, never moniliform ;
abdomen conic-ovate, usually a little longer than the head and thorax united.
Pseudencyrtus Ashmead (type Encyrtus cecidomyiz How.).
Lateral ocelli close to the eye border; club of antennz not one third the length of the funicle, the
joints of the funicle gradually thickening to the club, wide, joints 1 to 5 a little longer than thick,
the sixth quadrate ; abdomen short-ovate, shorter than the thorax.
Tachardiephagus Ashmead, gen. nov. (type 7. thoracicus Ashm.).
47. Stigmal vein not longer than the marginal and postmarginal veins united, usually distinctly shorter
than the marginal.

Postmarginal vein longer than the stigmal.

Club of antennz short, not one third the length of the funicle, funicle joints 1 to 4 short-
ening, not longer than thick; axille meet at base of scutellum ; head sublenticular-

304 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

with some sparse punctures, the lateral ocelli away from the eye border; abdomen
ovate, flat above, not longer than the thorax. .... Tachinephagus Ashmead, gen. nov.

(type 7. zealandicus Ashm.).
Postmarginal very short, or shorter than the stigmal.

Club of the antennze much enlarged, usually as long or nearly as long as the funicle, or

a little longer, and obliquely truncate from beneath, the joints of the funicle, or at least

the first three or four joints, moniliform, or not longer than thick, the others transverse ;

abdomen ovate, rarely longer than the head and thorax united, most frequently the
length of the thorax or a little longer.................... .. Bpiencyrtus Ashmead

ae ie a thyreodontis Ashm.).

Club of antennze not much enlarged, nor obliquely truncate from beneath, fusiform, and

less than half the length of the funicle, none of the funicle joints wider than long;

abdomen short ovate, hardly as long as the thorax...........Syrphophagus Ashmead

(type Encyrtus mesograpte Ashm.).

Stigmal vein very short, scarcely so long as the marginal and postmarginal veins united, the former
being not more than, or hardly, twice as long as thick, the postmarginal vein never well developed,
although acuminate and longer than the short marginal; club of antennz oblong, stouter, and a
little more than half the length of the funicle, the first two or three joints of the funicle short or
moniliform, the following a little longer than thick, or at most with only the last two joints a little
wider than long ; abdomen broadly oval and considerably shorter than the thorax ; scutellum vari-
able, subopaquely sculptured or polished, impunctate, the axille not quite meeting at their inner

basal angles...................... Aphidencyrtus Ashmead (type Encyrtus aphidiphagus Ashm.).
ZS Aaah betcha eee cee ort daa en ae ty er CMn iat nO mom se aden Goes ou oecoeda LO
Apterous.

Scutellum triangular, acute at apex, not declivous; head with the scrobes deep; antenne
simple, ..................+..2+......... Choreia Westwood (type Encyrtus ineptus Dalm.).
49. Head with the face much inflexed, the scrobes deep, semicircular, the frons most frequently regularly
OP Wey UMMM, EO KY TOWINOHS, 55 no gauoca oo 00 dooce Ao 0g 0d SOON aD eS ed au FOES ener coos ea onse BY
Head always semiglobose, the face less seers rect) the aoe sewesute always forming a
semicircle ; antennz simple, or at least never much compressed, nor very broad, subcylindrical ;
wings not fusco-radiate ; scutellum with a clump of hairs at apex..........Cheiloneurus Westwood
(type C. formosus Westw.).
50. Wings fuscous, usually with the extreme tips) whitelor nyalime: jean. oaciameeeaiennecasenlnane
Wings not so colored.

Wings with fuscous rays, or with leopard-like spots..............----+---4-+++++-++-+-~ OL

Wings hyaline or at most with a discoidal cloud ; antennze short.

Hyes large, rounded, strongly convergent above and leaving a very narrow or linear
vertex ; antennz very short, the club enormously enlarged, longer than the funicle
and several times thicker, the joints of the funicle transverse. ...... 4aomma Ashmead

(type Encyrtus argentipes How.).

Eyes not unusually large, only slightly converging above, the vertex not especially
narrow ; club of antenne not unusually enlarged and about the length of the funicle,
the joints of the funicle transverse, the first two or three submoniliform.

Adelencyrtus Ashmead (type Encyrtus chionaspidis How.).
51. Wings with leopard-like spots; antenne very long and slender, longer than the body, the club en-
larged.. 1... .. cece ee ee ee ee ee ee esse ess. Callipteroma Motschulsky (type C. 5-signatus Motsch.).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 305

Wings with fuscous rays.
Head oblong ; antennz strongly compressed, broad ; occipital margin and the scutellum normal.
Cerapterocerus Westwood (type C. mirabilis Westw.).
Head not oblong ; antenne neither strongly compressed nor broad; occipital margin medially
and superiorly, with two strong clavate hairs; scutellum at apex with one or two clumps
of hairs; marginal vein more than twice as long as thick.

Funicle 6-jointed, the joints wider than long, the club not especially large.
Habrolepis Forster (type Encyrtus dalmani Westw.).
Funicle 4-jointed, the joints fully twice as long as thick, or a little longer, the club very.

large, fusiform, nearly as long as the funicle and much stouter.

Homalopoda Howard (type H. cristata How.).

Je Voroinalveinushorterinanune sticmalmom MoO lOneer ie. v.02. ea-seense+ ser dese estee. se s-sses. DD
Marginal vein longer than the stigmal; facial impression not bounded by a distinct arched carina
SUPEHIOMVEn ys seyret tertoracee tials. ¢ o3 OS

58. Scutellum without a tuft of black bristles near apex................ 0. cece ee cece cece cecccese... D4

Seutellum with a tuft of black bristles near apex.

Head with a series of moderately large punctures; axille very narrow, transversely wedge-
shaped, with the points just meeting at base of the scutellum; antenne compressed, the
scape wide..........................Husemion Dahlbom (type Encyrtus corniger Haliday).

Head microscopically punctate ; axilla with their points not quite meeting ; antenne strongly
clavate, subcompressed, the scape subclavate, the club very large, many times larger than
the funicle, the joints of the latter transverse, linear...........Blatticida Ashmead, g. nov.

(type B. pulchra Ashm.).
54. Head smooth, shining, with very fine, sparse punctures ; ocelli in an acute triangle ; axillee united at

base of the scutellum................................Atropates Howard (type A. collinsi How.).
55. Facial impression not bounded by an arched carina superiorly................2.-.-eeeee ee eee: DT
Facial impression and scrobes deep, bounded by a distinct arched carina superiorly.
Seuvellmmecnattoni a. tut Om Dtishles: 04.2.5. 4) yess sass esl. ees). c. hes eec cess 06
Scutellum with a tuft of bristles. é
Stigmal and postmarginal veins very long..................Chrysoplatycerus Ashmead

(type Rileya splendens How.).

56. Marginal and postmarginal veins subequal, the stigmal a little the longer ; eyes naked; ocelli in an
acute triangle; funicle not longer than the first joint of the club.............. Asteropzeus Howard

(type A. primus How.).

Marginal longer, the stigmal and postmarginal veins not long ;

; eyes pubescent ; joints of the funicle

all short and rapidly widening from the narrow pedicel, the club longer than the funicle, obliquely
truncate from beneath towards apex ; tarsi short and somewhat thickened....... Anicetus Howard

(type A, ceylonensis How.).

57. Scutellum normal ; eyes pubescent ; antennz short, the scape somewhat broadly dilated toward apex ;
the flagellum strongly incrassated, scarcely longer than the scape, the very large club longer than

the funicle, the joints of funicle annular; marginal vein punctiform, the stigmal and postmarginal

veins very long as in Encyrtus.....................Zarhopalus Ashmead (type Z. sheldoni Ashm.).
58. Antennee 10-jointed, the funicle 5-jointed.
Scape linear, wholly received in the scrobes ; marginal vein punctiform.. .... Metallon Waiker

(type M. acacallis Walk.).

306 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

66.

Antenne 9-jointed, the funicle 4-jointed ................ Cercobelus Walker (type C. jugzus Walk.).

Antenne 6-jointed, the funicle 3-jointed......................Coccobius Ratzeburg (type unknown.)

Mandibles with the teeth shorter, less acute ; labrum not conspicuous ; frons punctate and frequently
with a series of large, thimble-like punctures; wings often ornate, sometimes wanting or ab-
‘breviated . ee a ee eel oie ema torn orn OCIOe, Hoe CiToG So omiod Ue SoIomo oo oda a OO)

Mandibles rather eae with acute teeth, the apical one aoe ee ae more acute than the other
two ; labrum conspicuous ; frons very closely punctate or shagreened, the large punctures wanting ;
front wings not ornate, usually with a punctiform or very short marginal vein, the hind wings
usually with a long costal cell, which extends to the hooklets; head, as seen from in front, rather
narrow and long, subtriangular, the scrobes forming a triangle.

Postmarginal vein wanting or hardly developed, the marginal vein very short, punctiform. 60

Postmarginal vein distinct, longer than the stigmal vein..........................-.+..+.. 64
Head, viewed from in front, much longer than wide, the cheeks long ..................-..---+- 61
Head, viewed from in front, not longer than wide, the cheeks not long....................--.--- 638
Bront wines with marginal cilia. 9 vetes cece Cee eee ET Ae cee eee eee ore em Oe

Front wings without marginal cilia.
Antenne very long and slender, the flagellar joints all very long, the sixth the shortest, but
five times as long as wide. . Fe ert as Tera NI Bice Ce aio . .Psilophrys Mayr.
Pedicel three or more times longer mee thick at apex, the flagellum with (ee: ea
Funicle joints about four times as long as thick, cylindricai; mesonotum and scutellum
Shagreen ed) ic. aracvac coral ies Sele ee eet eer . .Parapsilophrys Howard.
Funicle joints Hee than thrice as ieee as thick ; mesonotum reticulate........Liothorax Mayr.
Pedicel not three times as long as thick, the flagellum clothed with long hairs.
Copidosoma Ratzeburg.

Cheeks about half the length of the eyes ; funicle joints 1-5 triangularly toothed, with long hairs.
Prionomitus Mayr.
Cheeks very short ; eyes large, rounded, pubescent ; pedicel thrice as long as thick.
Archinus Howard.
Mesonotum lustrous, smooth, blue or metallic.

Pedicel about thrice as long as thick, the flagellum filiform or subfiliform, with a short, sparse
pubescence, the funicle joint from two and a half to three times as long as thick; the first
joint very long, four or more times longer than thick ; eyes pubescent ; postmarginal vein
very Lome. . <.cc:n0, sa. ava be stro bo) slow a eather ee IROL Ae eine Re Grae a en CYRUS PAs Minted dn

5. Abdomen with the dorsum flat or concave, not rigidly pubescent...............+2+2+--+++++++- 66

Abdomen subglobose or subovate, clothed with a rigid white pubescence.
Pronotum large, conical; antennz strongly compressed, broad; wings wanting or poorly de-
oped, not extending to middle of abdomen..............................- Mira Schellenberg.
Pronotum not large; antenne simple, neither compressed nor broad.
Head, seen from in front, much longer than wide; marginal vein not short; antennz long,
the flagellum subclavate, clothed with a soft, dense pubescence. Sphzropisthus Thomson.
Head, seen from in front, not longer than wide; marginal vein very short, the postmargi-
nal vein longer than the stigmal ; flagellum filiform, the joints nearly thrice as long as thick.
Chestomorpha Ashmead.
Head not or less distinctly lenticular, opaque, minutely, closely punctate, shagreened, or smooth and

shining, at the most with only a few large pumctures....-. 2.5.2.0... cece ewer eee ee ess-s--se. 10

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 307

Head transversely broad, always lenticular, the scrobes short, the punctures large, thimble-like ; hind
wings with the costal cell usually extending to the hooklets.
Marginal vein rarely short, at least longer than thick, and usually much longer ; mesonotum
smooth, impunctate, or at most shagreened.. OY sveureatoeieiors eieisticictsintantannemtieses sissies OS
Marginal vein very short, punctiform, not or Seb y longer than thick ; mesonotum punctate.
Mesonotum with the punctuation unlike that of the head, the punctures less dense and
the surface finely coriaceous ; postmarginal and stigmal veins short, subequal...... 67
Mesonotum with the punctuation similar to that of the head ; postmarginal vein very short
or subobsolete (rarely long), the stigmal vein long.

Scape normal, without a leaf-like expansion beneath.

Punctures on head and thorax coarse and dense.

Mesonotum very short, only about half the length of the scutellum ; post-
marginal vein usually as long as the stigmal ; flagellum long, with long
sparse hairs, not arranged in half whorls..........Chalcaspis Howard.

Mesonotum at least as long as the scutellum or very nearly ; postmarginal
vein much shorter than the stigmal; flagellum with funicle joints sub-
excised at apex, with half whorls of long hairs.

Bothriothorax Ratzeburg.
Punctures on head and thorax small and less dense ; mesonotum a little
longer than the scutellum.............................Aratus Howard.
67. Vertex and face broad, finely shagreened, and sparsely punctate ; scrobes deep, semicircular.
Pedicel obconical, longer than thick at apex, the flagellum subclavate, the joints, after the first,
BV ACeTaC har nn Onn Memmi rie tear mnt anw wes ear etree) cen sters con emvelicus Howard.
Pedicel very minute, the flagellum filiform, pilose, the joints subequate, about two and one half
Gimestacp Orledasithi Cae ene EEE Teen nanan ek. ty aac. aes blepy lus Howard,
Vertex and face very narrow, or not broad.
Head with coarse thimble-like punctures, the thorax smooth, impunctate ; flagellum short,
thick, filiform, clothed with a dense short pubescence, the joints wider than long.
Aanasius Walker.
Head smooth without coarse thimble-like punctures, at the most with some sparse punctures
on the vertex ; flagellum long, subclavate, not thick and only sparsely pubescent.
Euryrhopalus Howard.
Com Mareinal veinather long rarely shorter thamthe stigmall,.....02-4-e.+2800:2+-+-++0->5---+----- 69
Marginal vein rarely more than twice as long as thick ; head with rather sparse, scattered, umbilicate
punctures, the scutellum a little longer than the mesonotum.
’ Head not wider than the thorax between the wings ; flagellum not short, filiform, and clothed
with rather short sparse hairs, the funicle joints longer than wide, the first a little the longest.
Hemencyrtus Ashmead.
Head wider than the thorax between the wings; flagellum short, strongly clavate, as in the
female ; the club large and longer than the funicle, the joints of the latter minute, annular.
Coccophoctonus Ashmead.
69. Mesonotum as long as the scutellum or nearly, rarely somewhat shorter, the surface finely shagreened,
at most with some feebly defined sparse punctures ; marginal vein shorter than the stigmal, the lat-
ter not very short; flagellum filiform, pilose, the funicle joints about twice as long as thick; eyes
DMC Meret cre Sh WS nts ee slsc Grek Sonne Oe me celslcas. wicven aw vepce oe sete © ok RENOdIscus Forster:

308 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Mesonotum much shorter than the scutellum, finely delicately shagreened or rugulose, especially ante-
riorly ; marginal vein a little longer than the stigmal; flagellum subclavate, densely pubescent, the
funicle joints 2-6 not longer than thick, if anything a little wider than long; eyes pubescent.

Rhytidothorax Ashmead.
70. Antenne inserted near the mouth border or far below the middle of the face. o Sean aabaecte eect

Antenne inserted on or a little above the middle of the face.

Frons subconvex, somewhat coarsely and closely punctate ; thorax rather coarsely shagreened
or finely rugulose ; scape not extending beyond ocelli; front wings with the marginal, post-
marginal and stigmal veins long, subequal.......................... Lanaoneura Howard.

Frons highly convex, smooth and polished, as is also the thorax; scape long, extending far
beyond the ocelli; front wings with the marginal, postmarginal and stigmal veins rather
short, the marginal thickened with a fuscous cloud or band beneath ; flagellum with six long
Diamches).-.. 5. 5..je cc sei) aiensrenecataiay otal'e onset ors nein ee aerate ie eee we Le OC adie As mnie tds

7 Antennee wath the funicle 25) 3- 4-01 o-joimbed sn. 4044 -oeeeaiee aaa tiles a eeeneeOo

Antennee with the funicle 6-jointed (in a single case 2-jointed).

Metathorax bare, or with the lateral ridges superiorly alone pilose. ..................-... 40

Metathorax with the pleura and the lateral ridges always clothed with a dense silvery pubes-
cence; body*rather robust, (5.00. cess cs ay- sie amused ceeds pera pen SEE OTe Oe em

72. Antenne unlike those of the female, filiform, pilose, or with whorls of hairs, or the funicle joints den-
tate or subpedunculate, with whorls or fascicles of hairs... .... 0... 06.0 ce cece cesses sseescccees (0

Antenne similar to those of the female, filiform or at most rn the alah conical, strongly
obliquely truncate from beneath, often white, the scape cylindrical, not at all dilated ; front wings
usually with a discoidal fuscous cloud or macula.

Marginal vein not punctiform, although short, the stigmal and postmarginal veins long, very
ImUe Helome creat hame bie Tila ccan(e) eee ee eee eee eee . Homalotylus Mayr.

Marginal vein punctiform, the Stel vein long, Ne tue cal vein not developed or
WAM G5 6.10 ara e ieis.aes aby oso arate Sueno ae a eee ene ceine LSOGLOMUSHELOwaras

73. Marginal and postmarginal veins not very short, the former usually a little longer than the stigmal,
rarely somewhat shorter.

Thorax without white lunule before the tegule........ 2.0... 0. ee cee ce ee ee ee ee sees seces 14

Thorax, with white lunule, or at least a dot, before the tegule......... Cerchysius Westwood.

74. Hind wings, with the costal cell short and narrow.

Antenne long; the flagellum long, cylindrical, clothed with long, sparse hairs; the funicle
joints nee wa cAllnie, ¢ lvls Maid alors « socccbs nia voles ait ee Se eee Ce DULOD HM OLUGREIOR SUL

Hind wings with the costal cell broad and extending as far as the hooklets. ... Eehthroplexis Forster.

75. Head with the frons prominent, the face inflexed; antenne frequently compressed, dilated, broad ;
front wings usually with fuscous rays or fuscous with white tips, more rarely hyaline ; sometimes
apterous or subapterous ; marginal vein usually somewhat thickened, oblong, very rarely much longer
or much shorter than the stigmal, the postmarginal frequently wanting........................ 83

Head, as seen from the side, with the frons not prominent; wings most frequently hyaline, although
sometimes with transverse fuscous bands or fuscous with white bands.

Marginal vein not short, punctiform, but rarely Jonger than the stigmal, always more than
twice longer than thick, the postmarginal most frequently well developed, rarely somewhat
shortertham the tmargimall \ coo oie ose sate, ore sinters Oreo Tora Re IEEE ocr eos eR

Marginal vein very short, punctiform, rarely longer than thick, the stigmal from two and a half

to three times or more longer than the marginal; the postmarginal wanting or very short,

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 309

‘ not well developed, scape slender or at most subclavate, never dilated ; frons usually rather
narrow, the eyes, as seen from in front, slightly converging above..
Scape slender, or at most subclavate ; frons rather narrow . Ren eraMret te wyecacieusrayenoe. (U0
Scape and flagellum abnormally compressed and broad, the funicle joints 1 to 4 (aiden
than long.......................Mirocerus Ashmead, n. g. (type M. peyele Ashm.).
(76. Flagellum with the hairs on the funicle joints not arranged in half whorls.
Lateral ocelli touching the eye margin ; flagellum with long hairs.
HKyes bare; postmarginal vein not developed or so slightly developed as not to be con-
Sidere dee ay een ae. Seems WONG ee oe ee woes oes e ao QOeNeyrtus. Ashmead,
Hyes pubescent ; postmarginal vein as long as the marginal..Ageniaspis Dahlbom (part).

Lateral ocelli not close to the eye margin ; postmarginal vein somewhat developed; flagellum

fliOnM), withya short pubescence. ..): .24. 4.425505 .4.62-25- . .Psyllephagus Ashmead.
Flagellum with the hairs on the funicle ae arranged in half Peers : se aGuerideneeiins Ashmead.
ipa Specresmne talilicronss pinnae taller aewen filed tk Ne ete ce ee ne tte Se ooevcs ve daneseae s. 2S

Species not metallic; head and thorax opaque or subopaque, alutaceous, closely microscopically punc-
tate or shagreened, and pubescent.
Postmarginal vein present.

Pedical longer than the first joint of funicle ; flagellum clothed with hairs, the funicle
joints, except the first two or three joints, not or scarcely longer than thick.

Aphycus Mayr.

Pedicel very short; flagellum elongate, the club only slightly enlarged, the funicle joints
elongate, cylindrical, and clothed with sparse, long hairs... .Heterarthrellus Howard.

Postmarginal vein wanting.

Pedicel as long as the first funicle joint ; flagellum subclayvate, the club not quite so long
as funicle joints 4-6 united, first joint of funicle the longest, the following gradually
shortening, clothed with a short, rather dense pubescence......Astymachus Howard.

78. Thorax without a scaly pubescence, and without white lunulze before the tegule. esa soeaa boca cio.
Thorax with a scaly pubescence, and with white lunule before the tegule.
Flagellum elongate, the funicle joints long, excised or subexcised at apex with whorls of long
eA Presper ae ee eter ee mes eee ne re ta tien ra Neate he ws Sete lastobhrix Mayi.
79. Scape normal, not expanded or dilated beneath, at the most subclavate ; wings hyaline .......... 80
Scape usually dilated or expanded beneath, or at least with a carina, rarely simple, unlike the female ;
wings fuscous or subfuscous, with transverse hyaline bands, rarely hyaline.
Thorax smooth but microscopically coriaceous, with sparse punctures scattered over the surface ;
frons with a series of punctures, especially on the orbits...............Microterys Thomson.
80. Thorax finely coriaceous, subopaque, without punctures scattered ‘over the surface ; frons punctate ;
scutellum with a delicate impressed median line ; wings pubescent, with an oblique hairless line
from base of stigmal vein ; flagellum subfiliform, clothed with a short, dense pubescence, the funicle
joints a little wider tham long...........................-.-.--.........Holcencyrtus Ashmead.
Thorax smooth, impunctate, or at the most microscopically reticulate, or with fine longitudinal strize
on the mesonotum.
Mesonotum smooth, impunctate, or at the most microscopically reticulate................. 81
Mesonotum with fine longitudinal striez.
Stigmal vein scarcely longer than the marginal, the postmarginal vein longer than the
marginal and stigmal veins united ; eyes pubescent.............Ageniaspis Dahlbom.

310 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

81. Stigmal vein very short, not or scarcely so long as the marginal and postmarginal veins united ; axillee

meet at their inner basal anglest2: 70). lasctncoecn tees ae ctser eee ee ee

Stigmal vein much longer than the marginal, as fone or longer than the marginal and postmaginal
veins united ; axillee do not quite meet at their inner basal angles.

Antenne with the scape rather short and stout, not reaching to the front ocelli, the flagellum
elongate filiform, clothed with sparse moderately long hairs, the funicle joints about thrice as
longyas thick, or mearlys.j). 42002. se ae oe ee ee eee eee escudencyniussAchmeande

Antenne with the scape long, slender, reaching to or beyond the front ocellus, the flagellum elon-
gate filiform, the funicle joints more than twice longer than wide, with long sparse hairs ; scutel-

lum shagreened or striate. , aie Ghetevey clo musiae eilera Oe oe aenetteree . .Microterys houses (part).
82. Stigmal vein not longer than the mar anal nl oii Soa veins ania usually distinctly shorter,
the postmarginal very short, or shorter than the stigmal.................. .Epiencyrtus Ashmead.

Antenne with the scape short, not extending beyond the middle of the face, the flagellum fili-
form, sparsely pilose, the funicle joints about two and a half times as long as thick ; lateral
ocelli about or nearly twice their width from the eye margin.......Syrphophagus Ashmead.

Stigmal vein very short, not so long as the marginal and postmaginal united, the former being not more
than or hardly twice as long as thick, the postmarginal never well developed, although acuminate
and longer than the short marginal.

Flagellum filiform, pilose, the joints of funicle about twice as long as thick ; lateral ocelli

at least their width from eye margin............................Aphidencyrtus Ashmead.

$3: Scutellum) neither trangular nor acute atrapexs a. sas ee asia ere eee ee ee een
Scutellum triangular, acute at apex.

Antenne simple, subfiliform, pubescent................--...-----------Choreia Westwood.

845 Punicles6-jointed) 0554 Wie Line Se oe ie ee Oe ee a Eee ae ees

Funicle 2-jointed, the club unusually long ana iganon (teste Meee .......Habrolepis Forster.

85. Head with vertex antero-posteriorly broad, the face much inflexed, the frons regularly punctate ; an-

tennze with the scape and flagellum usually strongly compressed, broad ; wings fuscous or with fus-

cous rays. rr es A mer N Renn aa Me no a aA oo os GEC oa} . 86
Head mies semiglobose, the ea less aistaretly inflexed, tits re ee forming a semicircle ;

antennee simple, filiform, the joints long, cylindrical, distinctly separated and hairy, rarely slightly

compressed ; wings usually fusco-radiate or partly fuscous, rarely entirely hyaline.

Scape elongate, extending to or beyond the front ocellus, the flagellum very long, clothed

with rather long hairs. 2... qa). se cee sence ee acne emer CHCHODEUTUSR\\estniOOnle

86. Wings fuscous, with narrow white tips. . sls enletidie (elk capapeutan ee seat ee saa uar recat Pe 5 Sul

Wings hyaline, the marginal vein rather er stout, as long as the stigmal vein, the latter not short,

the postmarginal not developed ; antennz long, filiform, the flagellum with sparse moderately long

hairs ; funicle joints 1-6 constricted at apex or subpedunculate, somewhat similar to the male in

.. .Cerapterocerus Westwood.

Un YytOMa® sneak gaan. ast oho ete eters
87. Marginal vein shorter than the stigmal.. . 88
Marginal vein longer than the stigmal.
Facial impression not bounded by a distinct carina superiorly............ Husemion Dahlbom.

88. Facial impression and scrobes deep, bounded by a high carina superiorly.
Scutellum with a tuft of bristles; stigmal and postmarginal veins very long.
Chrysoplatycerus Ashmead.
Scutellum without a tuft of bristles ; stigmal and postmarginal veins not long. Anicetus Howard.

Facial impression not bounded by a carina superiorly........................ Zarhopalus Ashmead.
’

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Sula

89. Antennee 10-jointed, with a 5-jointed funicle....................................Metallon Walker.
Antenne 9 jointed, the funicle 4-jointed. . RONPa ap siisr's ae lay secs anes ouencveee esis, Brerae .Corcobelus Walker.
Antennee 6-jointed, the funicle Bionied Spans aaa-vhdete Cobde SENG erste NGoceattus Ratzeburg.

Antenne 5-jointed, the funicle 2-jointed, the eat catcaily long and each ie ..Habrolepis Forster.

TriBeE IV. Arrhenophagini.
In this tribe the mandibles are acutely pointed, or conical, and edentate ; tarsi
4 or 5-jointed, while the marginal vein, in the front wings, is wanting or puncti-
form, the postmarginal vein being absent. ‘The stigmal vein is sometimes present.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Tarsi 4-jointed. .

bo

Tarsi 5-jointed.

Front wings with the marginal vein punctiform, the postmarginal wanting, the stigmal vein
rather short and curved; 9 with 10-jointed antenne, the funicle 5-jointed, joints 1-3 small,
wider than long; ovipositor exserted........Rhopoideus Howard (type R. citrinus How.).

2. Front wings with the marginal and stigmal veins wanting, the subcostal vein not quite attaining the

costal edge and ending in a stigma; 2 with 3-jointed antenne, ¢ with 9-jointed antenne.
Arrhenophagus Aurivillius (type A. chionaspidis Auriv.).

SUBFAMILY III. Sre@nrpHoriInZ#.

1894. Signiphorine, Subfamily, Howard, Ins. Life, VI., p. 234.
1897. Signiphorine, Subfamily III., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p.
~ 248.

This subfamily was established by Dr. L. O. Howard, in 1894, and was based
upon my genus Signaphora, described in 1880, from specimens bred in Florida from
the purple scale, Aspidiotus citricola Packard. Many species have since been dis-
covered from different parts of the world, and the group, although at present rep-
resented by a single genus, has evidently a wide distribution. The species destroy
scale insects, Coccidx, and the mealy-winged flies, Alewrodide.

Antenne apparently 3-jointed but in reality 6-jointed, there being 3 minute ring-joints easily overlooked ;
wings with a long marginal fringe, the marginal vein long, about the length of the subcostal vein, sine
stigmal vein distinct but not long, the postmarginal vein absent; middle tibie with a large, lobed
apical spur, and with lateral spurs or strong bristles.

Signiphora Ashmead (type S. flavopalliata Ashm.).

Faminy LXIX. PTEROMALID.
1835. Pteromalidee, Family (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., IT., p. 286.
1840. Pteromalides, Subfamily 3 (partim), Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Insect, IT.,
JO; WOO 8 ISyMoyo., Jo. OL
1846. Spalangiide, Family 7 (partim), Walker, List. Chale. Brit. Museum, I., p. 23.
1846. Pteromalide, Family 8 (partim), Walker, opws cit., p. 23.

BY MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

1856. Ormoceroidee, Family XV. (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., p. 59.

1856. Pteromaioide, Familie 16 (partim), Forster, opus cit., pp. 19, 25 and 68.

1875. Pteromalina Tribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 12 and 217.

1886. Pteromaline, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., L., p. 198.

1897. Pteromalide, Family LXIX., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p.
246.

This is the largest and most difficult family to classify of all of the families of the
superfamily Chalcidoidea. It comes nearest to the family Miscogasteridx, and is
separated from it by a single character — the tibial spurs of the hind legs. In this
family the hind tibize have one apical spur, in the Jhscogasteridx two.

Six subfamilies have been recognized, and these are again divided into tribes.
The subfamilies may be recognized by the aid of the following table:

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIKS.

1, Abdomen sessile or subsesdilé:.. |.05. .ccnaddeens esta oon eee ese ee
Abdomen distinctly petiolate. . paves 0 Te Sls wield is -osb leider RR eee ties Beutel eee al eee eee ee
2. Metanotum without spiracular aiid and usually without ee folds... 5 recta Miciebeaslue ay samerelees eee EO

Metanotum with spiracular sulci, always present, the lateral folds also Bresene sinionel sometimes incom-
plete, the median carina usually more or less distinct, rarely absent ; antennze 12 to 13-jointed.
Subfamily I. PrEROMALINZ.
3. Head normal, not especially wide ; antennze 12 to 13-jointed ; scutellum of normal size; hind angles of
Mebanotum NOUMAEA sr wise wep ele ae ein wpa relete eyed ead sree eee ete oe Neeser cted siete UN Oe na ya LVAD ESN
Head very wide, much wider than the thorax, lenticular; antennz 6 to 10-jointed, inserted near the
mouth border ; scutellum large; hind angles of metanotum acute........ Subfamily III. HuNoTINz.
4. Front wings with the marginal vein very long, the costal cell very narrow ; head transverse, convex
PH eos Ae ea are ne emerge Stic aes civcd O6.d0 nto cco Oo. cbaotb ge aldo ooodem &
Front wings with the marginal vein not especially long, often short and thick, the costal cell rarely nar-
row ; if very narrow the head is oblong; apterous forms not uncommon ........................ 9
5. Head eee from in front short or rounded, the occipital line incomplete ; antennee 9 to ols gomited!
Subfamily IV. SPHEGIGASTERINZ.
Head viewed from in front oblong, the occipital line complete ; antennze 8 to 12-jointed.
Subfamily V. SPALANGIINZ.
6. Mesonotum rather long; head in front convex; antennez 13-jointed, the scape long, reaching beyond
iit) 0 ae ee nee aces Gnlogeo as bo ooo vo oSMOCaihn Wk IDO umn,

SUBFAMILY J. PTEROMALINA.
1897. Pteromaline, Subfamily II., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p.
236.
1900. Pteromaline, Subfamily II., Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXIII, p.
248.
The sessile, not distinctly petiolate, abdomen separates this group from the Sphe-
gigasterine, Spalangiine and the Diparinx, while the shape of the head, scutellum,

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 313

metathorax and the greater number of joints in the antenne readily separate it from
the Huwnotine.

Large subfamilies, I think, should be separated into tribes, in order to facilitate
quicker the recognition of genera and to show better their affinities.

I have, therefore, recognized four tribes, based upon the number of teeth in the

mandibles.
TABLE OF TRIBES.
il, IBOUn mE SIES: Oe S-CRUUENE. o 05 66 anna eenUue Gombe od coo bee bao rodeos s ane oomcote Moa omer
Botla mayachioles S-Clomienie, .s000cccnccnonebonseooncsunconucuscno dag udconaud ollie Jia Miley oxo aunaMl,
2. Left mandible 3-dentate, the right 4-dentate.

Antennee inserted on or near the middle of the face, always above an imaginary line drawn

ROA UNS ASS OF Woe GQeSsccco nc 00accane adsascseccn cous ccondccoccn alms UL, Ixeyolawelibaul.

Antennee inserted far below the middle of the face, on or below an imaginary line drawn from

GhYeH DAS CROLMUNC REV eSm meee ener ee ene cine tan re ae ese oe canbe Ihe © Mutelini:
Biothemeandibles 4 -dentavenaeemersae ees ar ee irae erat eae ribemaVE skteromalint:

TrisBe I. Metaponina.

The three dentate mandibles distinguish the tribe. All of the species, so far as
the records go, with a single exception, are parasites of coleopterous larve.

TABLE OF GENERA.
HBL Senne Meee eee Wa Porote fips Poeis sienln of Wieted Mieideias ele aKa aad Sake Sa Ghadcelgelesiae saws en Oo
NEMS u's ogten ae Be we eerie Se vaniuash Sih 6 ul aie oS cue en caM takes Cree eran ee eee Pa
2. Head triangular, narrowed towards the mouth, eyes large, rounded, convex ; presternum large, meso-
sternal furrow distinct ; metathoracic spiracles rounded, remote from the postscutellum ... ane

Head not triangular, viewed from in front, more rounded, very slightly wider than long ;

g@; eyes ob-

long-oval or oval; presternum not large; mesosternal furrow not distinct; vertex broad; meta-
CHOTAcierspiInaclesmmObmOUMN Media sete ey ccc een esree- nay cimacicla ne stances Give seta edness wears necere O
SMV exeT OUFA CH Teme Giiailll veunmiel weer ere a reniara WPera cj cealdn acl empe tae ee ohne Eeaiaea teva oclee come A
Vertex broad, acute medially, the frons impressed.
Abdomen conically pointed........................ Etroxys Westwood (E. scenicus Westw.).
4, First joint of funicle large, fully twice as long as thick.
Holczeus Thomson (type Htroxys dichrous Dalm.).
First joint of funicle small, not or hardly 13 times as long as thick.
Cricellius Thomson (type C. decipiens Thoms.).
Ry. Chinly oF arnGenmes mat WMG ou, oned pou oe one ooo cs ere Boa ooo Octn Oe Ice Orinkndiacesray aicraric ras aay
Club of antennz white or yellowish.

Metathorax short, with a small subglobose neck, punctate, the spiracles small, rounded ; head
transverse, wider than the thorax; antenne inserted near the middle of the face, the flagel-
lum subfiliform, the first joint of the funicle the largest.

Chrysoglyphe Ashmead (type C. apicalis Ashm.).
GaeAnitenniacmuchythtickenedltowandeapexs clayatescnmacne satis dees cae ss sess + esc e- 72... LO
Antenne not much thickened toward apex, filiform or at most subclavate ..................-52... 7

314 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

7. Hind coxe not small, the posterior margin at base hairy ; abdomen not rotund.. ................. .8

Hind coxe small, subovate, the posterior margin at base not hairy ; abdomen rotund ; head large,

wider than the thorax........................-Dirhicnus Thomson (type D. subcwruleus Thoms.).

8. Antenne with three- ring-jommlss. 7 sccs wlonacele ae are scene eka ia etude Eee MEER
Antenne with fwo ring-joints.

Collar not distinctly separated ; flagellum filiform, the pedicel obconical, shorter than the first
joint of the funicle ; metathorax not short, punctate, with a median carina, the spiracles oval ;
abdomen elongate, longer than the thorax ....Stinoplus Thomson (type LE. militaris Thoms.).

Collar narrowed medially ; flagellum filiform, the pedicel small, a little longer than thick ; meta-
thorax without a median carina, the spiracle oval ; abdomen elongate, pointed toward apex,
and longer than the head and thorax........Spintherus Thomson (type S. obscurus Thoms.).

9. Pronotum as wide as the mesonotum, distinctly separated, and with the anterior margin acute ; meta-
thorax short, punctate, with a small globose neck and without a median or transverse carina, the
spiracles subreniform ; flagellum. subfiliform, hardly thickened towards apex; abdomen ovate,
hardly longer than the thorax; marginal vein not longer than the stigmal vein.

Bruchobius Ashmead, g. noy. (type B. laticeps Ashm.).
Pronotum narrower than the mesonotum, the anterior margin not acute ; metathorax with a subglo-
bose neck, punctate, and with usually median and transverse carinee or at least with one or the

other present, the spiracles oval or ellipsoidal, not reniform ; flagellum filiform or subfiliform.
Metanotum with a transverse carina near the base, the median carina wholly absent ; mar-

ginal vein long, a little more than twice the length of the stigmal vein.

Lophocomodia Ashmead (type ZL. americana Ashm.).
Metanotum with transverse and median carinz present ; marginal vein not long, not or hardly
longer than the'stiemiall vel. v.25 /e-aeeae aan Melee a ics ee ae SLLOCeT a aNyallie te
= Hupsilocera Westwood = Dichalysis Forster (type P. obscura Walk.).

10. Flagellum with three ring-joints ; scutellum normal; metathorax with the median and transverse car-
inze usually present although sometimes the transverse fold is vaguely defined or absent, the spiracle
oval ; abdomen subcompressed beneath toward apex, the hypopygium prominent.

Metapon Walker (type M. atrwm Walker).

Flagellum with two ring-joints ; scutellum hardly elevated and produced into a blunt conical spine

posteriorly ; metathorax with median and transverse caring present, the spiracles large, elongate
oval; abdomen compressed, the hypopygium prominent, plowshare-shaped.

Acanthometapon Ashmead, g. noy. (type A. clavicornis Ashm.).

11. Head triangular, narrowed towards the mouth ; eyes large, rounded, or oblong-oval, convex ; prester-
num large; mesosternal furrows distinct ; metathoracic spiracles rounded, remote from the post-
Ovi UL ee ew Le nen nn col do masconooubaabobocmos noses oo. LY

Head not triangular, viewed from in front more rounded, usually very slightly wider than long; eyes
oblong-oval or oval; presternum not large; mesosternal furrow not distinct ; vertex broad ; meta-
thoracic spiracles (fey iis (0) 50000 KC ae eer ore oat st ielatolr Furano ame cox acme do boo te oe ales

1:2. Vertex mot acute ware diel ys 2 sax. ays cove. cetestes as stearate cesceeroneeteua hos csr cWcre eaten Area airs Seer ca nage om ree see NG Seen cree are OLS

Vertex broad, acute medially ; antennze long, the flagellum filiform, the funicle joints long.
Etroxys Westwood.

13. Antennze subclavate ; metathoracic spiracles small, round.......................Holezeus Thomson.
Antenne filiform ; metathoracic spiracles oval, or not round....................Cricellius Thomson.
IAL, “Adio Gyr EhaUMMOES NOW WOU so oo oo pagnnn 0046 Gano DD oD ea dGaNDODO GOOD AO OOUE .. 15

Miplof antennenwhiteanaee ee eee aaeeeeeiete eiteenie eticioeeeeeene CLL SOL DiewAshmends

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES BilD

Hind coxee not small, the hind margin towards base hairy....................2...0-2--+--2---. 16
Hind coxee small, the hind margin not hairy..................................Dirhicnus Thomson.
ANTIBES WILD, VOD THROM oo ao bao deooe nda ceaocs Caer e ec ce mod Gclocied.o0 OS Oc mica cack! UC
PAE rInce MWA Une eMTINo=] OMMLSeaeeN eels uss eves oicu ciel eb elects) ai) sinvereleteneselcelatelels ¢ sles eile eepeinine. eee ete 18
Scutellum posteriorly highly Serie and a area into a spine..........Acanthometapon Ashmead.
Scutellum normal, not spined.

Callarmnotdistinetlysseparateds. qe ce leit: cele 6) |). eyes 2 LLNODLUS ‘Thomson.

Collarmarrowedmmedialliyann-meanasdeenicncee eer cereale eS Pllbherus ihomson.
Eonopminoy broadsmarrower thanthe mesonotum.9.4....5....4+4524el0.sas2+-cosdee-ss. <2... 19
Pronotum broad, as wide as the mesonotum. SNaraeoyino aisiest: ake we eal oamtianet BBnicuoniie Ashmead.

Flagellum filiform, the joints cylindrical, those of ae funicle very briefly pedicellate, hairy but not
BRST Calla LC yeaa eae eee Hite JP scala Uoycas vats, oista cpa relniedale i ancient is a cheis «ci hisl AS aes aeaWeie gees 20)
Flagellum filiform, the joints of the funicle nodose-verticillate.

Metanotum without a median carina; marginal vein more than twice the length of the stigmal

ICU ee a eae ee A aiew te ny eden eee tiated ae ces. wi. Se rp OPHOComodia Ashmead.

Metanotum with a median carina; marginal vein not or only a little longer than the stigmal

vein. er for reese siete hte elie cee em eee ae eso ners. ob SHlocera, Walker,
Metathorax with the median and transverse carinz sere present, the spir wae Bea

Metapon Walker.

Tre Il. Rhaphitelvm.

In this tribe the left mandible is 3-dentate, the right 4-dentate, as in the tribe

Kutelim, from which it is, however, easily distinguished by the insertion of the an-
tennee ; these are inserted on or near the middle of the face, and not low down, near
the mouth border, as in the Hutelini.

TABLE OF GENERA.

pee CALE espe cae 7 wreetaraia au syaesta als 0) s/o ois iouivisieslevcie Ginwisi ee Fis de @oaae cee os ce tclew ce dele tedlag ea wane eens. 2
WINES oo ge Bbiced iD DAO EA Sener SesBOrEe C8 thced OO SIE, CR IO CROC SEO ree eRe ca ae ie an oe a
- ROM Kono, Comsiclemlaghy syyallllem, 6550000000050 0000000000 005055000000 00 guUo uu duno ddcauaoDsoD ©
Front femora normal.
. Metathorax with a median carina and with the lateral folds complete, rarely abbreviated, the spiracles
small, rounded or broadly oval, and lying close to the postscutellar fold.
Marginal vein in front wings thickened...........
Mearoinaleveimingirontawines monmaleslendernma wdaeece oe ade se iede joes ae acsaee cen fl
Antennae wilh mimes |oMts small transverse Ol aumUlaty. ......csce6- eee sea es wees ecls cece ees. O
Antenne with the ring-joints large, not transvcise.
Front coxe cylindrical ; knob of stigmal club obsolete ................ .Pandelus Forster
j ape asinine flavipes Forst.).
ae Wetanonnummtucty tolds sandiammnediany carinastr etter ce ee aici eric ieiesiee en ace ccna O
Metanotum smooth, without folds.
Stigmal and postmarginal veins short ; abdomen conic-ovate, keeled beneath ; last joint of an-
tenn normal............................ Metacolus Forster (type M. wnifasciatus Forst.).
. Stigmal vein longer than the marginal ; last joint of the antenne stylate ; abdomen ovate, depressed,

not keeled beneath..............................haphiteles Walker (type R. maculatus Walk.).

316 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

de

10.

il.

13.

14.

15.

16.

WY,

Stigmal club, or knob, small ; front margin of pronotum rounded ; metanotum with a median carina,
the lateral tolds usually wanting, orimcompletes. eee) ee eo meen eee eee eens
Stigmal club very large ; front margin of pronotum sharp; metanotum with the lateral folds usually
completes. 20... .2 ste. ae oe on oe ce ee ceee ee eeee sae oe es Dinotus Horster (Gype 2) brdentulusphlorsis):

. Marginal vein at least thrice as long as the stigmal vein ; clypeus anteriorly bidentate ; metathorax

impunctate, with a median carina............ Rhopalicus Forster (type Cleonymus maculifer Forst.).

. Clypeus at apex unarmed, either truncate, sinuate or incised.............. 0.0.2 ce ee cece voce cere 10

Clypeus at apex armed with a median tooth.
Thorax long, the pronotum with the front margin acute, laterally dilated, the metathorax with
short folds. ........................... stenomalus Thomson (type S. crassicornis Thoms.).
Stigmal vein ending in a small or median sized knob or club.......................-.+.+.+..--- Ll
Stigmal vein ending in a large knob or club.
Metathorax short and usually with a transverse carina ; clypeus incised at apex medially ;
mesepisternum extending to the coxe...... Cecidostiba Thomson (type C. rugifrons Thoms.).
Metathorax not short, usually with a fold and often also with a transverse carina; head and
thorax usually with rigid pubescence........Cznacis Thomson (type C. grandiclava Thoms.).

First joint of the flagellum always longer than the pedicel, or of an equal length.................. 12
First joint of the flagellum always shorter than the pedicel.....................0.2202-22-----. 18

. Pronotum broad, the upper front margin rounded; scutellum with a cross-furrow before apex ;

abdomen conic-ovate, the second segment usually the largest, the third very short, segments 4-7
more than twice longer than the third, subequal, or very slightly increasing in length ; marginal vein
usually a little thicker at base than at apex..Habrocytus Thomson (type Pteromalus albipennis Walk.).
Pedicel as long as the ring-joints and the first two joints of the funicle united ; metathorax produced
into a subglobose neck, the lateral folds distinct, the spiracles large, subreniform ; abdomen ovate.
Mormoniella Ashmead, g. nov. (type MW. brevicornis Ashm.).

Hrontitemoralconsiderabllyiswolllenhessaee eccrine Ge eerie eee eee eee eee ©
Front: femora, monmial,,. 05.1. (oie ois aaveregeloe crate oles eee ea eR VneD aI) oo Reena race tae eet eee
*Marginal vein inl front wanes thickened, emma ye neem teueracre ae catertecasreeiseet (ote Stes eves oer
Marginal vein in front. wines:slender. i.e «2104 aoe eee tne eee eee
Antenne with the ring-joints small, Phi) Ch ae een Mere be Ort sts SOR a an aoridc ches ac a4 a0
Antenne with the ring-joints Jarge, not annular......................-.-.----.--bandelus Forster.
Metanotum smooth, without folds ; stigmal and postmarginal veins short.......... Metacolus Forster.

Metanotum with folds and a median carina ; stigmal vein longer than the marginal.
Rhaphiteles Walker.

. Stigmal clubsor knob small... i225 dal oo ote seine ie eee OEP eT rere mee,
Stigma! club very large ; front margin of pronotum acute .........................Dinotus Forster.
. Marginal vein very long; clypeus anteriorly bidentate......................... Rhopalicus Forster.
» Clypeusiat apex unarmed, truncate. simulate or incised an see er area iee neers ee trea
Clypeus at apex armed with a median tooth.......................+.+.....--svenomalus Thomson.
) Stismalivem endings allarce knobs. saseee sees aaaee eee eee ree eee cera
Stigmal vein ending in a small or moderate sized club. ..............-. eee ee ee ee eee tere sees OO

2. Clypeus at apex incised medially ; metathorax short and usually with a transverse carina.

Cecidostiba Thomson.
Clypeus not incised ; metathorax not short, usually with a fold and often also with a transverse carina ;
head and thorax usually with rigid bristles....................++--+--++-.-... Cxenacis Thomson.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES oleh

23. Pronotum broad, the front margin acute; metathoracic spiracles oval or oblong; first joint of the

funicle always longer than the pedicel........................+.+++---...-.-Habrocytus Thomson.
Pronotum not broad, the front margin not acute ; first joint of the funicle much shorter than the pedi-
Ce ee ee ee er eee ele yo ere ayss darsieee qe sige ova trad ss as.e0 oo 5 +tdkormoniella, Ashmead.

Tripe III. Hutelina.

In its mandibular characters this tribe agrees with the Rhaphitelim, and is easily
confused with the latter; but the antenne are inserted differently, always low down
on the face, usually close to the clypeus, on or below an imaginary line drawn from
the base of the eyes.

The species falling in this group differ also in habits since they attack dipterous
gall-makers, Cecidomycide, etc.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Females. . So CBO G0. CDSE SUED Bot AUS OG BLE GoD REIS ECE ERE RCE UL TCN Br SE ORIEL Oc ee era eee Tie eee
Males. seis 5 Bs Bib AO TO OCR eo CREO EEE a ER ee a et ee
2. RENCE tierce letowan folds. Ste Ens Bit: Geek Osa SNORE OI OTH ESE UL RO OENT LR SPIER Ene OE tee eRe 5

Metathorax without lateral folds.
Marginal vein not or only a little longer than the stigmal vein ; metathorax long ; first joint of
the flagellum short.
Antenne inserted on an imaginary line drawn from the base of the eyes; abdomen not
compressed, the ventral valve normal. Amblymerus Walker (type A. dubius Walk.).
Antenne inserted just above the clypeus, below such an imaginary line ; abdomen com-
pressed, the ventral valve prominent..... Psilonotus Walker (type P. adamas Walk.).
3. Thorax short; head with a rather narrow vertex, the ocelli arranged in a very short obtuse angle. . 4
Thorax long ; head with a broad vertex ; ocelli large, in a triangle ; pronotum with the front margin
ACULC Peewee n a rita Sc ieM Ge enya Mem eho ewe aN teeta olan sete Geese oacases O
4. Marginal vein about twice as long as the stigmal vein.......Eutelus Walker (type E. vulgaris Walk.).
Marginal vein not nearly twice as long as the stigmal vein.
Platymesopus Westwood (type P. tibialis Westw.).
5. Abdomen ovate, shorter than the thorax.. Se feie ike ep toianss creraeOCs Ae) cs EE See ae Gayla dnwiredse sO
Abdomen Iong, conically produced, tr Pe elaly compressed or carinate ae
Marginal vein hardly twice as long as the stigmal vein.
Platyterma Walker (type P. nobile Walk.).
Marginal vein nearly thrice as long as the stigmal vein.
Mesopolobus Westwood (type M. fasciiventris Westw.).
6. Marginal vein hardly longer than the stigmal vein; antenne rather short, the flagellum subclavate,
the pedicel long, obconical, the funicle joints wider than long; metathorax not short, with a me-
dian carina, the spiracles oval................Nasonia Ashmead, g. nov. (type N. brevicornis Ashm.).
7. Thorax short ; head with rather a narrow vertex ; ocelli arranged in a very obtuse angle.......... 8
Thorax long; head with a broad vertex ; ocelli large, arranged in a triangle...................... 9
8. Marginal vein about twice as long as the stigmal vein; middle tibiz normal........Butelus Walker.
Marginal vein not nearly twice as long as the stigmal vein ; middle tibie broadly dilated.
Platymesopus Westwood.

318 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

9. Marginal vein short, hardly longer than the stigmal vein............................-.......... 10
Marginal vein from about twice to thrice as long as the stigmal vein.
Marginal vein about twice as long as the stigmal vein; middle tibize normal.
Platyterma Walker.
Marginal vein nearly thrice as long as the stigmal vein ; middle tibiee with a small hirsute lobe
outwardly near the tip . ...........................+.0.-....... .Mesopolopus Westwood.
105 Metathoracie/spiraclesovalleas. sae see oes aeiienoe ee eneniee ce eee eee asOllarANcinoode

Trrpe LV. Pteromaline.
To this tribe belong all species haying both mandibles 4-dentate. It is a large
tribe, with many genera and species, and some are of world-wide distribution.
Pteromalus puparum L. is the commonest and best known of all Chalcidoids, and
is found in every hemisphere; it attacks various lepidopterous insects, Pieris rape,
the cabbage butterfly, being especially subject to its attacks.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Females. oo J ighaletine fe iaea sad waders Beene Une ee ee er OL ee 2
eee een ae rere wna er mn tes Gok binioG oo seebo od oieaon doo gess BU
2. Oceipitallforaminalidepression imnganeine dene yee ne eee rene eee ee eee ee eet

Occipital foraminal depression margined or rimmed.
Metathorax produced into a subglobose neck at apex, the median carina and lateral folds
usually present.
Antenne with 8. ring-joimbtss* 222.52 02. Basco Cee ee ee ee ee ee
Antenne with’ 2 rine=joimblsc... ce Gee. seuss Sore ent ae ee
3. Abdomen with the second segment large, the last segment produced into a long, slender, compressed
stylus resembling an ovipositor.
Metathorax produced into a subglobose neck, punctate and tricarinate, the spiracles small, ob-
long ; metopleural ridge fringed with white hairs.
Belonura Ashmead (type B. singularis Ashm.).
4. Eyes -hairy | antenne clavate, imcrassates cca: euce eee er coats eke ee cea eee ee eee een
ISES \VEAS Ahaleimnes imUboorsIN OP SLOMAN 5 oc oo an accocnsccsonsnboadcabconcngadnocaosoogopave F
5. Abdomen ovate or rotund, the second segment small or never occupying more than half the whole
0 re ern aan oa os aA aaah Gold Sano edcecwcontoaons
Abdomen ovate, the second segment very large, occupying most of the surface, the third very
small ce ee cee oan oe oe SLSOGYRbUS Waller (type T. letus Walk. ? = breviventris Walk.).
6. Abdomen ovate, the second segment occupying at most not more than half the surface, the third not
small, two or more times longer than the fourth ; tibize with rigid bristles; wings sometimes macu-
late, the postmarginal vein always longer than the stigmal.
Urolepis Walker = Halizoa Forster (type Ormocerus maritimus Walk.).
Abdomen rotund; wings immaculate, the postmarginal vein not longer than the stigmal, usually
somewhat shorter.....................Trichoglenes Thomson (type Pleromalus complanatus Ratz.).
7. Abdomen ovate, the second segment occupying not more than one third the surface, the sides more or
less fimbriate ; funicle joints 4-6 a little wider than long, the club subulate.

Trichomalus Thomson (type T. punctinucha Thoms.).

10.

11.

12.

18.

15.

16.

lie

18.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 319

. Metathorax produced at apex into a subglobose neck ; postmarginal vein always longer than the

Metathorax not produced into a subglobose neck at apex, rarely with a small neck; postmarginal

vein very rarely longer than the stigmal, most frequently shorter, or of an equal length........ 21

. Pedicel always distinctly longer than the first funicle joint, more rarely of an equal length; the first

joint of funicle usually the shortest of the funicle joints ; metathoracice spiracles small, round, oval,
lomegovalmorme lin ticalleereer were a rucg a tetra Mere eel crocketnrebas wheabaraiche eis cle oh.be wee nee LO
Pedicel usually shorter than the first joint of the funicle, never longer; the first joint of the funicle
usually the longest of the funicle joints ; metathoracie spiracles large, oblong-oval or elliptical. 18
PNM PemGO ME ACORN Oe ONLSU EN tack re ets .6hs siete dam oe, trees emer aeadeis cia Sera gtemee one ote avamiee LE
AML CINIM ES MwA LMC eee TIN omy OLMbSt acy neieurcrs remorse suserere Rick ccc ole cit nto cabo melee Meese HS ele gn te wn LM
Metathoracic spiracles oblong-oval, the lateral folds and the median carina present.,............. 12
Mie tanhonaciers piraclessio to) one-oval pear en nities ereciereie ricer ie
Abdomen conic-ovate, the third and fourth segments subequal, united as long as the second, the fifth
hardly as long as the fourth or sixth ; flagellum subclavate, the joints of the funicle gradually de-
creasing in length, not transverse ; head wide, the temples oblique but rather broad.
Polyscelis Dalla Torre (type Pteromalus conspersus Walk.).
Abdomen ovate, pointed at apex, depressed above, keeled beneath ; antennee clavate.
Paphagus Walker (type P. side Walk.).
Metathorax with the lateral folds and usually the median carina present ; abdomen ovate, beneath boat-
shaped or carinate ; flagellum clayate or subclavate, the club large, thicker than the funicle.
Meraporus Walker (type MW. graminicola Walk.).
Metathorax with the lateral folds complete, the median carina absent; abdomen short oval, convex
beneath ; flagellum filiform or nearly, not or only slightly thickened towards apex, the joints trans-
verse, the club subulate ; head transverse, the vertex subacute, the temples flat and very narrow.
Endomychobius Ashmead (type EL. flavipes Ashm.).
VIGDENORACTC SOIRNOES OVEN, go ou od op coco cele Tatucao ao ag duce oe Ue codec OO Ccn oeice arma dere ame Lo
Metathoracic spiracles small, rounded.

Metanotum without a median carina ; abdomen conic-ovate, beneath subconvex, the second seg-
ment occupying about one third the whole surface, segments 3-6 subequal, the 7th the long-
est, the 8th conical ; flagellum filiform, or at the most subclavate ; marginal vein long, slightly
thickened, ....................scymnophagus Ashmead, g. noy. (type S. townsendi Ashm.).

Metatho1ax very short, smooth, impunctate, with a median carina; scutellum convexly rounded ; ab-
domen short, oyate, not longer than the thorax, boat-shape beneath, the second segment occupying
one third the surface, the following short, subequal.

Epipteromalus Ashmead, g. noy. (type H. algonquinensis Ashm.).

First two ring-joints minute, equal, smaller than the third ; funicle joints wider than long ; metathorax
not short, the lateral folds incomplete, the spiracles oval ; abdomen ovate, as long as the head and
thorax united.

Abdomen oyate, not longer than the head and thorax united, usually a little shorter, the apical mar-
gins of the segments straight, not incised or emarginate............ 00.0... e eee ee eee ee ee ee LD

Abdomen conic-oyate, often carinate beneath, and usually a little longer than the head and thorax
united, the second segment the longest, the third usually the shortest, both sometimes, but not always,
with a slight incision or emargination at apical middle ; segments 4-6 most frequently increasing in

length, the eighth conical ; sometimes segments 2—5 are subequal............................. 20

320 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

Second abdominal segment about twice as long as the third or a little longer, segments 38-5 subequal,
6 and7 longer; venter subconvex or convex. Pteromalus Swederus (type Ichneumon puparum Linné).
Second abdominal segment about three times as long as the third, segments 4 and 5 united not longer
than the third, those beyond variable, subequal in length ; venter usually strongly compressed or
keeled ...................... Hypopteromalus Ashmead, g. nov. (type Pteromalus tabacum Fitch).
Marginal vein longer than the stigmal ; metathoracic spiracles usually oblong-oval, close to the post-
scutellar fold ; funicle joints longer than thick, usually about twice as long as thick or nearly ; abdo-
men not strongly carinate beneath towards base. ... .Catolaccus Thomson (type C. cavigena Thoms.).
Marginal vein only a little longer than the stigmal ; metathoracic spiracles small, short oval or sub-
rotund ; funicle joints very little longer than thick ; abdomen strongly carinate beneath towards

WASOde dbo sb bbes oe so osc0 so obese 25498000 os coos) NOeUS Wali (ijas WY checalus Welk).
Postmarginal vein longer than the stigmal vein, but rarely a great deal longer................... 22
Postmarginal vein shorter than the stigmal vein, or of an equal length ; pedicel small, usually much

shorter than the first joint of the funicle ; in a single case only is it much longer............... 27
Antennes with three MINS -jOimMbS vs... ie Rentieine ene Sie ha ee ICE ten ee ee eS
Antenne with two ring-joints. . Re ee nen Inari oe rnin aa oo aes Coca aomeacaaeo oe ia locod Le

Metanotum very short, with a median carina and lateral folds, the latter intersected 1 By a transverse
carina or fold that extends on each side from the median carina; spiracles large, oblong ; abdomen
conic-ovate and somewhat produced at apex........................... -Neocatolaccus Ashmead.

(type Catolaccus tylodermz Ashm.).

IHQOUCEl GOORIGP Woe WAS ines FOUN OF wae WMO, 5550400000 0s co 0g od Ge sd Os DO On oD BO Osan oo oDcobo BD

Pedicel vonger thanithesfirst,joimt of vhemunicle=e eae eeeeee seer ere teeneeer etree eetnneO

Metanotum with a median carina and lateral folds, the spiracles usually large, long oval or linear ;
abdomen conic-ovate, keeled beneath; postmarginal vein not or only a little longer than the stigmal.

Metapachia Westwood (type M. dispar Westw.).

Metanotum with a median carina, the lateral folds wanting, the spiracles oval, not large; abdomen
ovate, subcompressed beneath ; postmarginal vein very long....Parapteromalus Ashmead, e. nov.
(type P. isosomatis Ashm.).

Metanotum usually with a distinct median carina, the lateral folds incomplete, indicated toward the

base, the spiracles oval or elliptic.

Abdomen conic-ovate............... . Hypopteromalus Ashmead (type P. tabacum Fitch).
Abdomen rotund. Bien seton mates “cpisloens Forster (type Pteromalus omnivorus Walk.).

Head wide, but the iii and cheeks rounded, not especially broad ; pedicel shorter than the first
. 28

joint of the funicle. RE eee ERE AOR SRE Hane ODOM ODIO R IOUS 6. Groen 6
Head large, broad, the temples and the cheeks broad, acute ; ail ete much ieee than the first
joint of the funicle.
Antenne inserted just above the clypeus ; abdomen rotund, wider than the thorax, rarely ovate.
Celopisthia Forster (type Pteromalus cephalotes Walk.).
Antenne inserted on or very near the middle of the face, never far below the middle............. 29
Antenne inserted far below the middle of the face.
Metathorax not very short ; abdomen ovate or conic-ovate, usually convex beneath.
Dibrachys Forster (type Pferomalus boucheanus Ratz.).
Abdomen conic-ovate, not much produced beneath, if at all..................Arthrolytus Thomson.
(type A. punctatus Thoms.).

Abdomen conic-ovate, but beneath towards base, acutely triangularly produced.
Metapachia Westw. (partim).

30.

bl.

32.

33.

34,

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41,

43.

44,

45.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Bai

Occipital foraminal depression distinctly margined or rimmed.........................2000+---. Ob
Ocempitalitoraminalidepressionssimple simmarcimedes sn 4.) 44n4es lac eed os caciacs ees se ce-s ese - ce OU
Metathorax at apex produced into a subglobose neck, the median carina and the lateral folds usually

present.

ANTUNES YN HUGO THEN OTS gets od datas clone eo Gn Be oa ee ceo On cnn He OIG eine oe ee)

AibenMce nWAlbhucineemine=jOIMbSua. se fisei ace ee ss se se 44+s2-es42es-+2 ne. -abelonura Ashmead:
IBVEES INGUIN 3 6p cares Wao old 8 18 6-00 Bio wDlob/y S COR ok Oe OT AGIOS ORR eT NE Re ene HE a rene
JBVOS [AIRD, THOG INNA, a5 oo dd-d.0 aiolola:-ats oom CGeIGOS COREE Ea SERPS aE Sr EDO PERE mre UP eure BRS 0)
JPesimENanEN Wem lomacie Woena Was Swi, 55 oo ou un coc 90405005 codon encode dogo uceDnUUGCdGdGcN OEE
Postmarginal vein not longer than the stigmal, usually a little shorter........................... 395
Second abdominal segment very large................2.+:00++-20++e0-+2-.... -L80cyrtus Walker.

Second abdominal segment normal ; flagellum subclavate, pubescent, the joints transverse or quadrate.

Urolepis Walker.

Flagellum subclavate or clavate, clothed with a short pubescence, the joints usually much wider than
long ; tibize with rigid bristles ; abdomen rotund, the second segment not especially large.

Trichoglenes Thomson.

Antenne filiform, pubescent; funicle joints 4 to 6 usually a little wider than long or not longer than

WALCO Maen Seas ney PP ar rl feiavch lw tM-ts tak tov erseeieiesni4)c)a)o eiouais Foro) ease eles sek TiCHOmalus Thomson.

Metathorax at apex usually produced into a subglobose neck ; postmarginal vein always longer than

CMe RS il oun al beener arent th arr tamu mney mre sister ene ain Siapet ia Merial s,ciayel cel ecegtosy Sau etsun aes Gin enue nn Seas, OO

Metathorax at apex normal; postmarginal vein rarely longer than the stigmal, most frequently shorter

Omolangeg tale en othe near ew ces icone ieee aie bins nclens waters ote vial cunt val aati sates AG
Legs normal, the middle tibize not dilated.. Ses Make p taaeeatsoh ates ensues enane at eonte ahs neie ame ereueie senes ere ceieken (OO
Legs abnormal, the middle tibize dilated Sanna tips ; antennze a the joints Sicesly anes and

Dow ere rn ean een Cn be Un... od .cebolyscelis Thomson:
Pedicel ae always longer than the first joint of the funicle. ......................s0+---++2* 40

Pedicel short, never longer than the first joint of the funicle, usually much Ean the ae joint of the
TOMES Wae OMA OF wae ivMiClS FOU, 26 550000000000 000000 D500 b0H0 00 DD DOGO ao BH UnOGOnGoOG Fell

Metathoracic spiracles small, elliptic; abdomen short oval, depressed ; flagellum filiform, pilose, the

joints cup-shaped, transverse. .... 2.2.0... 000. cece ee ee ee eeee esses. Gndomychobius Ashmead.
Metathoracic spiracles oval; abdomen boat-shaped ; flagellum subfiliform or subclavate, pubes-

cent, the club always longer and stouter than the pedicel..............Meraporus Walker.
EAL CTU Ce WALLIN LU OMENS} OLINGS arenes epee were iareto tare meu secon at oeelc ayers’ o/e tes raar San herer oc arc hoeln cate adie sice 42

Antenne with three ring-joints ?

peWetathoracie spinaclesismallaroundedaeerrce erences cake cece nace cece cesaan to
Metavhoraciclspinaclesmot smalllbroundeden a an seme ace) sc seen eee ee eee ence cial soe
Antenne subclavate, pubescent ; abdomen oblong-oval, flat, beneath at the most convex.

Scymnophagus Ashmead.

Metathoracic spiracles long oval or oblong, more rarely subreniform or linear.................... 49
Metathoracic spiracles smaller, oval or broadly oval.

Metanotum very short, smooth, impunctate with a median carina., .. .Epipteromalus Ashmead.

Metathoracic spiracles long-oval or oblong.

Abdomen oblong-oval, dorsal segments 8-5 unequal, gradually increasing in length, united a little

longer than the second ; flagellum filiform, pubescent, the joints of the funicle about twice as

lonegassunickqonlonser es me qaent errr eee rae beromalus Swederus:

SA MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Metathoracie spiracles oblong, linear or subreniform.

Abdomen oblong, at least 23 times as long as wide, dorsal segments 3-6 subequal ; flagellum

filiform, the joints of the funicle longer than thick. ................Catolaccus Thomson.

46) Rostmarginal vein loneer thangihe;stiomallen eee nee erent tere eer ce irre
Postmarginal vein shorter than the stigmal or no longer. ............... 2.000200 000002 esse sess 4D
AT Antenne with two rime-joimts... ... .guaae excl See ene ae ee eC aS

Antenne with three ring-joints.
Metathorax short with a median carina and lateral folds, the latter intersected by a transverse

carina which extends from the short median carina; the spiracles large, oblong.
Neocatolaccus Ashmead.

48. Metathorax with a distinct median carina, the lateral folds incomplete, the spiracles usually oval ; head
lance broad, theaventexc broads ane ree onan ener eee eee _Dielochis Forster.

Metathorax without a median carina, the eel folds atecne the epee oval or ovate, not

large ; head transverse, not large, the temples flat..............Parapteromalus Ashmead.

49. Antenne inserted on or near the middle of the face, or far above the clypeus.................... 50

Antenne inserted far below the middle of the face or just above the clypeus.

Head large, broad, the temples broad, acute ; metathorax short, the lateral folds absent ; abdo-

men very short, rounded, depressed......................-.-...- -.-- Celopisthia Forster.

Head large, broad, but the temples rounded, not acute ; metathorax not-very short, the lateral

folds complete ; abdomen oblong-oval, depressed .......................Dibrachys Forster.

50. Antenne subclavate, pubescent, the club much stouter than the funicle, the pedicel much longer than
theshirst sj ont of thie wate less eee Pe ..Metapachia Westwood.
Antenne filiform, pubescent or pilose, the a diesl much shorter than the a joint of the funicle ;
funicle joints 1-4 distinctly longer than thick. ...........................-Arthrolytus Thomson.

SuBFAMILY II. Merisina.

The absence of the spiracular sulci, an important character, alone distinguishes
this tribe; otherwise it closely resembles the subfamily Pteromaline, its relationship
being quite close through the tribe Hutelini, with the gall-inhabiting species in the
tribe Mersin. |

I have recognized three tribes; the first being parasites of Coleoptera, the second
of Diptera, while the third attack Rhynchota belonging to the homopterous fam-
ilies Aphidide, Alewrodidx and Coccide.

TABLE OF TRIBES.

1, WGN RIN Mr KOOTE Zh HGS OL A) WOCCIIAIN CATIA. 5554 nnccodenaaaaonadnnoadaonodagon ob enadooousooes B

Metanotum with the median carina more.or less distinct or at least indicated basally ; mesonotum with

incomplete funKOw See ese eee eee eer enon Gere eee rrr Lc bepLmopiroceninis
)F Mesonotum with incomplete furrows... esos ease on sees seen ae ae eee eee eciben lem leis mnie
Mesonotum with complete furrows... .. 2... 0. cece cece ee ee ee sees wees ee ee-esee-s- drive IIT. Isoplatini.

Trips I. Roptrocerv.
This tribe is distinguished by the metanotum, which always has a more or less
distinct median carina; or at least it is never wholly absent as in the Merisini and
the Lsoplatum.

. Ovipositor strongly exserted ; marginal vein about twice as long as the stigmal vein or even longer ;

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 32o

TABLE OF GENERA.

>) TRONS. .o 09.6.6 oo Go ata bb 6 Ub o's GB Cia O10) Nr O B Orns KHOR CEI CORE TERN a oe oN ar

IVI CS ON tre aso ncn cert cs aii gr seul oa Sl

DINE ETNA CE RUVAlG ORCI OMNI Ova) OUMDS Ween a etary sieeve te opretowaye Geko exeyoxes ets aa) < 21-4 Si ecayere etsitcrevesis (cues a ti «5, nu suele: Som steie sy apetalyenan (DB

Ovipositor not exserted, at the most with only the tip of the sheaths exposed...................... 4

. Antenne 13-jointed, inserted just above the clypeus ; scape not attaining the ocelli; funicle joints 2-6

transverse, the club not stout, rounded at tip ....... Anogmus Forster (type A. strobilorum Thoms.).
Antenne 13-jointed, inserted on the middle of the face or nearly, the flagellum stout, subclavate ; funicle

joints 3-6 stout, transverse, the club very stout, oblong.....................Roptrocerus Ratzeburg.

(type R. xylophagarum Ratz.).
Antennze with two ring-joints ; abdomen conic-ovate, pointed at tip.

Abdomen longer than head and thorax united, carinate beneath, the third segment the shortest,
segments 4 and 5 increasing in length, the sixth a little shorter than the fifth, seventh and
eighth subequal, about as long as the fourth, the eighth conical with the spiracles distinct ;
sheaths of ovipositor slightly projecting. ..........Uriella Ashmead (type U. rufipes Ashm.).

Abdomen, as seen from above, conic-ovate, beneath compressed and strongly, triangularly cari-
nate, as long as the thorax, segments 2-4 about equal, united not longer than the first, meta-
thorax very short, smooth, but with a median carina, the spiracles rounded.

Tropidogastra Ashmead, g. noy. (type T. arizonensis Ashm.).

Antennee 13-jointed, with two ring-joints, inserted on or near the middle of the face. ............... 6
Antenne 13-jointed, with two ring-joints, inserted just above the clypeus............Anogmus Forster.
Metathoracic spiracles small, rounded ; flagellum long, filiform ; abdomen oblong-oval, fully as long as
the thorax ; marginal vein slender, jonger than the stigmal vein............Roptrocerus Ratzeburg.
Metathoracic spiracles large, oval; flagellum shorter, subclavate ; abdomen oblong-oval, a little longer
than the thorax, subearinate beneath towards base ; marginal vein stout and not longer than the stig-
mall WeTiN WIN TNS INO) ao acco boda cnogc0 ne sand Dedd G0 nea oc done 55 cu GuuG GU sb op a WIRE N MASI mMEEXOl

Trrpe Il. Merisini.

This tribe is at once separated from the Jsoplatini by having incomplete, never

complete, mesonotal furrows, the furrows at the most being indicated only

anteriorly.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Females.......
Males ... Prarenccc clacton co neaotee Seeciak:
Pee VMetathoraxamouberminarimonimeuasimbS] OboSe Meck asserts ace case sees cae odeecsceeaanencsa. o

Metathorax terminating in a subglobose neck.
First joint of the funicle short, much shorter than the pedicel ; abdomen subovate or subrotund,
r
the second segment (first body) occupying fully one half or more of the whole surface.

Micromelus Walker (type M. rufomaculatus Walk.).
Marginal vein not or hardly longer than the stigmal vein, the front wings often with a submarginal or
GNECOIGA CIOTIEL 6 o os Bong penane odoinn Jono 6.0.00 0N6 SLi Homes ot ae eae tna to aa

Marginal vein distinctly longer than the stigmal vein, the front wings without a submarginal or dis-
coidal cloud.

Abdomen longer than the thorax and ending in a short or subexserted ovipositor.

Phenacra Forster.

324 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Abdomen ovate, not longer than the thorax, the ovipositor not exserted, the second segment
(first body) occupying about one fourth the whole surface, the third segment small.
Merisus Walker (type M. splendidus Walk.).

. Abdomen ovate, the dorsum usually flat, the second segment not occupying one fourth the whole sur-

face, segments 3-6 subequal. ............Homoporus Thomson (type Pteromalus fulviventris Walk.).

» Metathoraxanotiendino-singarsilbe] oboseme cee =r eee eee eee Eee rete aero

Metathorax ending in a subglobose neck.
Abdomen subrotund or short ovate, the second segment large, occupying one half or more of
the whole surface ; antenne filiform, clothed with a short, fine pubescence.
Micromelus Walker.

. Marginal vein always distinctly longer than the stigmal vein................ 0.0. ce cece eeeeeenee U
Marginal vein not or scarcely longer than the stigmal vein. ...... 2... 0.0... cece ee ee ee eee ee ees 8
. Antenne at apex stylate; abdomen oval, depressed............................Phenacra Forster.

Antenne at apex normal; abdomen oblong, narrowed, the second segment not quite as long as the
three following united, which are short and subequal, the fourth very slightly the longest; antennze
filiform, rather densely pubescent... ........5...00e0ceeeeecees+eeese-+s--s..-Merisus Walker.

. Abdomen short, spatulate, the second segment as long as or a little longer than the three following

united, which are very short, the third the longest ; antenne filiform, densely pubescent.
Homoporus Thomson.

Trine III. Jsoplatini.

In this tribe the mesonotal furrows are always distinct, complete, while the an-

tennee are usually inserted far anteriorly near the mouth border.

Or

TABLE OF GENERA.

coder alll OSs "te 142055 Fasar ate in olen) 0) ala ere se alu lintels cesta poten eta svarrsteh fants EA Gos STEREO Res ore or fete tes eee
1 ee eee een eer Scent een torn t oon sine OMIBU Rp remie copmadon nana coe.co08 6 ©
. Non-metallic; mandibles variable, sometimes edentate.........................---------------- 9

Metallic ; mandibles dentate.
Abdomen compressed, the ventral valve prominent ; stigmal vein as long as the marginal, end-

ing in a small knob...........................Lsoplata Forster (type I. geniculata Forst.).

. Mandibles.actite, edentate aA. iigcis ine ens Se, ee Oe Ieee

Mandibles broad, dentate.
Abdomen conic-ovate ; antennz short, strongly clavate, inserted near the mouth border, the
pedicel large ; stigmal vein as long as the marginal, clavate.
Celocyba Ashmead (type C. nigrocincta Ashm.).

. Abdomen short, globose, depressed above ; marginal vein not or scarcely longer than the stigmal vein ;

metathorax very short.
Stigmal vein ending in a small knob ; abdomen with the first dorsal segment elongate, occupy-
ing half or more of the whole surface........ .Terobiella Ashmead (type T. flavifrons Ashm.).
Stigmal vein ending in a moderately large knob; abdomen with the dorsal segments short.
Brachyscelidiphaga Ashmead (type B. flava Ashm.).

Non=metalilicr smandiblessacuberor broad denitairennnn eerie etn ernie eineininenie een enero
Metallic: smandiblestdentaten. sya. ee ase eeee enc aera een soplatamhionrster:
. Man diblesacutbess edemtae tac, js. cc atc tncicee ay-ysvctropeyysalsierev stoae ae yenleney sie teacdeicede carne MePe Cee oe oer

Mandibles broad, dentate.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES SAND)

Antenne short, clavate, inserted close to the mouth border ; stigmal vein long, clavate.

Ceelocyba Ashmead.
7. Stigmal vein ending in a small knob. ......................22++-++-++0+--..... Lerobiella Ashmead.
Stigmal vein ending in a moderately large knob..................... Brachyscelidiphaga Ashmead.

SusBFAMILY III. Eunotina.

1863. Muscidides Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat., XX XVI, 1863 (2), p. 69.
1872. Family? Walker, Notes on Chale., VI., p. 100.
1898. Muscideine, Subfam. dubia, Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V, p. 87.

This small subfamily comprises a number of genera, all evidently of tropical
origin, and all parasites of the rhynchotous family Coccide.

The first genus to be described was Hunotus Walker, in 1834. It was later
named Trityphus by Ratzeburg, and again rechristened Megapelte by Forster.

In 1863 Motschulsky described, briefly, poorly, and sometimes inaccurately,
several new genera from Ceylon, which belong here, and proposed for the group the
name Muscidides, stating that “Ils se distinguent des Pteromalides par leur forme
plus raccourcie et plus large, qui rappelle celle des Chalcidides et par leur mésono-
tum, qui prend quelquefois une telle extensione, qu'il recouvre tout l’abdomen,
comme ches les Scutellaires parmi Hémiptéres, ce qui fait replier les ailes horison-
talement sous ce mésonotum d’une manicre analogue. Les ailes sont pubescent
comme chez les Pteromalides.”’

The genus Hunotus Walker, was described twenty years before Muscidea Mot-
schulsky, and I prefer to call the group Huwnotime, after the first described genus,
in accordance with the rules of zoological nomenclature, rather than the Muscideine,
the term Muscidides not being tenable.

Cephaleta Motschulsky, if I have identified it correctly, belongs here, but Mot-
schulsky correlated with it a male insect with branched antenne, which, from the
description and the poor figure, I think is a Eulophid, and probably identical with
Pentacladia Westwood, deseribed in 1835.

TABLE OF GENERA.

lo. IRSTADIICSS 06 6o.G0!o90.00 26-00. BO,.80-HS OUEE OES OO ObE OGM o HO.cobb Onin. ate RIA Alo. Sota cron cn ici eee i eae
WIENGES. 5 5 o9.60.9en9.089 20 BBO Sasa Hh ean GOsHn Be SEAOe eS GO SRC OCD dete Oe a ence aes ana ea aera 2
2. Scutellum large, but not extending beyond the base of the abdomen ........................... 8

Scutellum abnormally large, extending over most of the abdomen.
Head very wide, lenticular, wider than the thorax ; antenne 8 or 9-jointed, the flagellum cla-
VALE. eee cee ee ence ces ssemseeess--ss.. Neutellista Motschulsky (type S. cyanea Motsch.).
3. Second dorsal abdominal segment much shorter, at the most occupying only a little more than half the

WAG GIAO. OF Was MockownNesniy sas asa oles 6.0 UUIOD En OO GEORG O OOLELO 6 GIO ISO OC IEGID Eecormer eee)

326 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Second dorsal abdominal segment long, occupying nearly the whole surface of the abdomen; eyes
pubescent.
Antenne 9-jointed ; scutellum twice the length of the mesonotum.
Euargopelte Forster (type E. obscura Forst.).
Antennz 10-jointed ; scutellum not twice the length of the mesonotum.
Eunotus Walker (type E. cretaceus Walk.).

. Postmarginal vein rather short, not longer than the stigmal vein, sometimes shorter.....-......... 6
Postmarginal vein not short, always longer than the stigmal vein.

Antenne: 9-joimted! Or TOSS! seid ee) eras ala ost vseh iat ova sols RUSE AVS) SAY SE ee eS

Antenne 10-jointed, the joints large, an and narrowed toward apex ; eas greenish

metallic, punctate..................... Mnoonema Motschulsky (type M. timida Motsch.).

-~ Antennae 7=JOUMCE OL WESS ie ceie ad sees ees ei oda Gle Sle Pea ISP ee EAPO ee Te eee

Antenne 8-jointed, clavate, funicle joints 2-4 transverse.
Muscidea Motschulsky (type M. pubescens Motsch. ).

. Antenne 7-jointed, subclavate, the last joint large, oval, joints 2-4 not transverse.

Cardiogaster Motschulsky (type C. fusciventris Motsch.).
Antenne 6-jointed, filiform, depressed, joints 3-5 nearly equal, the sixth a little longer, acuminate at

apeX................--....+-.-----.--. NOleNoderus Motschulsky (type S. cyaniventris Motsch.).
8. Antenmes 9-jointed,, Omless 65.2 ../5 dis tec nese eeeeca en Ss ere siesta s Nels oie aS eT ree ee eS)
Antenne 10-jointed ..........................---.-.-Anysis Howard (type H. australiensis How.).
9, Antenne: 8-joinbed or lessiiir,<.\.his a) steetatevuers tor onesses 6) <1 Fone ene wet Oe eke eT En ree re
Asbennize: 92} O1N bE... s.< dose fre nie sess cS tenn neta Ae Race SSI eke wITR Eee IC Ee Ee eee eC OUSS
LO. -Anibenmes P-fOUM!| is ia ony wihe5 0: lah 2 aie noe Sah Hla, a0 Re SP oe Bee ee oe Rae eee eel
Antenne 8-jointed...............................Hurycranium Ashmead * (type E. aleocki Ashm.).
11. Antenne 7-jointed........................Cephaleta Motschulsky (type C. purpuriventris Motsch.).
12. Scutellum not extending beyond the base of the abdomen..................-----eeeeeeeee eee 13
Scutellum abnormally large, covering most of the abdomen................Scutellista Motschulsky.
13. Abdomen with the second dorsal segment shorter, not nearly occupying the whole of the surface.. 14
Abdomen with the second segment large, occupying nearly the whole surface ; eyes pubescent.
Antenne 10-joimbed {5.0.5 cee os oe ae eee ae oe ee oes Dee Se EEO LIS NN anlllcem
Antenne 9-jointed. . sla (eaversucta sratais, Sleiloyaccie: die stomoie eben ee avalh ea ekane aor ane opelteshorsters
14. Postmarginal vein well aera: always ieee than ie stigmal . Hache cea teeene aune econo oie MO
Postmarginal vein not well developed, not longer than the aa sometimes shorter. Perenats 9 C
15. Antenne 9-jointed or less. . o:faysr'S ns Bie sins anatle leize le lee: alsa tsetivah eu aye Geet t Col aera a ee eee ei a RRC Ree CRE ee ra
Antenne 10-jointed Pen ech Tteiecinnlile
16.. Antenn8-jointedor less 5534: ss cise! vans cerns See ene pao Oe ee er eee med
Antenne 9-jointed, filiform.........................-+-+-+--.-.-.--...... Muscidea Motschulsky.
17. Antenne 8=jointed. .. 0. 2.25.2. eee ee ee eee ee ne ese se cnee ence esse ose Cardiogaster Motschulsky:
Antenne 7-joimted|- 36.2.2... esse secs os sae ee cse secs eee eens see s OLenOderus Motselullskiys
18. Antennee 9-jointed.
Lateral ocelli almost touching the eye margin.............................-Anysis Howard.
Lateral ocelli twice their width from the eye margin................. Eurycranium Ashmead.

Antenne (?) 7-jointed, with 5 branches.

Cephaleta Motsch. (partim) ? = Pentacladia Westw., a Eulophid.

*Equals Zurycephalus Ashm., Indian Mus. Notes, V., 1903, p. 61, preoccupied.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 327

SUBFAMILY IV. SPHEGIGASTERINZ.

1856. Miscogasteroidve, Familie 14 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., II., p. 24.

1856. Miscogastroidee, Familie 14 (partim), opus cit., p. 51. .

1875. Sphegigastrides, Subtribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., p. 217.

1875. Caratomides, Subtribus, Thomson, opus cit., p. 216.

1887. Pteromalinz, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., II., pp. 33 and 36.

1897. Sphegigasterinee, Subfamily I11., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV.,
p. 248.

1898. Chrysolampine, Subfamily, Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., p. 16.

This subfamily is distinguished from the three preceding subfamilies by the dis-
tinetly petiolated abdomen, and from the two which are to follow, which also have
the abdomen petiolate, by other characters; from the Spalangune by having a
totally different shaped head, and by the venation; from the Diparinx by thoracic
and antennal characters.

Four very distinet minor groups, here called tribes, have been recognized.

TABLE OF TRIBES.

1. Antenne inserted near the mouth border or just above the clypeus...............--. cece cece cece 2

Antenne inserted on or near the middle of the face, far above the clypeus, ....................2.2. 8

2. Head usually lenticular, much wider than the thorax, deeply concave behind, rarely normal ; parapsi-
Glall itHRROS: COMPO, a5 6560400000 bd 00 On UO nD ae COdH OHUONS Go DAS Ue COO era mill Orel Inameye sty a) oboe
SuLLOnt wine sawiubeaslendermancimalavieln) secs ee ceciscc es 2 cces cle se cee cio sl eereeisel sem cece 4
Front wings with a thick, stout, usually short marginal vein.................Tribe Il. Pachyneurini.

4, Head transverse, the temples not very broad...................-.-...-.. Lribe HI. Sphegigasterini.
Head very large, the temples very broad, the frons sometimes cornuted..........Tribe IV. Cratomini.

TriBe I. Asaphini.

This tribe is readily distinguished from the others in the subfamily by the
antennee being inserted near the mouth border, or just above the clypeus; they are
never inserted near the middle of the face.

It is based upon the genus Asaphes Walker, which was rechristened Jsocratus by
Dr. Forster, and placed by him in the subfamily Spalangiine, with which group it
has nothing in common.

The habits of the genera falling in this tribe are fairly uniform, the vast majority
of the species being parasites upon plant-lice, Aphididxe, and upon the bark-lice,

Coccide.
TABLE OF GENERA.
Ug IN@TDAICS 9 o.5:5-5 pio ig te bcos OS ae ae cee aa et CON SS DOCSIS CRE EI Ree oe
WIBWIOS 5 oc 66 /o6 aicvcrener head Bo EIS TGL CLOTS BEES IEG UBTS GEA PERT CUELON Di OUT TES ORI Co ecg re 0)

328 MEMOIRS OF THE GARNEGIE MUSEUM

2.

co

10.

11.

13.

14.

Head very wide, the occiput strongly concave...............-+.----- :
Head not especially wide, the occiput not strongly concave. ............0.--++ee+seeseeeesees. s+. 6
» Winged ae ose save hlansle oie 28S ik aw tke ee ee aes a

Wingless or subapterous.

Antennz strongly clavate, 9-jointed, ending in a large, solid ovate club, the scape dilated at
apex ; funicle 6-jointed, joints 2-6 transverse, the sixth about four times as wide as long ; me-
tathorax very short, without carinze, the spiracles small, rounded ; abdomen oyal, the petiole
scarcely longer than thick, the third segment (second body segment) a little longer than the

second.........................Pheidoloxenus Ashmead, g. nov. (type P. wheelert Ashm.).
> ANIME MINES WOSONMUSC! 5 55 oGod no noosa coungoosecds
Ambenmes LS=yotnte dis «5:58 a sk see hve So. bs mle pw cee eee ea eT)

. Abdomen with the second segment abnormally large, occupying most of the surface.

Marginal vein scarcely longer than the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein wanting; body of
abdomen with a tuft of hairs on each side at base.
Tomocera Howard (type T. californica How.).
Marginal vein fully twice as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein distinct, about the
length of the stigmal ; no tuft of hairs at base of abdomen.
Ophelosia Riley (type O. crawfordi Riley).

. Marginal vein about three times as long as the stigmal vein or a little longer..................... 7

Marginal vein short, at the most scarcely twice as long as the stigmal vein, usually shorter....... 8

. Antenne 10-jointed, the second joint of the funicle twice as long as the first ; scutellum with a cross-

furrow before the apex............................- Aphobetus Howard (type A. maskelli How.).
Antenne 1dejointed!s oak Salk ola oMee ocloemeiede toni see REESE Ei oee en ee ee ae eee eee

. Marginal vein hardly twice as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein very short; antennz

10-jointed, the joints of the funicle short, submoniliform ; scutellum without a cross-furrow before
the apex............................ Aphobetoideus Ashmead, g. noy. (type A. comperei Ashm.).
Marginal vein hardly as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein long ; antennz 13-jointed, with
Qring-joints................ 000005 0s sees eeeessss....Asaphes Walker (type A. vulgaris Walk.).

. Marginal vein about thrice as long as the stigmal vein.

Parasaphes Ashmead, g. nov. (type P. iceryz Ashm.).

Amtennes QrorslOsyjompedsheadsusualllyawideameneet eee ten ae erence ee einer mee
Antennse 13-jointed: ‘head: mormall <j 2 -<s'ecccea sels 5 pete oie Bausier ate reh ote seach eee ee ree ee
Postmareinalivein wantine OnvienyasiOrbien ee heise eee reece eine et nen tree c=

Postmarginal vein distinct, about the length of the stigmal vein.
Marginal vein twice as long as the stigmal ; no tuft of hairs at base of scutellum.
Ophelosia Riley.

. Marginal vein long, about twice as long as the stigmal or even thrice as long.................... 138

Marginal vein short, hardly as long as the stigmal.
Abdomen with a tuft of hairs on each side at base ; antennee dentate.......Tomocera Howard.

Antenne 9-jointed.

Scutellum without a cross-furrow before apex...............-.+....-.....-Aphobetus Howard.
Seutellum with a cross-furrow before apex.....................-...-Aphobetoideus Ashmead.
Marginal vein scarcely as long as the stigmal vein, a little thickened at base, the postmarginal vein
0 er eee Cee een mn Nia as c.Sn coos Ae an Oh oboe Gat cee SU IINES: NOUR,

Marginal vein about thrice as long as the stigmal vein....................... Parasaphes Ashmead.

ASHMEAD :, CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 329

Tripe Il. Pachynewrvm.

In this tribe the antenne are inserted near the middle of the face, and the
marginal vein in the front wings is always thickened and usually short.

The species, like the Asaphim are said to be parasites of coccids and aphids, but
these insects have other hymenopterous parasites, braconids, encyrtids, cynipids,
ete., and the Pachynewrim are probably hyperparasites of these insects.

A few have also been bred from dipterous insects belonging to the family
Syrphide, which also have other hymenopterous parasites, and this seems to con-
firm the hyperparasitism of these insects.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Females.........

2

Meiosis ryaiietac. charayhs. ia). d

2, MESOIDOACS tUIRO WS CISINING, Gono 4 9650000090 und 00 Do bb UO dH Ue bo UN Oded Gado bobo Geno bu URS &

Mesothoracic furrows incomplete, indicated only anteriorly. ............-...0- cece eee ees ceeees 4

3. Stigmal vein with a large knob; abdomen ovate, pointed at apex, the second segment large, the third
segment very short, the fourth and fifth rather large, subequal, the following very short.

Pachycrepis Forster (type Caruna clavata Walk.).

Stigmal vein with a small knob; abdomen ovate, the second and the third segments large, the fourth

and fifth very short, the sixth and seventh longer.

Pachycrepoideus Ashmead, g. nov. (type P. dubius Ashm.).
Ame Sb domentabovertl ation depnressediaanin cman ce ativn ieee ci sctundc Gels oles sig erects ) walenec nme a deme O

Abdomen above conyexly rounded OT ee Eel er neat aentessit sity ecienr Lee eel aoe ae ae O

5. Pronotum much narrower than the mesonotum across the shoulders ; abdomen oval or short ovate, the

second segment the longest, occupying a good portion of the surface, the third and fourth short, nearly

equal, the following very short....................Pachyneuron Walker (type P. formosum Walk.).

Pronotum as wide as the mesonotum across the shoulders ; scutellum with a cross-furrow just before the

apex ; abdomen seen from above ovate, nearly as long as the head and thorax united, beneath com-

pressed or keeled, the ventral valve prominent, plowshare-shaped, the second segment fully twice as

long as the third, or longer, the fourth a little longer than the third, the following subequal, the sixth

as long or a little longer than the fifth...................Huneura Walker (type E. augarus Walk.).

6. Pronotum narrower than the mesothorax ; scutellum without a cross-furrow before apex ; abdomen ovate,

the second segment the longest, the third, fourth and fifth not short, subequal, the fourth a little the
longest, the sixth about one third shorter than the fifth.

Hypsicamera Forster (type H. ratzeburgii Reinhard).’

7. Mesothoracic furrows incomplete, indicated only anteriorly. .......... 0... cece eee cee ee te eee ees 8
Mesothoracic furrows complete.

SticmalacltOmlanc cana nn a En achyerepissHorster:

Suromaleclibysial Een e enn hen Hanae er nares Lachycrepoldenls Ashmead

8. Pronotum as wide as the mesonotum ; scutellum with a cross-furrow before the apex. Euneura Walker.
Pronotum narrower than the mesonotum ; scutellum without a cross-furrow before apex.
Metanotum rather short; funicle joints not more than twice as long as thick.
Pachyneuron Walker.
Metanotum long; funicle joints thrice as long as thick................ Hypsicamera Forster.

330 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

TripE III. Sphegigasterini.

The species falling in this tribe are easily recognized by the much longer and

more slender marginal vein. They differ from the others also in habits, the majority

of the species being parasites of dipterous insects, and especially of the gall-making

species belonging principally to the family Cecidomyvide.

TABLE OF GENERA.

« Memalesec' i craic'e om tie dean atulie ae 4 ie wiplracntle corey le Seeete ge ge eno Aree
Males. rns SO a nee ee . 16
. Abdominal petiole longer than the hind coxe. ......

Abdominal petiole shorter than the hind coxe, or at least never longer..................2-2000:

. Head with the cheeks compressed, the vertex not very narrow. Neca tot eeu ec a ae

Head sublenticular, the cheeks rounded, the vertex narrow.
Pronotum large, quadrate, mesonotum flat, with complete parapsidal furrows ; second abdomi-
nal segment very large, occupying fully two thirds of the whole surface of the abdomen, the
following very short ...................... Syntomopus Walker (type S. thoracicus Walk.).

. Mesothoracic furrows incomplete, abbreviated posteriorly or only distinct anteriorly.............. 5

Mesothoracic furrows complete, distinct.
Scutellum with a cross-furrow before the apex ; abdomen short oval, keeled beneath, the second
and third segments very large, the second broadly emarginate at apical margin.
Merismus Walker (type M. megapterus Walk.).
Scutellum convex, without a cross-furrow before the apex, the second segment large, occupying
a little more than half the whole surface of the abdomen, the apical margin straight, not
emarginate...............................Acroclisis Forster (type A. nigricornis Forst.).

. Metanotum usually smooth, but always with a median carina (except sometimes in Polycyrtus), the lateral

toldsalso usually presentbiee -eyscevec seems oreo) real relocate ner iinet nS ee nea ieee tm
Metanotum punctate, without either a median carina or lateral folds.
Scutellum convex, without a cross-furrow before the apex ; abdomen with the second and third
segments very large ; sometimes the abdomen is triangulate as in Perilampus.
Trigonogastra Ashmead, g. nov. (type T. awrata Ashm.).

. Scutellum with a delicate cross-furrow before the apex ; abdomen with the second and third segments

very large, the latter about one third the length of the second................Sphegigaster Spinola
(type S. pallicornis Spin.).

Scutellum without a cross-furrow before the apex or the furrow is subabsolute ; abdomen with the
second segment very large, occupying half or a little more than half the whole surface, the following

very short, often retracted. .................. Cryptoprymna Forster (type Prosodes atra Walker).

. Mesothoracie furrows incomplete, much abbreviated, or indicated only anteriorly................ 8
Mesothoracie furrows complete, distinct, rarely only two thirds the length of the mesonotum...... 13

. Metanotum not broad, and with a more or less distinct median carina, or at least the carina is indicated
Metanotum ara punctate, without a median carina. nib bletsvace doaleeie eigenen ated ohs Stn Beare TMECMIUSS

. Second abdominal segment at apex broadly and erie ene semicircularly emarginate. . .. 10

Second abdominal segment at apex not broadly and deeply emarginate, straight or at the most with

only aislight sinusses ss. lee ee ee ee ck i soe lnce eee Ie Seon ve ee erate naegere ter mes

10.

11.

12.

12,

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Beal

Abdomen ovate, the second and third segments very large, occupying the larger part of the surface.

; Cyrtogaster Walker (type C. vulgaris Walker).
Metanotum punctate, with an abbreviated median carina................. 0... eee ee ee ee ee ee ee. 12
Metanotum smooth, impunctate, but with a distinct median carina.

Pronotum anteriorly not acute ; axille separated at base of scutellum ; abdomen ovate or conic-
ovate, the second segment large, occupying about half the whole surface.
Polycystus Westwood (type P. matthewsii Westw.).
Pronotum anteriorly acute ; axille meet at base of scutellum ; abdomen triangulated, much as
in Perilampus, the second segment large........................ Lrigonogastra Ashmead.
Abdomen short, ovate, wider than the thorax, but a little shorter, the second segment twice the length
of the third, the apical margin entire, the following segments gradually shortening.
Eurydinota Forster (type E. leptomera Forster).
Abdomen with the second segment occupying fully one third the whole surface, 3 to 5 subequal in
length, the sixth longer than the fifth, the two following very short.

Pterosema Forster (type P. variicolor Forst.).
Metanotum not closely punctate and tricarinate.......... 0... cc cee ce ee ee eee ee ee eee ee ne ee 15
Metanotum not long, and smooth, the median carina and lateral folds usually present.

Middle tibize normal ; abdomen ovate, pointed at apex, the petiole shagreened, with a median

ridge, the second segment the largest, occupying about half the whole surface, with a slight

Peele eee Nectar eis ol vclas «eae foci» kOlyeystus Westwood,
Middle tibiz abnormal, incrassate; abdomen short ovate..................Spaniopus Walker

(type S. dissimilis Walk.).

Abdomen conic-ovate, the petiole rugulose, the second segment occupying at the most one third the

incision at apex..........

oe

whole surface, the following segments subequal, less than half the length of the second; pronotum

not short,............................bubekia Dalla Torre (type Brachycrepis tricarinata Ashm.).
Petiole of abdomen long, always longer than the hind coxe................... 0. cece ee eeeeeeees LT
Petiole of abdomen shorter, not longer than the hind coxe.... 1.2... 2... 0... ee eee ce eee ee eee ee QO
MeSOphOoracie hUTNOw Ss COMMPlEte ays mia eis tee aweies Scraertieine cia cise a aida siecle seca see celsaccumects 1S
Mesothoracic furrows incomplete, indicated only anteriorly......................00.--+002222.. 21
Head with compressed cheeks ; pronotum not large, not transverse quadrate ... Meena 19
Head sublenticular, with rounded cheeks, the vertex antero-posteriorly narrow; antenne filiform,

DWUDESCEMbpsei metre cre ee Gia a ee ete ai oars Wel OE ee nal e siehaneavibsanneyntoMopus Walker.
Scutelliumiyithearcross-turrow betone apexn ss eeenenerie ra eeciconeenae socecc cscs sssceescce ssa 20
Scutellum without a cross-furrow before apex... 2... 1... eee ee ce ee te eee ce eee te ee sees s 28

Abdomen with dorsal segments 2 and 3 large, the second twice the length of the third and deeply,
broadly, semicircularly emarginate at apex; flagellum subclavate, pubescent... Merismus Walker.
Abdomen ovate, the second dorsal segment large, occupying more than half the whole surface, not

Ermalreumal ea aay Canine een eee te arene ean eh Gee inten 2-1) ACEOCIISIS Morster.
Metanotum usually smooth, with lateral folds and a median carina; both mandibles 4-dentate..... 24
Metanotum closely punctate and often, but not always, without lateral folds or a median carina, rarely

OUSHINOG oba nemo 6S'G8 Be oO Bee MACs SE OOS che. Se) Oe a Cie Tare ee TOUR Pee are en lee eR)
mModomenwnoninansularveithen oval oroblone-ovalenc.sayacsscnsrsoa-sh sess. ssos604-+e-4-- 5-2 23

Abdomen triangular; mandibles 4-dentate, the outer tooth acute ; pronotum anteriorly truncate, the
upper front margin acute............... 0.00 00ce ee ee sees sees se seesss... Lrigonogastra Ashmead.

Metathorax not long, but produced into a subglobose neck at apex ; both mandibles 3-dentate .... 24

ay MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

24.

25.

26.

27.
28.
29.

30.

bl.

32.

35.

34.

Metathorax long and also produced into a subglobose neck at apex ; pronotum with the front margin

rounded ; both mandibles 4-dentate....................-..--.--+-.........bubekia Dalla Torre.
ee Nope sKoy p00 y Orne ener A Ae matches Fob pr cna Ecetn ownG Ou OIOagoe a aGo ooaoon cam 2)
Paillipi abmormial oases sen is es wmee ce eviione, aletie alee) loa eee eae ETE nea a STE eee eee EO
Muidailestibicera bnlormialseincralssaite dl een exonerate ete eet aan eee nf
Middle tibiz normal.
Abdomen with dorsal segments 2 and 3 large.. weeeesesesessse-.... Sphegigaster Spinola.

Abdomen with the second segment large, occupying most sie “he surface, its apical margin not incised.

°

Cryptoprymna Forster.
Abdomen with the second segment not so large, its apical margin usually with a slight incision ;

antenne, except the club, usually yellow..................+.-+-++--++++-.. bolyeyrtus Westwood.
Abdomen short, the second segment at apex not incised.........................Spaniopus Walker.
PeWinses hole sil Ghio) Wet eee ees Ree eee Ree re i Mrs ern Hoe a A min eric Mtoe Goin didlo. to souoecuo.e bias. WONT
Mesothoracie furrows incomplete or indicated only anteriorly...........-............+2+2+++--. 90
Mesothoracic furrowsicompletess..5 4h acs ase eeeee eee Cee eee ee eee 33
Metanotum smooth or at the most feebly punctate... 2... .. 22. eee ce ew ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee OL

Metanotum punctate or sculptured, opaque.
Abdomen triangular; pronotum anteriorly. truncate, the upper margin acute.
Trigonogastra Ashmead.
Abdomen oblong-oval ; pronotum anteriorly rounded, the upper margin not acute.
Bubekia Dalla Torre.
Second dorsal abdominal segment at apex, not broadly, deeply semicircularly emarginate, either
Straishit ors withkoniysasliehthincision see ner mere neieeeeninee ee aiteenien nari r reo
Second dorsal abdominal segment at apex broadly and deeply semicircularly emarginate.
Cyrtogaster Walker.
Head wide but not thick ; antennz subfiliform, the second ring-joint larger than the first, the scape
slender, but hardly reaching to the front ocellus, the funicle joints not longer than thick.
Polycyrtus Westwood.
Head large and thick, much wider than the thorax; antennee clavate, the ring-joints equal, annular,
the scape long and ‘slender, (2.25.22. ses.) +2 oss +) --edbyxos Waller (type I. panera Walk.).
Metanotum’ withvone ‘or three canines wien. cr rience nee encee eee eee riee rene ememo
Metanotum broad, without a median carina.
Abdomen with the second segment occupying fully one third the whole surface.
Pterosema Forster.
Metanotum with the lateral carine or folds wanting, the median carina present, usually abbreviated.
Eurydinota Forster.
Metanotum long, closely punctate, tricarinate............................... .ubekia Dalla Torre.

Trise LIV. Cratomani.

1875. Caratomides, Subtribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., p. 216.
1878. Caratomides, Subtribus, Thomson, opus cit., V., p. 44.

This group is based upon the genus Cratomus Dalman, established in 1820.

Later the genus was changed to Caratomus. I have however, retained the original
spelling and shall call the group Cratomini.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 300

Haliday thought Cratomus was allied to the Perilampide and placed it in that
family, an unnatural position for it. Itis a true Pteromalid and falls into the sub-
family Sphegigasterinx, as is abundantly proved by the discovery of my genus Para-
caratomus.

Nothing is positively known of the habits of this minor group, but I suspect that
the group is parasitic upon the larvee of beetles.

TABLE OF GENERA.

Head cornuted in front; face with converging striz below the insertion of the antennz ; abdomen short,

subsessile or briefly petiolate..................Cratomus Dalman (type Cynips megacephalus Fabr.).

Head not cornuted ; face with converging striz below the insertion of the antenne ; abdomen longly
petiolate, the body subcompressed towards apex, the petiole nearly twice as long as the hind coxe.

Paracaratomus Ashmead (type P. cephalotes Ashm.).

SuBFAMILY IV. SpaLANGIINZ.
1840. Spalangiides, Subfamily? (partim), Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., IL.,
Synop., p. 66.
1856. Spalangoide, Familie 6 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 18, 22 and 40.
1875. Spalangiina, Tribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 12 and 206.
1886. Spalangiine, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.
1897. Spalangiinee, Subfamily 1V., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 248.

This subfamily is quite distinct from all of the others here defined by the
peculiar oblong shape of the head, a character found in no other family in the
Chalcidoidea, except in the family Agaonidx, although not uncommon among the
Aculeales, especially in the superfamily Vespoidea, the oblong head being one of the
principal characters that distinguishes the family Bethylidx ; it is also reproduced in
the Chrysididx and occasionally in two or three other families.

Dr. Forster and others incorrectly placed here the genus Asaphes Walker (= Iso-
cratus Forster); 1t is a genuine Pteromaline.

The subfamily Spalanginex is readily distinguished by the oblong shape of the
head, by the antennee being inserted far anteriorly close to the mouth, by the longer
more depressed thorax, by the shape of the pronotum, by the petiolated abdomen,
and by the venation of the front wings, the costal cell being long and exceedingly
narrow.

The species of Spalangia are parasitic on dipterous larve. The species in the
other genera, according to the records, destroy coleopterous larvee.

TABLE OF GENERA.
Re Tr1 2) CS pee Dee ire -cs ee Tok Peet dea pee ray cea ey rauordinratarscelanereria lire: sar ernie ol ated sola uace eve asa veve. sy 22!

IMM esteeas en icrynee

334 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

2. Head tridentate, with deep antennal furrows; a sharp, high carina or spine between the antenne ;
marginal yein long............. ba ed bk chk CEASE Be ee oe RE:
Head normal, mot tridentate. 2. 2.< ccc sso sis nasele Se) eects ars ale bs YS eiapatovemsiisy> Ciuey arto eno eee eee ome
3. Head with a long spear-like process; mandibles very large, three fourths the length of the head ;
antenne 10-jointed ............................Paralesthia Cameron (type P. mandibularis Cam.).
Head without a long, spear-like process ; mandibles not large ; antenne 9-jointed, sometimes apparently
only 8-jointed, two of the terminal joints being closely united, without a visible suture between.
Cerocephala Westwood (type C. cornigera Westw.).
4. Facial impression wanting ; antenne 10-jointed, inserted close to the mouth border..Spalangia Latreille
(type S. nigra Latr.).
Facial impressiom distinct ; antennze 9-jointed, inserted just above the clypeus.
Paraspalangia Ashmead, g. nov. (type P. annulipes Ashm.).
5. Head not tridentate, normal. ape leit SEA tbiteua:fayeiatalyancttcuen Su weit garcons
Head tridentate, with deep aca furrows and a long spine or sharp carina between.. iene
6. Mandibles very large, three fourths the length of the head ; antennz 10-jointed. .Paralesthia Cameron.

Mandibles normal, not large; antenne 11 or 12-jointed......................Cerocephala Westwood.
7. Facial impression wanting; antenne 12-jointed......................:.........-spalangia Latreille.
Facial impression distinct ; antenne (?) 10-jointed (broken) .................Paraspalangia Ashmead.

SuBFAMILY V. DrpaRinz.
1875. Diparides, Subtribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., 1875, p. 217.
1886. Diparides, Tribe, Howard, Ent. Amer., II., pp. 33 and 35.
1897. Diparine, Subfamily V., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 236.

The peculiarities in the venation of the front wings alone will distinguish this
subfamily, although there are other characters not easily defined. The marginal
vein is very long, as long, or nearly, as the subcostal vein, the costal cell being ex-
ceedingly narrow, the postmarginal vein is also long.

The head in front is convex or subconvex, not depressed, the antenne being
usually long and inserted on the middle of the face, the scape long and slender, the
funicle 6-jointed, the club stouter and 3-jointed. The metathorax is longer than
usual, with distinct lateral carinee, while the abdomen is ovate, somewhat depressed,
and distinctly petiolate.

The species are rare and only two genera have been characterized.

TABLE OF GENERA.

LT, Pema’. oo cicri ¢ i cice ong as ate We oteorearis slorevela Gretiens tach ale dete, oot oiaey- ars eelelle tel ean ee kPa tee ent eS
1) fc eee a ee en eet ee ene 4 ae Nat Dr Me eSy Abu pints patocd.ch obo 460.5600 4
27> Retiolelinearwlonserthantheshindacoxce sneer teenie iain ieee eee ene

Petiole shorter than the hind coxee. :
Abdomen oval; antennz 13-jointed, subclavate, inserted near the middle of the face, the joints
of the fanicle stout, subequal, very gradually shortening................Panstenon Walker
(type Miscogaster oxylus Walk.).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 31319)

3. Abdomen ovate ; metathorax large, with delicate, irregular raised lines; second abdominal segment
large, occupying fully one third or more of the whole surface of abdomen, the follegwing segments
SHOLnecuped Ua lee peer erases... 4-- 6. -Dipara Walker (type D: petiolata, Walk.).

Pope Olepincanmon sera nauetmesiAd icOxcewer oe tats avers Ue)- les corre ce/fejes seas cveeiet esse tees cease O

Petiole shorter, not longer than the hind coxe.
Antenne filiform, not verticellate, pilose.................-...-.-....... Panstenon Walker.

5. Antennee with the joints of the flagellum well separated, subpedunctate and somewhat verticellate-
pilose ; body of abdomen oval or rounded, the second segment occupying fully one half the whole
SUE Gop ve vs PN ere iet ei tobh terete nae rainiels Wy ofoleo aie.\s Sarees s/s de dale'oe «> ws MIDare Walker.

Famity LXX. ELASMID/.

1840. Eulophides, Subfamily 5 (partim), Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II. ;
Synop., p. 73.

1816. Eulophide, Family II. (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, L., p. 61.

1856. Elasmoide, Familie 17, Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 19, 25 and 71.

1878. Elasmina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., p. 180.

1886. Elasmine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.

1897. Elasmide, Family LXX., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 236.

This family is not closely allied to any other, although, on account of the
4-jointed tarsi, and the flabellate antenne in the males, it deceptively resembles the
family Eulophide. Structurally, however, the two families are totally distinct, the
thorax, the front wings, the legs and the abdomen being quite different in these
families.

In mesothoracie and abdominal characters the Elasmidx show some affinity
with the Kneyrtide, but the relationshin, if it ever existed, must have been very re-
mote, in ages past, and it is not now traceable in the forms thus far discovered.

The group is easily recognized by the compressed, triangular shape of the body
and abdomen, by the longer and narrower wings, by the venation, the marginal
vein being usually, although not always, very long, with the stigmal vein very short,
and by the abnormally developed legs, the hind coxe being very large, strongly
compressed, disk-lke, the hind femora being rather stout, the tibize and tarsi being
very slender, the latter being very long.

The species of Hlasnvus attack usually lepidopterous larvee, but some have also
been bred from microgasterid cocoons and from other insects. The Australia genus
Huryischia Howard, attacks dipterous larvee.

TABLE OF GENERA.
il, IPQMRAIIOS 2 scone dio io:Ub te sk o's SINE Or EGNOS LO A nae te Raat aa
[VEGI CS ae eee Te ee nny: Pee ee i Soin nn Gea Hi edad waeG ws SAS wad Smee SO

336 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

2. Marginal vein shorter than the subcostal vein, the stigmal vein long, well developed ; hind tibiz armed

with many long bristles............................-Huryischia Howard (type E. lestophoni How.).
Marginal vein very long, much longer than the subcostal, the stigmal vein minute ; hind tibiz unarmed,
without long bristles........................-Hlasmus Westwood (type Hulophus flabellatus Fonsc.).

3. Marginal vein shorter than the subcostal, the stigmal vein long, well developed ; antennz simple, with-
Out/bramehes:: . iy teins oWebsactae ad ce eel aide ae ae One eee Cee eet Lee ate VTS Chic BElOnande
Marginal vein very long, longer than the subcostal, the stigmal vein very short; antennze with three
branches’, sie. see, sei eta es teers ree wees ete ian ool ae ae ee eee SMUG estnOods

Famity LXXI. EULOPHID.
1840. Eulophides, Subfamily 5 (partim), Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., p. 166;

Synop., p. 73.
1843. Eulophini, Subfamily (partim), Haliday, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, III., p.
296.

1856. Myinoide, Famile 3 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 18, 21 and 30.

1856. Elachistoidee, Familie 18 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 19, 26 and
(2

1856. Eulophoidee, Familie 19 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., I1., pp. 19, 26 and 74.

1856. Entedonoide, Familie 20 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 19, 26 and
78.

1856. Tetrastichoidee, Familie 21 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 19, 26 and
83.

1878. Tetrastichina, Tribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., p. 180.

1885. Tetracampinee, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I, p. 198.

1886. Tetracampine, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., II., p. 98.

1900. Eulophide, Family LXXI., Ashmead, Proc. U.S. National Museum, X XIII.,
p. 203.

This very large family, which comprises mostly very small species, is separated
from all the previously described families, except the Hlasmidx, by thoracic and
pedal characters, and to a great extent also by venational peculiarities impossible to
describe in detail to any except to those who have a thorough knowledge of the
various families.

The principal points to be noted, however, are the axillee which are advanced
forward into the basal region of the parapsides, on or before an imaginary line drawn
from tegula to tegula, a character found in none of the foregoing families, except the
Hlasmide which is too obviously distinct in many other ways to require specifica-
tion again.

Five distinct subfamilies may be recognized by the aid of the following table:

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES— aot

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.

1. Submarginal vein entire, not distinctly broken, or interrupted before uniting with the marginal vein, and
usually distinctly longer than the marginal; stigmal vein long, distinct, rarely very short, the post-
MAT oIMAlaelnna hWAy CuO nESCI Use erate atest vee eset eerste kiaa’e eS ois eaielctiels sae eauos Ga) segs ecuneaenes (OD
Submarginal vein broken, or interrupted before uniting with the marginal vein, and most frequently,
but not always, very short; stigmal vein not or rarely long, usually very short, the knob most
frequently subsessile or subpetiolate, the postmarginal most frequently wanting or very short, rarely
TONE seid o oc ba bse. 6s One, Oe en el ee ee TGR FeO Soe
2. Submarginal vein very short, the marginal vein very long, the postmarginal vein variable, often very
short or only slightly developed ; metapleura very small; abdomen often petiolate, but sometimes
SEIS Or SWISS. . oc oo gc co cee0 noon coco 76 440 a og Ge sn do nob gogo oomMoeuamuilhy Ii, 1 decir DOMNpoNtem
Submarginal vein not very short, usually longer than the marginal, the postmarginal vein always

wanting ; abdomen usually sessile, rarely petiolate.
Stigmal vein very short, nearly obsolete, its knob sessile or subsessile ; mesopleura usually
Val OuinaptenMoralletuEn Ose ere ie ieee eee eine ieiacisr ye OULD Leu mnt liye Hell CAGPIEER TRIN GTN? AN.
Stigmal vein distinct, never subsessile, usually long; mesopleura always with a distinct femoral
UNIT: O WARE eee eet ae ee eee re eee oes sass oes COUbamily LE. EePRASTICHIN As.
3. Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows complete, distinct, entire.......Subfamily TV. ELACHERTINZ.
Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows wanting or incomplete, at the most only slightly indicated

AAIVE ELI liy eer eae eer ee nr aera ee ore a.tolene creas SOU DiamMily Vi. TU LOPEDN As,

SuBFAMILY |. ENTEDONINZ.

1897. Entedonine, Subfamily I., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 236.
The usually very long marginal vein, the usually very short stigmal vein,
which is rarely long, the very small metapleura, and peculiarities in the shape of
the head and abdomen, impossible to describe in detail, but which the trained eye
recognizes at once, must be depended upon to distinguish the group.
The subfamily may be divided into fowr distinct tribes or minor groups.

TABLE OF TRIBES.
1. Tarsi in both sexes 4-jointed ; funicle 5-jointed or less; antennze 10-jointed or less. ,............... 2
Tarsi in female 5-jointed, rarely heteromerous, in male 4-jointed ; funicle 6-jointed ; antenne 11-jointed
Comore mney erilOsjoImed on lessee a eye eee) eck e 242s Lribe E Metracampini:

2. Parapsidal furrows complete, distinct.

Abdomen sessile or subsessile, never distinctly petiolate.................. Tribe I. Omphalini.
Nbdomen:distinetlm petolateqar ase acess rnccedeer eas soso . Leribe TL: Entedonini.
Parapsidal furrows incomplete, at the most indicated only anteriorly............Tribe IV. Pediobiini.

TRIBE [. ‘TETRACAMPINI.
1856. Tetracampoide, Familie, Forster, Hym. Stud., I., p. 79.
1878. Tetracampina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., p. 181:
This tribe approaches nearest to the Omphalini; the body is rather narrow and
elongate, the abdomen in the female being usually longer than the head and thorax

338 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

united and conically produced or conic-ovate ; while the marginal vein is very long,
the stigmal vein minute. In the females the tarsi are 5-jointed or heteromerous, in
the males 4-jointed. The antenne are 11-, 12- or 15-jointed, with 1 or 2 ring-joints,
the funicle being 6-jointed.

In the other tribes the tarsi are 4-jointed in both sexes, the antenne having at
the most 10 joints, while the funicle is from 2- to 5-jointed.

The members of this tribe attack principally coleopterous larve.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Females; tarsi 5-jointed or heteromerous... saps aloyaiehepe saavete
Males: tarsi 4sjoumited ics ¢ch5 3 se lace dels ietraie slateiasco sae elon Satu evel seoauenseset OO ences el cc meee rales ey ete ere RCP
2. Antenne 12- or 13-jointed, with 1 or 2 ring-joints.......
Antenne 11-jointed, without a ring-joint..

oO Oo ® bw

3. Antenne 12-jointed ; mesonotal furrows distinct. . SSCL eat enP AE ae es sReRaCIa ae GiiieNarG sod. amet 6
Antenne 13-jointed, with 2 ring-joints, the scape sienaee the club 8-jointed, the funicle 6-jointed, the
joints long, cylindrical ; mesonotal furrows wanting.

Platynocheilus Westwood (type. P. erichsonii Westw. ).

4. Antenne with the scape stout, the flagellum filiform, the joints cylindrical ; stigmal vein very short with

aavieLyesma ll GknObN arene acerca sie .. Letracampe Forster (type Entedon panyas Walk.).

Antenne with the scape slender, the flagellum subclavate, the joints except 5 and 6 a little longer than

thick ; stigmal vein short but with a rather large rounded knob...Plutothrix Forster (type unknown).

5. Scape not thick, the pedicel about as long as funicle-joints 1 and 2 united, the fifth joint stout ; pronotum
as long as the mesonotum, the axille widely separated ; metanotum without a median carina.

Forsterella Dalla Torre (type Hyperbius flavipes Forst.).

@, Abies I=Or 1A -jonmieel 5 mercaingil yer momma... ocooasoacvococoncoon os ee osassesscuoseosse OF

Antennz 13-jointed ; marginal vein broad and stout. ....................Platynocheilus Westwood.

fs Antennas V=joimted:. . 2 aij ets BoA oie ees id Soe EM Oe EE En CEE CORO er ea
Antenne 12-jointed.

Flagellum not verticillate-pilose ; stigmal vein with a minute knob.......Tetracampe Forster.

Flagellum verticillate-pilose ; stigmal vein with rather a large knob......... .Plutothrix Forster.

8. Antennz with the scape broad, the pedicel long, the flagellum normal ; stigmal vein very short.

Forsterella Dalla Torre.

TRIBE II. Omphalina.

Many of the species falling in this tribe strongly resemble some in the Tetracam-
pim, in venation, in the shape of the body and in often having the abdomen
conically produced, the only appreciable difference being in the antennee ; these are
never more than 10-jointed, and the funicle is at the most 5-jointed, often 2-, 3- or
4-jointed.

The habits of the species, if the records are correct, are diverse. Some attack
the larvee of Coleoptera, while others attack those of Diptera, Lepidoptera, ete.

IT am inclined to think, however, that these records in some cases are wrong and
most of them will be found to be parasitic only on dipterous larvee, since, where

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Soe)

the records conflict, Diptera are usually associated with the Coleoptera and Lepi-

doptera, cither as parasites or living together in the same plant. In breeding para-

sites one cannot always ascertain, with absolute certainty, the host of the parasites.

Species belonging to the genus Astichus Forster are bred from fungi infested with

dipterous and coleopterous larve.

. Antenne 8-jointed with a ring-joint........

TABLE OF GENERA.

Pa) 111691] near eT rere eR emer oe Up Rm mE ge rch surah etre ot/s Wer see Ne\istieiiars2 ie) ch c heetiel elise e), sistlsiesteuorewe te calse'ecd ecole gle .g: a

WEAMNGS ao ie he Sea gl SG bp Ge oa to SoS Be BO Bole UE ek Cer CRCn NERS Ee eR Dea se erent |

. Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint (scape, pedicel, a ring-joint, a 4-jointed funicle and a 3-jointed

CUD Bose ee aueiea 2 ©

Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, or less than 9-jointed..................... eee cece ee ence 9

AVViln oO Suh allies inne c UL Abels ees ects rievauetny cveassswore fewer tus iS euetsiieye (ole Aicteve sivcsvecansisvercrsia wise's, sacet sive ca cis.e a A

Wings banded or maculate with fuscous.
Antenne very long, the flagellum subclavate ; abdomen conically pointed; postmarginal vein
short, the knob of the stigmal vein petiolate... Astichus Forster (type A. arithmetricus Forst.).

. Abdomen long, conically produced, as long or longer than the head and thorax united .......

Abdomen short, ovate or cordate and usually shorter than the thorax, never much longer......

. Metanotum short, without carina or at the most with only a trace of a median carina........

Metanotum long, distinctly tricarinate, the surface punctulate or rugulose.
Flagellum stout, subclayate, finely pubescent ; abdomen not longer than the head and thorax
united or only alittle longer..................e0ceceeeceeeseeesee-. Nelitrichus Roudani.

paietano vm Sm OOUMaminMyUINGbALC Hamat wNetne atti iaetale seceded cana se acidisc sere «cles axlace ene eee) fl

Metanotum punctate or sculptured.
Wings almost glabrous, the short pubescence arranged in hair lines, usually conforming to the

spurious veins ; postmarginal vein well developed........................ vecodes Forster.

. Front wings well pubescent ; postmarginal vein well developed, long.

Eyes not large, the malar space distinct ; scape of antennz metallic or metallic except at base.
Euderus Haliday (type Entedon amplus Walk.).
Hyes very large, pubescent, occupying the whole side of the head and extending to the base of
the mandibles, the malar space wanting ; scape very slender, white.

Kuophthalmomyia Ashmead, g. noy. (type EL. pallidipes Ashm.).
Front wings almost glabrous, not well pubescent, the pubescence arranged in more or less irregular
hair-lines, as in Secodes ; postmarginal vein not well developed, not or scarcely longer than the very

short subsessile stigmal vein ; eyes normal, the malar space distinct. ,
Omphale Haliday (type O. salicis Hal.).

. Wings bare or nearly, the stigmal vein rather long, the postmarginal vein not developed.

Flagellum subclayate, not long, the pedicel long, obconical, the funicle 4-jointed, joints 3 and
4 wider than long; head lenticular, wider than the thorax ; parapsidal furrows sharply defined
posteriorly, wanting at anterior third; metathorax short, punctate, with a median carina ;
abdomen short cordate.........Hubbardiella Ashmead, g. nov. (type H. arizonensis Ashm.).

Antenne 9-jointed, with a ring-joint, the funicle 3-jointed, the club 3-jointed, the terminal joint
usually represented by a spur; wings immaculate, or at most with a substigmal fascia; meta-
thorax smooth, without a median carina or lateral folds, but with spiracular sulci; abdomen not or
scarcely longer than the head and thorax united.

. d40 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Malar space distinct, the eyes not extending to the base of the mandibles; postmarginal vein
Wery LOG. i oo be esac aie aes sisi e aiete’-co eles aoe nseeeUtaierela eh skeen eae meee Clin Ss OC ct ls BELO T treats
Malar space wanting, the eyes large and extending to the mandibles; postmarginal vein very
long, the stigmal vein subsessile and usually with a fuscous fascia from apex.
Zaommomyia Ashmead, g. noy. (type Chrysocharis stigmata Ashm.).
10. Wings usually with transverse fascize, the postmarginal vein not well developed ; head wider than
long; flagellum short, compressed, fusiform, the joints except the last wider than long.
Closterocerus Westwood (type C. trifasciatus Westw.).

iil, Ampraannes 1Osounniecl, Wan Oe TOV OMMU, . 65 a5 cacao en sossonan dp codo so Docs oo paccosDesccon00Esy LZ
Antenne 9-jounteds with one mime omblOrsless ee peptyierlerse eter teed reielcieeeedeisieeper elite teeta
12. Wings immaculate: icc) cd sced ov eie'e wrote ciel nGeae saw eee ete Hie ee lee ier ec Mele arene oe ne eh eae ete ene

Wings maculate.
Antenne very long, verticillate-pilose, the funicle joints subdentate.........Astichus Forster.
18.. Metanotum short, usually without a, median carinacs.. oles ete ee Se eee erence
Metanotum not short, tricarinate.
Antennas MifOKnisc. | fans «aa pean eee Rie neice Soe eee ee eens e LDL US BIOncalbiie
14. Metanotum, snrooth; impumctates..). 5s. cs ceves cis rnc oie oe eee nee a eae eRe
Metanotum punctate or sculptured.
Wings subglabrous, the faint pubescence arranged in hair-lines; postmarginal vein well devel-
oped, longer than the stigmals -- 9-3). 4-552 56 406e 22. ta eee eee ee codes Horctel:
15. Front wings finely pubescent ; postmarginal vein long, well developed.
Eyes not large, the malar space distinct ; scape of antennz metallic.........Huderus Haliday.
Eyes very large, occupying the whole sides of the head, the malar space wanting ; scape of
antennee very slender, white.........................-.......Huophthalmomyia Ashmead.
Front wings subglabrous, not well pubescent, the pubescence arranged usually in more or less irregular
hair-lines ; postmarginal vein not well developed, rarely longer than the very short stigmal vein.
Head normal, not wider than the thorax ; stigmal vein very short, the knob sessile or subsessile ;
parapsidal furrows complete ; abdomen long........................---Omphale Haliday.
Head very broad, lenticular, wider than the thorax; stigmal vein rather long; parapsidal fur-
rows obliterated anteriorly. ....................................-Hubbardiella Ashmead.

Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, the funicle 3-jointed.

16. Antennee 8-jointed, with one ring-joint..........

Eyes normal, the malar space distinct ................................Ohrysocharis Forster.

Eyes very large, extending to base of mandibles, the malar space wanting.
Zaommomyia Ashmead.
17. Wings with a marginal frige, often with transverse bands, the stigmal vein clavate, longer than the

POSbM AKG Nal se) cate. -ssct sid asls Clo cickele tera eee ite aac eietlei ere ieee oie CLOSLELOCCLUSMVesuoode

Trrse III. LHntedonina.

This tribe is easily distinguished from the Omphalini by the distinctly petiolate
abdomen, and from the Pediobiimi by the complete parapsidal furrows.

TABLE OF GENERA.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 341

2. Scutellum without lateral longitudinal grooved lines, at the most with a single median furrow....... 7
Seutellum with lateral longitudinal grooved lines.
Antenne 10-jointed, with only one ring-joint, or less than 10-jointed, the ovipositor never promi-
LS TN gee E RSME Toe MTP TMLee SaaS av sary Uc ToPePAN cholo) cl -voustaacict csi sienclovets wiateile vosieoe etter seeiciecs's eisilewierec A
Antenne 10-jointed, with-two ring-joints, the ovipositor very long, longer than the abdomen ;
flagellum very long, the funicle 4-jointed, the joints long, swollen at base and tapering off
at apex, the swollen portion with whorls of long hairs.
Uroentedon Ashmead, g. nov. (type U. verticellata Ashm.).
4. Head normal, viewed from in front not or scarcely wider than long; stigmal vein short........... 7
Head abnormal, viewed from in front very short, twice as wide as long or even wider ; stigmal vein
NOTTS eee Meet Near se ee yarn TYRE I tara ied Witaier ois ieleiers isle. si@/e wiaeiveeeidis vie Se wicieit ei! Se 'vwee ae O
5. Eyes a econ wings with the disk usually subfuscous, but not banded ; antenne 10-jointed, sub-
ClANAIC oss 4.6 an cts AGED CAO me Ab soo tle ei ae e.cUOe CHR Son OnE oe an ae Peer ae a)
Hyes bare; wings with two fuscous transverse bands ; antenne 10-jointed, long, the flagellum long,
subclavate, the funicle 4-jointed, the joints longer en thick ; cylindrical ; prothorax conical ; parap-
sides prominently convex....... Paice 5 . Hoplocrepis Ashmead (type H. albiclava Ashm.).
6. Funicle 3-jointed, the joints at slightly Patents the club 4-jointed, black or brown-black,
not white ; metanotum smooth, without a median carina.
Eulophopteryx Ashmead, g. nov. (type EL. chapadxe Ashm.).
Funicle 3-jointed, the joints compressed, briefly pedicellate, the club 4-jointed, white or yellowish
white ; metanotum with a median carina.
Lophocomus Haliday (type Cirrospilus anaitis Walk.).
d. seuvellum’ without a median longitudinal erooved line... 20... 2+. shee ewe ese ee eee s esse esse ©
Scutellum with a median longitudinal grooved line.
Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint, the flagellum filiform, pubescent, the funicle 4-jointed,
the joints long, cylindrical ; abdomen with a long petiole.
Holcopeltoideus Ashmead, g. nov. (type Holcopelte petiolata Ashm.).
Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, usually subclavate, the funicle 3-jointed, the joints
oblong-oval or submoniliform ; abdomen with a short petiole.
Horismenus Walker (type H. cleodora Walk.).
8. Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint or less than 9-jointed........................--------- 10
Antennee 10-jointed, with one ring-joint.
Migunilnorass onndion: lanier Canaines, 5005000009000 ca 0a0nGdadsn00 050 ConO CU UN don OU FdOKGE Ft)
Metathorax with lateral carinze and a median carina, the latter usually forked at apex.
Body of abdomen ovate, the first segment occupying about one third the whole surface.
Pleurotropis Forster (type P. isomera Forst.).
9. Metathorax pr Toaneed into a long neck at apex, with a delicate median carina at base.
Head very wide, lenticular, much wider than the thorax, concave behind ; flagellum filiform,
the funicle 4-jointed ; postmarginal vein not developed ; abdomen with a long petiole.
Pelorotelus Ashmead, g. noy. (type P. cwruleus Ashm.).
10. Antenne 8-jointed, with one ring-joint, or less than 8-jointed.................22-- ++ ee ee ee ee ees 1B
Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, the funicle 3-jointed, the club 3-jointed, the last joint usually
represented by a little spur.
Wicianinors: amdoomt Veiemall CARINED. ¢ oo 000550000000 an 005s 9n0009o5 09000506005 0000n000000 Ml

Metathorax with lateral carine................Mestocharis Forster (type M. cyclopsila Forst.).

342 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

BIE

13.

14.
15.

16.

We

18.

20.

bo
iw)

Scutellum not smooth, scaly punctate, or finely reticulately punctate. . wanes Bae
Scutellum perfectly smooth, impunctate........... . Asecodas Forster dane ae jatios Foret. }-

. Head very broad, much wider than the thorax, the Pcmae concave ; metanotum with a median carina

connected with a transverse carina at apex, the spiracles in depressions, large and oval.
Entedon Dalman (type E. cyanellus Dalm.).
Head not so broad, not or scarcely wider than the thorax ; metanotum with a delicate median carina
connected with a transverse carina before the apex, the same a little curved on each side from the
apex of the median carina, the spiracles small, short oval or rounded........Derostenus Westwood
(type D. gemmeus Westw.).
Antenne short and strongly clavate, the funicle 2-jointed, the club large, 3-jointed.
Funicle joints neither small nor annular, distinctly separated ; pedicel not large, much narrower
than the first joint of funicle.......Rhopalotus Forster (type Hlachertus cothurnatus Ratzeb.).
Funicle joints very minute, annular, and closely united with the club ; pedicel large.
Chrysoatomus Ashmead, g. nov. (type C. zealandicus Ashm.).
Scutellim: withiccolonigitudinalleroovedsimesl serrate eee ee eee ieee eee

Secutellum without longitudinal grooved lines, or at the most with a median grooved line.......... 19

Antenne 10-jointed or less, with only one ring-joint .............- 22-2 ee ec ee eee ee wees nese sees 16
Antenne 10-jointed with two ring joints . Pak nioe ae apts Sereno eon eee . .Uroentedon Ashmead.
Head abnormal, viewed from in front, very short and twice as wide as ane or-even wider ; stigmal

Seiki gal (Ohi een Ak era rete rn aR non Ae tN aS We erro Wet ico loe mo diacG oe cole dol JLd
Head normal, viewed from in front, not or scarcely wider than long......................--.-.- 19

Eyes pubescent ; wings with a subfuscous discal cloud but not banded; pronotum rounded before. 18
Eyes bare ; wings with two transverse fuscous bands ; pronotum conical.
Antenne very long, 10-jointed, the joints of the funicle globose at base, longly petiolate at apex,

with whorls of long hairs on the basal portion ; sometimes also with short branches on the

first three joints of funicle...... 0... .........20000000eeeeeees-.-- HOoplocrepis Ashmead.

Antenne long, 10-jointed, as in Hoplocrepis.
Metanotum without a median carina.,.............................Hulophopteryx Ashmead.
Metanotum with a median carina.................................... Lophocomus Haliday.
SScutellumwo2hva medianvlonsitndinalyerooyedslineser ss] aa eeeeeer ee eee eee U)
Scutellum without a median longitudinal grooved line ..................... ee ee ee cece ee esse ee es QL

Antenne 10-jointed, the funicle 4-jointed, the joints rather longer, pedicellate at apex, the club 3-jointed.
Holcopeltoideus Ashmead.

Antenne 9-jointed, the funicle 4-jointed, the joints oval, very briefly pedicellate, the club 2-jointed.
Horismenus Walker.

. Antennee 9-jointed, with a ring-joint, or less than 9-jointed....................0000- ee ee eeee ees 22

Antennee 10-jointed, with a ring-joint, the funicle 4-jointed, the ais oblong, very briefly pedicellate,
or loosely joined, the club 3-jointed, the last joint represented by a little spur.

Metanotum not short, with lateral carinze and a median carina ; abdomen short oval, the second

segment occupying nearly half the whole surface, the following segments after the third very

SHOW ..45 0 crs avahewheile niet eee eh SER Ge at: oie Eee eerie UnOLLODISsHOKster

‘Antenne Sj OINbEM/ OL LESS: iia vaisiepshass eccitew shay ste eave eee AAO Con aN OIE TOR eT eee Eee ee ao)
Antennee 9-jointed.

MetauhoraxEsmooubrniiloutslauenalica ince leis nnn e i rine tein reer ee Ere een

Metathorax with lateral carine, the median carina also usually present.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 343

Flagellum short, stout, subclavate, the funicle 3-jointed, joints 2 and 3 not longer than
Thick rmerclubystoulbersovales. see 2244 242-44 2ae se. 6-2 lestocharis Horster.
23. Scutellum never smooth, always punctate, scaly-punctate or reticulate ; metanotum more or less sha-
PRECHE AROS UNC LATE Hammer staeet erhaeils Ae ao cl. metal otic ad lacsGinn Heats cic sa Belew tose kecsens ee Of
Scutellum always smooth, impunctate ; metanotum smooth, not sculptured.
Flagellum subfiliform, much stouter than the small pedicel, the funicle 3-jointed, the joints
loosely joined or briefly pedicellate, postmarginal vein short..............Asecodes Forster.
24. Flagellum filiform, the funicle 3-jointed.
Metanotum with a transverse carina at apex; postmarginal vein short....... Entedon Dalman.
Metanotum with a tranverse carina a little before the apex ; postmarginal vein long.
Derostenus Westwood.
25. Antenne short, strongly clavate, pubescent.
Pedicel not large, narrower than the first joint of the funicle.............Rhopalotus Forster.
Pedicel very large, stouter than the first joint of the funicle .........Chrysoatomus Ashmead.

TriBeE LV. Pediobwni.

In this tribe are found some of the smallest members of the subfamily. It is
distinguished from the other tribes by having the mesonotal furrows incomplete or
wholly wanting, at the most indicated by a slight depression posteriorly, but not by
grooved lines. In the other tribes the mesonotal or parapsidal furrows are usually
complete and always sharply defined, the mesonotum being distinctly trilobed.

All of the species falling in this group, or tribe, are, I think, hyperparasites and
attack other members of the HMntedonine, as well as members of other groups, and
more particularly species in the Hulophinx ; they are the cannibals of the Mulophide,
since they attack and devour almost any member of the family, the species of the
genus Hulophus particularly being most frequently devoured by them.

TABLE OF GENERA.

le ERSTE NOS Sails etatye oid a enone 2
WANES 55660600000 nears epoctene MaMa Sian ciet chatraar ia byicns te a &
2. Abdomen! Sessile or subsessile, the petiole very Short 2... 2.1... ee ee ee cect eee cess esse cueses O

Abdomen distinctly petiolate.

Head lenticular, wider than the thorax ; abdomen conically pointed, the second segment large,
occupying most of the surface; antennze 8-jointed (or 9-jointed with a ring-joint), the funicle
3-jointed, the joints oval, loosely joined or subpedunculate ; postmarginal vein very short.

Paracrias Ashmead, g. nov. (type P. laticeps Ashm.).
SMOM Mp OSIUOLM OLREXSCTUCC Manne nate Hemera sccie eee teereun einitisie okie eine foe Or asseaee ee oes ssssane 4
Ovipositor exserted, the length of the abdomen.

Wings with long marginal cilia, the postmarginal vein long, the stigmal vein short ; head trans-

verse ; antennee? (broken, probably 8-jointed) ...........,.Uroderostenus Ashmead, g. nov.

(type U. pleuralis Ashm.).

PVA osm nelomemmanolmaleciliianrractae astcecseat ics conmeccieerceiccus cote as cavogee secs ecassecusccnle O
Maine Sei bneshOnueMmancinalecihigaemmrrrnee ee a atccta. Vu Araneae rosacea dec ance se ooeece se even 0

5. Marginal vein very long.

344 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Stigmal vein long; antenne 8-jointed (or 9-jointed with a ring-joint), the funicle 3-jointed, the

joints longer than thick...............................Chrysonotomyia Ashmead, g. nov.

(type Hulophus auripunctatus Ashm.).

Stigmal vein short ; antenne 9-jointed, with a ring-joint, the flagellum filiform, tapering off at

apex, and furnished with long, sparse hairs, the funicle 3-jointed ; abdomen long, conic-ovyate.

Ametallon Ashmead, g. noy. (type A. chapadex Ashm.).

6. Antenne 7-jointed (or 8-jointed with a ring-joint), if 9-jointed the head not especially large....... 7
Antenne 8-jointed (or 9-jointed with a ring-joint) ; head large, wider than the thorax.

' Flagellum slender, filiform, clothed with some long, sparse hairs, the funicle and club each 3-
jointed ; head large, much wider than the thorax ; wings with one or two fuscous fascize ; ab-
domen conic-ovate, the second segment occupying scarcely half the whole surface.

Acrias Walker (type A. nileus Walker).
7. Stigmal vein usually very short, the knob sessile or subsessile.
Thorax and scutellum smooth, impunctate ; antenne 8-jointed, with a ring-joint, not tapering
toward apex, the joints of the funicle submoniliform.
Pediobius Walker (type Entedon cedicius Walk.).
Thorax and scutellum with a scaly punctation ; antennz 9-jointed with a ring-joint, tapering off
at apex, the joints of the funicle not submoniliform.
Nesomyia Ashmead, g. nov. (type N. albipes Ashm.).
8. Abdomen’ sessile or ‘subsessile. (ciayccesisgenactecsemsiele tates Geta cer ee eee eee ee)
Abdomen distinctly petiolate.
Antenne 9-jointed with one ring-joint..............................-.-baracrias Ashmead.
9; Wings with shortamareinall ciliayacaarnie gerericre Orochi orin cee rece Roce Ore eerie.
Wings with long marginal cilia.

Stigmal vein short.

INon-metalllicys. {o.-ce-4 sere eke chi eilte cee nee ee nee Pee nee ne tcl One tcuime aie

Metallic... icc. bale .iee ono picleis neti ao caniene aeiennei Gee eran IO ROG eTOSLeHUSH sc bimenite

Stiomal weimmlonio anche cree hee ee .......Chrysonotomyia Ashmead.

10. Antennze 8-jointed (or 9-jointed with a ring-joint)......................--......-.Acrias Walker.
Antenne 7-jointed (or 8-jointed with a ring-joint).........................-.-.-rediobius Walker.

SuBraMILy IJ. APHELININ”.

1856. Myinoide, Familie, 3, Forster, Hym. Stud., IL, pp. 18, 21 and 30.
1875. Aphelinina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 12, 183.
1886. Aphelinine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.
1897. Aphelinine, Subfamily, LI., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 236.

Many authorities have treated this group as allied to the Encyrtide, and usually
place it next to that family, with which it has no affinity whatever. It is clearly a
component of the Hulophidx, where Dalman first placed it, as is shown by the
structural characters of the mesothorax.

An excellent reversion of the group has been given by Dr. L. O. Howard, in
Technical Series No. 1. U. 8. Department of Agriculture, where most of the genera
have been fully described and figured.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 345

TABLE OF TRIBES.
Tarsi 5-jointed........ Ese aici Ta ee boar aan OA ee ene .......-Dribe I. Aphelinini.
Wasi oh OULU renee ase Cee CM eerie ncm Wee ca Ge) eer esse esos se kribe IL. Pteroptricini.

Trine Ll. Aphelinini.
The fivejointed tarsi distinguish the tribe. The majority of the species con-
fine their attacks to various genera of scale-insects, or bark-lice, belonging to the
family Coccide. A-few, however, in the genus Aphelinus, while usually bred from
Coccidx, also attack plant-lice belonging to the family Aphidide. All the species,
except probably the latter, which may be hyperparasitic on some Hneyrtinx, are sup-
posed to be primary parasites, and are of the greatest importance in destroying the

destructive bark-lice ( Coccidz).
TABLE OF GENERA.

iL, PEMA sas ciao Sor oboe accra ys eee einC eo aed pee ee 2
MEWS co-cqera0.d. 08 Oke O Oty SUUCIS CIO GUC ce nee eS SEI CIEE eS CisecL nie i eee eae at aoe 6
Bh, NW MOSICSS TORN io po euleord aot go Sedo Se Nerd oo 0b See Oe Duns Creel once nen te ene eae seen
Winged.
Front wings with a hairless oblique line extending from the marginal vein towards the base of
WN Whiners: BiNueMINE a= Cir OajOmnWeCl ene Go nee ood ooo ooo Go Dolo 6 lace cd cence sei cerca cd 4
Front wings without such a line.
Amite nm ce) S-) Olle Utwate preter seer ra tetas yal cree a escia) spa eye oes lore, sanetees bise\caaview ae de ueieaines. O
FAMICOM ES =f OLE Ommaney t pein Snes coger Ha eeci esas cue sinter mer sa-aiatens Gece Guslvinln acesenoell L
3. Club of antenne 3-jointed......... .4
Clubyotranvennce sl vone2=] OlMbed mcs cinta a She snee ape cuery ai tete een cles Sx) ae oe ie eels ein ies wie toed ee wie > &
4. Wings with a short marginal fringe...... 4%
Wings with a long marginal fringe.......... ad
5. Stigmal vein short but distinct, always present. :
Marginal vein as long as, or longer than, the subcostal vein.....................2.-.-2.2- 6

Marginal vein much shorter than the subcostal vein.
Prospalta Howard (type P. murlfeldti How.).
6. Flagellum strongly compressed, the first joint of the funicle about twice as long as the pedicel, the
following shortening ; hind tibiee flat, with short stiff bristles behind.
Aneristus Howard (type A. ceroplastz How.).
Flagellum not compressed, subcylindrical, the first joint of funicle not twice as long as the pedicel .
hind tibize normal, without short, stiff bristles behind.

Coccophagus Westwood (type C. pulchellus Westw.).

7. Stigmal vein absent.....................Aspidiotiphagus Howard (type Coccophagus citrinus Craw.).
So. Chui Gi MinusiaiMnes: POMNUST Gee wan eet Secols BiB elec OG cote ecu acl Aeterna
CHD OH” GINCTINES Tey OMT Se ws cols ecbin Cea en en cube OPE ee Reeel nae Aes oe nn oe

9. Abdomen, seen from above, short, oval, depressed, beneath boat-shaped or carinate ; hind tibie nor-
iota eee eee eee een eye ee aan EnCarsia Horster (type. ricolor Horst. ):
‘Abdomen, seen from above, subovate, flat, beneath subconvex; hind tibize behind armed with stiff
Dristl€ssee eee eee oe oaeee ae NEyaocnema Ashmead (type If, ‘compere: Ashm.).

10. Abdomen short, depressed, not boat-shaped beneath, ending in a prominent ovipositor.

Ablerus Howard (type Centrobia clisiocampx Ashm.).

346 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

i.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.
18.
19.

20.
21.

22.

24.
25.
26.
27.

28.

Frovt wings with long marginal cilia, dusky on basal half; club, or terminal joint of the 3-jointed

antennee, very lomng..................--
Antenne 6-jointed...
Antennee 5-jointed........

Antennee with the three joints before the club unequal in length........ oaene
Antenne with the three joints before the club equal in length....................

Ovipositor prominently exserted.,....

Ovipositor not at all, or at most only slightly, exserted ; wings hyaline.........

Wings not wholly hyaline, maculate, or with rounded fuscous spots ..

. Thysanus Haliday (type T. ater Hal.).

5 18

eel
SEE A OO Oe om ee
.Mesidia Forster.

... Aphelinus Dalman

(type Entedon abdominalis Dalm.).

16

Wings hyaline ; with a brown band ; post-scutellum abnormal, ee to the re of the cane

ovipositor prominent, 4 the length of the abdomen.....
Wings hyaline, with rounded, fuscous spots......

. .Centrodora Forster (type C.
Marietta Motschulsky (type M. leopardina Motsch.).

7, ameena For: a

Wings strongly maculate, with broad irregular fuscous bands and spots of a peculiar pattern.

Perissopterus Howard (type Aphelinus pulchellus How.).

Ovipositor exserted ; mandibles 3-dentate. ..
Antenne: G-joimted)., <4 42. aone cee cine nee

Front wings with a hairless oblique line ; antennee 5- or 6-jointed....

Front wings without such a line.
Antenne 8-jointed. .
Antenne 3-jointed.

Wings with long marginal cilia.........
Front wings with the marginal cilia short ........
Front wings with the marginal cilia long.......
Marginal vein much shorter than the subcostal vein....................

Marginal vein as long as or longer than the subcostal vein......

Hind tibiz armed with stiff bristles behind ......

. Front wings broadly rounded at apex, the stigmal vein present..
Front wings narrowed and pointed at apex, the stigmal vein absent..

LO aU Feloo 1d oR aN Rn te Rc RRM Nene A teal tats er ner or eae Ai WN eS oh De ee

eM OUULe)JUIY: EMO KOVONL(0 Onn RereS MINERS are A mG RnNE Akama gerd ico tocosicdd Geoanae de

Antenne 5-jointed.

Antenne with the three joints before the club of an wnequal length, ......................00---00s
Antenne with the three joints before the club of an equal length..............

Wings not wholly hyaline...
Wings wholly hyaline..

.. Physcus Howard (type Coccophagus varicornis How.).

..Aphelinus Dalman.
. 25

. 20

..Lhysanus Haliday.
. 21
5 BB
. 22

. Coccophagus Westwood.
Hind tibie not armed with stiff bristles behind............................0-.

.Prospalta Howard.
. Myiocnema Ashmead.
5 A

.. Aspidiotiphagus Howard.

. Ablerus Howard.
.... bncarsia Forster.

27
..Mesidia Forster.

. 28
aga Datnee

Wings with rounded fuscous eon or strongly maculate with fuscous ae and geet spots,... 29

Wings hyalinevexcepty amiiscouss bandipe eee ieteeei eee ern einer
Wan ssiawith rounded iiScous spots aise lcs ieee ener

.Centrodora Fors ster.
Marietta Motschulsky.

Wings strongly maculate with broad irregular fuscous bands and spots of a peculiar pattern.

Perissopterus Howard.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 347

TriBe I]. Pteroptricint.

This tribe is separated from the former by having 4-jointed tarsi, not five. It
forms a transition, or a connecting link, between the subfamilies Aphelinine and the
Tetrastechine, some of its members are easily mistaken for some of those of the
latter.

The very short, or nearly obsolete, stigmal vein, and the absence of the meso-
sternal furrow, will, however, readily distinguish them.

The species attack principally the mealy-winged plant-lice, family Alewrodide.

TABLE OF GENERA.
see UC S amen eee gee pet ee deen fr oc rena ad ny ane ac ac cis ee ae Aa eee HEAR Pe eae eoe eee 2

MIBIOS . -.5.c0'8 6 05.60 ea obo VE ELEA Bn OO creo PROC Crd AT OAC A Scien ee Sea ge ee ae een eS

2. Antennze 8 jointed, normal, the last joint very short. Pteroptrix Westwood (type P. dimidiata Westw.).
Antenne 5-jointed, with 2 minute ring-joints, the last joint, or the club, greatly lengthened.

Eretmocera Haldeman (type EL. corni Haldeman.).

eee Arnibenme: 3) ols Cera ee eee) nos oe eran ee el Etenoptrix Westwood.

ge)

Antenne 3-jointed (or 4-jointed with a ring-joint), the last joint very long. Eretmocera Haldeman.

SuBFAMILY III. TerrasTicHinZ.
1856. Tetrastichoide, Familie 21, Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 26 and 83.
1878. Tetrastichina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., p. 180.
1836. Tetrastichine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 199; IIL., p. 98.
Lege. ‘Tetrastichine, Subfamily III., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV.,
p. 249.

This subfamily is closely allied to the Aphelinine, and some of the smaller
species falling in it, are easily confused with many in the Aphelinini, if attention is
not given to the difference in the length of the stigmal vein.

TABLE OF TRIBES.
Abdomen distinctly petiolate ; hind wings with a long, clavate marginal vein. ......Tribe I. Ceratoneurini.

Abdomen sessile or subsessile ; hind wings with a slender marginal vein.......... Tribe II. Tetrastichini.

Trise I. Ceratonewrini.
The distinctly petiolate abdomen, and the long clavate marginal vein in the hind
wings, found in no other tribe, will distinguish the tribe at a glance.
Only one genus is known:

Antenne 10-jointed, with two ring-joints ; face with strie converging towards the mouth.

Ceratoneura Ashmead (type C. petiolata Ashm.).

Trree Il. Tetrastichini.
The sessile or subsessile abdomen, and the difference in the venation of the hind
wings separate this tribe from the Ceratoneurimmi. The scutellum has usually four

348 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

longitudinal grooved lines, rarely five, but never less than two longitudinal grooved
lines.

The species falling in this group are not restricted in their habits, but attack
nearly all orders of insects. They have been bred, according to the records, from
the larvee of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Neurop-
tera, Odonata, etc., and appear to be both primary and secondary parasites.

The vast majority of them, however, appear to be primary parasites upon the
gall-making or gall-inhabiting insects in the Orders Diptera, Hymenoptera and
Coleoptera.

The curious, and in some respects anomalous, genus J/elittobia Westwood is para-
sitic in the nests of bees and wasps, and is said to attack not only these insects but
also other hymenopterous parasites of the bees and the wasps, 2. é., Monodontomerus,
ete. In this country species have been bred from the nests of bees and wasps, just
as in Europe, but here we have positive evidence that they came from the puparium
of a Dipteron, and I have, therefore, my doubts as to the genus being a primary
parasite of bees and wasps.

TABLE OF GENERA.

HP chsh 001 (chs fae Pee ee Oe Ae EE id eet ie nem aA LMR UN Rin te AB lan Oo Gamo amo Raloow sa noleeoG Te

CH co re ee Eh eie nn water erence tien Nac Anne ia A na Coloma colo ot.co Kole co. 66 Cole
Jo MIGSOMOGTIMIN CHINO A uNEChIaIn GROOVE! WHE, 54 5050000500c0 0000 Gos sc 050500500
Mesonotumiwitiiaanedianccrooved dine} AA saee aes eoe ee Or Oech ee ee eon rere er rng

3. Pronotum transverse, not conical, or subquadrate or rounded anteriorly..........................
Pronotum long, conical. i
Autennee 9-jointed, inserted near the mouth border ; abdomen longer than the head and thorax
united, subcompressed, the ventral valve prominent..................Melittobia Westwood
(type Cirrospilus acasta Walk.).
A. Antenne !9=joimbed.. withone rinie=|O1nite meee aeeiioe aoa cio eno eee ee eae O
Antenne 10-jointed, with two ring-joints.
Abdomen very long, conically produced, two or more times longer than head and thorax
Oe an teen erm Tae Mi Serr MOA acai aconucoobodea 4 bud eo eo oqo!
Abdomen not long, either ovate or conic-ovate and not or rarely much longer than the head
and thorax united.

Abdomen above depressed or concave, never cylindrical, either carinate or convex be
neath, polished, the segments not subequal..................Tetrastichodes Ashmead
(type T. floridanus Ashm.).
Abdomen cylindrical, convex above, never depressed, shagreened or punctate, never
smooth, the segments subequal ; funicle joints cylindrical, at least twice as long as
thWICK 6. Se ais es oe Caos cle esis eevee eee eer EE CHOPOLUS Horsnrely (hye mum kanonva))s
5. Metanotum usually very short, with a A-shaped median carina, each fork diverging towards the lateral
hind angle, more rarely with a straight median carina......................... yperteles Forster
(type Hulophus elongatus Forster).

6.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 349

Scutellum with two longitudinal grooved lines; hind wings acutely pointed ; front wings with a long
marginal fringe, ................---------------. Gyrolasia Forster (type Pteroptria menes Walk.).
Seutellum with four longitudinal grooved lines; hind wings not acutely pointed.

Head and thorax smooth or nearly, at the most only sparsely punctate, metanotum smooth,
with a delicate median carina; abdomen rotund or broadly oval, shorter than the thorax but
wider .........................9yntomosphyrum Forster (type Eulophus cyclogaster Ratz.).

Head and thorax shagreened or punctate, as well as the abdomen; metanotum punctate ;

abdomen rather long, cylindrical, the segments subequal....... Trichoporus Forster (partim).

. Scape of antennee normal, neither greatly thickened nor dilated. . Sree hice Ob Gor een Neer men rene Mea

Scape of antennee abnormal, enormously enlarged, or dilated ; antennze a4oinfed with one ring-joint,
the funicle 4-jointed.
Front wings with a long marginal fringe ; funicle joints short, moniliform. .. .Ceranisus Walker
(type C. pacuvius Walk.).
Front wings with a short marginal fringe ; funicle joints longer than thick. Baryscapus Forster
(type unknown).

. Antennee 10-jointed, with two ring-joints, the funicle 3-jointed, the club ovate, 3-jointed........... 9
Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, or less than 9-jointed.. EIR ae Sao areicrden eats won, LO

. Abdomen ovate or conic-ovate, rarely, although sometimes, oe lengthened and conically produced
as in Hyperteles..............-+---...+..-....-. Letrastichus Haliday (type Eulophus miser Nees).
AMBMAMEs Q3jonnteel, Wild CLE WMOSPIOWNG 5 200000000000 0000 cn 6d 0455 06 boob DoDD UD UU oO CORO OG BU OUCOS Ul
AuiCmMINEs S=jolmbecl, WHI OME WOEOMNN 64 oo 00 00000000 v0 GabD Dabo bd Ue DONO Se oO HOU buon beOdDeCG aA I

Front legs normal, the tibiz and tarsi long and slender; pronotum not long, rounded before, hardly
half the length of the mesonotum ; abdomen much aerate conically produced, subcompressed, with
usually a prominent ovipositor ; funicle joints much longer than thick...... Aprostocerus Westwood

(type A. caudatus Westw.).

Front legs abnormal, much swollen, the tibize short and thick ; pronotum large, transverse quadrate,
nearly as long as the mesonotum, the front angles a little rounded ; body of abdomen oblong, de-
pressed, not longer than the head and thorax united, the ovipositor prominent but not longer than
half the length of the abdomen ; funicle joints short, not longer than thick, sometimes a little wider
than lone. ..............-...---+------++....-.. Cratepus Forster (type C. agrisgranensis Forst.).

Abdomen ovate, the ovipositor hidden.

Antenne very short, clavate, the pedicel obconic, thicker and longer than the first two joints
of the funicle united, which are small, quadrate ; wings with a long marginal fringe.
Pentastichus Ashmead (type P. xanthopus Ashm.).

Wiesomolmam eniixconm a medion arxoronyetdl lbw, 556000 c0c05550G0 0c cabo cd od a0 bb ud nu DU oOee Unde un doe J:
WMeconouunnecntiran me diana oro owe deli Crete eesti ae er Volieeolsta se cine pees ol oni one@ ovens we ok
Sjoocles fully wid! o4:a6 dose addy obec bow o Ge OH Obl DIDS EB a pene Oe: Cue CI CIEE Eon ee an oaea nar arama

Apterous or subapterous.
Pronotum long, conical ; antenne 9-jointed, inserted close to the mouth, the scape long,
broadly dilated towards apex, the pedicel and first funicle joint dilated, the funicle
joints 2-4 small, transverse, the club ovate, 3-jointed........... .Melittobia Westw.

Me nmeeeo =| Oimuedululneo7ve) CIM Om |OUME Maney eevee ae he wasn ysl hus jane ie wise 4 Se ol clone oleae ol LO
Aimiginngs SAolMiee Or NSS: osc 5 ook es Beebo bul om ieee ee A nO Gate Pree ce eee an)
Front wings with a short marginal fringe, the hind wings not acutely pointed at apex.. ero

Front wings with a long marginal fringe, the hind wings acutely pointed at apex. Gyiolacias Forster.

350 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

17. Abdomen short oval, or rotund, shorter than the thorax..........................-.+..-0....-. 19
Abdomen elongate, conic-ovate or conical, fully as long as, or longer than, the thorax.
Metanotum not punctate, the abdomen neither cylindrical nor sculptured, the segments not
subequal, the head and thorax smooth, not strongly sculptured or closely punctate....... 18
Metanotum very short and punctate, the abdomen cylindrical, sculptured, the segments short,
subequal, the head and thorax closely punctate or strongly sculptured...Trichoporus Forster.
18. Metanotum very short, smooth, and often without a median carina; if the median carina is present it
is united with a transverse apical carina ; abdomen not longer than the thorax.
Tetrastichodes Ashmead.
Metanotum short, with a ,j-shaped median carina; abdomen very long, conically produced, much
longer than the thorax.. Rae er ORR Ceti 3 stanal Hemet A Hyer neerayantitaaAd ..Hyperteles Forster.
19. Species small and short, black or at most zneous pee the dene rotund, never ovate or conically
POIMbEM ss 5.5 oh cis a deciles eeroe wie sales mulas Gols Mee aie eae eeeeos te eats eb OSDhy Tum sHorsters
20. Antenne 8-jointed, without a ring-joint.

Abdomen ovate or conically pointed.

Abdomen short rotund.................,...............Syntomosphyrum Forster (partim).
Abdomen not short, ovate, or conic ovate,.................Tetrastichodes Ashmead (partim).
21. -Scape of antennz normal, neither greatly thickened nor dilated, ...........................---- 22

Scape of antenne enormously enlarged or dilated.
Front wings with a long marginal fringe ; flagellum filiform, slender, with a short pubescence.
Ceranisus Walker.

Front wings with a short marginal fringe..............................Dbaryscapus Forster.

WP), INMATE OjowalKscl, yAlila OPS whMRHOWNS 6560000000 da 000000000005 000000 0000 0S Do Done AA On Ad sOGDOS BO
AMIE NINED SajoOnonwecl, pall CRE ws OWA) oo 5000s 0eucc0 G00 cD bn OU DS adc0 DD DOGO DNCeNDOONDOGCCKG 2H
23. Bront,Jecsi swollen, ‘their, tibize shortis. secre saa ace een cee Gener merc ae heer ener

Front legs normal, their tibiee not short.
Flagellum long, with long sparse hairs,..............................Letrastichus Haliday.
Flagellum not especially long, without long sparse hairs; metanotum smooth, without a median
Aprostocerus Westwood.

CATUMAS «'oh.5, staicomitars aionosiel yaeieass eee exc erence Sten eae eee
24. Pronotum transverse quadrate, not ae abdomen oval, shorter than the thorax...Cratepus Forster.

25. Flagellum clavate, hairy, the funicle 2-jointed, the joints transverse ; pronotum very short ; abdomen
ovate, not longer than the thorax....................-.+-+++++++---..--Pentastichus Ashmead.

SUBFAMILY IV. ELAcHERTIN®.

1856. Elachistoidee, Family 18 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., pp. 19, 26 and 72.

1875. Elachistina, Tribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., p. 180.

1886. Elachistinee, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198; II., p. 99.

1897. Kulophine, Subfamily IV. (partim), Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV., p.
249.

This subfamily is based upon the genus Hlachertus Spinola, established in 1811.
Walker changed it to Hlachestus which held sway until 1856, when Forster changed
it to Hlachistus, making it the type of his family Hlachistoide. I restore the original
spelling of the genus and call the subfamily Hlachertine. The continual change in

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Soll

the spelling of long-established genera is most annoying, confusing and difficult to
follow and I hold, with many other zodlogists, that the only way to free ourselves
from these perplexities is to adhere strictly to the original spelling and to treat all
genera incorrectly formed as mere combinations of letters without special signifi-
eance. In no other way can we secure permanency in nomenclature.

All the species falling in this subfamily are apparently parasitic only upon the
larvee of Lepidoptera, and more especially upon various families in the suborder
Heterocera, particularly those belonging to the families Bombycidx, Noctuide, Geo-
metride and Tortricide.

Four minor groups, or tribes, have been recognized, distinguished by the num-
ber and length of the hind tibial spurs.

TABLE OF TRIBES.
il, lahing! tiles yada Omalby Ope RyoNCEIl SOO, co cocaencecabod5dd 0000 500040005 noGD GOOD EH OSH Hood ooducoGs &
Hind tibize with two apical spurs.
Hind tibial spurs very long ; pronotum anteriorly acute................Tribe I. Euplectrini.
Hind tibial spurs normal, never very long; pronotum anteriorly rounded..Tribe II. Ophelinini.
2a Lind stibialsspurnormalnanclyavery JONG =n sees se sce sees cee. ribet. Hlachertimi.

Tribe I. Huplectrini.

This tribe is easily separated from the others by the two very long apical spurs
of the hind tibize, the inner spur being very nearly as long as the basal joint of the
tarsi.

Although parasitic upon lepidopterous larvee, like the other tribes, it differs
widely from the others, whose habits are known, in that the larve are either ex-
ternal feeders, or on reaching maturity, gnaw their way out of their host and spin
small silk cocoons, ike some of the Braconidx, within which they pupate and un-
dergo their final transformation. All of the others either’ pupate as naked pups,
without a cocoon, within the body of their hosts, or emerge and attach themselves
to the under or upper side of a leaf, or else conceal themselves in some convenient
erevice or under loose bark.

TABLE OF GENERA.
I, IDQWRNISS. og Arenal 6 oS Ge beteo hd Hole abe ein o A Ae E58 Beene. CRIs Sc Oe rites ies ae rr a etre ee eee ee”
Males........ Dogv ono do da os yoteooU.COD

2. Scape in both sexes normal, slender; postmarginal vein distinctly longer than the stigmal vein.

Euplectrus Westwood (type Pteromalus bicolor Swederus).
Seape in male abnormally enlarged, swollen ; postmarginal vein not longer than the stigmal.

Pachyscapha Howard (type P. insularis How.).
SScapesOhanvenncemormal aesesrae ease reeeeeeatee ceteris cae) Dlectnus! Westwood:
Scape of antennee enormously enlarged............................-.........Pachyseapha Howard.

352, MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Tripe Il. Ophelonim.

The much shorter hind tibial spurs separate this tribe from the Huplectrim.
The pronotum is also different, more rounded anteriorly, and the hind coxze are not
so much swollen.

It is difficult sometimes to tell whether or not the abdomen is petiolate or ses-
sile, and in two or three cases I have been compelled to put certain genera in both

categories, the petiole being so short as to give the abdomen the appemamce of being

sessile.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Females. ee eee err an Aes aaa OU one Wats oe cabs oO Och aucoposoecos |. &
Males. oles ee eee ene cis eaTt ye om a ico molbicoccae Dus coo. te
2. Apdouendcunene enone ee ee eer Me Tomo tia ce ccc cue odd poser boa 8
Abdoiuien séasile ‘on subeesstlb 2:5. icc ho, ee ae eg 11
3, seutellumywibhvordorsalusrooved lines healer ee ae ero eeiene eee heir ee ieee ener man
scutellumiMm@mthoutidorsalveroovedshinesseeeree rien cere reer eeee ae no eee een)
A. Body metallite:si.0 jcdalsis aaje'bleve Gals Sere Saveinrclocdn hier ake Pe Cee ee ee ae
Body nob mietalte? siiscisie wickchdo a oine sees Ones Oe oe ae Oe ee Eee eee me LO
5. Hives bare, Hot pubescent eka. peewee ON ee ee ee se 8
« Hy es\ipubescentis antennes 9=jo1mbtedin. aceasta een een oe Eee eee ee eer ree emmne
6. Abdomen ovate or oblong-oval, shorter than the thorax .............. 0. cece ce ee cece cece rsceeece OF

Abdomen conic-ovate, not shorter than the thorax, the second segment large ; funicle 4-jointed, the
joints cylindrical, longer than thick ; metathorax produced into a subglobose neck.
Scutellum with a median grooved line ; mesothoracic furrows distinct.
Diglyphomorpha Ashmead, g. nov. (type Diglyphus maculipennis Ashm.).
Scutellum without a median grooved line ; mesothoracic furrows very delicate although complete,
appearing incomplete without the aid of a strong lens...................-Ardalus Howard
(type A. aciculatus How.).
7. Antennee 9-jointed, the funicle 4-jointed, subcompressed, joints 8-4 wider than long; scutellum without
grooved lines. .......0:.......+--2+-0+++++++---. -Leucodesmia Howard (type L. typica Howard).
Antenne 10-jointed, the funicle joints longer than wide.
Scutellum with 2 dorsal grooved lines............. . .Elachertomorpha Ashmead, g. nov.
(type HE. flaviceps ees.
8. Antenne 10-jointed, the funicle 4 jointed, the joints loosely joined ; abdomen globose, the petiole long,

slender ; scutellum with two grooved lines.......................-.-.--... Htenomesius Westwood.
Antennee) lO sjo1ted, swithkonenine=|ointereis. a aaa eee nee ree cen ee eee eer Ons
9. Antenne 9-jointed with two ring-joints. . er eee eter ene er rte et ere aera um ared Sonor « 1D)

Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint ; the funicle Me eyes anata funicle joints compressed,
joints 38-4 wider than long ; abdomen oval or ovate, shorter than the thorax...... Leucodesmia Howard
(type L. typica How.).
10. Antenne 9-jointed.

Pronotum campanulate ; pedicel long, obconic. Miotropis Thomson (type M. sulcicris Thoms.).
Pronotum quadrate ; pedicel not long...........Dichotomus Forster (type D. acerinus Férst.).

10*. Body of abdomen ovate as long or longer than the thorax, the petiole very short.
Sympiesomorpha Ashmead, g. noy. (type S. brasiliensis Ashm.).

ie

12.

13.
‘14.
15.
16.

17.

18.
19.
20.

21.

22.

238.

24.

25.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 353

Body of abdomen subglobose or ovate, much shorter than the thorax, the petiole usually long.

Stenomesius Westwood (type Ichnewmon rufescens Rossi).
Scuvelllimpnstaeccond onsalgondovied slinesuaar aaa sacn see. ariseenie rece tasted ce ie nieeie ee te eee ae Le

Semtellumuegudioul dorsal crooved MIMS), <4... hijasi oles eel ss bees spake clae otlsae eas nagdessclsaes 18
Antenne 9-jointed.
Metallic ; scutellum with a median grooved line ; eyes pubescent.
Diglyphomorpha Ashmead (partim).
Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint, the funicle 4-jointed, the club 3-jointed.
Non-metallic ; metathorax with a median carina; marginal vein as long as or a little longer than
the submarginal, the stigmal vein only about one third the length of the marginal.
Alophus Ashmead, g. noy. (type A. flavus Ashm.),.
Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint, the club not thickened, tibial spurs short.
Sympiesomorpha Ashmead, g. noy. (type S. brasiliensis Ashm.).
Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, the club thickened, 3-jointed ; tibial spurs long.
Ophelinus Haliday (type Eulophus ursidius Walk.).

FAVA GO MTEHECUS UI CH VME LIOl AUCH. taut pants aenctacur eae caste eias- cr«) ed elk ste la/aie tie Weleis siehais o'ecinics smtitae LD
ENC OMENBSESSI CROTMSUDSESS IIe me pyr seer seston stone ete raven ctees ciierehcieto eal oir ar alniet coiGionchasfaye-ajoteeeutssce arare @ aires suena 2D
SCuLEMmmydeh VO; COrcalweTOOMECUMMES a ireheaiete ae <ieicie acer GR eel a ec ceeine ee sieive cic cece celtic cis sees LO
SeuLelilum~yecctontadorsalycro ove da lines-e as seievineier- eel ee aie cieeiaia cleanse Geiss ee sec delse ease 2
Hoel gy ANN tell cay ne er Ne Aan en Pyrenees SI ele vaca cutie ewsewiouarvene or Lt
IBOCKY MOU TCUIRINO &, Gaon bao Bicei> 015. COCO DCIS COIR OIC IO OI Ce Tee re ee)

JBKVSS OARS, WHOLE: [OUI NSSCS Mio ws cate os Oa Ot 6 GOO ae LOO O ONS EEO OCG SERIE Che Pinner OIE CInIe near ra aera ame)
Eyes pubescent. ;
ANMITAAES, Q=jOuareel wan OWS wynjforbalin 65 500g 000006 du 500s 50400000 cu bb OU bo oD Un ed UnoudOS Js
Antenne 8-jointed, with one ring-joint.
Scutellum with a median grooved line ;. mesothoracic furrows very distinct. Diglyphomorpha Ashm.
Scutellum without a median grooved line ; mesothoracic furrows very delicate .... Ardalus Howard.
Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, the funicle 4-jointed, the club ovate, 2-jointed, the flagellum
compressed, the joints of the funicle excised at apex above..,...............Leucodesmia Howard.
Antennz 10-jointed, with 1 ring-joint, the funicle 4-jointed, the club 3-jointed, the funicle with 3
[DE ATING HES teen deere errr PN et Pee rci sins oeecleictnicielo eta an) csietoin ie! az cis «iv sles ties ¢ CLeELCOBMUS: HOrster.
Antenne 9-jointed, with two ring-joints.

Pronovumaicampanulate -eemee teraction seein ciesicieiceeeeeieeerae es a LLObLopIs lhomson.

rOnGiiIMquadra heme hey ace ae ce fect eaicc cise cre sateen... <2. eeDIchOtomus: Borster.
Scutellum with 2 dorsal grooved lines. Beret to otataley ety eke her SRE L ions te ePaie Seyler Gis meee sega LO
Scutelilumyncthouwdorsalesroovedmlimesssprs cei race tice ecieicie sa eee clielciaieielocicis 15 eerie se 20
Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint, ste atu 4 sointed: the cane 3- onted!. Sete creteoeeyerter 22
Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, the funicle 3-jointed.

Metallic ; scutellum with a median grooved line..................Diglyphomorpha Ashmead.
Non-metallic.

Abdomen with a very short petiole.................2...-++-+.-+-+----.--Alophus Ashmead.

Abdomen with a long petiole... ................+0+-+00+0+-+-e---. HLenoMesius Westwood.

PMCS Mee | OUNCE Cem te verre = sina terrae aie ee ceieteralare sien setae ae civ ce) Sntan «1-2 Ophelinus Halliday.

354 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Trise III. EHlachertine.
This tribe may be at once recognized from the two tribes previously defined by

the hind tibiz having only one apical spur; otherwise it is scarcely distinguishable
from the Ophelinin, many genera falling in it being easily confused with some in

that tribe.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Females. . favs Seay iain Uae pase aca lente byl: nave cese end ouls ce ow tess whepret sae esau attgayatteute rt Ave Won rete abe ree eee eee eon Pane am Sr
Males. es ile fia! om Se, hog Shem ia ie Ag slate eek oraoy Seles ayeneleclc here a. aes Sehe eater skatte erage shade re onete ier one ee:
2. Maen Ait ioe

10.

11.

12.

. Seutellum with two dorsal grooved lines. .

. Head, viewed from in front, wider than long and not especially thin antero-posteriorly..

Abdomen sessile or subsessile. .

. Scutellum with two dorsal grooved lines.

Body neither wholly black or wholly metallic, more or less yellow or marked with yellow... 4
Body metallic or wholly black; abdomen ovate, hardly as long as the thorax, or rounded ;
antenne 9-jointed (or 10-jointed, with one ring-joint), the funicle 4-jointed, the joints not or
very little longer than thick...............Hlachertus Spinola (type H. abdominalis Spinola).

. Abdomen conic-ovate, barely longer than the thorax; antennze 10-jointed with one ring-joint, the

funicle 4-jointed, the joints long, loosely joined, the club 3-jointed, marginal vein very long.

Scutellum without dorsal grooved lines..................

oT Oo

Head, viewed from in front, much longer than wide, and very thin antero- emake ane

. Body not metallic, the head and thorax marked with yellow.

Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, the pedicel much longer than wide, the funicle 3-jointed,
subcompressed, the club 3-jointed....Cirrospilus Westwood (type C. elegantissimus Westw.).
Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint, the pedicel short, only a little longer than thick, the
funicle 4-jointed, the club 3-jointed,.....................-Cirrospiloideus Ashmead, g. nov.

(type Miotropis platynote Howard).

Body metallic; antennz 10-jointed, with one ring-joint, the pedicel longer than wide, the funicle 4-
jointed, joints 2-4 not longer than thick............................-blachertus Spinola (partim).

. Antenne 8-jointed, without a ring-joint or 9-jointed with a ring-joint, the pedicel not much longer than

wide, the flagellum subcompressed ; body striped or banded with black lines ; wings banded or macu-

late..................... .4agrammosoma Ashmead n. n. (type Hippocephalus multilineata Ashm.).
», Antennze 'S=jointed or less ...0/55 fs 2 tiarse aut eoia.d steer Ne Seven oie Siete see ete eed eee cece eee ee eam)
Antenne 9-jointed or more. SSayaige a, Ba yaya dl wleew RS le Sram tesaueee siel aie a Saree ata erat east Seietame ete eens eke trees ee eee!
Funicle 3-jointed, ite Sab saaineals ue, gusslesz, atovietes ston ateuase/avel orebole.iolaystenelmete etetatel oveueunttetelcteneise enema

Funicle 2-jointed, the joints educates the club ovate, 3-jointed.
Middle lobe of the mesonotum longer than wide; metathorax very short, the apical lateral
angles subacute ; abdomen oblong-oval, depressed.............Scotolinx Ashmead, gen. nov.
(type S. gallicola Ashm.).
Mesonotum a little longer than wide ; abdomen conic-ovate ..............-.00- . Olynx Forster
ee Pattee gallarum U.).
Mesonotum a little wider than long; abdomen oval or ovate .................. .»Parolynx Ashmead
(type P. lineatifrons Ashm.).
Antenne wl0-jombed.withtone rine-| ort eee tee een ere eee eee ene Reape ais)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALOID FLIES 3505

Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint.
Non-metallic, usually yellowish, or the thorax more or less yellow ; scutellum with 4 bristles ;
pronotum campanulate ; abdomen ovate or conic-ovate...... Cirrospilus Westwood (partim).
13. Metallic in part; mesonotum not longer than the scutellum ; abdomen broadly rounded, depressed,
and a little shorter than the thorax.,............Rhicnopelte Forster (type R. fulviventris Forster).
Non-metallic; mesonotum long ; abdomen elongate oval or ovate, usually pointed at apex and longer

than the ose Halebis ....-.-....- stenomesioidea Ashmead, g. nov. (type S. mellea Ashm.).
14. Abdomen ie TnGily NeuolareL. PEEP ae ei ere vena yereree reer Reel etre esse rehee ay suet wrewaial Cree nem teyoaisr Sas averne wie LO
Abdomen sessile or ee 17/

15. Seutellum with two dorsal grooved lines.
Bodymeithermetallic nor wholly black... -ee- ees veces ese ees ccrace cosccosesocn-. 16
Body metallic or wholly black.

Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint...........................Hlachertus Spinola.
16. Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint. Cirrospiloideus Ashmead.
17. Scutellum with two dorsal grooved lines. . eB.o86 DSC Oo DENSI Coico DA ac en CC ee germ! A,
Scutellummzuthound orsalvoroovedslinesaaria se aireierdc elise siereeicin see ies cies osteo ee cle « aieisloe «re 2
18. Head normal, viewed from in front wider than long or rounded, not Asani thin antero-pos-
WELLONVewrar ratte y Merete tec Mee mere r er heya sear sieiiojause tay sists se G eradeeieieeebia ath seb acpr eras woarmecte ae LD
Head abnormal, viewed from in front much longer than wide and very thin antero-posteriorly...... 20

19. Body not wholly metallic, the head and thorax marked with yellow.
Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint...............................-Cirrospilus Westwood-
Antenne 10-jointed, with one ae SeichOcLOS COO A CR eed Weiwreaniisideus Ashmead.

Body metallic ; antennz 10-jointed, with one ee sinh the er haenter .....blachertus Spinola.
20. Antennze onic with a ring-joint, body striped or banded with black lines; wings banded or macu-

Leen eT eee ae ees opiates = cvs laeitlstejee sialnis «ic's coeees «<2. fagrammosoma Ashmead.

21. Rr esol dion leas. a016d 06.60.80 Ce DU ON OO Oo C08 Doo oboe Dard COCO COO COICO eC Ocoee nmr
Antenne 9-jointed or Pe ne os

2 PamL IMC ers=| OLMLC Cm wemcyermeertauateyetcests ie sycyeie tere reper (si cVeniare eae eich eve. svercicisere ake: sfcars oleueiey eveleeucie elt ee wie cis ieislensn) 20
Rule pao Ounbe Clamerye ee ites oie tialclone aysieie aici eievele lee eid ale meals a assy ataliacs siale =) sia) se «i)«1<s BCOLOLINE, Ashmead,
Zam NMESOMO LUMA Oger UMA WIG Eye che sissies aoe ele «ele aes civ ess cic eies ssp ecteees oo =e .Ol¥Mk HOrster.

Mesonotum~ a little amder than’ Ong... o.-4c0ceees ace o--scesseco ae +s + a---baraolinx Ashmead.
24, Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint.
INGOT ball CH erasetepe eretepetenetsntere Pesetevstevevereliel ox cvehrevelisiou oie) evade avers leteviescetarsversisuaie:'6,s wn eie-eee sists sisi) SSeNUS.

Antenne 9-jointed, with one ring-joint.
Mire teal lie Ree rae er af eee pel ote ta eg) tae) Pb tieteivefa iain oa ela-1= =, ecnopelte. Porster,

Non-metallic sae secs ee dace donee ce se csee cece sacs es cee. +. cirrospilus Westwood (partim)-

SUBFAMILY V. EULOPHINZ.

1856. Eulophoide, Familie 19 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., IL., pp. 19, 26 and 74.

1875. Eulophina, Tribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., p. 180.

1886. Eulophine, subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198; II., p. 99.
To this subfamily are restricted all Eulophids having the mesonotum entire or

only partially divided, the mesonotal furrows being at the most only indicated an-

teriorly ; otherwise it resembles the others.

356 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The species are parasites of the Micro-lepidoptera, and particularly the leaf-
miners, although other groups are also attacked by them. Some are also said to be
hyperparasites of other Chalcidoids. |

Most of the species are very small, of brilliant metallic colors, and the antennz
in many males are ramose or branched.

Two tribes have been recognized :

TABLE OF TRIBES.
Mind tibiee with! 2 ‘apical spurs. sae. 425s eee dela ele eneeeecie ae seen eer ae a Liber ulLop inn.

Hind tibize with one apical Spurs: ae ce dss oes aaa eee eee eases eter eee eee be lilsssEHemiptarseninin

Tripe I. Hulophins.

In having two apical spurs to the hind tibize this tribe agrees with the Huplec-
trint and the Ophelinim, in the subfamily Elachertine, but it cannot possibly be
confused with these tribes, if attention is given to the difference pointed out in the
mesonotum, the mesonotal furrows being incomplete.

TABLE OF GENERA.

De Memalesy, «cccie cieseie, eieeis Weis sis Bo volalisvarietensats eon: ave ete Cuan ere ios shel whan eR OPEN EN re vane ua SRE CT cet eyelet) aT Tee eS
1 ce ee ene are nein eT aan tir a Aten an Moco abo oer on ote an oe oDeos lll
2._scutellmmawibh wo dorsaleoroovedslinestr erie eeeeiaei cee eaeier eset ieee eee eee eee

Scutellum without dorsal grooved lines.............
3. Antenne inserted below the middle of the face.

Head seen from in front longer than wide, or as long as wide; stigmal vein about half the
length of the marginal vein ; pronotum short, rounded anteriorly ; abdomen ovate, depressed
above ; antenne 8-jointed, with one ring-joint, the funicle two-jointed, the club long, 3-jointed.

Diaulus Ashmead, g. nov. (type D. begini Ashm.).

Head seen from in front twice wider than long or nearly ; stigmal vein long, nearly two thirds the
length of the marginal vein ; pronotum semicircular, not short, narrower than the mesono-
tum ; abdomen ovate, depressed above, hardly as long as the thorax ; antennee 9-jointed, the
flagellum subclavate, the funicle fowr-jointed.............. Diaulomorpha Ashmead, g. nov.

(type D. australiensis Ashm.).
4, Antenne inserted nearer the middle of the face, the scape long... .... 2.2.2... ee eeec cece ceceerss: O
ATItennce insentednpelowathemnlddlelotethe 1aCe name re eee rene er eee eterno

oO
.

Thorax long, the pronotum long, conical and much narrower than the mesonotum, but fully as long ;
head wide, as wide as the thorax, seen from in front a little wider than long; antennz 10-jointed,
with one ring-joint, inserted a little below the middle of the face, the funicle 4-jointed, the joints
long, the first much the longest, twice as long as the third, the fourth hardly longer than thick ;
wings with a discoidal cloud beneath the stigmal vein, the marginal vein very long, more than thrice
the length of the stigmal...............Notanisomorpha Ashmead, g. nov. (type N. collaris Ashm.).

6. Marginal vein very long, three or more times longer than the stigmal vein....................... 7

Marginal vein shorter, not thrice as long as the stigmal vein, usually only about twice as long..... 8

7. Antenne 10-jointed, the flagellum more or less compressed, the joints long, the first joint of the funicle

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

16.

16.

We

18.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 357

much the longest joint; metathoracic spiracles oblong-oval ; abdomen often very long, conically
pointed, much longer than the head and thorax united.........................Sympiesis Forster
(type Eulophus sericeicornis Nees).

Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint, the flagellum not compressed, the funicle joints cylindrical ;
metathoracic spiracles minute, rounded ; abdomen ovate or oval, depressed, not as long as the head

and thorax united.................Dimmockia Ashmead,' g. nov. (type Eulophus incongruus Ashi.)

Eh Oraxan OLSLODUS tires cen ere he icine he rcae iter nel ele fore Sheteieie averse aoe eea coins Selde wa wb Garde mode aee 9

Thorax robust.
Metathorax with a median carina, the spiracles small, rounded ; antennz 9-jointed, with one ring-
joint, the funicle 3-jointed, the elub 3-jointed, abdomen oval or subrotund, depressed, usually
shorter than the thorax. ......... .Cratotrechus Thomson (type Ichneumon larvarum L..).

. Wings hyaline, ii ee ee EPL fe eee ahh oceania ares Benes LO

Wings dusky, the flagellum compressed, the fantele very ne metanotum with a median carina.
Microplectron DRonidon (type Entedon fascipennis Zeterstd.).
Antenne 9-jointed (scape pedicel, one ring-joint, 3-jointed funicle and a 3-jointed club).
Funicle black ; metanotum with a distinct median carina, the lateral folds usually present.
Eulophus Geoffroy (type Ichneumon pectinicornis L.).
Funicle white ; metanotum with a delicate median carina, the lateral folds always absent.
; Microlycus Thomson (type M. heterocerus Thoms.).

Seuielinnm auaio Clonsall erro oye! Wins 5 0 0069 090000 00005000 Dn0e co Oa KH Boob HO EHD ON HOODOO OD ESOD SD IY
seutellum without dorsal grooved limes... - 2... 61. 2 oe ee we ee eee eee teeter ees LB
Thorax not long, the pronotum anteriorly rounded ; .antenne inserted below the middle of the face, the

flagellum without branches, filiform.
Stigmal vein not more than half the length of the marginal vein ; antenne 8-jointed.
Diaulus Ashmead.
Stigmal vein longer, at least two thirds the length of the marginal vein ; antennz 9-jointed.

Diaulomorpha Ashmead.

ihorassotlongsthe pronotum~otmormal lene th in... ae cen. ce ceca ec eee se scene cs ccccss ve L4
Thorax long, the pronotum long, conical and much narrower than the mesonotum ; antenne 10-jointed,

WHET ORE MINE JOU sis eine eie ace ence aed eek eu cme 2c sees see -- o- NObanisomorpha Ashmead.
Marginal vein very long, three or more times longer than) the stismall veing..... 4. sccesece+.es-4. LO
Marginal vein shorter, not thrice as long as the stigmal vein ....................20.00eeeee2+--. 16

Antenne 10-jointed, with one ring-joint.
_ Flagellum compressed or subcompressed ; metathoracic spiracles oval or subovate ; abdomen long.
Sympiesis Forster.
Flagellum filiform, cylindrical ; metathoracic spiracles small, round ; abdomen oval.

Dimmockia Ashmead.

HIRin OmetpxeRt OLN O DUES brerater ts sia ec euctetefa ee elds et-esyein! «10 aie, ere Sista iraeesphawacre Flea rgiss wawievaeiea eels gaae LT
Thorax robust.
Metanotum with a median carina and lateral folds; antennee 9-jointed with 3 long branches.

Cratotrechus Thomson.

Wings clear hyaline; flagellum not compressed . Soc OdWSIG OAS BEIDO DGG DOSE CEM EIDIn Er eet ntrnctmme! ba)

Wings dusky ; flagellum compressed ; funicle with : 3 short branches,..........Microplectron Dalman.

Humic lempahi be orong sbram ches sme stan )-c)sulsieita sie) elas ines ele masse, sis kes. 2c a se oe< LaWlophus-Geoftroy.

Hume lenwtthysrs lon, branehes-n iret yee ceo) elo ye -fe + « -i--/.0-¢icrolycus Thomson.

1 Named in honor of Dr. Geo. Dimmock.

358 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Funicle with 2 long branches....................++..+.+++.---.-..-Dicladocerus Westwood.
Funicle with 5 long branches......................2..++++-0+.-...+Fentacladia Westwood.

TriBe Il. Hemaptarsenn.
The single-spurred hind tibiee distinguish the tribe; otherwise it is not distin-
guishable from the preceding tribe.
The genera are not numerous and may be easily recognized by the characters
made use of in the following table:

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Females.. i nahay Maite ga rst ua al Soh ay epson ect ewes rs PaeRe Aco eo ReVe are eopete ee Renretemerensic lee oe
Males, . ee rr ee ee eRe Ontario dacrne Mees non aces Magno doocatao bods ©
2. Stitoten ouioul doen caine Ee Pe eee Mr ou Do ao OSS

Scutellum with 2 dorsal grooved lines.
Antenne 8-jointed (scape, pedicel, one ring-joint, 2-jointed funicle and a 3-jointed club).
Diglyphus Walker = Solenotus Forst. (type D. poppwa Walk.).
3. Antenne inserted below the middle of the face. .:...... 02.00 cece ee cece cee ween e eee eee ee eens 4
Antenne inserted on the middle of the face.
Antenne 9-jointed (scape, pedicel, one ring-joint, 3-jointed funicle and 3-jointed club), the scape
long, extended beyond the ocelli.... Hemiptarsenus Westwood (type H. fulvicollis Westw.).
4. Antenne 9-jointed with 1 ring-joint, the funicle 3-jointed, cylindrical, the first joint the longest, the
club 3-jointed,.............................Necremnus Thomson (type Eulophus leucarthrus Nees).
D, SOuuiluam onrdioon, Clonsell exroyonyel IMSS, 64 5450500 0d an 00 dO Go nMsa oo an onus uo DD UH OO OO Od SOHO Baba non
Scutellum with 2 dorsal grooved lines.
Antenne 8-joimbved: jayalbhyarine=| olniteeee ele ae eee eee eee .. Diglyphus Walker.
6. Antenne inserted below the middle of the false the scape not one ee the @@ElIli, os 5000000 7
Antenne inserted on the middle of the face, the scape long, extending beyond the ocelli.
Hemiptarsenus Westwood.

7. Antenne 9-jointed, the first three joints of the funicle with a long branch...... Necremnus Thomson.

Famity LXXII. TRICHOGRAMMID A.
1846. Eulophide, Family II. (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., p. 62.
1856. Trichogrammatoide, Family XXII., Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 20, 26 and
Me
1897. Trichogrammatine, Underfam., Aurivillius, Entom. Tidsk., 18, p. 250.

Dr. Arnold Forster was the first to recognize this natural family, which is at
once distinguished, from all other groups, by the tarsi being 3-jownted, never more
nor less.

It comes nearest to the Family Hulophinx, where Westwood placed his genus
Trichogramma in 1840, and apparently forms a connecting link between that family
and the next, or the Mymaridz.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 359

In habits the group agrees with the Mymaridz, all the species falling in it be-
_ Ing egg-parasites.
Two subfamilies have been recognized :

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.

Wangs withousnepullannows/of haits........5.4...2-2s2+/ esse os ss 45 e220 .Subfamily I. OLIGOSITIN&.
Wings with regular rows of hairs.........................--+-2--... Subfamily II. TRICHOGRAMMINZ.

SUBFAMILY I. OLIGosITINZ”.

In the arrangement of the pubescence of the wings this group resembles most
closely the Hulophine, and many of the species, but for the 3-jointed tarsi, could be
easily mistaken for species in that family.

Only five genera have been described, but it is probable that very many more
exist and will be discovered when more attention is given to rearing the egg-para-
sites of the different orders of insects.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Females .... 90 2000 Hints o0 O.6. Gib Ad Gb: Gi. CtU hb EX a ORO Die =O ERE CEE ISIE Cee Care SS Cae Ie Enea
Males . MCR Moet cee shorty enn coed atc peer oa yeast eave ters setcaterathadc istaslevuate TaceisTietet stale /s ave Saale) ers eve aloe ier’ lei oSetere! 10
2. tenner 6- or 7-jointed with one ring-joint. . aieyebot ere toda suevowete nets ole ce%s. clon sciatica! cha) ska aan eleheie. 8° eas
Antenne 8-jointed with one ring-joint, the faniole 2 oiited: .. Asynacta Forster (type unknown).
SMe AMLE MM GeO] OLMLE Oe eters ce Mn eeer Sener. RiSie aT rycen Pct in Saeed Sy gO
Antenne 7-jointed, with a ring-joint.
Owiposite ran Oly PLOMIIMeMUs se ascemaoey-se i in aches ete pace eo aatentas verde c eeree ean shoes cea ace 4
Ovipositor prominent, at least half the length of t the tone abdomen ; eyes oval; pedicel obconi-
cal, more than twice longer than thick ; ; flagellum fusiform, Ra ooned the single funicle joint
hardly separable from the club; wings rather narrow with a long marginal fringe.
Prestwichia Lubbock (type P. aquatica Lubbock).
4. Funicle 1-jointed, the club 8-jointed.
Front wings narrow, with a long marginal fringe.
Front wings without a substigmal fascia; scape straight or clavate, the single funicle
joint scarcely longer than thick; eyes oblong-oval ; metanotum smooth, without a
carina ...........................Oligosita Haliday (type O. collina Hal. (Walker).
Front wings with a substigmal fascia; scape subclavate, arcuate, the single funicle-joint
much longer than thick ; eyes rounded ; metanotum bicarinate.
Westwoodella Ashmead, g. nov. (type Oligosita subfasciata Westw.).

Front wings broad, with a short marginal fringe. ......... Brachista Haliday (type unknown).

5. ? new genus.
GarAmbenmice 7-jOmbed Orelesss with ove LINS-jOINty see ec etn ele ee ee ee eee aiewe sn cree wees ne ceesenesl
Antenne 8-jointed, with one ring-joint .....................+.-++.+202+.-...... Asynacta Forster.
Tempe RUlileyaavsilln OG Clleeemeer pete eee eter et rape mont Saya pe cee ayes tiny aca tetamersuayalic atic a} oe steers (era\e Sh evocerk aisles, orsi atedsieuaise &

Wingless or subapterous.
Seape slender, pedicel obconical, about thrice as long as thick at apex, the flagellum fusiform

360 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

4-jointed, the single funicle joint hardly separable from the club, hind legs very long.
Prestwickia Lubbock.
8. Funicle 4-jointed, the club one-jointed.
Front wings with a long marginal fringe.
Metanotum without caring... ...........000eee cess secu seeesss... -Oligosita Haliday.
Metanotum bicarimate. ..............-..0+-++eeeeeee-e-ee-. Westwoodella Ashmead.
Front wings with a short marginal fringe.......................+........brachista Haliday.

SUBFAMILY IJ. TRICHOGRAMMINZ.

This subfamily is easily recognized by peculiarities of the front wings, the
pubescence, being arranged in distinct rows or lines, a peculiarity found in no other
group, except to a slight extent in some genera in the subfamily Hntedomine, of the
family Hulophine.

TABLE OF GENERA.

i Pemalés.. i. 2.2506) ob 4... eles CAGE OR OTS oy pe ee
Meals) a is erica sei lela eveetn isle snvee (a a0 lavel'eley bre oie eialteyes Suess le eke ley ate felons eke mye VaReR Ne tee ioten her ere Tne eee TSO)
2) Veins inviront wines forming a resularlanrchine err eee ere ee onee eee eee eee oem
Veins in front wings not forming a regular arch... . Re ee maven hee CRIS ORG Suppo. oF

3. Antenne 8-jointed, the flagellum clavate, the smal 2-jointed, the joints transverse.
Body short, robust. . BGO BS On GS OO UOC . .Poropea Forster (type P. stollwerckii Forst. y:
4. Antenne 7-jointed or less. . Rn coe Hh Ae ener geseomas ook o so Gaon oolbaeScgosen.
Antenne 8-jointed (scape, aren one ring-joint, a 2-jointed funicle a a3 saa any
Trichogramma. Westwood (type T. evanescens Westw.).
5. Antenne 6-jointed oP Tess. .cc 26 ehies sou cules ous eae oe ee a end
Antenne 7-jointed.
Wines swithsa short manrcinalutrinee esse saan menace eee eee Cee eens
Wings with a long marginal fringe............Cheetostricha Haliday (type C. dimidiata Hal.).
6. Antennze with the club 4-jointed (scape, pedicel, one ring-joint and a 4-jointed club).
Lathromeris Forster (type L. scutellaris Forst.).
7. Antenne 3-ori6joimbted,,awrthout a vine joie es eee eee eer hee eee eee eee ee
Antenne 6-jointed, with a ring-joint (scape, ore one ring-joint, a 2-jointed funicle and a solid club).
Abdomen shorter than the thorax.......Xanthoatomus Ashmead, gen. noy. (type X. )s
Abdomen subcylindrical, longer than the thorax ................... ..Pentarthron Riley
io att ie amna minutum Riley).
8. Antenne 3-jointed.. etait : Peery a)
Antenne 6-jointed, the ‘dab 3 jointed oe eet a seca. funicle and a 3- Syed: oan,
Postscutellum not distinct, without a triangular projection..................Centrobia Forster
(type Trichogramma Walkeri Forst.).
Postscutellum distinct, with a triangular projection...................-.Paracentrobia Howard
(type P. punctata How.).
9. Club not jointed.
Marginal fringe not especially long, the marginal vein not more than twice as long as the stigmal
VOU yi cs obcls <iaild oral wa py iolauels oe seein sage Aheig is Ree eee actos cee DLO DOS Cam Vestu.000n
10," Anternes 7 joimbed or less, sia nyse an vei ecite a eal g op DOR Rae eee ecient ieee eens
Antenne 8-jointed.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 361

Veins of front wings forming a regular arch; flagellum filiform............. Poropcea Forster.
Veins of front wings not forming a regular arch....................1richogramma Westwood.
il, A\mucanes Gajotaieol Wr WOSSo 6 apes co doc omy GRO CICO Td Ob RU CLCHOC OD EIE- Cr Caen aoc ice eee eee Oe

Antenne 7-jointed.
Wings with a very long marginal fringe................................--Chetostricha Haliday.
Wings with a short marginal fringe. -
Club of antenne 4-jointed................0c0ece cece ceeesssseeeeee..- Lathromeris Forster.
........-Pentarthron Riley.

Clubjofantenmeer3-joimbeda. arises een eine se Sina aes
12. Antenne 6-jointed (Scape, pedicel, a 1-jointed funicle and a 3-jointed club), marginal vein about

cine Cesasploneqasetberstiomalene- 1a areeeertac aeons see ee ne acne. so ssc as 2 scentrobia Horster.
Antenne 3-jointed (scape, pedicel and a long, solid club); marginal vein not more than twice the
length of the stigmal vein.....................Aprobosea Westwood (type A. erosicornis Westw.).

Famity LXXIII. MYMARID/.

1833. Mymares, Tribus 5", Haliday, Ent. Mag., I. p. 341.

1839. Mymaridee, Family 17, Haliday, Hym. Syn., p. II.

1840. Mymarides, Subfamily 6 (Family Proctotrypide), Westwood, Intro. Mod.
Class. Ins. Synop., p. 78.

1856. Mymaroide, Familie 28, Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 20, 27 and 116.

1897. Mymaride, Family LX XIII., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p.
236.

This group was correctly defined by A. H, Haliday, first as a tribe and after-
wards as a distinct family. .

In 1833 in speaking of it he says: ‘This tribe comprises the very atoms of the
order Hymenoptera. Their hues are mostly black or yellowish, unadorned by
metallic splendor: the plumed and iridescent wings of many are beautiful objects
for the microscope. The males, by their very long and slender antenne (sometimes
more than twice the length of the body), resemble Ichneumons in miniature.”

Every species belonging to the family lives parasitically in the eggs of other
insects, and in habits agree with the Trichogrammide.

Stephens, Curtis, Walker, Westwood, Forster, Thomson and most systematists
treat the group as a component of the Proctotrypoidea and Dr. von Dalla Torre in
his Catalogus Hymenopterorwm follows these older authorities and treats it as a sub-
family in the Proctotrypide. More than ten years ago I pointed out the structural
characters that excluded the group from having any affinity with these insects ;
they are widely distinct in many particulars and form a compact natural family in
the Chalcidoidea, as was first pointed out by Haliday so many yearsago. My exten-
sive studies into all groups of the Hymenoptera have only confirmed and empha-
sized the correctness and soundness of Haliday’s views, the ablest systematist of
his day, and his views should prevail.

362 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Two subfamilies have been defined, separated by the number of joints in the
tarsi.
TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.
Marsi 5-jOMbeEd se soe 4 secs ae lala hee eee cele ice oe eee eee eer OU Od ami hymen Cy ONZAUTO CHRIENGATS
Tarsi4=j OIG: < 5. ss... 5 ceeievea 5 nce see 8 wise cheleueis sis steve Ger sieve ereietnrctneraiees Groeiete eS UD tama lives kllegs VTeveeAUeENezS

SuBFAMILY I. GONATOCERINA.

The subfamily is easily recognized by the longer tarsi which are always 5-jointed,
never 4-jointed.
Two tribes may be distinguished by the following simple characters :

TABLE OF TRIBES.

Abdomen’ petiolate. <. a..c2 nikw.cieeee wise hc aie ae wen ee See eC eee nS one Leribe mM Ooetomina
Abdomen petiolatehean.ssacnce sete coco oes eee ECE ELE Cee Eee ee LLbe wlaG onatoceninin

TriseE [. Ooctomni.

TABLE OF GENERA.
T.. Wemoailles.. oe ac 5) chie oe ck) aqrers eee Ge sro ee ere oe eee e ete
Malesia. oo ca eeced dhe ee ole aig See ese 61 Ws ieee eevee eee sees we earetais elie etcaven ke MLE eRe cee aa ton canes
2. Antenne 11-jointed.... ........ Ooctonus Haliday (type O. insignis Hal.).
Antenne 9-jointed... .................-2++-0+----. Camptotera Forster (type C. papaveris Forst.).
6. Antenne [3-joimted)<. 25. sfc foie ke oe oo does is os stces Soe ele le de enlace ieee COCLODIS lalidans
(?) Paleomyrmar Meunier (type P. swecine Meunier).
Antenne LO-jointedseneseeee eee ee cece ee eee eee eee ere Camp totera shorter:

TriseE Il. Gonatocerini.

The distinctly petiolated abdomon distinguishes the tribe.

TABLE OF GENERA.

De Memalles os5i oie <a larcitie ain Seavert eee oe Sea Ee ele ee MeTee fe gl RTT CIS EE Te PS Rane aaa

MEANS ia. eee oneeitee era lev eres eee eee
2, vAntenncesmore thanvs-jointeds sar acm eee seen ence ee eer eee Eee een.

Antenne 8-jointed.

Marginal vein long................................ -Leimacis Forster (type L. rufula Forst.).
Marginal vein short...............................Alaptus Haliday (type A. buscalus Hal.).
3. Antenne 9-jointed; marginal vein long......................-Litus Haliday (type L. cynipseus Hal.).
? = Malfattia Meunier (type M.molitore Meun.).

Antenne 11-jointed; marginal vein short................Gonatocerus Nees (type G. longicornis Nees).
4. Marginal vein shorty... 2c. a5 2 22 Wasco he Aeron Cee ES

Marginal vein long.
Antenne T-jointeds. (5. i ittcrive ee cers Baie ee eee REE et ee ena CiIssLioLctert
Antenne TS jombed .i552<..c 2 ste de ndash ee eee Sok pee e eee he ete ee aL Elallidanye
5. Antenne dO jointedis Ae. 5. S simcan ie noieeiae eee Gee eae a eee ee ee lap tricaEelicays
Antenne rts yombedse.. <\-. .c.cai-|e a ea eniae ea ae ee ee oe EO eee eee G Ola LOcemismNices:

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 363

SUBFAMILY II. MyMmaArina.

In this subfamily fall some of the smallest Hymenoptera known, hardly visible
to the naked eye, and living parasitically in the eggs of some other small insect.

The group is distinguished by having the tarsi 4-jointed, not 5-jointed as in the
Gonatocerine.

It is divided by the attachment of the abdomen into two tribes.

TABLE OF TRIBES.
ENpdomlenusessilevomsnllsessileunie er sien ees rience eee ce ren seAmna pint.
Apdomenndistinethy petiolates.. assess een cee nls cee e ese sede sa cceds. lure ll) Miymanrint:

Trise I. Anaphin.

The sessile abdomen distinguishes the tribe.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Females ..

Males .
BR, ANUCMUATS TOTS WN SOMME! nin gaiog sod aon6 Uo SMOG OU odo BUInmOUUe ana nO USA Hons co nnogcuddace:
Antenne 8-jointed...................+.......-..... Anthemus Howard (type A. chionaspidis How.).
3. Antenne 9-jointed.
Marginal vein lengthened......................-Anaphes Haliday (type 4. fuscipennis Hal.).
Marginal vein not lengthened...............Anagrus Haliday (type Ichnewmon atomus Linné).
ar, JNCNTED THORS Hoan OaoMnwayels s5 5006 nec code goods 000005500000 5006005 JU ndUU G4 OmoD od Ooo oonace se!
PAribe rmnieen =] e lente ey in ee rtd ea thie taaiele tasielere ete cleo ts get ae Ue MUS Howard.
peeNntennze 2=|oimbted 4 mareimal vemilong ...)..5-.-.6+2.2..4-44--20-5+-->--.-+-.-Anaphes Haliday.
Antenne le-joimbeds) marcinaleveimishorte ay. ear eases een as eeaese see A eekus Haliday.

Tree Il. Mymari.

In this tribe the abdomen is always distinctly petiolate, never sessile.

TABLE OF GENERA.

il,” PRRIDIES 0.0 okb a gone be bo hoes Ede Hits Bese slg Somerna ola HOmec ach Ban errOISn nity es tRe aan caus caer ee eae”
Males . GHB oOD oA So oe a ot
2. Antonia eepeotia cpieincd. Stes Be eres AORN SRE BSE x ORANG Oat aE ER Circa anon
Asatconraell duly DORSET aha ce yee ele at a ee 3
3. Marginal vein long; tarsi short ................-..... bustochus Haliday (type E. atripennis Hal.).
Marginal vein short; tarsi long ..................--Doryclytus Forster (type D. vitripennis Forster.
4, Marginal vein either lengthened or punctiform, but never wholly absent....................-.... 6

Marginal and other veins absent.
Hind wings wanting or aborted ; front wings neither spoon-shaped nor much broadened at apex,
sometimes split into two parts . SN Terie eee ratersk av alonspanee ctcorw ates aaaeara O
Hind wings present, normal; front wings spoon-shaped ; antennze enomted.
Mymarilla Westwood (type M. taprobanica Westw.).

364 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

5. Front wings widened only at apex and with a long marginal fringe ; antennee 9-jointed.
F Mymar Haliday (type M. pulchellus Hal.).
Front wings not wide, sometimes split at apex ; antenne apparently but 3-jointed.
Packardiella Ashmead (type Pteratomus putmanii Pack.).

6. Antenne 9-jointed.

Marginal vein punctiform........ ....... Polynema Haliday (type Ichnewmon ovulorum Hal.).
Marginal vein lengthened.
Metanotum without a carina .................Stichothrix Forster (type S. cardui Forst.).
Metanotum with two carine...............Ceraphractus Haliday (type C. cinctus Hal.).
(ee Marcinaliveiny punctitormrormlensuhene dee essere ere ere er ener tree ner emo

Marginal vein and all others absent or wanting.

Front wings narrow, usually somewhat broader toward apex, or linear or split at apex; hind

wines usuallysabsentr ona bonteda nimi clebteniciitericisniitaleitertoen acetate ere)
Front wings broad, spoon-shaped ; hind wings entire.
Antenne: 13-jointed).... oc .4 feag sacle a0 vip syleeleeee be Gener sae ee ie DLyananaeNVeshyood.
8. Front wings not split at apex; antenne 18-jointed .........................-..... Mymar Haliday.
Front wings linear or split at apex; antenne (?) imperfect...................Packardiella Ashmead.
9. Marginalsvein' lomo themed... cis.ci ine die Sieg cere, ele Oe oar oie pec ETA eile orete Oe iene Oe EE ete mL O.

Marginal vein punctiform.

Amtennee L3-joimbed.. os... es sic dacs ao se sities ones Soe ween eee olynemartaliqays
10. Antenne 10-jointed ; metanotum smooth, without.a carina.................... -stichothrix Forster.
Antenne 11-jointed ; metanotum bicarinate ...................+++.2+---s... -ceraphractus Forster.

GENERA UNKNowN To AUTHOR AND NOT CLASSIFIED.

Chaleites Heer (Fossil), Vierteljahrschr. naturf. Ges. Zurich, I., 1856, p. 26. (Type
C. debilis Heer.)

Cynipsichnewmon Christ, Naturg. d. Insect., 1791, p. 377. (Type not mentioned.)

Lycus Walker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1843, p. 114. (Type L. origo Walker.)
Belongs evidently to the Microgasteride.

Norbanus Walker, Ann. Soc. ent. France (2), I, 1848, p. 158. (Type W. dysauwles
Walker.)

Peridesmia Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 65. (No type given.)

Prionopus, Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLVI., 1825, p. 393. (No type
given.)

GENERA INCORRECTLY PLACED WITH THE CHALCIDOIDEFA.
Agonophorus Dalman, Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Férhl., XIV., 1857, p. 287.
(No type given.)
Belongs evidently to the superfamily Proctotrypoidea.
Diplalepis Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 149 (= Diastrophus).
Belongs to the superfamily Cynipoidea, family Cynipide.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 365

Macrostigma Rondani, Bull. Soe. ent. Ital., [X., 1877 (= Megastigmus Dalman).
Belongs to the superfamily Proctotrypoidea, family Ceraphrenine.

Trichacis Provancher, Add. Fn. Hym. du Canada, 1887, p. 207 (= Beus Haliday).
Belongs to the superfamily Proctotrypoidea, family Scelionine.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENERA.
A.
Ablerus Howard, Ins. Life, VII., 1894, p. 7. (Type Centrodora clisiocampe Ashmead.)
Acanthochalcis Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., I., 1884, p. 100. (Type A. nigrescens Cameron.)
Acanthometapon Ashmead, gen. nov., ante., p. 314. (Type A. clavicornis Ashmead.)
Acerophagus Smith (Emily) (= Metallon Walker), No. Am. Ent., I., 1880, p. 83.
Acrias Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X-X., 1847, p. 29. (Type A. nitens Walker.)
Acroclisis Férster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XXXV., 1878, p. 43. (Type A. nigri-
cornis Forster.)
Acrocormus Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 66. (Type A. semifasciatus Thomson.)
Acrostela Shipp (= of Thoracantha Latreille), The Entom., XX VII., 1894, p. 188.
Adelencyrtus Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, X XII., 1900, p. 341. (Type Eneyrtus chiona-
spidis Howard.)
Enasius Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII., 1846, p. 180. (Type A. hyettus Walk.)
Aiolomorpha Dalla Torre (= Aiolomorpha Walker), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 352.
/Epocerus Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XV., 18, pp. 158,160. (Type Ae. excavatus
Mayr.)
Aitroxys Westwood, Walker et al. (= Etroxys Westw.).
Agamerion Haliday, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, III., 1843, p. 298. (Type Miscogaster gelo Walker.)
Agaon Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Hand., XX XIX., 1818, p.69. (Type A. paradoxum Dalm.)
Ageniaspis Dahlbom, Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Férh., XIV., 1857, p. 292. (Type Encyrtus
fuscicollis Dalm.)
Agrianisa Walker (= Sycobia Walker), The Entom., VIII., 1875, p. 16.
Aiolomorpha Walker, Notes on Chalc., Pt. 1, 1871, p. 12. (Type A. rhopaloides Walk.)
Alaptus Haliday, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II., 1840; Synop., p. 79. (Type A. fusculus
Hal.)
Alophus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 353. (Type A. flavus.)
Allocera Sichel, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), V., 1865, p. 379. (Type A. bicolor Sichel.)
Alloderma Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 273. (A. maculipennis Ashmead.)
Amblymerus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, pp. 308, 306. (Type A. dubius Walker.)
Ametellon Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 344. (Type A. chapade Ashmead.)
Amotura Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 130. (Type A. annalicomis Cameron.)
Anacryptus Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zodl., XXVI., 18838, p. 56. (Type Epitranus
umpulsator Walk.)

366 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Anagrus Haliday, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 346. (Type Ichnewmon atomus Linné.)

Anagyrus Howard, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, XVIII., 1896, p. 638. (Type A. greenii Howard.)

Anaphes Haliday, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 346. (Type A. fuscipennis Hal.)

Anastatus Motschulsky, Etud. entom., VIII., 1859, p. 116. (Type A. mantoidw Motschulsky.)

Aneristus Howard, Can. Ent., XX VII., 1895, p. 351. (Type A. ceroplaste Howard.)

Aneure Nees (= EHlasmus Westw.), Hym. Ichn. affin. Monogr., IT., 1834, p. 194.

Anoglyphis Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX XV., 1878, p. 49. (Type A. nubilosa
Forst.)

Anogmus Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 59. (Type A. strobilorwm Thomson.)

Anthophorabia Newport ( = Melittobia Westwood) Gard. Chronicle, 1849, p. 183; Trans. Linn.
Soc. London, XXI., 1852, p. 81; pl. 8, f. 4-6.

Anthemus Howard, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, XVIII., 1896, p. 649. (Type A. chionaspidis How.)

Antigaster Walsh (= Anastatus Motschulsky), Amer. Ent., I., 1869, p. 156.

Antrocephalus Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X VII., 1883, p. 63. (Type Haltichella
fascicornis Walk.)

Anusia Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 32. (Type Ectroma fulvescens Westw.)

Anysis Howard, Can. Ent., XX VIII., 1896, p. 167. (Type A. australensis How.)

Aperilampus Walker, Notes on Chale., Pt. 4, 1871, p. 67. (Type Perilampus discolor Walker.)

Aphidencyrtus Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, X XII., 1900, pp. 340, 347. (Type Encyrtus
aphidiphagus Ashmead.)

Aphelinus Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLI., 1820, p. 181. (Type Hntedon abdomi-
nalis Dalman.)

Aphobetoideus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante p. 328. (Type A. comperei Ashm.)

Aphobetus Howard, Can. Ent., XX VIII., 1796, p. 166. (Type A. maskelli Howard.)

Aphycus Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXV., 1875, p. 695. (Type Eneyrtus apicalis
Dalman.)

Apocrypta Coquerel (= 3 Sycophaga Westwood, partim).

Apocrypta Coquerel. (Type A. perplexa Coquerel.) Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (2), VII., 1855, p.
369.

Apocryptophaga Ashmead, g. noy., ante, p. 238. (Type Chalcis explorator Coquerel.)

Aprobosca Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. London (2), I., 1878, p.592. (Type A. erosicornis Westw.)

Aprostocetus Westwood, Phil. Mag. (3), I1., 1833, p. 444. (Type A. caudatus Westw.)

Arachnophaga Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, TV., 1896, p. 18. (Type Hupelmus picea
Howard.)

Aratus Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX VI., 1896, p. 155. (Type <A. scutellatus
Howard.)

Archimus Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX VI., 1896, p. 154. (Type A. occupatus
Howard.)

Ardalus Howard, Journ, Linn, Soc. London, Zool., XX VI., 1896, p. 161. (Type A. aciculatus
Howard.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 367

Arescon Walker (= Litus Haliday), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X VIII., 1846, p. 49.

Arretocera Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX VII., 1883, p. 56. (Type Epitranus
albipennis Walk.)

Arrhenophagus Aurivellius, Ent. Tidskr., IX., 1888, p. 144. (Type A. chionaspidis Auriy.)

Arthrolysis Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 52. (Type Pteromalus scabriculus Nees.)

Arthrolytus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 158. (Type A. punctatus Thomson.)

Asaphes Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 151. (Type A. vulgaris Walk.)

Asecodes Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 79. (Type A. mtens Forster.)

Aseirba Cameron (= Cerchysius Westw. teste Howard), Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p.
127.

Asemantus Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX XYV., 1878, p. 51. (Type A. amphi-
bolus Forst. )

Ashmeadia Howard (= Rileya Ashmead), Can. Ent., XXI., 1889, p. 59. .

Aspidiotiphagus Howard, Ins. Life, VI., 1894, p. 229. (Type Coccophagus citrinus Craw.)

Aspidocoris Costa (= Scutellista Motsch.), Bull. Accad. natural. Napoli, 1863, p. 24.

Aspirhina Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X VII., 1883, p. 60. (Type Halticella dubi-
tator Walk.)

Asteropeeus Howard, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, XXI., 1898, p. 232. (Type A. primus Howard.)

Astichus Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 78. (Type A. arithmeticus Forst.)

Astymachus Howard, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, XX., 1898, p. 238. (Type A. japonicus Howard.

Asynacta Forster, Hym. Stud., I1., 1856, p. 87. (Type unknown.)

Atropates Howard, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, XXI., 1898, p. 236. (Type A. collinsi Howard.)

Aulogymnus Forster (= Cirrospilus Westwood), Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., VIII., 1851,
p. 24.

Axima Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 373. (Type A. spinifrons Walk.)

Aximogastra Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 261. (Type A. bahie Ashm.)

Aximopsis Ashmead, ante, p. 259. (Type A. bahic Ashm.)

ib:

Bactryischion Costa (A) (= Podagrion Spinola), Mem. Accad. Sc. Napoli (2), IT., 1857, p. 228.

Beocharis Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XV., 1875, p. 767. (Type B. pascuorwm
Mayr.)

Beotomus Forster (= Micromalus Walker), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 145.

Balcha Walker (= Eusandalum Ratzeburg), Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 394.
(Type B. cylindrica Walker.)

Baryscapus Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 84. (Type unknown.)

Bellerus Walker (= o& Lophocomus Haliday), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 32. (Type
B. anaitis Haliday.)

Belonea Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 146. (Type B. australica Westw.)

Belonura Ashmead, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., X XIII., 1896, p. 224. (Type B. singularis Ashmead.)

368 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Bephrata Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 109. (Type B. ruficollis Cameron.)
Berecyntus Howard, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXI., 1898, p. 238. (Type B. bakeri Howard.)
Blaphonira Holmgren ( = Podagrion Spinola), Eng. Resa, Ins., 1868, p. 438.
Blastophaga Gravenhorst, Uebers. Arbeit. Schles. Ges. f. Valerl. Cultur., I., Jahr., 1826-27, p.
23. (Type Cynips psenes Linné.)
Blastothrix Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXV., 1875, p. 697. (Type Encyrtus sericeus
Dalman.) ‘
Blatticida Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 305. (Type B. pulchra Ashm.)
Blepyrus Howard, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXI., 1898, p. 234. (Type B. mexicanus How.)
Bootania Dalla Torre (n. n. for Metamorpha Walk.), Wien Ent. Zeitg., X VI., 1897, p. 86. (Type
Metamorpha leucospoides Walk.)
Bothriothorax Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstius., I., 1844, p. 209. (Type Eneyrtus clavicornis Dalm.)
Bothryothorax Kirchner (= Bothriothorax Ratzb.), Cat. Hym. Eur., p. 273.
Brachista Haliday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), VII., 1851, p. 211. (Type unknown.)
Brachycaudonia Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 283. (Type B. californica Ashm.)
Brachycrepis Ashmead (= Bubekia Dalla Torre), Can. Ent., XX., 1888, p. 176.
Brachysticha Forster (= Brachista Haliday), Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 88.
Brasema Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 124. (Type B. brevispina Cam.)
Bruchophagus Ashmead, Entom. Amer., IV., 1888, pp. 42, 43. (Type B. borealis Ashm.)
Bubekia Dalla Torre (n. n. for Brachycrepis Ashm.), Wien Ent. Zeitg., X VI., 1897, p. 84. (Type
Brachycrepis tricarinata Ashmead.)
C.
Cacotropia Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. Natural. Moscow, XX XVI., 1863, p. 36. (Type C. echidna
Motschul.) 4
Cenacis Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 64. (Lype C. grandiclava Thomson.)
Ceenocrepis Thomson (= Xenocrepis Forster), Hym. Skand., V., 1875, p. 51. (Type C. arenicola
Thomson.)
Calleptiles Haliday (= Trichogramma Westw.), Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 340. (Type C. latipennis
Hal.)
Callimomus Thomson, Hym. Skand., LV., 1875, pp. 60, 76. (Type C. seaposus Thoms.)
Callimone Spinola (= Torymus Dalman), Ann. mus. hist. nat., X VII., 1811, p. 148.
Callipteroma Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. Natur. Moscow, XXXVI., 1863 (2), p. 35. (Type C.
5-guttata Motsch.)
Calliopteroma Dalla Torre (n. n. for Callipteroma Motschulsky), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 307.
Callitula Spinola (s. descrip.) = Micromelus Walker and Pteromalus Swederus (partim), Ann. mus.
hist., nat., XVII. 1811, p. 151.
Calocerinus Howard, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, XV., 1892, p. 368. (Type Tetracnemus floridanus
Ashm.) ;
Calyostichus Ashmead (err. imp. for Colyostichus Mayr) Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXV.,
1894, p. 152.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 369

Cameronella Dalla Torre (n. n. for Panthalis Cameron), Wien ent. Zeitz., X VI., 1897, p. 87.
(Type Panthalis blackburnii Cam.)

Camptoptera Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, pp. 116, 119, 144. (Type C. papaveris Forst.)

Caraphractus Haliday, Ann. Mag. Nat., X VIII., 1846, p. 52. (Type C. cinctus Haliday.)

Caratomus Thomson (= n. n. for Cratomus Dalman), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 45.

Cardiogaster Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. Natural. Moscow, XXXYV., 1863, p- 72. (Type C. fusci-
ventris Motschulsky.)

Catolaccus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 152. (Type C. cavigena Thomson.)

Caudonia Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), V., 1850, p. 125. (Type C. agylla Walk.)

Cea Haliday, Ent. Mag., IV., 1837, p. 356. (Type C. pulicaris Hal.)

Cecidostiba Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 92. (Type C. rugifrons Thomson.)

Cecidoxenus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 274. (Type C. nigrocyaneus Ashm.)

Centrobia Férster, Hym. Stud., IT., p. 87.

Centrodora Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX XV., 1878, p. 66. (Type C. amena
Forst.)

Cephaleta Motschulsky, Etud. entom., VIII., 1859, p. 173. (Type C. purpuriventris Motsch.).
Cerambycobius Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., 1896, p. 17. (Type Eupelmus cleri
Ashm.) .
Ceranisus Walker, The Entom., I., 1840, p. 6; pl. N, f. 2. (Type Cirrospilus pacuvius Walker.)

Cerapterocerus Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., 1833, p. 495. (Type C. mirabilis Westw.)

Ceratomus Dalman (= Cratomus Dalman), Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLIIT., 1822, p. 495.
(Type Cynips megacephalus Fabr.)

Ceratoneura Ashmead, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXV., 1894, p. 178. (Type C. petiolata
Ashm.)

Ceratosmicra Ashmead, gen. nov. ante, p. 251. (Type C. petiolata Ashm.)

Ceratosolen Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XV., 1888, p. 164. (Type C. appendicu-
latus Mayr.)

Cerchysius Westwood, Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (8), I., 1832, p. 128. (Type Encyrtus sub-
planus Dalm.)

Cercobelus Walker, Ent. Mag., V., 1837, p. 48. (Type C. jugeus Walk.)

Cerocephala Westwood, Mag. de Zool., II., 1832, Pt. 4, T. 4. (Type C. corriger Westw.)

Cheetospila Westwood (= Cerocephala Westw.) Thesaur. Ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 173.

Cheetosticha Haliday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), VII., 1851, p. 210. (Type C. dimidiata Hal.)

Chetostrine Forster (=n. n. for Chetostricha Hal.), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 89.

Chaleaspis Howard, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, X VII., 1895, p. 606. (Type C. pergandei How.)

Chalcidectes Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), X., 1852, p. 47. (Type C. maculicornis Walk.)

_ Chaleis Fabricius, Mant. Insect., I., 1789, p. 272. (Type Vespa minuta Linné.)

Chalcitella Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, III., 1835, p. 56. (Type C. evanioides Westw.)

Chalcites Heer (fossil), Vierteljahr. naturf. Ges. Zurich, I., 1856, p. 296.

Chaleodectes Dalla Torre (n. n. for Chalcedectes Walker), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 186.

370 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Chalcura Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p. 30. (Type Hucharis deprivata
Walk.)

Charitolophus Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XXXV., 1878, p.70. (Type C. ceru-
lescens Forst.)

Charitopus Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 31. (Type C. fulviventris Forst.) |

Chartocerus Motschulsky, Etud. entom., VIII., 1859, p. 171. (Type C. musciformis Motsch.)

Cheiloneurus Westwood, Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (3), III., 1833, p. 3438. (Type C. formosus
Westw.)

Cheiropachys Westwood, Zool. Journ., TV., 1828, p. 25. (Type Sphea colon Linné.)

Chestomorpha Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXII., 1900, pp. 335, 343, 370. (Type C.
biformis Ashm.)

Chiloneurus Forster (n. n. for Cheiloneura Westwood), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 32.

Chirocera Latreille (= Hippota Walker), Gen. Crust. et Ins., T1V., 1809, p. 26. (Type Chalets
pectinicerus Latreille.)

Chirocerus Brullé (= Kapala Cameron), Hist. nat. d. Ins., 1V., 1846, p. 571.

Chirolophus Haliday, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), II., 1862, p.115. (Type C. eques Haliday.)

Chiropachus Agassiz (n. n. for Chetropachys Westw.), Agassiz, Nom. Zool., Hym., 1848, p. 77.

Chiropachys Thomson (n. n. for Chetropachys Westw.), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 32.

Choreia Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., 1833, p. 122. (Type Encyrtus ineptus Dalman.)

Choreius Westwood (n. n. for Choreia Westw.), Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (3), X., 1839, p. 444.

Choria Vollenhoven (n. n. for Choria Westw.), Schets., 1871, Tab. 7.

Chryseida Spinola, Mag. de Zool., X., 1840, p. 7. (Type C. superciliosa Spin.) *

Chrysoatomus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 342. (Type C. Zealandicus Ashm.)

Chrysocharis Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 47. (Type C. femoralis Forst.)

Chrysocharodes Ashmead, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX V., 1894, p. 177. (Type C. petio-
lata Ashm.)

Chrysocharoideus Ashmead, ante. (Type Chrysocharis thoracicus Ashmead.)

Chrysoglyphe Ashmead, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX V., 1894, p. 160. (Type C. apicalis
Ashm.)

Chrysolampus Spinola, Ann. mus. hist. nat., X VII., 1811, p. 147. (Type C. splendidulus Spin.)

Chrysomalla Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XVI., 1859, p. 115. (Type C roseri
Forst.)

Chrysonotomyia Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 344. (Type Hulophus auripunctatus Ashmead.)

Chrysoplatycerus Ashmead, Can. Ent., XXI., 1889, p. 38. (Type Rileya splendens How.)

Chrysopophagus Ashmead, Ins. Life, V., 1894, p. 246. (Type C. compressicornis Ashmead.)

Cirrospiloideus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 8354. (Type Miotropis platynote How.)

Cirrospilus Forster nec Westwood (= Stenomesioidius Ashm. part), Hym. Stud., I1., 1856, p. 74.

Cirrospilus Westwood, Phil. Mag. (3), I., 1832, p. 128. (Type C. elegantissimus Westw.)

Cleonymus Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins., [V., 1809, p. 29. (Type Ichnewmon depressus Fabr.)

Cleptimorpha Walker, Notes on Chale., Pt. 5, 1872, p. 84. (Type C. binotata Walker.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES aril

Cleptomorpha Dalla Torre (n. n. for Cleptimorpha Westw.), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 185.

Closterocerus Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., 1833, p. 419. (Type C. trifasciatus Westw.)

Coccidencyrtus Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, X XII., 1900, pp. 339, 345. (Type Encyrtus
ensifer How.)

Coccobius Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstins., IIT., 1852, p. 175. (Type unknown.)

Coccophagus Westwood, Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (8), III., 1833, p. 344. (Type C. pulchellus
Westw.)

Coceophoctonus Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, X XIT., 1900, pp. 337, 344 and 375. (Type
C. dactylopii Ashm.)

Ceelocyba Ashmead, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1900, p. 844. (Type C. nigrocincta Ashm.)

Ceelogaster Schrank (= Leucospis Fabr.), Schrift. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, I., 1780, p. 303.

Ceelopisthia Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 65. (Type Pteromalus cephalotes Walker.)

Coelopisthus Thomson (= n. n. for Colopisthia Forst.), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 168.

Celops Kriechbaumer (= Kriechbawmenella Dalla Torre), Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XX XIX., 1894,
p- 316. (Type Celops palbebrator Kriechb.)

Cenocercus Thomson (= Echthroplexis Forster), Hym. Skand., IV., 1875, p. 145.

Colas Curtis, Brit. Ent., [V., 1827, p. 166. (Type C. dispar Curtis.)

Colaw Curtis (= n. n. for Colas Curtis), Guide Brit. Ins., 1829, p. 6.

Colotrechnus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 46. (Type C. subceruleus Thomson.)

Colyostichus Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV., 1885, p. 158. (Type C. longipes
Mayr.)

Comedo Schrank (= Cratotrechus Thomson), Faun. Boica, II., 1802, p. 308 [p. p.].

Comys Forster (= Encyrtus Latreille), Hym. Stud., I., 1856, p. 144.

Conura Spinola, Mag. de Zool., VII., 1837, p. 180. (Type C. flavicans Spinola.)

Copidosoma Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstius., I., 1844, p. 157. (Type C. boucheanus Ratzeb.)

Coruna Walker (= Pachycrepis Forster), Ent. Mag., I., 1883, pp. 371 and 379.

Coryna Reinhard (= Pachyerepis Forster), Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., I., 1857, p. 87.

Corynocera Nees (= Pirene Haliday), Hym. affin. Monogr., II., 1834, p. 123.

Cosmocoma Forster (= n. n. for Polynema Haliday), Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, pp. 117, 120.

Crantor Haliday (= Aphelinus Dalman, wingless form), Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 268.

Cratzepus Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XXXV., 1878, p. 62. (Type C. aquis-
granensis Forst. )

Cratomus Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLII., 1820, p. 72. (Type Cynips megacephalus
Fabr.)

Cratotrechus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 219. (Type Ichnewmon larvarum Linné.)

Cricellius Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 102. (Type C. decipiens Thomson.)

Critogaster Mayr (= 3 Trichaulus Mayr), Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXYV., 1888, pp. 160,
199"

Crossogaster Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV., 1885, pp. 156, 159, 189. (Type C.
triformis Mayr.)

372 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Cryptopristus Forster, Hym. Stud., I1., 1856, p. 43. (Type Torymus caliginosus Walk.)
Cryptoprymna Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 56. (Type Prosodes atra Walk.)
Cryptoprymnus Thomson (= Cryptoprymna Forster), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 22.
Cycloneura Dahlbom, Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., XIV., 1887, p. 295.
Cyniphoctonus Reinhard (= Olynx Forster), Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., II., 1858, p. 22.
Cynipsichneumon Christ (= Cratotrechus Thomson), Naturg. d. Ins., 1791, p. 378.
Cynipsillum Lamarck (= Perilampus Latreille), Hist. anim. s. Vert., TV., 1817, p. 156.
Cyrtogaster Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 381. (Type C. vulgaris Walker.)
Cyrtosoma Curtis (= Ormyrus Westwood), Perris Ann. Soc. ent. France, IX., 1840, p. 96.

D.

Dasyglenes Ashmead (= Epistenia Westwood), Can. Ent., X X., 1888, p. 74.

Decatoma Spinola, Ann. mus. hist. nat. XVII, 1811, p. 151. (Lype Diplolepis adonidum
Rossi.)

Decatomidea Ashmead, Ent. Amer., [V., 1888, pp. 42, 48. (Type D. xanthochroa Ashm.)

Decatomothorax Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 273. (Type D. gallicola Ashm.)

Derostenus Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., 1833, p. 495. (Type D. gemmeus Westw.)

Destefania Dalla Tarre (n. n. for Sternodes Stefani), Wien. Ent. Zeitg., 1897, p. 88. (Type
Sternodes pusatert Stefani.)

Diamorus Walker, Ent. Mag., IT., 1834, p. 159. (Type Zorymus armatus Boheman.)

Diaulomorpha Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 8356. (Type B. australiensis Ashm.)

Diaulus Ashmead (n. n. for Diglyphus Thomson nec Walker), ante, p. 356. (Type D. begint Ashm.)

Dibrachys Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 65. (Type Pteromalus boucheanus Ratzeburg.)

Dicellocerus Menzel (= Mira Shellenberg), Stettin ent. Zeitg., X VIT., 1855, p. 270.

Dichalysis Forster (n. n. for Psilocera Walker, %), Hym. Stud., IT., 1855, p. 52.

- Dichotomus Forster, Verh. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheml., XXXYV., 1878, p. 48. (Type D. acerinus
Forster.) .

Dicladocerus Westwood, Phil. Mag. (3), I., 1832, p. 128. (Type D. westwoodi Stephens.)

Dicormus Forster (= Cyrtogaster Walker), Beitr. Monogr. Pteromal., 1841, p. 38.

Dicyclus Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 455. (Type D. lynastes Walk.)

Diglochis Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 65. (Type Pteromalus omnivorus Walk.)

Diglyphomorpha Ashmead, gen. novy., ante, p. 352. (Type Diglyphus ? maculipennis Ashmead.)

Diglyphis Thomson (= Diaulus Ashm.), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 235.

Diglyphus Thomson (= Diaulus Ashmead), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 208.

Diglyphus (Haliday) Walker, List. Chalcid. Brit. Museum, II., 1848, p. 235. (Type D. poppea
Walk.)

Dilocantha Shipp, The Entom., XX VII., 1894, p. 188. (Type Thoracantha flavicornis Westw.)

Dilophogaster Howard (= Tomocera Howard), Ent. Amer., II., 1886, p. 98.

Dimachus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, pp. 50, 52. (Type C. arenicola Thomson.)

Dimmockia Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, 357. (Type Hulophus ineongruus Ashm.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 373

Dinarmus Thomson, Hym. Stud., V., 1878, p. 56. (Type D. acutus Thomson.)

Dinocarsis Forster (n. n. for Huscapus Dahlbom), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 33. (Type Encyrtus
hemipterus Dalm.)

Dinotus Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 66. (Type D. bidentulus Thomson.)

Dipara Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 373. (Type D. petiolata Walker.)

Diplectron Dahlbom (= Euplectrus Westwood), Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Férh., XIV., 1857,
p. 292.

Diplodontia Ashmead, Ent. Amer., IV., 1888, p. 87. (Type Smicra carolina Ashm.)

Diplolepis Fabricius nee Olivier (= Diastrophus Hartig), Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 149.

Dirhicnus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 170. (Type D. subceeruleus Thomson.)

Dirhinus Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XX XIX., 1818, p. 75. (Type D. excavatus
Dalm.)

Dirrhinus Dalla Torre (n. n. for Dirhinus Dalman), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 367.

Discodes Forster (= Pheenodiscus Forster), Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 32.

Disema Forster, Verh. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX V., 1875, p. 54. (Type D. pallipes Forster.)

Doriclytus Forster, Linn. entom., II., 1847, p.226. (Type D. vitripennis Forster.)

© Doryclitus Dalla Torre (n. n. for Doriclytus Forster), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 428.

E.
Ecdamua Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 387. (Type E. macrotelus Walk.)
Echthroplectis Dalla Torre (n. n. for Echthroplexis Forster), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 243.
Echthroplexis Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 33. (Type Cenocercus puncticollis Thomson.)
Ecerizotes Férster, Progr. Realsch. Aachen, 1861, p. xxxiii. (Type E. monticola Forster.)

Kctroma Westwood, Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (3), III., 1833, p. 344. (Type Hupelmus rufus
Dalman.)

Kisenia Ashmead, gen. noy. ante, p. 233. (Type E. mexicana Ashm.)

Elachertomorpha Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 352. (Type £. flaviceps Ashm.)

Elachertus Spinola, Ann. mus. hist. nat., XX VIL, 181-, p. 151. (Type #. abdominals Spin.)

Elachestus Walker (n. n. for Elachertus Spinola), List. Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1848, p. 68.

Elachistus Thomson (n. n. for Elachertus Spinola), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, pp. 187, 191.

Elasmus Westwood, Philos. Mag. (3), III., 1833, p. 348. (Type Eulophus flabellatus Fonscolombe.)

Elatus Walker, List. Chale. Brit. Museum, IT., 1848, p. 153. (Type E. thene Walk.)

Enargopelte Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX XV., 1878, p. 62. (Type E. obscura
Forster.)

Encarsia Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX XYV.., 1878, p. 65. (Type £. tricolor
Forster.)

Encyrtaspis Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 290. (Type L. brasiliensis Ashm.)

Encyrtus Latrielle, Gen. Crust. et Ins., [V., 1809, p. 81. (Type Chrysis infidus Rossi.)

Endomychobius Ashmead, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXIII., 1896, p. 227. (Type E. flavipes
Ashm.)

374 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Eniaca Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X VII., 1883, p. 57. (Type Chaleis hesperidum,
Rossi.) )

Enneasmicra Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 252. (Type Smicra eximanius Walk.)

Enneatoma (Spinola) Dahlbom (= Eurytoma Mliger), Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., XIV.
1857, p. 292.

Entedon Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLI., 1820, p.136. (Type L. cyanellus Dalman.)

Epiclerus Haliday (= Tetracampe Forster), Trans. Ent. Soc. London, III., 1843, p. 297.

Epicopterus Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., 1838, p. 418. (Type £. choreiformis Westw.)

Epiencyrtus Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, X XII., 1900, p. 340. (Type Encyrtus thyreo-
dontis Ashm.)

Epinceus Walker (= Cerocephala Westwood), Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 368.

Epinzoideus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante. (Type EH. melanocephalus Ashm.)

Epineus Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X VII., 1883, p. 58. (Type Smicra dua Walk.)

Epipteromalus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 319. (Type E. algonquieniis Ashm.)

Epistenia Westwood, Griffiths’ Anim. Kingd., Ins., II., 1832, p. 432. (Type EH. ceruleata Westw.)

Epitelia Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X VII., 1883, p. 61. (Type Chaleis stylata
Walk.) ; :

Epitranus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, pp. 21, 26. (Type L. fulvescens Walk.)

Eretomocerus Haldeman, Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts (2), [X., 1850, p. 111. (Type . corni Hal-
deman.)

Ericydnus Walker, Ent. Mag., IV., 1837, p. 363. (Type Encyrtus longicornis Dalman.)

Eriophilus Haldeman (= Aphelinus Dalman), Penn. Farm. Journ., August, 1851, p. 130.

Erotolepsia Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXV., 1894, p. 99. (Type HE. compacta
How.)

Etroxys Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., 1833, pp. 121 and 495. (Type EH. pulcherrimus
Westw.)

Euchaleis Dufour, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1861, p. 8. (Type E. miegu Dufour.)

Eucharis Latreille, Hist. nat. Crust. et Ins., III., 1802, p. 210. (Cynips adsendens Fabr.)

Eucharissa Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1868, Proc., p. xxxvi. (Type EH. speciosa
Westw.)

Euchrysia Westwood, Thes. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 139. (Type E. cleptidea Westw.)

Eucomys Forster (n. n. for Comys Forster (= Encyrtus Latr.), Hym. Stud., I1., 1856, p. 32.

Eudecatoma Ashmead, Entom. Amer., [V., 1888, pp. 42, 43. (Type HE. batatoides Ashm.)

Euderus Haliday, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, IIT., 1843, p. 298. (Type Entedon amplus Walker.)

Euderus Thomson nec Haliday (= Trichoporus Forster), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 276.

Eudovima Walker (= Eudoxinna Walker), Notes in Chale., Pt. 1V., 1871, p. 55.

Eudoxinna Walker (n. n. for Sosvetra Walk.), Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), II., 1864, p. 207.
(Type Sosvetra transversa Walk.)

Eulophopteryx Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 341. (Type E. chapade Ashmead.)

Eulophus Geoffrey, Hist. abr. Ins., II., 1762, p. 312. (Lype Ichnewmon pectinicornis Linné.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 375

Euneura Walker, Ann. & mag. nat. hist., XTV., 1844, p. 331. (Type EH. augarus Walk.)

Eunotus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 497. (Type E. cretaceus Walk.)

Euophthalmoneyia Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 339. (Type E. pallidopes Ashm.)

Euoxysoma Ashmead, Ent. Amer., 1V., 1888, pp. 42, 43. (Type Systole brachyptera Ashm.)

Eupelminus Dalla Torre (n. n. for Urocryptus Westwood), Wien. ent. Zeitg., XVI., 1897, p. 85.
(Type Urocryptus excavatus Westwood.)

Eupelmus Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLI., 1820, p.377. (Type EL. memnonius Dalman.)

Euperilampus Walker, Notes in Chalc., pt. 4, 1871, p. 67. (Type Perilampus gloriosus Walk.)

Euplectrus Westwood, Philos. Mag. (3), I., 1832, p. 128. (Type Pteromalus bicolor Swederus.)

Eupristina Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 5. (Type H. masonii Saund.)

Eupsilocera Westwood (n. n. for Psilocera Walker), Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II., 1844 ; Synop., p. 69.

Eurycephalus Ashmead (= Ewrycranium Ashm.), Indian Museum Notes, 1903, p. 61.

Eurycranium Ashmead, n. n. for Hurycephalus Ashm. preoe. ante, p. 326. (Type . alcockt Ashm.)

Eurydinota Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XXXV., 1878, p. 42. (Type #. lepto-
mera Forst.)

Euryischia Howard, Rep. U.S. Dept. Agric., 1888-89, p. 92. (Type EL. lestophoni Howard.)

Euryophrys Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 144. (Type Calypso serratule Hal.)

Euryrhopalus Howard, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXI., 1898, p. 237. (Type E. schwarz How.)

Huryscapus Forster (= Mira Schellenberg), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 32.

Eurytoma Illiger, Rossi, Faun. Etrus., 2*, 11, 1807, p. 128. (Type E£. planata Illiger.)

Kurytomocharis Ashmead, Entom. Amer., 1V., 1888, pp. 42, 43. (Type £. minuta Ashm.)

Eusandalum Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Férstius., III., 1852, p- 199. (Type E. abbreviatum Ratzeb.)

Euscapus Dahlbom (= Dinocarsis Forster), Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Férh., XIV., 1857, p.
292.

Eusemion Dahlbom, Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., XIV., 1857, p. 292. (Type Encyrtus
corriger Haliday.)

Eustochus Haliday, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 349. (Type EF. atripennis Haliday.)

Eustypiura Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 261. (Type E. bicolor Ashm.)

Eutelus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 356. (Type E. vulgaris Walk. Q, dilectus Walk. ©.)

Eutriche Nees (= Polynema Haliday (partim) = Ooctonus Haliday (partim), Ichn. affin. Monogr.,
II., 1834, p. 196.

Eutrichosoma Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 291. (Type E. mirabile Ashm.)

Exochlenus Shipp, Ent. Mo. Mag., XX VII., 1894, p. 245. (Type Leucospis anthidioides Westw.)

Exurus Philippi (= Trichoporus Forster), Stettin. ent. Zeitg., XX XIV., 1873, p. 296.

1,
Flabrinus Rondani (= Mymar Haliday), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., [X., 1877, p. 180.
Forsterella Dalla Torre (n. n. for Hyperbius Forster), Wien. ent. Zeitg., XVI., 1897, p. 86.
(Type Hyperbius flavipes Forster.)
Froggattia Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 238. (Type F. polita Ashm.)

376 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

G.

Galearia Brullé (= Thoracantha Latreille), Hist. natur. Ins. Hym., IV., 1846, p. 527.

Ganahlia Dalla Torre (n. n. for Derostenus Thomson, (partim) = Pediobius Walker), Wien. ent.
Zeitg., XVI., 1897, p. 85.

Ganosoma Mayr (= \ Idarnes Walker), Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XV., 1885, pp. 160,
202.

Gastracanthus Westwood (=Heteroxys Westwood), Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., 1833, p. 121.

Gastrancistrus Westwood, Lond. & Edinb. Philos. Mag. (3), II., 1833, p. 444. (Type G. vagans
Westw.)

Geniocerus Ratzeburg (= of Tetrastichus Haliday), Ichn. Affin. Monogr., II., 1848, pp. 174; tab.
Suiaode

Gitognathus Thomson (n. n. for Spheripalpus Forster), Hym. Skand., [V., 1876, pp. 220, 232
(Type Spheripalpus viridis Forster.)

‘Glyphe Walker, Ent. Mag., IT., 1834, pp. 168,170. (Type G. autumnalis Walk.)

Glyphomerus Forster (= Oligosthenus Forster), Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 43.

Gnatho Curtis (= Metopachia Westwood), Guide Brit. Ins., 1829, p. 6.

Gonatocerus Nees, Ichn. affin. Monogr., II., 1834, p. 192. (Type G. longicornis Nees.)

Goniocerus Ratzeburg, vide Geniocerus.

Goniogaster Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XV., 1885, pp. 157, 241. (Type G. varii-
color Mayr.)

Gyrolasia Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 145. (Type Pteroptrix menes Walker.)

H.

Habritys Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 54. (Type Pteromalus brevicornis Ratzeburg.)

Habrocytus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 109. (Type Pteromalus albipennis Walker.)

Habrolepis Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 34. (Type Eneyrtus dalmani Westwood.)

Habrolepoidea Howard, J ourn. Linn. Soe. London, Zool., XX V., 1894, p. 90. (Type H. glauca
How.) <

Habrolepopteryx Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXII., 1900, p. 330. (Type Psilophrys

7 pulchripennis Ashm.)

Halidayella Dalla Torre (n. n. for Halidea Forster, = Metapelna Westwood), Wien. ent. Zeitg.,
XVL., 1897, p. 85.

Halhdea Forster (= Metapelma Westwood), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 31.

Halizoa Forster (n. n. for Urolepis Walker), Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 145.

Halticella Forster (n. n. for Haltichella Spinola), Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 29.

Haltichella Spinola, Ann. mus. hist. nat., X VII., 1811, p. 148. (Type Chalcis pusilla Fabr.)

Halticoptera Spinola, Ann. mus. hist. nat., XVII., 1811, p. 148. (Type Diplolepis flavicornis.
Spinola.)

Harmolita Motschulsky (= Isosoma Walker), Bull. soc. natural. Moscow, XXXYV., 1863, p. 58.
(Type H. longicornis Motsch.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Ot

Harmolyta Dalla Torre (n. n. for Harmolita Motschulsky), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 154.

Hemenasius Ashmead, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Museum, XXIT., 1900, p. 336. (Type H. confusus
Ashmead.)

Hemencyrtus Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, XXII., 1900, pp. 337, 344. (Type H. her-
bertii Ashmead.)

Hemiptarsenus Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., 1833, p. 122. (Type H. fulvicollis Westw.)

Hemitorymus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 243. (Type H. thoracicus Ashm.)

Hemitrichus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 54. (Type H. rufipes Thomson.)

Henicetrus Thomson (= Ecrizotes Forster), Hym. Skand., 1V., 1875, p. 190.

Henicopygus Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXII., 1900, p. 329. (Type H. subapterus
Ashmead.)

Heptocondyla Rondani, Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., [X., 1877, p. 182. (Type Pteromalus wnicolor Koll.)

Heptomerus Rondani (= Chrysocharis Forster), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., VI., 1874, p. 133.

Heptasmiera Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 252. (Type Smiera obliterata West.)

Herbertia Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXV., 1894, p. 98. (Type H. lucens
Howard.)

Heterandrium Mayr (= 8 Colyostichus Mayr, partim), Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX X., 1885,
pp. 157, 158. .

Heterandrium Mayr, loc. cit. supra. (Type H. biannulatum Mayr.)

Heteranthrellus Howard, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXI., 1898, p.239. (Type H. australiensis How.)

Hetroxys Westwood (n. n. for Etroxys Westwood), Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II., 1840 ; Synop., p. 71.

Hexacladia Ashmead, Ins. Life, III., 1891, p. 456. (Type H. Smithii Ashm.)

Heydenia Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 46. (Type H. pretiosa Forst.) .

Hexasmiera Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 242. (Type Smiera transversa Walk.)

Hippocephalus Ashmead (= Zagramiosoma Ashmead), Bull. No. 3, Kansas Exp. Sta. 18, App.,
vii. (Type H. multilineatus Ashm.) |

Hippota (Haliday) Walker, Notes Chale., Pt. 8, 1871, p. 47. (Type Chalcis pectinicornis Latr.)

Hockeria (Leporte) Walker, Ent. Mag., IT., 1834, pp. 21, 34. (Dype H. dexiws Walk.)

Holaspis Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXIV., 1874, p. 83. (Type Yorymus malitaris
Boheman.)

Holezus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 104. (Type H. dichrons (Dalm.) Thomson.)

Holcencyrtus Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, X XIT., 1900, pp. 339, 346. (Type H. dichrous
Thomson.)

Holcopelte Forster (= Horismenus Walker), Hym. Stud., I., 1856, p. 78.

Holcopeltoideus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 341. (Type H. petiolatus Ashm.)

Holcothoraz Mayr (= Ageniaspis Dahlbom), Verh. Zool.-bot Gesell. Wien, XX V., 1875, p. 691.

Homalopoda Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX V., 1894, p. 90. (Type H. cristata
How.)

Homalotylus Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXV., 1875, p. 752. (Type Eneyrtus flam-

inius Dalm.)

378 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Homoporus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 66. (Type Pteromalus fulviventris Walker.)

Hontalia Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 112. (Type H. cerulea Cam.)

Hookeria Holmgren (n. n. for Hockeria Walker), Freg. Eug. Resa. Ins., 1868, p. 436.

Hoplocrepis Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, I., 1890, p. 235. (Type H. albiclavus
Ashmead.)

Hoplopsis Destefani, Natural. Sicil., VIII., 1899, p. 140. (Type H. mayri, Destefani.)

Horismenus (Haliday) Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XJ., 1843, p. 117. (Type H. cleodora
Walker.)

Hormocerus Forster (n. n. for Ormocerus Walker), Hym. Stud., I1., 1856, pp. 59, 60.

Howardia Dalla Torre (= Howardiella Dalla Torre), Wien ent. Zeitg., X VI., 1897, p. 86.

Howardiella Dalla Torre (n. n. for Howardia Dalla Torre), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 228. (Type
Bothriothorax peckhami Ashm.)

Hubbardiella Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 8339. (Type H. arizonensis Ashm.)

Hybothorax Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstius., I., 1844, p. 209. (Type H. graffi Ratzeb.)

Hyperbius Forster (= Forsterella Dalla Torre), Verh. d. naturb. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX XYV., 1878,
p- 58. 3

Hyperteles Forster (n. n. for Oxyomorpha Forster), Hym. Stud., I1., 1856, p. 84. (Type
Eulophus elongatus Forster.)

Hypopteromalus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 320. (Type Pteromalus tabacum Fitch.)

Hypsicamera Forster, Hym. Stud., I1., 1856, p. 52. (Type H. ratzeburgii Forst.)

I.

Idarnella Westwood (= Philotrypesis Forster), Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 37.

Idarnes Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XII., 1843, p. 47. (Type I. carme Walk.)

Idoleupelmus Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., 1896, p. 13. (Type I. annulicornis
Ashm.) .

Isanisa Walker (= Sycophila Walker), The Entom., VIII., 1875, p. 15.

Ischnopsis Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1V., 1896, p.161. (Type L. ophthalmica Ashm.)

Isocratus Forster (n. n. for Asaphes Walker), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, pp. 53, 58.

Isocyrtus Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 465. (Type I. letus Walker.)

Isodromus Howard, Rep. U. 8. Dept. Agric., 1886, p. 488. (Type I. icerye Howard.)

Isomerala Shepp, The Entom., XX VII., 1894, p. 188. (Type Thoracantha coronata Westw.)

Isoplata Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 60. (Type I. geniculata Forster.)

Isosoma Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1832, p. 13. (Type Ichnewnon verticillata Fabr.)

Isosomacharis Ashmead, Ent. Amer., 1V., 1888, pp. 42, 43. (Type I. sulcata Ashm.)

Isosomodes Ashmead, Ent. Amer., 1V., 1888, pp. 42, 43. (Type Jsosoma gigantea Ashm.)

Isosomorpha Ashmead, Ent. Amer., IV., 1888, pp. 42, 45. (Type J. ewrope Ashm.)

K.

Kapala Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 102. (Type Hucharis furcata Fabr.)
Koebelea Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 238. (Type K. australiensis Ashm.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 379

Kradibia Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 23. (Type KK. cowanii Saund.)
Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre (n. n. for Celops Kreichbaumer), Wien. ent. Zeitg., X VI., 1897, p.
84. (Type Celops palpebrator Kriechb.)

L.

Lelaps Dalla Torre (n. n. for Lelaps Haliday), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 184.

Lesthia Haliday (= Cerocephala Westwood), Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 335.

Leetocantha Shipp, the Entom., X X VII., 1894, p. 188. (Type Thoracantha nasua Walker.)

Lamrostylus Forster (= Chrysolampus spin.) Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 42. (Type L. punctatus
Forster.)

Lamprotatus Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., 1833, p. 121. (Type L. splendens Westw.)

Larradomorpha Stadelman, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XXX VII., 1892, p. 238. (Type L. insignis
Stadelm.)

Lasionychus Shipp (= Uromelia Kirby), The Entom., XX VII., 1894, p. 188.

Lathromeris Férster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 87. (Type L. scutellaris Forster.)

Lecaniobius Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., 1896, p.17. (Type L. cockerellii Ashmead.)

Leimacis Forster, Linnean Entom., II., 1847, p. 208. (Type L. rufula Forst.)

Lelaps Haliday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XII., 1843, p. 47. (Type Merostenus sodales Walker.)

Leptomastix Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 34. (Type ZL. histrio Mayr.)

Leucaspis Burmeister (n. n. for Leucospis Fabricius), Arch. f. Naturg., I., 1845, p. 47.

Leucodesmia Howard, Ins. Life, VII., 1895, p. 403. (Type L. typica How.)

Leucopsis Olivier (n. n. for Leucospis Fabricius), Eneycl. Méthod. Insect., VII., 1792, p. 531.

Leucospis Fabricius, Syst. ent., 1775, p. 86. (Type L. dorsigera Fabr.)

Tamacis Dalla Torre (n. n. for Leimacis Forster), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 430.

Inocarus Thomson (=Prionomastix Mayr.), Hym. Skand., IV., 1875, pp. 115, 121.

Lioterphus Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., 1875, pp. 60,69. (Type Zorymus pallidicornis Boheman.)

Liothorax Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX V., 1875, p. 728. (Type Enerytus glaphyra
Walk.)

Lirata Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 102. (Type L. luteogaster Cameron.)

Litomastix Thomson, Hym. Skand., [V., 1875, p. 171. (Type Encyrtus chalconotus Dalman.)

Litus Haliday, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 345. (Type L. cynipseus Hal.)

Lochites Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, pp. 48, 44. (Type L. papaveris Forst.)

Lonchentedon Ratzeburg (= Aprostocerus Westwood), Ichn. d. Forstius., I1I., 1852, p. 215.

Lonchocerus Dahlbom (= Mira Schellenberg), Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., XTV., 1857, p.
292.

Lophocomodia Ashmead, Bull. No. 3, Kansas State Agri. College, 1888; Append., p. vi. (Type
LI. americana Ashm.)

Lophocomus Haliday, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, IIT., 1843, p. 297. (Type Cirrospilus anaitis
Walk.)

Lophyrocera Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 102. (Type L. stramineipes Cam.)

380 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Lopodites Rondani (n. n. for Lophodytes Rondani), Bull. Soe. ent. Ital., [X., 1877, p. 19.
Lopodytes Rondani, Ann. Soc. Nat. Modena, II., 1867, p. 39. (Type ZL. prunicola Roud.)
Lutnes Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 125. (Type L. ornaticornis Cam.)
Lycisca Spinola, Mag. de Zool., X., 1840, p. 14. (Type L. raptoria Spin.)

Lymnaenon (Haliday) Walker (= Gonatocerus Nees), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X VIII., 1845, p. 49.
Lyreus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 114. (Type L. origo Walker, 9.)

M.

Macreupelmus Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., 1896, p. 13. (Type JL. brasiliensis
Ashm.)

Macroglenes Westwood, Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Soc. (3), I., 1832, p. 127. (Type Ichnewmon pene-
trans Kirby.)

Macromesus Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, IT., 1848, p. 161. (Type WM. amphiratus Walk.)

Macroneura Walker (= 3 Enpelmus Dalman), Ent. Mag., LV., 1837, p. 353.

Macrorileya Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 264. (Type Rileya wcanthi Ashm.)

Macrostigma Rondani (= Megaspilus Westwood), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., [X., 1877, p. 181.

Malfattea Meunier (= Jntus Haliday), Ann. Soe. Sient. Bruxelles, XXV., 1901, p. 6. (Type MW.
molitorus Meunier.)

Marietta Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. ent. natural. Moscow, XXX VI., 1863, p. 52. (Type W. lepar-
dina Motsch.)

Marres Walker, The Entom., I., 1841, p. 217. (Type WM. dicomas Walker.)

Megalocolus Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soe. London, Zool., X VII., 1883, p. 61. (Type Halticella
ducator Walk.)

Megapelte Forster (n. n. for Hunotus Walker), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 63.

Megastigmus Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLI., 1820, p. 178. (Type Jchnewmon dor-
salis Fabr.)

Megorismus Walker, List Chalcid. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 29. (Type Miscogaster daiphron
Walk.)

Melanosmicra Ashmead, gen. nov. ante, p. 251. (Type M. immaculata Ashm.)

Melittobia Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1847, Proc., p. xviii, 1849, Proc., p. Ixv.
(Type Cirrospilus accesta Walk.)

Merismus Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 871, 375. (Type M. megapterus Walk.)

Merisus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 166. (Type W. splendidus Walk.)

Meroligon Rondani (= Aphelinus Dalman), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., [X., 1877, p. 185.

Meromalus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, pp. 168, 178. (Type MW. flavicornis Walk.)

Meromyzobia Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, X XIT., 1900, pp. 328, 333. (Type Hricydnus
macalipenms Ashm.)

Meroporus Blanchard (= Metastenus Walk.), Hist. nat. Ins., III., 1840, p. 270.

Meraporus Walker,. Ent. Mag., IV., 1837, p. 3853. (Type JL graminicola Walk.)

Merostenus Walker, Ent. Mag., IV., 1837, p. 354. (Type M. phedyma Walk.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 381

Mesidia Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 30. (Type unknown.)

Mesopolobus Westwood, Phil. Mag. (3), II., 1833, p. 443. (Type JL. fasciiventris Westwood.)

Mestocharis Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX XV., 1878, p. 50. (Type MW. cyclo-

spila Forster.)

Metacolus Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 65. (Type J. unifasciatus Forster. )

Metadontia Ashmead, Entom. Amer., IV., 1888, p. 87. (Type Smicra montana Ashm.)

Metagea Kirky, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p.30. (Type Lucha riszalates Walk.)

Metallon Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, IT., 1848, p. 219. (Type M. acacallis Walk.)

Metallopsis Westwood (= Leucospis Fabricius), Zeitsch. f. Entom., I., 1839, p. 265.

Metamorpha Walker (= Bootania Dalla Torre), Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 346.
(Type I. leucospoides Walk.)

Metapelma Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, IIT., 1835, p. 69. (Type W. spectabilis Westw.)

Metastenus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 301. (Type MW. concinnus Walk.)

Metapopachia Dalla Torre (n. n. for Metopachia Westwood), Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898,
p- 159.

Metopachia Westwood (= Colas Curtis), Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II., 1840 ; Synop., p. 71.

Metopon Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 302. (Type I. atrum Walk.)

Metopum Forster (n. n. for Metopon Walker), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 64.

Micradelus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, pp. 168, 170. (Type ML. rotundus Walk.)

Micranisa Walker, The Entom., VIII., 1875, p. 18. (Type Idarnes pteromeloides Walk.)

Micrapion Kriechbaumer, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XX XIX., 1894, p. 315. (Type WM. bilineatum

Kriechb.)

Microlytus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1875, p. 223. (Type WM. heterocerus Thomson.)

Microma Curtis (= Trichogramma Westwood), Guide Brit. Ins., 1829, p. 137.

Micromelus Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 464. (Type I. silvanus Walk.)

Microplectron Dahlbom, Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., XIV., 1857, p. 292. (Type Entedon
Juscipennis Zetterstedt.)

Microterus Spinola (= Elachertus Spinola), Ann. mus. hist. nat., XVII., 1811, p. 151.

Microterys Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., 1875, p. 155. (Type Eneyrtus sylvius Dalman.)

Miotropis Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 197. (Type MW. sulcicrista Thomson.)

Mira Schellenberg, Genres des Moush Dipt., 1803, p. 67. (Type J. macrocera Schellenb.)

Mischogaster Howard (n. n. for Miscogaster Walk.), Ent. Amer., II., 1886, p. 33.

Miscogaster Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 458. (Type M. hortensis Walk.)

Mischosmicra Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 251. (Type WM. Kahlii Ashm.)

Misina Rondani (= Aphelinus Dalman), Arch. p. 1. Zool. (2), JUL, USO, yds Like

Misocampus Latreille (= Torymus Dalman), Nouv. dict. hist. nat., Ed. 2%, 1817.

Misocharis Rondani (= Misocoris Rondani), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., VI., 1874, p. 125.

Misocoris Rondani (= ¢\ Anastatus Motschulsky), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., [X., 1887, p. 186.

Mnoonema Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. nat. Moscow, XXXVI., 1863, p. 60. (Type JM. timida

Motsch.)

382 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Monobeeus Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., X VII., 1860, p.95. (Type JL cingulatus
Forst.)

Monodontomerus Westwood, Lond. & Edin. Phil. Mag. (3), II., 1833, p. 443. (Type JL ob-
scurus Westw.)

Moranila Cameron (= Tomocera Howard), Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 188.

Mormoniella Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 316. (Type WM. brevicornis Ashm.)

Muscidia Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. natural d. Moscou, XX XVI., 1863, p. 70. (Type M. obscurus
Westw.

Myina Nees (= Aphelinus Dalman), Hym. affin. Monogr., II., 1834, p. 189.

Myioenema Ashmead, Can. Ent., XX XII., 1900, p. 349. (Type M. compere: Ashm.)

Myiomisa Rondani (= Huderus Haliday), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., [X., 1877, p. 189.

Mymar Haliday, Curtis, Brit. Ent., TX., 1832, p. 411. (Type I. pulchellus Hal.)

Mymarilla Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soe. London., Zool. (2), I., 1878, p. 585. (Type IM. tapro-
banica Westw.)

Myrmecomimesis Dalla Torre (n. n. for Myrmecopsis Walker), Wien ent. Zeitg., X VI., 1897, p.
87. (Type Myrmecopsis ngricans Wall.)

Myrmecopsis Walker (= Myrmecomimesis Dalla Torre), Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), IT., 1866, p.
442.

Ne,

Nannocerus Mayr (= 3 Physothorax Mayr), Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XV., 1885, pp.
159, 195.

Neochalecis Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 63. (Lype Huchalcis

vetusta Dufour.)

Neorileya Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 264. (Type N. flavipes Ashm.)

Nesomyia Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 344. (Type WV. albipes Ashm.)

Nobrimus Thomson (= Homalotylus Mayr), Hym. Skand., IV., 1875, pp. 116, 137.

Norbanus Walker, Ann. Soc. ent. France (2), I., 1843, p. 158. (Type N. dysaules Walk.)

Notanisomorpha Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 356. (Type WN. collaris Ashm.)

Notanisus Walker, Ent. Mag., IV., 1837, p. 352. (Type N. versicolor Walk.)

Notaspidium Dalla Torre (n. n. for Notaspis Walker), Wien. ent. Zeitg., XVI., 1897, p. 87.
(Type Notaspis formiciformis Walk.)

Notaspis Walker (= Notaspidiwm Dalla Torre), Ent. Mag., II., 1834, pp. 21, 37.

Notopodium Dahlbom (= Podagrion Spin.), Ofvers Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Férh., XIV., 1857, p.
295.

O.
Octosmicra Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 252. (Type O. laticeps Ashm.)
Odopeea Dalla Torre (n. n. for Odopoia Walker, emend.), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 315.
Odopoia Walker, Notes on Chaleid., Pt. 2, 1871, p. 36. (Type O. atra Walker.)
Oligosita Haliday, Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (2), VII., 1851, p. 211. (Type O. collina
(Haliday) Walk.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 383

Oligosthenus Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 145. (Type Ichnewmon stigma Fabr.)

Oline Mayr (n. n. for Olynx Forster emend.), Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX VII., 1878, p. 158.

Olynx Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 738. (Type Ichnewmon gallarum Linné.)

Omphale Haliday, Ent. Mag. I., 1833, p. 339. (Type O. salicis Hal.)

Ooctonus Haliday, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 343. (Type O. msignis Hal.)

Oodera Westwood, Thes. Ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 145. (Type O. gracilis Westw.)

Ooderella Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1V., 1896, p. 10. (Type O. smith Ashm.)

Ooencyrtus Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, XXII., 1900, pp. 338, 345. (Type Encyrtus
clisiocampee Ashm.)

Oomyzus Rondani (= Q Anastatus Motschulsky), Bull. Soc. comm. Agrar. Parma, III., 1870, p.
140.

Oophthora Aurivellius (= Pentarthron Riley), Ent. Tidskr., X VIII., 1897, p. 250.

Opheimus Dalla Torre (n. n. for Ophelinus Haliday), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 70.

Ophelinus Haliday, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, IIT., 1848, p. 300. (Type Eulophus ursidius Walk.)

Ophelosia Riley, Ins. Life, II., 1890, p. 249. (Type O. crawfordi Riley.)

Ophion Ratzeburg (= Cheetosticha Haliday pars), Ichn. d. Forstius., I1., 1852, p. 196.

Ophioneurus Ratzeburg (= Poropea Forster), Ichn. d. Forstius., I1I., 1852, pp. 197, 248.

Orasema Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 105. (Type O. stramineipes Cam.)

Ormocerus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 168. (Type O. latus Walk.)

Ormyrus Westwood, Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (3), I., 1832, p. 127. (Type O. punctiger Westw.)

Otitesella Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 39. (Type O. digitata Westw.)

Oxycoryphe Kriechbaumer, Berl. ent. Zeitschr., XXXIX., 1894, p. 67. (Type O. subcenea
Kriechb.)

Oxyglypta Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 64. (Type unknown.)

Oxymorpha Forster (= Hyperteles Forster), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 145. (Type Hulophus
elongatus Forst.)

leg

Pachyceras Ratzeburg (= Roptrocerus Ratzeburg), Ichn. d. Forstins., I., 1844, p. 217.
Pachychirus Agassiz (n. n. for Cheiropachys Westwood), Nomanel. Zool. ind. univ., 1848, Hym.,
joe 00 Le

Pachycrepis Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 51. (Type Coruna clavata Walk.)

Pachycrepoideus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 329. (Type P. dubius Ashm.)

Pachylarthrus Westwood (= Halticoptera Spinola), Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (3), L., 1832, p. 127.

Pachyneuron Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 380. (Type P. formosuwm Walk.)

Pachyscapha Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXVI., 1896, p. 159. (Type P. insularis
Howard.)

Pachytomus Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, IV., 1847, p. 260. (Type P. hlugianus
Westw.) ;

Paleomyrmar Meunier (? = Ooctonus Haliday), Ann. Soc. Sci. de Bruxelles, XX V., 1901, p. 137,
ple toss 126 opts:

384 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Palmon Dalman (= Podagrion Spinola), Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLVI., 1825, p. 388.

Pandelus Forster, Hym. Stud., IL., 1856, p. 65. (Type Cleonymus flavipes Forst.)

Panstenon Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 29. (Type Miseogaster oxylus Walk.)

Panthalis Cameron (= Cameronella Dalla Torre), Proc. Manchester Phil. Soc., XXVI., 1888,
[Oo Wale

Panthus Walker (= Gonatocerus Nees), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X VIII., 1846, p. 52.

Paphagus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XII., 1843, p. 47. (Type P. sidero Walker.)

Paracaratomus Ashmead, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXI., 1894, p. 335. (Type P. cephalotes
Ashmead.)

Paracentrobia Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX VI., 1896, p.178. (Type P. pune-
tata Howard.)

Paracrias Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 343. (Type P. laticeps Ashm.)

Paralesthia Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 110. (Type P. mandibularis
Cameron.)

Paraolinx Ashmead, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXV., 1894, p. 166. (P. lineatifrons
Ashmead.) ; :

Parapsilophrys Howard, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXI., 1898, p. 232. (Type P. gelechie How.)

Parasaphes Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 328. (Type P. iceyw Ashm.)

Paraterobia Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 274. (Type P. nigriceps Ashm.)

Parapteromalus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 322. (Type P. isosomatis Ashm.)

Parencyrtus Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII., 1900, pp. 335, 342. (Type P. brasiliensis
Ashm.)

Pediobius Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X VII., 1846, p. 184. (Type Hntedon imbreus Walker.)

Pegopus Forster (n. n. for Prosopon Walker), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 145. (Type Prosopon
montanus Walker.)

Pelecinella Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1868; Proc., p. xxxv. (Type P. phantasma
Westw.)

Pelorotelus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 341. (Type P. ccerwleus Ashm.)

Pentacladia Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, III., 1835, p. 69. (Type P. elegans Westw.)

Pentacnemus Howard, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XV., 1892, p.366. (Type P. bucculatricis Howard.)

Pentarthron Riley, Record Amer. Ent. for 1871 (1872), p. 8. (Type 7. minutum Riley.)

Pentarthrum Dalla Torre (n. n. for Pentarthron Riley), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 2.

Pentasmicra Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 252. (Type P. brasiliensis Ashm.)

Pentastichus Ashmead, Journ. Linn. Soe. London, XX V., 1894, p.187. (Type P. aanthopus Ashm.)

Pentelicus Howard, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VII., 1895, p. 611. (Type P. aldrichi Howard.)

Peridesmia Forster, Hym. Stud., I1., 1856, p. 65. (Type unknown.)

Periglyphus Boheman (= Ormyrus Westwood), Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., LIV., 1833, p. 378.

Perilampus Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins., [V., 1809, p. 30. (Type Cynips italica Fabr.)

Perissopterus Howard, Techn. Series, No. 1, U.S. Dept. Agric., 1895, p. 20. (Type Aphelinus
pulchellus Howard.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 389

Pezobius Forster (=wingless Q of Hricydnus Walker), Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., X VILI.,
1860, p. 129.

Phacostoma Nees (=Halticoptera Spinola), Ichn. affin. Monogr., 11., 1834, p. 121.

Phanacra Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XXXV., 1878, p. 51. (Type P. nubigera
Forst.) :

Phenodiscus Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 144. (Type Hneyrtus ceneus Dalman.)

Phagona Curtis (= Halticoptera Spinola), Brit. Ent., [X., 1832, p. 427.

Phasganophora Dalla Torre (n. n. for Phasgonophora Westwood), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 371.

Phasgonophora Westwood, Griffith’s Anim. Kingdom, Ins., II., 1832, p. 77. (Type P. sulcata
Westw.)

Pheidoloxenus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 328. (Type P. wheeleri Ashm.)

Philachyra Haliday, Walker, Notes on Chale., Pt. 1, 1871, p. 7. (Type P. ips Haliday.)

Philomides Haliday, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), I1., 1862, p.115. (Type P. paphius Haliday.)

Philotrypesis Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX XV., 1878, p. 59. (Type Cynips
carice Hasselquest.)

Phlebopenes Perty, Delect., anim. artic. Brasil, 1833, p. 131. (Type P. splendidus Perty.)

Photismus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 15. (Type P. nibilosus Thomson.)

Phylloxeroxenus Ashmead, Entom. Amer., IV., 1888, pp. 42, 48. (Type Eurytoma phylloxerece
Ashm.) |

Physecus Howard, Bull. U. 8. Dept. Agric. Techn. Series, No. 1, 1895, p. 48. (Type Coccophagus
varicornis How.)

Physothorax Mayr, Ver. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV., 1885, pp. 159, 196. (Type Physo-
thorax discigera Mayr 3, Diamorus variabilis Mayr 9.)

Picroscytus Thomson (= Arthrolysis Forster), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 58.

Pirene Haliday, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 336. (Type P. varicornis Hal.)

Plastocharis Forster (n. n. for Thysanus Haliday), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 145.

Platygerrhus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 13. (Type P. gracilis Thomson.)

Platymesopus Westwood, Lond. & Kdin., Phil. Mag. (3), IT., 1833, p. 444. (Type P. tibialis
Westw.)

Platyneura Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. Natural. Moscow, XX XVI., 1863, p. 51. (Type P. testacea
Motsch.)

Platynocheilus Westw., Ent. Mag., IV., 1837, p. 486. (Type P. erichsonii Westw.)

Platyscapha Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. Natural. Moscow, XX XVI., 1863, p. 47. (Type P. fron-
talis Motsch.)

Platyterma Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 303. (Type P. nobile Walk.)

Platytermus Thomson (n. n. for Platyterma Walker), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 75.

Pleistodontes Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 8. (Type P. imperialis Saund.)

Plesiostigma Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX-X., 1885, p. 226. (Type P. bicolor Mayr.)

Plesiostigmodes Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 243. (Type P. brasiliensis Ashm.)

Pleuropachus Westwood, Ent. Mag., [V., 1837, p. 437, fig. 1. (Type Entedon costalis Dalman.)

386 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Pleuropachys Forster (n. n. for Plewrapachus Westwood), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 78.

Pleurotropis Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 78. (Type Entedon bimacularis Dalm.)

Plutothrix Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 46. (Type unknown.)

Podagrion Spinola, Ann. mus. hist. nat., XVII., 1811, p. 147. (Type P. splendens Spin.)

Polanisa Walker, The Entom., VIII., 1875, p. 17. (Type Idarnes transiens Walk.)

Polistomorpha Westwood, Zeitschr. f. Entom., I., 1839, p. 265. (Type P. surinamensis Westw.)

Polycelis Thomson (= Polyscelis Dalla Torre), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 143.

Polychroma Westwood (= Chalcedectes Walker), Ther. Ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 140.

Polychromatium Dalla Torre (n. n. for Chalcedectes Walker), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 186. _

Polycystus Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., IT., 1840; Synop., p. 68. (Type P. matthews Westw.)

Polymoria Forster, Hym. Stud., I., 1856, p. 31. (Lype P. coronata Thoms.)

Polyscelis Dalla Torre (n. n. for Polycelis Thomson), Wien. ent. Zeitg., XVI., 1897, p. 87.
(Type Pteromalus conspersus Walker.)

Poropea Forster, Verh. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., VIII., 1851, p. 28; tab. 1, fig. 107°. (Type
P. stollwerckii Forst.)

Prestwichia Lubbock, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, X XTV., 1863, p. 140. (Type P. aquatica Lub.)

Priomerus Walker (= Podagrion Spinola), Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 116.

Prionomastix Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX V., 1875, p. 725. (Type Enezrtus morio
Dalm.)

Prionomitus Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX V., 1875, p. 701. (Type Encyrtus mitratus
Dalm.)

Prionopelma Westwood (= Phlebopenes Perty), Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, IIT., 1835, p. 51.

Prionopus Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLVI., 1825, p. 393.

Pristosmicra Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 261. (Type sewmaculatus Ashm.)

Prodecatoma Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 261. (Type P. flavescens Ashm.)

Proglochin Dalla Torre (n.n. for Proglochis Philippi = Lyciscus Spinola), Cat. Hym. V., 1898, .
p. 231.

Proglochis Philippi (= Lyciscus Spinola), Stettin. ent. Zeitg., XX XII., 1871, p. 288.

Prosodes Walker (= Cryptoprymna Forster), Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 374.

Protoceras Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, XVII., 1883, p. 60. (Type Smiera leucotelum
Walk.)

Prosopon Walker (= Pegogus Forster), Ent. Mag., IV., 1837, p. 356.

Prospalta Howard, Ins. Life, VII., 1894, p. 6. (Type P. murtfeldtii How.)

Pseudencyrtus Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII., 1900, pp. 340, 346. (Type Eneyrtus
cecidomyie How.) :

Pseudisa Walker (= Sycophila Walker), The Entom., VIII., 1875, p. 15.

Pseudochaleis Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zodl., XVII., 1883, p. 62. (Type Halticella
declarator Walk.)

Pseudometagea Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., 1897, p. 239. (Type Metagea

schwarz Ashm.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 387

Psilocera Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 373. (Type P. obscura Walk.)

Psilogaster Blanchard, Hist. Nat. d. Ins., III., 1840, p. 260. (Type P. cupreus Blanch.)

Psilonotus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, pp. 168, 179. (Type P. adamas Walk.)

Psilophrys Mayr, Verh. Zool-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXV., 1875, p. 727. (Type Eneyrtus longicornis
Walk.)

Psyllephagus Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XII., 1900, pp. 339, 345. (Type Encyrtus
pachypsylle How.)

Pteratomus Packard (= Packardiella Ashmead), Proc. Essex Ins., 1V., 1864, p. 137.

Pterolycus Ratzeburg (= Merostenus Walker), Ichn. d. Forstius., II., 1848, p. 208.

Pteromalites Heer (Fossil), Urwelt d. Schweis., 1863, p. 888. (Type P. eningensis Heer.)

Pteromalodes Dahlbom, Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., XIV., 1857, p. 295.

Pteromalus Swederus, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XVI., 1793, p. 200. (Type Ichneuwmon
puparum Linné.)

Pteroncoma Forster (= Platynocheilus Westwood), Beitr. Monogr. Pteromal., 1841, p. 34.

Pterothrix Dalla Torre (n. n. for Pteroptrix Westw. emend.), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 218.

Pteroptrix Westwood, Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (3), III., 1833, p. 344. (Type P. dimidiatus

Westw.)

Pterosema Forster, Verh. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XXXV. 1878, p. 44. (Type P. varicolor
Forst.)

Pterotrix Walker (= Pteroptrix Westw. (partim) = Gyrolasia Forster), Monogr. Chale., I., 1839,
p. 12.

Ptinobius Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., 1895, p.11. (Type Charitopus magnificus
Ashm.)
R.

Rachistus Forster (= Gonatocerus Nees), Linnea Ent., II., 1847, p. 203.

Raphitelus Harris (= Rhaphitelus Walk.), Rep. Ins. Mass., 3d Ed., 1842, p. 586.

Ratzeburgia Forster (n. n. for_Husandalum Ratzeburg), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 31.

Rhachistus Dalla Torre (n. n. for Rachistus Forster), Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 429.

Rhaphidotelus Forster (n. n. for Rhaphitelus Walker), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 62.

Rhaphitelus Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1833, pp. 168, 178. (Type R. maculatus Walk.) .

Rhicnopelte Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XXXV., 1878, p. 55. (Type R. fulvi-
ventris Forst.)

Rhipipallus Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p. 31. (Type Eucharis volucus
Walk.)

Rhopalicus Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 66. (Type Pteromalus guttatus Ratzeb.)
Rhopalotus Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1855, p. 78. (Type Elachestus cothurnatus Nees.)
Rhopoideus Howard, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXI., 1898, p. 235. (Type R. citrinus How.)
Rhopus Forster (= Metallon Walker), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 34.

Rhytidothorax Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XII., 1900, pp. 337, 344. (Type R. marlatti
Ashm.)

388 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Rileya Ashmead, Ent. Amer., [V., 1888, p. 42; Bull. No. 1, Kansas Agric. College, 1889, App.,
p- 111. (Type &. cecidomyice Ashm.)

Rileya Howard (= Chrysoplatycerus Ashm.), Can. Ent., XX., 1888, p. 148.

Roptrocerus Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstius., II., 1848, p. 209. (Type &. aylophagorum Ratzeb.)

S.

Saccharissa Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p. 37. (Type Hucharis contingens
Walk.)

Sayiella Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 251. (Type Smicra debilis Say.)

Sceptrophorus Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 34. (Type S. sceptriger Forst.)

Schizaspidia Westwood, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, III., 1835, p. 69. (Type S. furcifera Westw.)

Schizonotus Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstius., III., 1852, p. 230. (Type S. sieboldi Ratzeb.)

Schwarzella Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 256. (Type S. arizonensis Ashm.)

Sciatheres Ratzeburg (= Cerocephala Westw.), Ichn. d. Forstius., I1., 1848, p. 209.

Scotolinx Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 354. (Type S. gallicola Ashm.)

Scutellista Motschulsky, Etud. Entom., VIIT., 1859, p. 172. (Lype S. cyanea Motsch.)

Secodes Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 78. (Type unknown.) ‘

Seladerma Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1856, p. 288. (Type S. laetum Walk.)

Selimnus Walker, The Entom., I., 1842, p. 335. (Type S. diores Walk.)

Selitrichus Rondani, Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., [X., 1877, p. 196. (Type S. ceuthorrhynchi Rond.)

Semiotellus Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II., 1840; Synop., p. 70. (Type Semiotus mundus
Walk.)

Semiotus Walker (= Semiotellus Westwood), Ent. Mag., II., 1834, pp. 288, 290.

Sericops Kriechbaumer, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XXXIX., 1894, p. 68. (Type G. fasciate
Kriechb. )

Sigmophora Rondani, Ann. Soc. natural. Modena, II., 1868, p. 68. (Type S. scrophulariella
Rond.) .

Signiphora Ashmead, Orange Ins., 1880, p. 30. (Type S. flavopalliata Ashm.)

Simopterus Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., VIII., 1851, p. 22. (Type S. venustus
Forst.)

Siphonura Nees (= Ormyrus Westwood), Hym. affin. Monogr., IT., 1834, p. 81.

Smaragdites Westwood (= Omphale, Haliday), Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., 1833, p. 419.

Smicra Spinola, Ann. Mus. hist. natur., XVII., 1811, p. 147. (Type Chaleis sispes Fabr.)

Smiera Spinola (= Smicra Spinola err. imp.), loc. cit., supra.

Solenoderus Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. natural. Moscow, XXX VI., 1863, p. 70.

Solenotus Forster, (= Diglyphus Walk.) Hym. Stud., I1., 1856, p. 74.

Solenura Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1868, Proc., p. xxxvi. (Type S. telescopica Westw.)

Solindinia Cameron, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 189. (Type S. cyaniventris Motsch.)

Sosxetra Walker (= Hudoxinna Walker), Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 370.

Spalangia Latreille, Hist. nat, Crust, et Ins., III., 1802, p. 351. (Type S. nigra Latr.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 389

Spalangius Say (n.n. for Spalangia Latreille), Contrib. Maclure’s Lyc., Phila., IT., 1828, p- 79.

Spaniopus Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, p. 371. (Type S. dissimilis Walk.)

Sparthiophilus Rondani (= Huderus Haliday), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., LV., 1872, p. 208.

Spartiophilus Rondani (= Euderus Haliday), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., [X., 1877, p. 198.

Spheripalpus Forster (= Gitgnathus Thomson), Beitr. Monogr. Pteromal., 1841, p. 38.

Spheropisthus Thomson, Hym. Skand., [V., 1875, pp. 116, 131. (Type S. pascworum Thoms.)

Sphegigaster Spinola, Ann. mus. hist. nat., XVIT., 1811, p. 149. (Type S. pallicornis Spin.)

Sphenolepis Nees (= Ectroma Westwood), Ichn. affin. Monogr., II., 1834, p. 256.

Spilochalcis Thomson, Hym. Skand., [V., 1875, p. 15. (Type Chaleis xanthostigma Dalman.)

Spintherus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1875, p. 129. (Type S. obscurus Thomson.)

Stenocera Walker (= Stenoceroides Dalla Torre), Ent. Mag., IV., 1837, p. 357.

Stenoceroides Dalla Torre (n. n. for Sfenocera Walk.), Wien. ent. Zeitg., XVI., 1897, p. 88.
(Type Stenocera watkeri Curtis.)

Stenomalus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 88. (Type Pteromalus crassicornis Dalm.)

Stenomesiodeus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 355. (Type S. malea Ashm.)

Stenomesius Westwood, Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (8), IIT., 1833, p. 3438. (Type IJchnewmon
rufescens Rossi.)

Stenophrus Forster (= ¢ Macroglenes Westw.), Beitr. Monogr. Pteromal., 1841, p. 40.

Stenoterys Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., 1875, pp. 115, 128. (Type 8. orbitalis Thoms.)

Sternodes Destefani (= Destefania Dalla Torre), Nat. Sicil., X., 1891, p. 118.

Sterrhocoma Forster (= Cheiloneurus Westwood), Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 33.

Stichocrepis Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., X VII., 1860, p. 130.

Stichothrix Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, pp. 117, 121. (Type S. cardui Forst.)

Stictomischus Thomson, Hym. Skand., [V., 1875, pp. 220, 234. (Type S. seaposus Thomson.)

Stigmatocrepis, gen. nov., ante, p. 273. (Type S. americana Ashm.)

Stilbula Spinola, Ann. mus. hist. nat., XVII., 1811, p. 150. (Type Jchnewmon cyniformis Rossi.)

Stinoplus Thomson, Hym. Stud., V., 1878, p. 107. (Type Pteromalus militaris Dalm.)

Stomatoceras Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X VIT., 1883, p. 62. (Lype Halticella liber-
ator Walk.)

Stomoctea Dufour (= Tetrastichus Haliday), Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. (3), V., 1846, p. 23.

Storthygoceras Ratzeburg (= Rhaphiteles Walk.), Ichn. d. Fortius., II., 1848, p. 208.

Stylocerus Ratzeburg (= Rhaphiteles Walk.), Ichn. d. Forstius, I., 1844, p. 207.

Stylophorella Ashmead, g. nov., ante, p. 275. (Type S. perpleva Ashm.)

Stypiura Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X., 1883, p. 59. (Type Chalcis conigastra Perty.)

Sycobia Walker, Notes on Chale., Pt. 4, 1871, p. 69. (Type S. bethyloides Walk.)

Sycobiella Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 33. (Type 8. saundersii Westw.)

Sycocrypta Coquerel (= \ Blastophaga Grav.), Rev. & Mag. Zool. (2), VII., 1855, p. 422.

Sycophaga Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, II., 1840, p. 222. (Type Cynips sycomori Has-
selquest.)

Sycophila Walker, Notes on Chalc., Pt. [V., 1871, p. 63. (Type S. decatomoides Walk.)

390 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Sycoryctes Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell, Wien, XXXV., 1885, pp. 157, 160-210. (Type 8S.
patellaris Mayr.)

Sycoscaptella Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 36. (Type S. affinis Westw.)

Sycoscapter Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 34. (Type S. insignis Westw.)

Sycoscapterella Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 239. (Type Sycoscapter anguliceps Westw.)

Sycoscapteridea Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 239. (Type Sycoscapter monilifer Westw.)

Sympiesis Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 74. (Type Hulophus sericeicornis Nees.)

Sympiesomorpha Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 8352. (Type S. brasiliensis Ashm.)

Sympiezus Thomson (= Sympiesis Forster), Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 217.

Syntomaspis Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 43. (Type Torymus cyaneus Boheman.)

Syntomocera Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX XV., 1878, p. 52. (Type 8. clavi-
cornis Forst.) :

Syntomopus Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 372. (Type S. thoracicus Walk.)

Syntomorphyrum Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XXXV., 1878, p. 60. (Type
EHulophus cyclogaster Ratzeb.)

Syrphophagus Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII., 1900, pp. 340, 346. (Type Encyrtus
mesograpte Ashm.)

Systasis Walker, Ent. Mag., I1., 1834, pp. 228, 296. (Type S. encyrtoides Walk.)

Systole Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1832, pp. 13, 22. (Type S. albipennis 8. Walker.)

Systolodes Ashmead, Ent. Amer., I[V., 1888, pp. 42, 43. (Type S. brevicornis Ashm.)

Systolomorpha Ashmead, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1900, p. 339. (Type S. thyridopterygis
Ashm.)

ats

Tachardizephagus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 303. (Type T. thoracicus Ashm.)

Tachinephagus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 364. (Type TZ. zealandicus Ashm.)

Tanaoneura Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX VI., 1896, p. 146. (Type TZ. ash-
meadu Ashm.)

Tanaostigma Howard, Ins. Life, III., 1890, p. 147. (Type 7. coursetice How.)

Tanaostigmodes Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, [V., 1896, p.18. (Type TZ. howardi
Ashm.)

Telegraphus Ratzeburg (= Cerapterocerus Westwood), Ichn. d. Forstius., II., 1848, p. 153.

Teleogmus Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 52. (Type Hulophus xanthostomus Nees.)

Terobia Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl.. XXXV., 1878, p. 64. (Type T. dispila
Forst. )

Terobiella Ashmead, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1900, p. 348. (Type Z. flavifrons Ashm. )

Tetracampe Forster (n. n. for Hpiclerus Haliday), Beitr. Monogr. Pteromal., 1841, p. 33. (Type
Entedon panyas Walk.)

Tetracladia Howard, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XV., 1892, p. 368. (Type T. texana How.)

Tetracnemus Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist., I., 1833, p. 258. (Type 7. diversicornis Westw. )

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 391

Tetragonaspis Mayr (=Idarnes Walker), Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XV., 1885, pp. 157,
105

Tetralophidea Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X XII., 1900, pp. 327, 330. (Type T. bakeri
Ashm.)

Tetralophiella Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIT., 1900, pp. 230, 232. (Type 7. brevicol-
lis Ashm.)

Tetramelia Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p. 31. (Type Schizespidia pla-
giata Walk.)

Tetramesa Walker (= Hurytoma Iliger, teste Walker), List Chale. Brit. Mus., IT., 1848, p. 154.

Tetranemopteryx Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 239. (Type Sycoscapter 4-setosa Westw.)

Tetrapus Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV., 1885, pp. 156, 159, 184. (Type YT.
americanus Mayr.) :

Tetrarhopala Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. natural. Moscou, XX XVI., 1863, p. 61. (Type 7. nigra
Motsch.)

Tetrasmicra Ashm., gen. noy., ante, p. 252. (Type Smicra concitata Walk.)

Tetrastichodes Ashmead, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XITV., 1887, p. 203. (Type 7. floridanus Ashm.)

Tetrastichus Haliday, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, IIT., 1843, p. 297. (Type Eulophus miser Nees.)

Thaumapus Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soe. London, Zool., X VII., 1883, p. 56. (Type Smicra leuteipes
Walk.)

Thaumasura Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1868, Proc., p. xxxvi. (Type T. terebrator
Westw.)

Thaumatelia Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zodl., X VII., 1883, p. 60. (Type Chalcis separata
Walk.)

Theocolax Westwood (= Cerocephala Westwood, wingless form), Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (3), I.,
1833, p. 335.

Thoracantha Latreille, Fam. nat. regen. anim., 1825. (Type TZ. latreillei Guérin.)

Thusanus Walker (= Thysanus Haliday), Notes on Chale., pt. 7, p. 114, fig.

Thysanus Haliday, Ann. Nat. Hist., [V., 1840, p. 284. (Type 7. ater Haliday.)

Tineobius Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, [V., 1896, p. 14. (Type YZ. citra Ashm.)

Tineomyza Rondani (= 9 Hulophus Geoffroy), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., 1V., 1872, p. 205.

Tineophaga Rondani (= ¢\ Eulophus Geoffroy), Ann. Soc. nat. Modena, ITI., 1868, p. 22.

Tineophoctonus Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X XIT., 1900, pp. 328,351. (Type Phenodiscus
armatus Ashm.)

Tityros Walker, List Chale. Brit. Mus., II., 1848, p. 164. (Type 7. poreia Walk. &.)

Tomocera Howard, Rep. U. 8. Dept. Agric., 1880-81, p. 368. (Type TZ. californica How.)

Tomoligon Rondani (=? Trichoporus Forst.), Bull. Soe. ent. Ital., [X., 1877, p. 200.

Torymoides Walker, Notes on Chalc., Pt. 3, 1871, p. 37. (Type 7. amabilis Walker.)

Torymus Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLI., 1820, p. 135. (Type Ichnewmon bedeguaris
Linné.)

Toxeuma Walker, Ent. Mag., I., 1833, pp. 371, 378. (Type T. ericce Walk.)

392 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Tribeus Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XVII., 1860, p. 98. (Type ZT. punctatus
Forst.) B

Trichoporus Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 84. (Type unknown.)

Trichasius Provancher (= Beus, Haliday, Proctotrypoidea), Add. Fn. Hym. du Can. Hym., 1887,
p. 209.

Trichaulus Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV., 1885, pp. 157, 150, 225. (Type 7.
versicolor Mayr.)

Trichencyrtus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 291. (Type 7. chapade Ashm.)

Trichoceras Ratzeburg (= Tetrastichus Haliday), Ichn. d. Forstius., I., 1848, p. 171.

Trichoglenes Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 149. (Type Pteromalus complanatus Ratzeb.)

Trichogramma Westwood, Phil. Mag. (3), II., 1833, p. 444. (Type 7. evanescens Westw.)

Trichomalus Thomson, Hym. Skand., V., 1878, p. 134. (Type 7. punctinucha Thoms.)

Trichomasthus Thomson (= Sceptrophorus Forster), Hym. Skand., IV., 1875, p. 142.

Trichoxenia Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X VIT., 1883, p. 62. (Type Halticella cin-
eraris Walk.)

Tricoryna Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p. 29. (Lype Eucharis jeollo
Walk.)

Tricosyphus Forster (= Cerocephala Westwood), Hym. Stud., IT., 1856, p. 46.

Tridymus Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstius., II., 1848, p. 183. (Type Pteromalus salicis Nees.)

Trigonoderus Westwood, Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. (3), I, 1832, p. 127. (Type TL. princeps
Westw.)

Trigonogastra Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 3380. (Type 7. aurata Ashm.)

Trigonura Sichel, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), V., 1865, p. 376. (Type T. cressicauda Sichel.)

Trimorphocerus Dahlbom (= 3 Bothriothorax Ratzeburg), Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh.,
XIV., 1857, p. 292.

Tripedias Forster (= Eunotus Walker), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 60.

Triphasius Forster (= Thysanus Haliday), Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 83.

Trismicra Ashmead, g. noy., ante, p. 252. (Type Smicra contracta Walk.)

Tritypus Ratzeburg (= Hunotus Walker), Ichn. d. Forstius., I1I., 1852, p. 227.

Trogocarpus Rondani (= Megastigmus Dalman), Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., I[X., 1877, p. 204.

Tropidogastra Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 323. (Type 7. arizonensis Ashm.)

U.

Uriella Ashmead, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXIII., 1896, p. 221. (Type U. rufipes Ashm.)

Urocryptus Westwood (= Hupelminus Dalla Torre), Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II., 1840; synop.
[Oe (ee

Uroderostenus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 343. (Type J. plewralis Ashm.)

Uroentedon Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 841. (Type U. verticellata Ashm.)

Urolepis Walker, List Chale. Brit. Mus., I., 1846, p. 26. (Type U. maritimus Walk.)

Uromelia Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zodl., XX., 1886, p. 33. (Type Thoracantha striata
Perty.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 393

VE.
Valkerella Westwood (= Walkerella Westw.), Proc. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. (2), I., 1878, p. 584.

We

Walkerella Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 32. (Type W. timeraria Westw.)
Websterellus Ashmead, Bull. No. 1, Ohio Exper. Sta., 1893, p. 164. (Type W. tritici Ashm.)

XE
Xanthomelanus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 251. (Type Chalcis dimidiate Fabr.)
Xanthosoma Ashmead, Entom. Amer., 1V., 1888, pp. 42, 43. (Type X. nigricornis Ashm.)
Xenocrepis Forster, Hym. Stud., II., 1856, p. 64. (Type unknown.)

Z.
Zagrammosoma Ashmead, n. n. for Hippocehalus Ashm. preoc., ante, p. 354. (Type H. multi-
lineatus Ashm.)
Zaomma Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XIT., 1900, p.340. (Lype Encyrtus argentipes How.)
Zaommomyia Ashmead, gen. nov., ante, p. 340. (Type Chrysochris stigmata Ashm.)
Zapachia Forster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., XX XV., 1878, p. 47. (Type Z. spiloptera
Forst.)
Zarhopalus Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XIT., 1900, p. 342. (Type Z. sheldonit Ashm.)

PART II. SOUTH AMERICAN CHALCIDOIDEA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES IN THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

SUPERFAMILY VII. CHALCIDOIDEA.
Famity LX. AGAONID/.

SuBFAMILY I. AGAONINA.

Genus- BLASTOPHAGA Gravenhorst.
BLASTOPHAGA BIFOSSULATA Mayr.
Blastophaga bifossulata Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell., XX XV., 1885, p. 181, 0 2.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 324.
Brazil: Blumenau (Dr. Fritz Muller).

BLASTOPHAGA BRASILIENSIS Mayr.
Blastophaga brasiliensis Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell., XX XV., 1885, p. 180, d' 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 324.
Brazil: Blumenau (Dr. Fritz Muller). 7

Genus TETRAPUS Mayr.
TETRAPUS AMERICANUS Mayr.
Tetrapus americanus Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell, XXXV., 1885, p. 188, # 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 323.
Brazil: Blumenau (Dr. Fritz Miller).

Genus EISENIA Ashmead.
EISENIA FLAVISCAPA, sp. Nov.

Female.—Length about 1 mm. ; ovipositor as long as the abdomen and the thorax
united. Head and thorax black, polished ; hypopygium prominent, piceous ; scape
broadly dilated, about twice as long as wide, yellow, the pedicel and the flagellum
dark brown, the process of the first funicle joint long and acute; legs brownish-
yellow, the front and hind femora especially above brownish-piceous ; wings hya-
line, with short cilize at apex, the veins pale yellowish. The head is a little longer
than wide, with a deep broad frontal furrow, the eyes oval; middle tarsi very
slightly longer than their tibiee.

Brazil; Para. One specimen.
394

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 395

Famity LXI. TORYMIDZ.

SuBFAMILY I. IDARNINZ. ‘

Genus IDARNES Walker.

IDARNES BREVICOLLIS (Mayr).

Tetragonaspis brevicollis Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell, XXXV., 1885, p. 209, 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p, 320.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Muller).

IDARNES CARME Walker.

Idarnes carme Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XII., 1848, p. 47, 9.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 317.
Tetragonaspis flavicollis Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell., 1885, p. 207, 9.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V, 1898, p. 320.
Ganosoma robustum Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell, XX XV., 1885, p. 204, 3.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 321.
West Indies: Grenada, St. Vincent; Brazil: St. Catharina.

IDARNES CORIARIA (Mayr).

Tetragonaspis coriaria Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell., XXXV., 1885, p. 209, 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 320.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller). -

IDARNES FORTICORNIS (Mayr).
Tetragonaspis forticorms Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell., XXXV., 1885, p. 208, Q. --
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 320.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

IDARNES GRACILICORNIS (Mayr).

Ganosoma attenwatwm Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell., XXXV., 1885, p. 204, o%.
Tetragonaspis gracilicorms Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. XXXV., 1885, p.
ZOOS Or
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

IDARNES PARALLELA (Mayr).

Ganosoma parallelwum Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell, XXXV., 1885, p. 204, t.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 320.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

396 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

IDARNES PUNCTATA (Mayr).
Tetragonaspis punctata Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell., XXXV., 1885, p. 209, 2.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 320.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Muller).

Genus TRICHAULUS Mayr.
TRICHAULUS VERSICOLOR Mayr.
Trichaulus versicolor Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell., XXXV., 1885, p. 226, 9; T.
13, f 38.—Fr. Muller, Kosmos, X VIII., 1886, pp. 54, 55.
Critogaster singularis Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XV., 1885, p. 200, o';
T. 12, f. 24.—Fr. Miller, Kosmos, X VIII., 1886, pp. 54, 55.—Dalla Torre,
Caty Eby me VEeSos spr ozie
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

TRICHAULUS FLAVESCENS (Muller).
Critogaster flavescens Miller, Ent. Nachr., XIII., 1887, p. 161, 3.—Dalla Torre,
Gri, labyrony, Wo, Isis 10s Bll.
Brazil : Rio de Janeiro (Dr. Emil A. Géldi).

TRICHAULUS GOLDIANA (Muller).
Critogaster goldiana Miller, Ent. Nachr., XIII., 1887, p. 161, &'.— Dalla Torre, Cat.
lela, Wo, OOS, Ds BAL,
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (Dr. Emil A. Goldi).

TRICHAULUS NUDA (Mayr).
Critogaster nuda Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell., XXXV., 1885, p. 201, #.—Dalla
Morre, Cat klym-:,, Vijelsoss paz
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

TRICHAULUS PILIVENTRIS (Mayr). ©
Critogaster piliventris Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV., 1885, p. 201, 3;
T. 12, f. 25.—Fr. Miller, Kosmos, XVIII., 1886, p. 55.—Fr. Miller, op. cit.,
XIX., 1886, p. 54.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 321.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).
Genus COLYOSTICHUS (Mayr).
COLYOSTICHUS LONGICAUDIS Mayr.

Colyostichus longicaudis Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV., 1885, p.
239, 2.

ley)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 397

Heterandrium longipes Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XV., 1885, pp. 234-
235, &.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 316, J.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

SuBrAmMiIty I]. TorRyMInNz.

Genus LOCHITES Forster.
LOCHITES AURICEPS Ashmead.
Lochites awriceps Ashmead, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1894, p. 153, Q.
— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 284.
W. I.: St. Vincent, Grenada; Brazil: Chapada, in April. Three specimens.

LACHITES suLCIUS (Walker).
Callumome sulcvws Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 64, 9.
Torymus sulcius Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 313.
Brazil: Bahia; Chapada, in April. Three specimens.

Genus SYNTOMASPIS Forster.

SYNTOMASPIS CABURA (Walker).
Callumome cabwrus Walker, Monogr. Chalc., II., 1864, p. 64, 9%.
Torymus caburus Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 301.

Brazil: Bahia (Walker).

SYNTOMASPIS APRILIS, sp. Nov.

Female.— Length 2.5 mm.; ovipositor nearly as long as the body. Blue, witha
very faint greenish tinge, the abdomen with a decided eeneous tinge. Head and
thorax shagreened, with a thimble-like punctuation; ocelli pale; eyes brown;
scape yellowish, the pedicel seneous, the flagellum dark brown; front and middle
femora above and the hind femora blue, the front and middle tibiz, their tarsi and
the hind tarsi, yellowish, the hind tibize dark brownish. Wings hyaline, the tegule
and veins yellowish.

Brazil: Carumba, in April. Two female species.

SYNTOMASPIS HOLCASPOIDEA, sp. nov.

Female.— Length 2 mm. ; ovipositor longer than the abdomen. Robust, blue,
the head and the thorax with a thimble-like punctuation ; ocelli red, placed nearly
in a straight line; eyes brown; scape, pedicel, tips of front and middle femora, their
tibize and tarsi and the hind tarsi, yellowish, the front and middle femora, except
tips, and the hind tibize brownish-piceous, the hind femora blue ; flagellum brown-
black. Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish.

398 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Male.—Length 1.2 to 1.5 mm. Agrees well with the 2 in color and sculpture,
except that the scape of the antenne alone is yellow, the pedicel being sneous
black. The abdomen is small, oval.

Brazil: Chapada, in April; Corumba, in May. Two female and two male speci-

mens.
SYNTOMASPIS FLAVICOLLIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 2.6 mm. ; ovipositor longer than the body. Bluish-green, the
mesonotum posteriorly and the scutellum violaceous, the scape of antennee, the pro-
thorax, the legs, including coxe, the tegule, venation of front wings, metapleura
and the venter yellow or yellowish ; the flagellum is brown-black ; eyes very large,
oval, brown. The head and the thorax are delicately shagreened, the scutellum
with some sparse punctures beyond the apical cross-furrow. Wings hyaline, the
veins pale yellowish.

Brazil: Chapada, in September. One female specimen.

Genus TORYMUS Dalman.
TORYMUS CUMELIS (Walker).

Callmome cumelis Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 114, 9.—Spinola,
Gay: Hist. fis. Cuba, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 464.
Torymus cumelis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 308.
Chile: Valparaiso (Walker).

TORYMUS NONACRIS (Walker).
Callimome nonacris Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 118, 9.—Spinola,
Gay: Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 185i, p. 468; 2.
Torymus nonacris Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 311.
Chile: Valparaiso, Walker; Brazil: Corumba, in April. One female specimen.

TORYMUS CHAPADZ®, sp. nov.

Female—Length 2 mm. ; ovipositor a little longer than the body. Head and
thorax above greenish-blue, the pleura, metathorax, coxee, femora and abdomen
blue, the scape, tibiee and tarsi yellowish, the flagellum brown-black, the ocelli pale,
the eyes brown. The head, thorax and scutellum are shagreened. Wings hyaline,
the tegule and veins pale yellowish. The abdomen is very short, higher than long,
but this may be due to an accident.

Brazil : Chapada, highlands, in April. One female specimen.

TORYMUS SMITHI, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 3 mm.; ovipositor longer than the body. Blue, the head
and thorax with a thimble-like punctuation, the tip of the scutellum smooth and

ASHMEAD : CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 399

metallic green ; the scape, tegulee, veins and most of the legs, except the coxe and
the femora, are yellowish, the coxze and the hind femora are blue, the front and
middle femora above and basally are brownish.

Brazil: Chapada, in April; Para, in June. ‘Two female specimens.

TORYMUS SYLVICOLA, sp. noy.

Female.—Length 8 mm. ; ovipositor about the length of the body. Head and
thorax metallic green, rather coarsely shagreened, the metathorax blue, the abdo-
men geneous, with a brownish shade; scape and pedicel yellowish, the flagellum
light brown; legs, except the hind coxe at basal two thirds which are metallic
greenish, all brownish-yellow. Wings hyaline, the tegule and the veins pale
yellowish.

Brazil : Chapada, in forests in April and October. Two specimens.

SuBFAMILY III. MonoponToMERIN&.

Genus MONODONTOMERUS Westwood.
MoNODONTOMERUS PHORMIO (Walker).
Torymus phormio Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 113, 9.—Spinola,
Gay: Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 466.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
INSSIs), 70, BILL,
Monodontomerus phormio Walter, Notes on Chalc., I, p. 28.

Chile: Valparaiso.
Genus DIAMORUS Walker.

This genus should occur in South America, but I have seen no representatives
of it in any of the collections examined by me. ‘The species recorded and described
by Dr. Mayr as Diamorus resemble genuine species very closely, but they really rep-
resent the females of Mayr’s genus Physothorax.

Genus PHYSOTHORAX Mayr.

PHYSOTHORAX ANNULIGER Mayr.

_ Physothorax annuliger Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV., 1885, p. 198,
&.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V, 1898, p. 321.

Brazil: St. Catharina.

PHYSOTHORAX BIARTICULATUS (Mayr).
Nannocerus biarticulatus Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XV., 1885, p. 196,
o.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 321.
Brazil: St. Catharina.

400 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

PHYSOTHORAX VARIABILIS (Mayr).
Diamorus variabilis Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV., 1885, p. 228, 9.
—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 291.
Physothorax dorsiger Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV., 1885, p. 197
(wingless o').—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 321.

PHYSOTHORAX MAYRI, sp. Nov.

Female.—Length, 2.6 mm.; ovipositor about as long as the body. Similar to P.
variabilis Mayr, but the punctures of the head and thorax are not so close, the
scape and the pedicel being yellow, the prothorax being wholly blue, not all yellow
or in part, as in P. variabilis, the femora, except at tips, being mostly blue, while
the front wings have a brownish fascia beneath the stigmal vein, a character found
in no other species.

Brazil. Genus PLESIOSTIGMA Mayr.

PLESIOSTIGMA BICOLOR Mayr.
Plesiostigma bicolor Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XV, 1885, p. 227, o;
Taf. XIIL., f. 39, 40.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 316.
Brazil: Blumenau (Dr. Fritz Miler).

PLESIOSTIGMODES Ashmead, gen. nov.
This genus differs from all the other genera in the subfamily by the much
swollen front femora, by the very long pronotum, which is longer than the mesono-
tum, and by the antennee having two ring-joints.

PLESIOSTIGMODUS BRASILIENSIS, Sp. nov. :

Female. —Length 1.5mm. Head bluish eneous, with some minute punctures,
the thorax more decidedly eeneous, with a decidedly metallic greenish tinge on the
mesonotum and on the scutellum, and with some sparse, minute punctures; the
thickened front and hind femora are also more or less greenish, the rest of the legs,
except the coxee, and the scape of the antenne being yellowish, the pedicel and the
flagellum brown-black ; the abdomen, except a bluish tinge basally, is zeneous black ;
it is sessile, oblong and tapers off at apex, the first segment being the longest and
having a slight median incision at apex. Wings hyaline, the tegulee and veins pale
yellowish.

Brazil : Corumba, lowland in May. One specimen.

HEMITORYMUS Ashmead, gen. nov.
This genus is allied to Cryptopristus Forster, but is easily separated by the hind
femora being feebly serrate, without a distinct tooth, and by the venation in the
front wings which agrees with Torymus and is quite different from Cryptopristus.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 401

HEMITORYMUS THORACICUS, sp. nov.

Female-—Length 4 mm., ovipositor much longer than the body. Head and
metathorax metallic greenish, the metapleura blue, the rest of the thorax, the an-
tennal scape and pedicel, the legs, except the hind coxee at base behind and the
venter, yellow ; the abdomen above is more or less tinged with brown; the flagellum
is long brown-black. The head and the thorax are shagreened and have a shallow
thimble-like punctuation. The metathorax is smooth with distinct spiracular sulci,
the spiracles being large, oblong-oval. The wings are hyaline, with the tegule and
the veins pale yellowish. The abdomen is oblong, as long as or a little longer than
the head and the thorax united, and subcompressed along the venter basally.

Brazil: Chapada, in September. One specimen.

SUBFAMILY We MEGASTIGMIN &.
Genus MEGASTIGMUS Dalman.

I have seen a single specimen of this genus taken in Brazil not in good condi-
tion. It ought to be well represented in South America.

SuBFAMILY VI. ORMYRINZ.
Genus ORMYRUS Westwood.
ORMYRUS BRASILIENSIS, sp. NOV.

Female.—Length 1.7 mm. Blue; ocelli red; the extreme base of the scape, the
trochanters, knees, tips of the tibiee and the tarsi, pale yellowish, the rest of the tibiee
brownish piceous; wings hyaline, the veins light brownish.

The head and the thorax are almost smooth, but under a strong lens exhibit five
transverse aciculations. The third body segment of the abdomen has two transverse
rows of punctures at base, the fourth has three rows, the punctures on the fifth are
large and arranged in about four rows, while the sixth has an indistinct row at the
extreme base.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen. ‘This is the first species to be
described from South America.

SUBFAMILY IY. PoDAGRIONIN#.
Genus PODAGRION Spinola.
PODAGRION BRASILIENSIS Howard.
Podagrion brasiliensis Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXV., 1896, p. 83,
@.—Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX VI., 1897, p. 1832.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 369. :
Brazil: Santarem ; Chapada. West Indies: Grenada.

402 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

PODAGRION MELLEUS (Westwood).

Palmon melleus Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, IV., 1847, p. 260.
Podagrion melleus Walker, Notes on Chale., Pt. 2, 1871, p. 28.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Eiynar, V7 1398) psoeo!
Brazil.

Host. Orthop.: eggs of Mantis brasiliana L.

PODAGRION CYANEUS, Sp. nov.

Female. — Length about 3 mm. Blue (sometimes bronzed green above) ; the
antennee, except the club which is black, the legs, except the coxee basally and the
front and hind femora at basal two thirds which are blue, the abdomen along
the venter and at apex, are yellowish. Wings hyaline, the tegule yellow, the veins
light brown. The flagellum is long, strongly clavate, while the swollen hind femora
are armed with from ten to twelve teeth.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Differs from P. brasiliensis Howard in color and by the more numerous teeth on
the hind femora.

Noose IU Cle GINBIOLad,
SuBFAMILY I. L&ErucosPIDINe.

Genus POLISTOMORPHA Westwood.
POLISTOMORPHA FASCIATA Westwood.

Polistomorpha fasciata Westwood, Thes. Ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 184; Pl. XXV., f. 3.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 4065.

Brazil: Amazon.
POLISTOMORPHA SPHEGOIDES Walker.

Polistomorpha sphegoides Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1860-61, p. 22.—Westwood, Thes.
Ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 134; Pl. XXV., fig. 1.—Schletterer, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr.,
XXV., 1890, p. 297.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 405.

Brazil.
POLISTOMORPHA SURINAMENSIS Westwood.

Polistomorpha surinamensis Westwood, Germar, Zeitsch. f. Entom., I., 1839, p. 265,
?.—Westwood, Thes. Ent. Oxon, 1874, p. 133; Pl. XXV., f. 2.—Schletterer,
Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XXV., 1890, p. 295.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 405.

Brazil : Surinam.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 403

Genus LEUCOSPIS Fabricius.
LEUCOSPIS AFFINIS Say.
Leucospis affinis Say, Keating’s Narrat. Exped., I]., 1824, App., p. 327, 2°. co’.—Lecon-
te’s Ed. Say’s Works, I., 1859, p. 220.—Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV.,

1872, p. 32.—Provancher, Natur. Canad., XII., 1881, p. 268, 9 ; fig. 12.—
Provancher, Faun. ent. Can. Hym., 1883, p. 567 ; fig. 85.—Schletterer, Berlin.
ent. Zeitschr., XX XV., 1890, pp. 172, 175, 285.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 406.

Leucospis subnotata Westwood, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 215, 2.—Westwood, Zeitschr.
1G Wim, Ie, Wee jos A0)

Leucospis fraterna Say, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1836, p. 269.—Leconte’s Ed.
Say’s Works, I., 1859, p. 718.

Leucospis durxi Westwood, Zeitschr. f. Ent., I., 1839, p. 251, 9°.

Leucospis basalis (Klug) Westwood, Zeitschr. f. Ent., L., 1839, p. 264.

Leucospis peyt Guerin, Iconogr. régn. anim., VII., Ins., 1845, p. 414, 9.—La Sagra’s
Hist. fis. Cuba, VII., 1850, p. 754.—Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1V., 1865,
p. 177.—Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV., 1872, p. 32.

Leucospis canadensis Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1860, p. 17.

Leucospis tapayosa Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1860, p. 21.

Brazil (teste Schletterer).

LEUCOSPIS CAYENNENSIS (Westwood).

Metallopsis cayennensis Westwood, Germar’s Zeitschr. f. Entom., I., 1839, p. 264, 3;
AA t AL

Leucospis mexicana Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1860, p. 20, 9.—Cresson, Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc., [V., 1872, p. 30.—Cameron, Biol. Centr-Amer. Hym., I., 1888,
TOs 1G 8 Tell 4s ae 1,

Leucospis tomentosa Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soe. London, Zool., XVII., 1882, p. 70, &.

Leucospis cayennensis Schletterer, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XX XV., 1890, pp. 172, 174
and 265; Pl. 6, f. 24.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 407.

Brazil.
LEUCOSPIS COXALIS Kirby.

Leucospis coxalis Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), XV., 1885, p. 243, 9.—Water-
house, Aid Idend. Ins., Pt. XXVII., 1886; Pl. 169, f. 1, o.—Schletterer,
Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XXV., 1890, p. 271.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 407.

Argentina : Buenos Aires.

404 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

LEUCOSPIS CUPREOVIRIDIS Westwood.

Leucospis cupreoviridis Westwood, Thes. Ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 1385; Pl XXV., f. 5.—
Schletterer, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XX XV., 1890, p. 261!.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Hym., V., 1898, p. 408.

New Grenada.
LEUCOSPIS DISTINGUENDA Schletterer.

Leucospis distinguenda Schletterer, Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr., XX XV., 1890, pp. 172 and
269, Q9.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 408.

Brazil.
LEUCOSPIS EGAIA Walker.

Leucospis egaia Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1860, p. 20, 9.—Schletterer, Berlin. ent.
Zeitschr., XX XV., 1890, p. 273.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 409.
Brazil: Ega.°
LEUCOSPIS HOPEI Westwood.
Leucospis hopei Westwood, Ent. Mag., IT., 1834, p. 215, d’—Westwood, Germar’s
Zeitschr. f. Ent., L., 1839, p. 258; T. 2, f. 3.—Spinola, Gay : Hist. fis. Chile,
Zool., V1., 1851, p. 470; T. 4, f. 8.—Schletterer, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr.,
XXXV., 1890) pp. 171, 174 and 280; TGek 22:
Chile.

LEUCOSPIS IGNOTA Walker.

Leucospis ignota Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1860, p. 22, ¢.—Schletterer, Berlin.
ent. Zeitschr.. XXXV., 1890, p. 289.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898,
p- 411.

Brazil ?
LEUCOSPIS LEUCOTELUS Walker.

Leucospis leucotelus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), IX., 1852, p. 41, 9.—
Schletterer, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XXXV., 1890, pp. 172 and 274.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 412.

Brazil: Para.
LEUCOSPIS PROPINQUA Schletterer.

Leucospis propvnqua Schletterer, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XXXV., 1890, pp. 171 and
277, 29.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 413.

Brazil.
LEUCOSPIS SANTAREMA Walker.

Leucospis santarema Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1860, p. 20, 9.—Schletterer, Berlin.
ent. Zeitschr., XXXV., 1890, p. 279.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898,
p. 413.
Brazil : Santarem.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 405

LEUCOSPIS SPEIFERA Walker.
Leucospis speifera Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1860, p. 21, 9.—Schletterer, Berlin.
ent. Zeitschr., XX XV., 1890, p. 272.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p.
413.
Brazil: Hga.

LEUCOSPIS ENDERLEINI, sp. nov.
(Plate-XXX1., Fig. 1.)

Female.—Length 7 mm.; ovipositor short, not extending to the base of the third
abdominal segment. Color dull bronze, the head in front and the pleura bronzy
green, with whitish hairs; a streak at sides, along the front margin and along the
hind margin of the pronotum, yellow or yellowish, another streak along the sides
of the mesonotum and along its hind margin just in front of the scutellum, and a
yellow band along the hind femora above and beneath, and along the outer face of
the hind tibiee.

The abdomen at the apex of the short second segment, the apex of the long third
segment, and on the apical segments is metallic greenish and clothed with glittering
white hairs.

Brazil: Santarem in March. One female. Named in honor of Dr. Gtinther
Enderlein.

This species is allied to L. cayennensis Westw.

Genus EXOCHLANUS Shipp.
EXOCHLZNUS ANTHIDIOIDES (Westwood).
Leucospis anthidioides Westwood, Thes. Ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 185; pl. 25, f. 7.—
Schletterer, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., XXXV., 1890, p. 257.
Exochlenus anthidioides Shipp, The Entom., XX VII., 1894, p. 245.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 404. |

Brazil.
SUBFAMILY II. CHALCIDINA.

TRIBE I. Chalcidim.
Genus PHASGONOPHORA Westwood.
’ PHASGONOPHORA BATESII Kirby.
Phasgonophora bates Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X VII., 1883, p. 74,
o&.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 371.

Brazil: Santarem.
PHASGONOPHORA CAUDATA (Sichel).

Conwra caudata Sichel, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins., ITI., 1840, p. 256.
Chalcis caudatus Guérin, Iconogr. régn. Anim., VII., 1845, Ins., p. 413; tab. 67, f. 6.

406 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Phasgonophora caudata Sichel, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), V., 1865, pp. 358 and 371,
3'.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 371.

Brazil.
PHASGONOPHORA CONDALUS Walker.

Phasgonophora condalus Walker, Entom., I., 1841, p. 184, 9.—Sichel, Ann. Soe. ent.
France (4), V., 1865, pp. 358 and 365.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898,
1. SME, :
Phasgonophora caudatus Guérin, Ieonogr. régn. Anim., VII., 1845, Ins., p. 413 (def.
ty poer.).
Phasgonophora thoracica Sichel, Ann. Soe. ent. France (4), V., 1865, pp. 358 and 365.
Brazil (Mr. Curtis’ collection).

Genus TRIGONURA Sichel.
TRIGONURA DORSALIS, Sp. NOV. :;
Female-—Length 7.4mm. Entirely black, except the pronotum, the mesonotum
and the scutellum which are red, and the front and middle knees, tips of tibiee, and
all the tarsi which are yellow. Wings hyaline, the tegule yellow, the veins brown
Brazil: Santarem. Three specimens.

TRIGONURA DENTIPES (Fabricius).
Chaleis dentipes Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 165.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1893, p. 387.

South America.
Genus THAUMATELIA Kirby.

: THAUMATELIA SEPARATA (Walker).
Chalcis separata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 2D, ©.
Thaumatelia separata Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, XVII., 1883, p. 60; pl. 4,
eG), OID yaillkey Wore, Cli, JEiiam,, Wo, Isls, , BIZ

Brazil: Ega.

THAUMATELIA PULCHRIPENNIS, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXI., Fig. 2.)

Female—Length 15mm. Black; the abdomen, except the long stylus which
is black, rufous ; legs, except the hind femora which are rufous, black, the knees
and tarsi, except the middle and hind pairs basally, honey-yellow. Wings with the
apical half fuscous, the basal half yellowish and a large yellowish spot at tip of
marginal vein, within the space formed by the postmarginal and stigmal veins.
The seventh abdominal segment and the stylus basally are coarsely pitted or punc-
tate. The antenne are long, filiform, the first joint of the flagellum being longer

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 407

than the seape. The hind femora are armed with 7 moderate-sized teeth. The
head and thorax, except the pronotum laterally, the middle lobe of the me-
sonotum and the mesopleura beneath the insertion of the front wings, which
are smooth and shining, with only a few punctures, are closely punctate or sculp-
tured.

Brazil: Chapada, Para, and Santarem. Five specimens.

Genus PSEUDOCHALCIS Kirby.
PSEUDOCHALCIS DECLARATOR (Walker).
Halticella declarator Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 360, Q.
Pseudochalcis declarator Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, XVII., p. 61.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 394.
Brazil: Ega.

PSEUDOCHALOCIS CONICA sp. noy.

Female.—Length 4.5-5 mm. Black, coarsely punctate, the tegulee, tips of
femora, the front tibize, except a black spot behind, middle and hind tibiz, except a
broad black annulus at the middle, and all tarsi sulphur yellow, the abdomen con-
ically pointed, longer than the head and thorax united.

Brazil: Santarem, in March and May. Four specimens.

PSEUDOCHALCIS FLAVOPICTA, Sp. Nov.

Male.—Length 5.5mm. Black, coarsely punctate, the front orbits, face below
insertion of the antennz, scape, two large spots on dorsum of pronotum, a line on
each side of the middle mesothoracic lobe, a spot on the outer front angle of the
lateral lobes, a line on each side of the scutellum, the tegulee, a line on the meso-
pleura, a large spot on the metapleura, a spot at apex of metanotum, a large spot on
each side of second segment of abdomen, and the legs, except as noted, yellow, the
hind coxe with a large spot above at base, and a large spot on the disk of the hind
femora, black.

Brazil: Corumba and Santarem. ‘Three specimens.

Genus STYPIURA Kirby.
STYPIURA CONIGASTRA (Perty).
Chaleis conigastra Perty, Delect. anim. artic., 1834, p. 184; Pl. XXVI., f. 16.—
Spinola, Mem. accad. se. Torino (2), XIII., 1851, p. 44.
Conura comgastra Blanchard, Hist. nat. Ins., III., 1840, p. 256.
Halticella erythrotelus Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1861, p. 184.
Phasgonophora conigastra Sichel, Ann. Soe. ent. France (4), V., 1865, p. 363.

408 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Styprwra comigastra Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 59.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 395.

Brazil: Amazon; Santarem. One specimen.

Genus EPITELIA Kirby.
EPITELIA ACULEATA (Walker).
Chalcis aculeata Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1861, p. 184, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
Wie SOS a pmooo:

Brazil: Santarem. Four specimens.

EPITELIA BASALIS (Walker).

Halticella basahs Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), E., 1862, p. 361, ©.—Dalla
Vorre, Cat. Hlyma., V., 1898; p. 397.
Brazil: Santarem. Three specimens.

EPITELIA STYLATA (Walker).
(Plate XXXL, Fig. 8.)
Chaleis stylata Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1861, p. 188, 9.
Epitela stylata Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, XVII., 188.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Hym., V., 1898, p. 395.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Genus CHALCIS Fabricius.
CHALCIS ANNULATA Fabricius.

Chaleis annulata Fabricius, Syst. Ent., [1., 1793, p. 197.—Syst., Piez., 1804, p. 167.—
Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. s. vert., [V., 1817, p. 153.—Id., Hd. 2%, IV., 1835.
p. 363.

Brachmyeria annulata Blanchard, Hist. nat. Insect., III., 1835, p. 393.

Chalcis annulatus Howard, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXV., 1894, p. 80,
2 %.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 380.

Chalets annulipes Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 29.

Chaleis ovata Say, Keating’s roe ioe IL., 1824, p. 826.—Leconte, Ed. Say’s
Works, I., 1859, p. 219.—Cresson, Trans. un Ent. Soc., [V., 1872, p. 59.—
Litner’s First Rep. Ins., New York, 1882, p. 86.—Cameron, Biol. Centr.
Amer. Hym., I., 1884, p. 99; Pl. 4, f. 16.—Provancher, Add. Fn. du Canada,
TyanslSSi, ps LO:

Leucospis integra Haldemann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I., 1844, p. 538, f.—
Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., [V., 1872, p. 35.—Schletterer, Berlin. ent.
Zeitschr., XXXV., 1890, p. 291.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 411.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 409

Chaleis mcerta Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1V., 1865, p. 101.

Brachymeria panamensis Holmgren, Eugenies Resa Ins., 1868, p. 437.

Chalcis flavipes Kirby, J ourn. Linn. Soe. London, Zool., X VII., 1883, p. 68.—Howard,
in Scudder’s Butterflies U. 8., 1889, p. 1886; Pl. 88, figs. 14 and 15.

North and South America.
CHALCIS AUGARUS Walker.

Chales augarus Walker, The Entom., I., 1841, p. 134, 9 o¢'.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,

Wop Hees jas Bees
Brazil (Mr. Curtis’ collection).

CHALCIS DECRETA Walker.

Chales decreta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I, 1862, p. 352, 9.—Dalla
Morre Catia bivnn, Vo, 1893, p. 3d.
Brazil: Santarem (Bates); Chapada, March.

CHALCIS EURYTOMOIDES Walker.

Chaleis ewrytomoides Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 207, 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 387.
Brazil: Amazon (Bates).
CHALCIS FERRUGINEA Fabricius.
Chalcis ferrugimea Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 165.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
WeWhe, JOs Brolle

Brazil.
CHALCIS FERVIDA Walker.

Chaleis fervida Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), [X., 1852, p. 42, 9.
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 387.
Brazil: Para.

Dalla

CHALCIS IMPLEXA Walker.

Chalcis impleca Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), L, 1862, p. 352, o'.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 388.
Brazil: Ega (Bates) ; Santarem ; Corumba (many specimens).

CHALCIS MINUTA (Linné).

Vespa sp. Geoffroy, Hist. abr. Insect., II., 1762, p. 380.
Vespa minuta Linné, Syst. nat., Ed. 12%, L., 1867, p. 952.—Ph. L. Miller, Linnéa
Vollst. Natursyst., V., 2, 1775, p. 887.—Villers, C. Linneei Entom., III., 1789:

~p. 272.—Christ, Naturg. d. Insect., 1791, p. 246

410 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Vespa femoralis Foureroy, Entom. Paris, II., 1785, p. 487.

? Sphex femoralis Christ, Naturg. d. Insect., 1791, p, 291.

Chalcis femorata Dalman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XLI., 1820, p. 143, & [excl.
Q].—Nees, Hym. Ichn. affin. Monogr., II., 1834, pp. 28 and 413 [excl.
synon.|.—Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., 1875, p. 18, 29%.

Ichneumon minutus Coquebert, Illustr. iconogr. Insect., I., 1799, p. 19; T. 4, f. 7.

Brodymeria minuta Westwood, Phil. Mag. (3), I., 1832, p. 127.—Blanchard, Hist,
nat. Ins., III., 1840, p. 255.—Westwood, Intro. mod. Class. Ins. Synop.,
p. 66.

Chalcis minuta Fabricius, Mant. Insect., I., 1787, p. 273.—Gmelin, Linné, Syst. nat.,
Hd. 13’, 1790, p. 2742.—Olivier, Encycl. méthod. Ins., V., 1790, p. 489.—
Rossi, Fauna Etrusca, II., 1790, p. 58, .9—Fabricius, Ent. Syst., I., 1793,
p. 195.—Panzer, Faun. Insect. German., III., 1796, p. 19; 'T. 4, f. 7.—Walck-
enaer, Faun. Paris, I., 1802, p. 77.—Schrékenstein, Verz. d. Halbkafer, ete.,
1802, p. 30.—Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 165.—Latreille, Hist. nat. Crust.
et Ins., XIII., 1805, p. 220.—Panzer, Krit-Revis., II., 1806, p. 98.—Iliger,
Rossi: Fauna Etrusca, Ed. 2°, II., 1807, p. 87.—Jurine, Nouv. méth. class.
Hym., 1807, p. 315, 9.—Latreille, Gen. Crust. & Ins., IV., 1809, p. 26.—
Spinola, Ann. Mus. hist. nat., XVII, 1811, p. 147.—Lamarck, Hist. nat.
anim. s. vert., [V., 1817, p. 153.—Fouscolombe, Ann. Se. Nat., LOGE S37
p. 277.—Audouin, Hist. nat. Insect. Mus., 1842, p. 183, &; T. 18, fig. 5.—
Blanchard, Cuvier: Régne anim., Ed. 3*, Insect., IT., 1849; T. 1138, f 5.—
Spinola, Gay; Hist. fis. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 468, 9o'.—Duméril,
Mém. acad. sc. Paris, XX XI., 1860, p. 959.—Disconzi, Entom. Vicent., 1865,
p. 184; T. 9, f 154.—Ed. André, Ann. Soe. ent. France (6), I., 1881; T. 9, f.
5.—S. Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1881, Proc., p. xxiv.—Kirby,
Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 65; Pl. 4, f. 45 and 46.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 390.

Europe ; North and South America.

CHALCIS MNESTOR Walker.
Chalcis mnestor Walker, The Entom., I., 1841, p. 219-—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 390.

Brazil.
CHALCIS ORSEIS Walker.

Chalcis orseis Walker, The Entom., I., 1842, p. 338, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 390.
Brazil (Mr. Shuckard’s collection).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Ail

CHALCIS PRODUCTA Olivier.

Chaleis producta Olivier, Encycl. Méthod. Ins., V., 1790, p. 488.—Dalla Torre Cat.
labyama., Wo, Weiss jos Sisk.
Brazil: Cayenne.
? CHALCIS QUADRIPUNCTATA Fabricius.
Chaleis quadripunctata Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 165.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
Wo, USGS, JO. CBZ

Brazil.
? CHALCIS SERRIPES Fabricius.

Chalcis serripes Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 164.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
NSIS, 1, SIZ
Brazil (Mr. Shuckard’s collection).

? CHALCIS SUBFASCIATA Holmgren.

Chalcis subfasciata Holmgren, Eugenies Resa, Ins., 1868, p. 486, 9.—Dalla Torre,
Catwbinims Ve SIS pags:
Argentina: Buenos Ayres.

CHALCIS TESTACEA Blanchard.

Chalas testacea Blanchard, Hist. nat. Ins., III., 1840, p. 254.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Jabal, Wa Isls) jos oes,

Brazil: Cayenne.
_CHALCIS VICARIA Walker.

Chalcis wcaria Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 183, ——Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
Wis, USS 10, OSE:
Brazil : Ega (Bates).
j CHALCIS VILLOSA Olivier.
Chaleis villosa Olivier, Eneycl. Méthod. Ins., V., 1790, p. 438.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
livrn Ve hos) pasos:
St. Trinité.
Tripe Il. Smicrinz.
Genus SMICRA Spinola.

Under this genus Dr. von Dalla Torre, in his Catalogus Hymenopterorum, has
recorded about 200 species, described by Fabricius, Spinola, Walker and others, but
of this number scarcely a dozen belong to Smicra Spinola, as restricted by Thomson
and accepted by Howard and the writer; the vast majority belong to Spilochalcis
Thomson, but many others fall into other genera characterized in this work.

412 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

SMICRA CLAVATA (Fabricius.)
Chalcis clavata Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 162.—Daila Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 387.

Brazil.
Genus EPITRANUS Walker.

EPITRANUS FULVESCENS Walker.
Epitranus fulvescens Walker, Ent. Mag., I1., 1834, p. 26.—Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soe.
London, Zool., X VII., 1883, p. 55; pl. 3, f. 6 and 7.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
V., 1898, p. 383.
West Indies: St. Vincent; South America: Brazil.

EUSTYPIURA Ashmead, gen. nov.
Allied to Spilochalcis, but easily separated by the abdominal differences, the
eighth segment being greatly lengthened into a compressed stylus, as in Stypiwra
Kirby.

EUSTYPIURA BICOLOR, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXI., Fig. 4.)

Female.—Length 9.5-10 mm. Pale honey-yellow; eyes green; the pedi-
cel and the first three or four basal joints of the flagellum, the middle and hind
coxe, tips of their tibize, middle tarsi, hind trochanters, basal half of hind femora,
and the abdomen, except the stylus and sometimes the seventh segment, black,
Wings hyaline, tinged with yellowish toward base, the veins light brownish. The
hind femora are armed with one moderately large tooth, followed by about fourteen
minute teeth.

Male.—Length 7 mm. Agrees well with the female, except that there is a dusky
median streak on the mesonotum posteriorly and the abdomen is ovate, without a
stylus.

Brazil : Santarem, in April; Chapada, in March and April. Described from five

females and two males.
: EUSTYPIURA SEXMACULATA, Sp. nov.

(Plate XXXL, Fig. 6.)

Female.—Length 9-10 mm. General color pale honey-yellow ; pedicel and four
or five basal joints of the flagellum, the occiput, a spot on the anterior face of the
pronotum, the middle lobe of the mesonotum, except along the parapsidal furrows,
the inner margins of the lateral lobes, the axille and base of scutellum, the apex of
scutellum, tips of hind femora, a spot at apex of hind femora beneath, and the base
and apex of hind tibiz, black ; the abdomen has some faint transverse brownish
bands. Wings hyaline. The hind femora are armed with one moderate-sized tooth
at base, followed by sixteen or seventeen minute teeth.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 413

Brazil: Santarem; Maruru; Para. Three specimens. The specimen from
Maruru has the basal half of the hind femora black; while that from Para has a
spot at base and the apex of the stylus black.

EUSTYPIURA SMITHII, sp. nov.

Female—Length 12 mm. Pale honey-yellow ; the pedicel and the flagellum are
brown-black, paler beneath at apex; two triangular black spots on the middle
mesothoracic lobe anteriorly, and two faint streaks behind these; the lateral lobes
have a black spot on the inner margins; the scutellum has a narrow transverse band
at base and its tip black ; while the hind femora have a black spot at apex beneath.
Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish. The abdomen has the segments two to seven
faintly brownish at apex. The hind femora are armed with one large long tooth at
base followed by about nine or ten small teeth, the small teeth tipped with black.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Genus SPILOCHALCIS Thomson.
SPILOCHALCIS ABDOMINALIS (Walker).
Smiera abdominalis Walker, Journ. of Ent., I., 1861, p. 177, &%.
Smicra ambigua Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV., 1872, p. 44, &.
Snucra abdonunalis Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., [V., 1872, p. 57, j.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Elym:, Vo 1898, p. 372.
Mexico: Orizaba (Sallé) ; South America: Brazil.

SPILOCHALCIS ACCILA (Walker).
Smiera accila Walker, the Entom., I., 1841, p. 218.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Shuckard’s collection).

SPILOCHALCIS ACUTA (Fabricius).
Chalcis acuta Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 161.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898,
p. 385.

Brazil.
SPILOCHALCIS ADJUNCTA (Walker).

Smiera adjuncta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), le SO4 ps l3o ot:
Smicra adjuncta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS ADMIXTA (Walker).
Smiera admiata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), IT., 1864, p. 189, 9.
Smicra adjwncta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

414 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Genus SPILOCHALCIS Thomson.

SPILOCHALCIS AMULA (Walker).

Smiera emula Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 192, Q.
Smicra enula Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
eS SPILOCHALCIS AQUALIS (Walker).
Smiera equalis Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 200, &%.
Smicra xqualis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
SPILOCHALCIS AFFICTA (Walker).
Smiera afficta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., p. 184, o%.
Smicra afficta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
SPILOCHALCIS ALIENATA (Walker).
Smiera alienata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), II., 1864, p. 195, 9.
Smicra alienata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 393.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
SPILOCHALCIS ANNEXA (Walker).
Smiera anneca Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), II., 1864, p. 204, Q.
Smicra annexa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
SPILOCHALCIS ANNULIFERA (Walker).
Smiera annulifera Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), IL, 1864, p. 202, 9.
Smicra annulifera Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
SPILOCHALCIS APPARATA (Walker).
Smiera apparata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 186, Q.
Smicra apparata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
SPILOCHALCIS APPRESSA (Walker).
Smiera appressa Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (38), II., 1864, p. 186, Q.
Smicra appressa Walker, Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
SPILOCHALCIS ATTACTA (Walker).
Smiera attacta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), II., 1864, p. 206, 9.
Smicra attacta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 415

SPILOCHALCIS BERGII (Kirby).
Smicra (?) bergii Kirby, Ann. & Nat. Hist. (5), XV., 1885, p. 244, 9 f.—Dalla
Torre, Cat, Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.
Uruguay.

SPILOCHALCIS BLANDA (Walker).
Smuiera blanda Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (38), II., 1864, p. 199, 2c. ~
Smicra blanda Dalla, Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 374.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS BURMEISTERI (KIRBY).

Smicra burmeisteri Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 73.—
Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), XV., 1885, p. 243.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Hym., V., 1898, p. 243.

Brazil: St. Paulo; Argentine.

SPILOCHALCIS CAPITULATA (Costa).
Snuera capitulata Costa, Ann. Mus. Zool. Napoli, II. (1862), 1864, p. 68, &.
Smicra capitulata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 374.

Brazil.
SPILOCHALCIS CELSA (Walker).

Smiera celsa Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 201, &%.
Smicra celsa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 374.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS COGNATA (Walker).
Srviera cognata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 204, @.
Smicra cognata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 374.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS COMPOSITA (Walker).
Smoera composita Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 188, &.
Smicra composita Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS CONGRUA (Walker).
Smiera congrua Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 176, 9.
Smicra congrua Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 575.
Brazil: Santarem (Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS CONTRACTA (Walker).
Smiera contracta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), II., 1864, p. 184, &.
Smicra contracta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

416 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

SPILOCHALCIS CONTRIBUTA (Walker).
Smiera contributa Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), I., 1864, p. 201, &%.

Smicra contributa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS COSTALIS (Walker).
Smiera costalis Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 174, @.
Smicra costalis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.

Brazil: Para.
SPILOCHALCIS DARES (Walker).

Smiera dares Walker, The Entom., I., 1842, p. 338, Q.
Smicra dares Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil (Mr. Shuckard’s collection).

(?) SPILOCHALCIS DECIPIENS (Kirby).
Smiera decipiens Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X VIL., 1883, p. 73.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375. -
Brazil: Villa Nova, Amazon.

SPILOCHALCIS DECISA (Walker).

Smiera decisa Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 176, &%.
Smicra decisa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375:
Brazil: St. Paulo.

SPILOCHALCIS DEDUOCTA (Walker).
Smiera deducta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I1., 1864, p. 206, 9.
Smicra deducta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.

Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS DEFUNCTA (Walker).

Smiera defuncta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), I1., 1864, p. 189, 9.
Smicra defuncta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
SPILOCHALCIS DEMONSTRATA (Walker).
Smiera demonstrata Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 175, 9.
Smicra demonstrata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil: Villa Nova (Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS DEMOTA (Walker).

Smiera demota Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 205, 9.
Snuicra demota Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES ATT

SPILOCHALCIS DEPICTA (Walker).
Smiera depicta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 203, @.
Smicra depicta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS DESCRIPTA (Walker).
Snuera descripta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 197, @.
Smicra descripta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS DETRACTA (Walker).
Smiera detracta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 202, &.
Snmicra detracta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS DiImoTA (Walker).
Sniera dimota Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (38), IT., 1864, p. 196, 9.
Smicra dimota Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376. :
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS DISCALIS (Walker).

Smera discalis Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 178, 9.

Snucra doscalis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil : Ega (Mr. Bates).

: SPILOCHALCIS DISCOLOR (Walker).
Snuera discolor Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 180, &.
Smicra discolor Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.

Brazil: St. Paulo (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS DISPosITA (Walker).
Smuera disposita Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), lon Ils, jo. Ve 2
Smicra disposita Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS ENYO (Walker).
Smiera enyo Walker, The Entom., I., 1841, p. 133, 2 ¢.
Smicra enyo Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil (Mr. Curtis’ collection).

SPILOCHALCIS EXHAURIENS (Walker).
Smiera exhawriens Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), II., 1898, p. 198, 9.
Snucra echawriens Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

418 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

SPILOCHALCIS EXPLETA (Walker).

Smiera expleta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (38), II., 1864, p. 197, 9.
Smicra expleta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
SPILOCHALCIS FLAVA (Fabricius).
Chalcis flava Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 261.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898,
p. 388.
South America: Brazil.

SPILOCHALCIS ANDREI Ashmead, n. n.

Smicra flavescens André, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6), I., 1881, p. 843.—Dalla Torre,
Catalymy Veo Sapa on ic

Guiana.
SPILOCHALCIS FOVEATA (Kirby).

Smicra foveata Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool., XVIT., 1883, p. 71, 2.—Dalla Torre,
(Chi, Jalan, Ws, Ieee, fo. BU Te ;

Brazil : Amazon.
SPILOCHALCIS GHILIANII (Spinola).

Smicra ghilianit Spinola, Mem. accad. se. Torino (2), XIII., 1851, p. 46, 9.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Elym., V., 1893; p. 377.

Brazil.
SPILOCHALCIS GRACILIS (Kirby).

Smicra gracilis Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), IV., 1889, p. 143.—Dalla Torre,
Cate Eom Ve S937 pot a

Brazil : Theresopolis. -
SPILOCHALCIS ILLATA (Walker).

Smiera illata Walker, Trans. Ent: Soc. London (3), I, 1862, p. 348, &.
Smicra illata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 377.

Brazil: Ega.

SPILOCHALCIS INCERTA (Kirby).
Smiera incerta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 183, 9 nee &,
Smicra incerta Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 72.—Dalla Torre,
Ckhe, Jebyian., Wo, lWele, fo, BIT.
Brazil: Amazon.
SPILOCHALCIS LANCEOLATA (Walker).

Smiera lanceolata Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 174, 9.
Smicra lanceolata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 378.

Brazil: Santarem (Mr. Bates).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 419

SPILOCHALCIS LEPREURII (Spinola).
Smicra lepreurtt Spinola, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, [X., 1840, p. 98, o'.—Dalla Torre,
Cais, Jehan, Woo LSis, JO, BU.

Brazil: Cayenne.
SPILOCHALCIS LOBATA (Costa).

Snera lobata Costa, Ann. mus. zool. Napoli, II. (1862), 1864, p. 68.
Snucra lobata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 378.

? Brazil.
? SPILOCHALCIS LUTEIPENNIS (Walker).

Smiera luteipennis Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 172, 9 &%.
Smicra luteypenms Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 378.
Brazil.

SPILOCHALCIS MULTINOTATA (Costa).
Smiera multinotata Costa, Ann. mus. zool. Napoli, II. (1862), 1864, p. 68, Q.
Smicra multinotata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 379.

? Brazil.
SPILOCHALCIS NEBULOSA (Walker).

Smiera nebulosa Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 180, &.
Smicra nebulosa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 380.
Brazil : Ega (Mr. Bates).

? SPILOCHALCIS NIGRICORNIS (Fabricius).
Chaleis nigricornis Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., 1798, p. 245.—Fabricius, Syst. Piez.,
1804, p. 163.—Jurine, Nouv. Méth. Class. Hym., 1807, p. 316, 9 o&%.
Smicra ngricornis Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV., 1872, p. 57.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 380.

Brazil.
SPILOCHALCIS OBLITERANS (Walker).

Smiera obliterans Walker, Journ. Ent. J., 1861, p. 175, 9 &%.
Smicra obliterans Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 380.

Brazil: Santarem.
SPILOCHALCIS PEIROLERII (Spinola).

Smiera peiroler Spinola, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., XVII., 1811, p. 147 (s. descrip.).
Smecra pevrolert Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 386.

Brazil.
SPILOCHALCIS PERA (Kirby).

Smicra pera Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 72.—Dalla
Wome, Catt, Jalon, Wo; WEBS, jos Sale
Brazil.

420 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

SPILOCHALCIS PICTA (André).

Smicra picta André, Ann. Soc. ent. France (6), I, 1881, p. 341, Q9.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym , V., 1898, p. 381.

? Brazil.
SPILOCHALCIS PIELUS (Walker).

Smiera pielus Walker, Ent. Mag., V., 1838, p. 470, 9.
Smicra pielus Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 381.
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro.

SPILOCHALCIS PYGMA (Fabricius).

Chalcis pygmexa Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 162.—Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins., IIL.,
1840, p. 254.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 392.

Brazil.
SPILOCHALCIS QUINQUESIGNATA (Costa).

Smiera quinquesignata Costa, Ann. mus. zool. Napoli, II. (1862), 1864, p. 68, Q.
Smicra quinquesignata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 381.

? Brazil.
SIPLOCHACIS REFERATOR (Walker).

Snuera referator Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), I., 1862, p. 347, Q.
Smacra referator Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 381.
Brazil: Ega (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS SORDIDA (Walker).

Smiera sordida Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 177, &.
Smicra sordida Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 382.
Brazil: Villa Nova (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS TERMINALIS (Walker).

Smiera terminalis Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 200, 9.
Smacra terminalis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 383.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).

SPILOCHALCIS TORRIDA (Walker),

Smiera torrida Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), X., 1852, p. 46, Q.
Snucra torrida Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 388.

Brazil: Para.
SPILOCHALCIS VACILLANS (Walker).

Smeera vacillans Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), I1., 1864, p. 199, @.
Smicra vacillans Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 383.
Brazil.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 421

SPILOCHALCIS VARIEGATA (Fabricius).

Chaleis variegata Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 160.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,

10.

1898, p. 393.
Brazil (Mr. Bates).
TABLE OF NEW SPECIES.

> norm: welllow of mosuhy ayes c06060000000000000 000000 CODING o SOnIbo HUIDDIOOD OOo ROG. OOOO cca crecme Es

Thorax black or mostly black, or red.
Mesonotum entirely black... ..
MeSOnOtUMEMOtmenbiLe lyablackanprrrie rei arinereareciectscercisas nies aeiee se cirea me silsa ewes OD

. Dorsum of pronotum entirely yellow .. MNase cre has asieceratete sae ei emeore =: SO

Dorsum of pronotum not entirely yellow.

Hind margin of pronotum with a yellow line on each side; clypeus econ anteriorly, the front
and hind orbits, all tarsi, and a line on each side of the scutellum, yellow; abdomen black
with only the petiole yellow, 9&.. eee eee Socom ates em cine eves LOTSALIS:

Hind margin of pronotum entirely ieee head entir alg plaok: lateral mesothoracic lobes with
a yellow spot in front of the tegule ; scutellum with a eater line across the base ; abdomen
entirely black, 9. er a eis erect cist ans CP ORIG eH euvie aetns gon CEUs

: MEd aTee So tRG racic lane Satiecly blade. 5 orci oid OS SOC AS CG ERSS OS CRIN es Ose enti ace Che Br a

Middle mesothoracic lobe not entirely eee either en with eunow or with minute yellow or red-
dish dots or spots, sometimes red or red in part.. Bertier aie stNoreyel cece hsterait ais. iy casein sates . 0

. Front orbits, a spot on hind orbits below, the scape, the eens half of scutellum, except the apical ridge,

the legs, excepta large spot on hind femora above at apex and their tarsi, yellow ; lateral mesothoracic
lobes and the axillze black ; abdomen with the basal half or more ferruginous, 9....S. santaremensis.

5 AD NOERR A) XOWO (00G TAG, aleca! do oS aloroebinors ABS eMC UO ORS Oo oO ES NCIS R ACEC Cte eee mn!

Thorax above red or red for the greater part.
Hind coxee black.. od SOLOISTS RIO OLDIE CIO CID Grn Boren e/IMTee Ger upon IE NPR ae ae re eee ea
Hind coxee RENN or Sica Bud sometimes ath a ae spot or line. Meer ao cesses ot

. Head red; thorax except pleura and metathorax which are black, red; scape, front and middle

legs and the long petiole of abdomen, yellow; body of abdomen rufous; hind femora and tibize
LOMB OUSHE Ons aparece iay arse enced ek clas eich sieisiey avers Selene aia eaesl tie weiencie we ce Ss TUSOMOTSALIS.

a Eleadinormalyseentinombingtrontyopwider boa NOnemenn caret te seeadee ee aseccacees aeceacce S

Head abnormal, seen from in front much wider than long.
Thorax, except the sutures, red, the pronotum with a yellowish tinge ; scape, front and middle
legs, yellow, the middle femora toward apex and the tibiz toward base brownish, the hind

femorarduskysat middle wabdomentreds Smee ens creer a eeeceice cs eeleciceia a aes). LQLICeps.
. Thorax not mostly red.. ano SOR aIGSGS DUOA OO CSDS CEO UD OIOS On Oo OES Ponce mcrae can ae ener mac on ene arama
Thorax mostly red. . PE eR CUE Le Ree hie aaaie aie A Mad eateeacteanidie LO

. Thorax, except the middle mesothoracie lobe posteriorly and the metathorax ach are black, red ;

base of antennze and the legs yellow ; abdomen yellowish, the petiole black, 9....S. nigropetiolata.
Thorax, except the middle mesothoracic lobe posteriorly, the lateral lobes and the scutellum which
are red, black ; head black; front and middle legs yellow; hind femora black ; hind tibize and
tarsi and the long abdominal petiole, yellow, Q...........-.-.-0-+--e eee ee ee SS. rufoscutellaris.
Thorax, except the middle mesothoracic lobe posteriorly and the metathorax which are black, red ;
legs yellow ; abdomen pale ferruginous, the petiole black..,.,..,......,-.-----+.S, nigropetiolata.

422, MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

11.

12.

138.

14.

15.

16.

WZ

18.

18).

Thorax above wholly red, the pleura and metathorax black; head black ; scape, front and middle
legs and the abdomen at base pale yellowish ; hind legs, except tarsi, pale ferruginous, 9.
S. flavobasalis.
Thorax above mostly black, without small yellow or reddish dots, the lobes margined with yellow.. 12
Thorax above mostly black, but the dorsum with many small yellow or reddish dots.
Legs mostly black, the knees of front and middle legs, the base and apex of tibiz, and all tarsi,
yellow ; abdomen black with two transverse white lines at apex of the second dorsal seg-

ment, 2. eal RNs : sys Neierlat ce raveseile aise a evatlater ete herlke eas eneie terse tea Oe LC UROCIUSES:
Hind coxee mostly pha or black with reins Game ave) a-aie/suwbugrecsiene a pedsle.e suaicoecsy Sener eRe LO
Hind coxee not mostly black ; mesothoracic lobes Ga ed with yellow.. Siyotke ts = a eee OED
Hind coxe with a yellow spot at base above or striped black and Solon ee nee .2 14

Hind cox without a yellow spot at base. Head, except the front orbits, Hee: Hote ae sph a
line on each side of the middle mesothoracic lobe and two large spots on the scutellum, yellow ;
hind femora with a spot at apex, the front and middle legs except the coxe, the hind tarsi and the
petiole of the abdomen yellowedaeeeeee eee eee ere er ee eerie SSIS NLaemensiss

Vertex with no irregular yellow marks, otherwise similar to S. flavopetiqlata, except that the scutellum
has two oblong yellow spots, one on each side, the metanotum and the mesopleura being im-
maculate. . Pe eee ara ora eee RE a Cran Sailer meee Pig shots oo damage LO

Vertex with irregular yellow marks, or the onal = mar aid with Nealon: front orbits, clypeus, a line on
each side of the middle mesothoracic lobe, a spot on the lateral lobes, two oblong spots at base of
scutellum nearly confluent, two spots on metanotum, a spot on mesopleura beneath the tegule and
a small spot in front of it, and the legs, except the coxe, the base of front and middle femora
beneath, and most of hind legs which are black, yellow ; the hind coxe have a yellow spot at base
above connected with a long yellow stripe beneath ; hind femora margined with yellow at base and
above, and also with a yellow spot outwardly near the apex ; hind tibicze with a yellow line outwardly

extending from near the base to the apexX.......... 2... ce cece cece ee sees tees Se flavoorbitalis.
Front wings maculate, or with a fuscous spot or cloud from the tip of the stigmal vein.......... 16
Front wings immaculate, or without a fuscous spot or cloud from the tip of the stigmal vein....... 21
Head not entirely yellow, the occiput and the scrobes or the middle of the face black....-......... 17
Head entirely cy ellos c6) ce) siasieisencte Se ort oom oe aie tae ts Sunn eee SCI CRI ER eee eerIe e

Scutellum mostly yellow with a central black spot; if black margined with yellow, the axille never
wholly black, the ridge or plate at apex entire. . BRIAR CR taro A OSC Geo oe cod, Lue)
Seutellum mostly black with two large yellow So aoe confluent at apex, the alte Shits black,
the ridge at apex emarginate; front and middle legs yellow, ¢.....................S. persimilis.
All legs entirely yellow, except a spot, sometimes faint or nearly obsolete, on hind coxe above.... 19
Front and middle legs entirely yellow, the hind legs marked with black, the coxze more or less black
above, Ss ot Le R thw SORES wed Se ER ae EIS KUO ois Ae LeiS Cet IC OE Roce I IS REUTER CLL

Abdomen fusiformly pointed and yellow, except the sheaths of the ovipositor which are black.
All mesothoracic lobes black margined with yellow ; scutellum yellow with a large ceutral black

spot ; mesopleural furrow black ; hind coxe with a distinct black spot, 2....... JS. perpleaa,
Not all of the mesothoracie lobes black margined with yellow, the lateral lobes being wholly
yellow ; spot on hind cox nearly obsolete, Q..........00 cece cece cece cece ees) Se Umitator.

. Thorax mostly yellow with the sutures, a median stripe or line on the middle mesothoracic lobe pos-

teriorly and on the scutellum, black ; all legs yellow ; abdomen as in S, imitator, 2... ..S. simillima.
Thorax mostly yellow but with the middle mesothoracic lobe anteriorly and the tip of the metathorax

21.

22.

23.

24.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 423

dusky or black, the scutellum entirely yellow ; all legs yellow but the hind coxee above ferruginous
or blackish at apex ; abdomen ferruginous, the petiole long, blackish at base, the body oblong oval,

tinged with fuscous or blackish at sides towards apex, S .................-.---.-... S. chapade.
Thorax not entirely yellow. . SE RE eer ee rciene onceel cetale bee fee eMaraysisn ees ars om Atl Sea ewedne rele 2
Thorax entirely yellow, immaculate . eee PO Tecra ore Shave ee tere Conies ero) aie Gia Poveeusehee. el LO
Middle mesothoracic lobe yellow with two ar black eepeee or short lines on the anterior margin and
a black spot posteriorly . eee $190.0. 0-010 RECESS ENE LORE SURE SE CERT HES Rds CoN ERE eo)
Middle mesothoracic lobe ane differently Bea eae RASA ne via OO

Middle mesothoracic lobe with a large triangular black it or ee with the sides and the base (the
part near the scutellum) margined with yellow or white (the black sometimes with a yellow central

spot). . SOT AOR TeV ICR Ns otclar celine Biases chehale Se bia ihe MemNallaa ot Selibaweealerva va l2e
Middle mesothoracic lobe iin one or more neck lines, or fis a central ee spot.. pre Neots) AA:
ATAaIS chece'Tivonmeit Islbo HeNSEWEL Cee Te pce | ean ean Sn

Middle mesothoracic lobe margined with white.
Head, except the scrobes and the occiput, the pronotum above, the outer margins of the lateral
mesothoracic lobes, two large spots on the scutellum, a line on each side of the metathorax
and the front and middle legs white or yellowish-white. ..................... albomaculata.

. Hind coxe not mostly black, either ferruginous or yellow, but sometimes spotted or striped with black.

26
Hind coxee nearly wholly black, or at most with a yellowish spot at base above or below; body of
abdomen rufous or pale ferruginous, the petiole yellow.

Hind coxe black except a spot at base beneath ; mesothoracic lobes mostly red margined with

yellow ; pleura black, 2. TE Rete erates eee cy aera IN SUNG een MSL SAMLAR ENE:

Hind coxe black except a Se at “pee above; mesothoracic lobes black margined with yellow ;
abdomen red.., oes acooon ce cn 60 10 G0 ole CRLUROG ICI

Hind coxe striped Taneitadinally with Nee or ones and ieee tsa colnctae Stan. CHE DORE
Hind coxee not so marked, at the most with only a black spot, but mae immaculate, except at the
EXIM CAC Xie nee cereus Me ote (ey stk aN inl a Arce nen Mernpoe Seer ud oeraaiNc tate ate Saineites 2S

Lateral mesothoracic lobes along the outer and basal margins yellow ; scutellum black with a yellow
band across the base, the axillee wholly yellow, except a delicate black line at base; hind femora
mostly yellow with a leg of mutton shaped black spot extending from the base to near the middle,
and a curved black line toward apex; abdomen black and yellow, the petiole, base of the second,
third and fourth dorsal segments black, @.. Ree een Ter awd chy hs, 09t AOU GILLaNIS:

Lateral mesothoracie lobes with an oblique eels, ae on the outer basal angle ; scutellum with two
spots at base and its apex yellow, the axille wholly black; hind femora Moir black marked with
yellow at base and above and with a curved yellow line outwardly at apex; abdomen yellow and

black banded, the petiole yellow...................-2--20ceceeececese+ssss--. 28. flavoorbitalis.
All cox yellow, immaculate, except sometimes the hind coxe at the extreme apeX............... 32
All coxee not yellow, immaculate, the hind coxe maculate or at least dusky at base or at apex or with
a large black spot. . SNE ar eesetey Rea Peed cate nae oT kelsuse jo cuelsiaia exe stes Sines, oe ielie'e tee SO
Head not entirely ie the occiput and the scrobes, or the middle of the face, black, . meen OO
Head entirely ALOT coach ee eS ot es ranean 31

Middle mesothoracic lobe margined with yellow and with a small yellow spot in the black before the
middle, the lateral lobes margined with yellow outwardly ; seutellum margined all around with yel-
low, the axillee with a yellow spot behind ; dorsum of pronotum yellow with a small black spot on

A424 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

ol.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.
39.

40.

each side, meso- and metapleura marked with yellow ; hind femora yellow with four black spots on
the outer face and one small spot on the inner face; abdomen short ovate, the petiole about four

times as long as thick, the segments 3 to 8 at sides bandéd with black or fuscous.... ..S. marginata.
Face with a long acute tubercle between the insertion of the antennz, yellow, a large triangular black
spot on middle mesothoracic lobe, the outer margins of the lateral lobes, mesopleura, and spot on
metanobum! black: abdomen pale ferrusimousie Ore seein elec eee . JS. tuberculata.
Middle mesothoracic lobe with a large triangular black spot or Se with the sae and the base (the
part nearest the scutellum) yellow, the lateral lobes also margined outwardly with yellow...... 33
Middle mesothoracic lobe with one or more black lines, the lateral lobes usually immaculate.... 44
Scutellum yellow with a central black line or spot, the axille not entirely black, usually yellow with
a black spot.. Sa ee metre Pr er ee Nas SiN cin Me AR Botta a bb eo'oo Nowe. ott
Scutellum ee with a large te black one at base, the axillz saa.
Scutellum at apex emarginate or bidentate ; hind femora marked with black; their tibize bian-
nulate with black ; abdomen conic-ovate, the petiole not more than thrice as long as thick.
S. bidentata.

Occiput and the vertex yellow, the scrobes always yellow. .............220c- cece ee ecceeeeesss 42
Occiput and the vertex black, the scrobes always black.
The triangular black spot on the middle mesothoracic lobe without a central yellow spot... 35
The triangular black spot on the middle mesothoracic lobe with a central yellow spot...... 39
Mesopleural furrow (the femoral furrow of the mesopleura) black .....................+.....+.. 86
Mesopleural furrow not black. . go Sok Bok etal Gea tap ater avan pully cle AE Macrae RCTS eee era

Hind femora outwardly with a large eeeal black cee near the ee a small | lack: spot at apex and
another above it on the upper margin ; abdomen subglobose, the petiole about four times as long as
thick . ee IO IOC eer ero a Mr eAnns Gi crd AeA ge Poe oo Oc Oe oD . S. maculata, sp. nov.

Hind femora immaculate, except a black spot within near upper margin ; ees oblong oval,
faintly tinged with piceous, the petiole three times as long as thick (¢'), in female long fusiform or
lanceolate, the petiole'short, transverse) .-)./4.). 1-1.) si eee eel toe cae ee eS IDC Lo

TECH CORES WAIN A IDO GUAOS Ol FOOW MOOWEs oo oo 00cccscnvancoo nso bu esse SooS aa To CO bSaaazasso BS

Hind coxee immaculate.

Hind femora with a large black spot on upper margin within ; scutellum yellow with a median
black line. . RN Re a ade DOR eta aio cnr Soe Umass b oud a aes .. S. hempeli.

Hind femora immaculate ; abasic Rien pointed, some of the dorsal Meee banded
with fuscous, the eae four times as long as thick; 9 ; scutellum with a large black spot
OM Phe SK x: 5 coy inde nisin’ aha: dyn lay dans oars ieaveira ay Shears ete evens hese Skene eal eae eae eee nor ear Tee OUT C

No new species fall in here.

Meso- and meta-pleura yellow, except sometimes a black spot in the femoral furrow............. 40

Meso- and meta-pleura, except a spot beneath the insertion of the wings, black.

Hind coxe black at apex, the hind femora yellow with a large black spot across from the large
basal tooth and another smaller spot at apex, the hind femora with a black annulus at base;
body of abdomen short, dusky above; 9. ................0000cees sees es We Nigropleuralis.

Hind femora: immaculate. ii. corse docte chee core) sieue tees vita a: area ape ee oa rok ioe cL eee eRe eee

Hind femora with one or two black spots.

Hind femora with two black spots; abdomen short ovate, shorter than the head and thorax
united, the petiole about thrice as long as thick; 9.,.......................S. bimaculata.

Hind femora with one black spot ; abdomen oval, the petiole only twice as long as thick; &%.

S. corumbicola.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45,

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 425

Abdomen in 9 long, fusiformly pointed, longer than the head and thorax united, the petiole very
short, wider than long, in 5’ not longer than the thorax, the petiole thrice as long as thick.
; S. milleri.
Abdomen in 9 fusiform, but not longer than the head and thorax united, the petiole nearly thrice as
WLAN kept O ONO Oyallmmrrcnste menoeieelacre ccs serie citi svi oni Ole aie eias ssa aicisiecicicnacs Rowand.
HOM TACS OF TDROMOUTTM, WMI OME, 55.4000000000000000 900000000060 000040 04 ba un sodcuGndcanaGn 45
Front face of pronotum with a median black spot.
Meso lenis, eoimtielhy WlllOw 2 Coote c000 coco go00d00u 000000500000 0000000000 s0 0009 ods HLCM MI
Hind cox with a black spot at base beneath ; mesopleural furrow and aspoton each side of the metano-
tum black; abdomen fusiform, more or less reddish, the dorsal segments banded with black or
fuscous, the petiole black and about thrice as long as thick . sis arate ibs aaa eens . S. howardi.
Middle mesothoracic lobe with a small central black spot or with two black spots Scans | coo el)
Middle mesothoracic lobe not so marked.
Middle mesothoracic lobe with a central black line its entire length or nearly so............ 45
Middle mesothoracic lobe without a central black line, but with two lines anteriorly, or these
lines are united and form a loop, which is sometimes connected with a short median black
limeriromithesbace.ot the sscutellumety= ascac- -h-cle cree Roce eke vee cdeee cess cs scen s OF
Rakapsidale furrow srormsubunes7or Olackemsn sry eiciae ce cee ce sce dines cece ce cece oe cere acee ee OF
Parapsidal furrows or sutures black.
Hind coxe immaculate or with only a black spot above, or the extreme apex black, never
striped loneibudimalliys with blacky: \eieeccck sc. cacceins sebces cece cscs aecedelacideasendass Al
Eiman coxceystriped lonmitmdmiality watit DIAC. 2.2. e250. 2 2e es dee dees cneceseecassciesns 46
Hind coxee with a black stripe both above and beneath : metathorax with a central black spot; abdo-
men subglobose, banded with black or fuscous above, the petiole a little more than twice longer than
thick. Re Ma ct nen eh me Asa reU cha Metal allo ain cs Phalisest Pcie g Aisha pei wee’ ea. goal a varehe, wialte a elaara ae JS. insularis.
Hind coxee with a black ae above Pe ; metathorax ques Pies ; abdomen caning produced,
the dorsum banded with black, the petiole not quite twice as long as thick.........S. trinidadensis.
Hind coxe immaculate except sometimes at BY OOS cha eG CRC ATS oreo OLE ECoG RIE ET Ren ae 32)
Hind coxze with a large black spot above.
Hind femora with two black spots, one near the middle and one at the apex ; mesopleural fur-
row black ; body of abdomen subglobose ; faintly banded, the petiole about thrice as long as
SN Che ep Netter teen aen ee ere tae kre ict ekas Womaraaic ware mieeos ea cin cds ceca ce ews Se Meongrud.
Hind femora immaculate ; a small spot on each lateral mesothoracic lobe ; abdomen elongate

lanceolate, much longer than the head and thorax united, the petiole very short, transverse.

S. mayri.
Mesopleura marked with black ; middle mesothoracic lobe with a central black line.............. 49
Wiesyalaunds, Sumrenn quelle, so waceee weceL be Seat eee ae eee ee eee 538
Hind femora maculate........ 50
TENG! WENO, MONMACTIEUS ¢ Sap bh os verb or Ea pe Oe ee DO Ho ae bcon 66 Udi 5 COICO anion eee emer SS

The central black line on the middle mesothoracic lobe not or only slightly dilated at the middle... 51

The central black line on the middle mesothoracic lobe dilated at the middle ; hind femora with a spot

at base beneath anda spot at apex beneath black ; abdomen conic-ovate, the petiole more than thrice
longer than thick.

Hind tibie without a median black band .............6---- +222 e-ce cee ce ee ee ee SS. timida.

Hind tibize with a median black band..,...-..-+-.-eeeee cece eee tte ee ee ee ee S. biannulata.

426 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM -

51. Hind femora with a black spot at apex beneath but not at base; abdomen conic ovate, the petiole
scarcely thrice as long as thick. . leva Si arte a hene ergeetererel cia che Rusia ore cae CER ene . S. media.
Hind femora with a black spot at fas and a eines spot at apex ; abdomen ficitannly aoinrea? the
OHOS HOO UME AS lone aS WMO s CO. .5cocnn00n 000000 000000 obo oH Do OD Oa OH OH co cn oSh GMMEROD.
52. Abdomen conic-ovate, the petiole aout ieee as long as thick ; legs immaculate............S. enochi.
53. Abdomen fusiformly produced, longer than the head and ies united, the petiole very short, wider
than long. . ee ee ere ee gee he CS SARE 3 otto ocean ynloh CURIS
54. Lateral sisdotti nice TOPE ee eee eer a os crane oreo anned) OO
Lateral mesothoracic lobes maculate, or with a black ae or line; front ee of once seh with

a median black spot, variable in size, sometimes very minute Buk rarely entirely wanting.
Scutellum with a central black line or spot and also with a black line across the base or in the

basal suture ; sometimes with a large black spot at apex................... ..e20-e+ee ee OO

Scutellumeosthout arcentralblackslinevorspotaaeee erence cen ee neice eoon

Spa eimadlcoxce mmm alcula tem exce pie SOMME UTM S gel Let [Cae area)
Hind coxze with a black spot above toward base.

Hind femora with a black spot at apex...................2..----+++---...S. femorata Fabr.

56. Hind tibiz outwardly entirely yellow. . ER Con re Eat on one MODE oe Dons pode a OS

Hind tibiee outwardly more or less nee. or bles MOU CMU WMO os cc co g0becsceo0 900000005 OM

57. Hind tibie black or fuscous with a broad yellow band before the middle ; hind femora with three
black spots. . ae! ickeeee . S. urichi.
Hind tibize fies or ee at sane “apie hip él, aioe pecalie ; Siavral (sia oth a bes et at apex
beneath ; axille black; scutellum with a large oval spot towards apex; abdomen conic-ovate, the
petiole about five times as long as thick ; eyes very large, occupying the whole sides of the head.
S. axillaris.
58. hind temorarwithia blacks spotsabrap OX. raiser ier aie cient ene inset nee ene nE
Hind femora immaculate.
Seutellum with a central black line, the apex yellow ; middle mesothoracie lobe with a trans-
verse black line anteriorly. . EN Roto racy teas ofog, arco . 8. trilineata.
Seutellum without a central black line, the apex with a transverse SEE spot ; tga mesotho-
racic lobe with two triangular black spots anteriorly..........................S. marshalli.
59. Middle mesothoraciec lobe with a club-shaped central black spot that is connected with a black line
across the anterior margin but not extending to the base of the scutellum ; lateral mesothoracic lobes
with a black line; scutellum with a club-shaped median black spot that is connected with a trans-
verse line at base; a minute spot in mesopleural furrow, the apex of hind coxe, a spot at apex of
hind femora and spots or bands on dorsum of abdomen, black; 9......................8. morleyi.
59*. Some old species fall in here.
60. Middle mesothoracie lobe with a central black line ; scutellum with a black line across the base and
with the apex black, or with a slight median black line.
Wetanotumiuoithoutacentrallblack lines eee eee eels eee rae keen ene eee eines OD
Metanotum with a central black line.
Hind femora with a black spot at apex ; abdomen fusiformly pointed, the petiole about
four times as long as thick ; antenne, except the apical joints, eight to thirteen, yellow.
S. apicalis.
61. Hind femora immaculate. . 5 aie! hue ‘erases io,/ayavie @Nalsttecel-evalene eye mueue bate i eaeyeuet a Cai eaterse nl Tele ae eee aeeperee Ome

Hind femora maculate, a large teat spot at apex and sometimes with a (poeteudesal meee spot hind

62.

63.
64.

65.

66

67.

68.

69.

70.

Tl

72.

. Seutellum with three black spots at base, the apex with a black spot or with a central black line. .

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 427

femora armed with a large tooth, followed by eighteen small black teeth ; abdomen in 9 fusiformly
pointed, the petiole at least thrice as long as thick, in ¢ long ovate, the petiole at least four times as
long as thick . SE eee ten eee emiens sie ea enna Mis ke ees cme ee es Oe Untlineata:
Hind coxee immaculate. . Rt ee ON a seeie esi seGhe ytd Pe eee daa geese axa OB

Hind coxee with a black stripe Boies
Mesopleural furrow black ; abdomen conic-ovate, more or less banded with fuscous, the petiole
not thrice as long as thick; legs, except as noted, yellow, immaculate... .... .iS. lineocoxalis.

Some old species fall in here.

The two black lines on the anterior part of the middle mesothoracic lobe unite and form a loop or a
delta-shaped mark, which is sometimes connected with the base of the scutellum by a black line. 65
The two black lines on the anterior part of the middle mesothoracic lobe do not unite to form a loop

or delta-shaped mark. . Se An eee ents Race ent eo RAS Rael Coe Me EE Maa Eee enwne, OS
Me SI al aiPicles cui ounded by Bidek es Cea Guetat lcs Oeee 1 ORCS IC cr OCR HUI OCR Pao OL
een ol ncn aeounided By Odo. s.schehereeah 6 abeedibln nan Gi cacao ghavorn o ee to witeeecmes arene:

The black loop on the middle mesothoracic lobe is connected with the base of the Sores by a
CETNO Tea leno leacleae IC Pewee tera a We tae areuern eos han er eee Marcia je fnecin diene sd ve wees ancy ser OF
The black loop on the iriadle mesothoracic lobe is not connected with the base of the scutellum by a
central black line. J 000000 DODO DOO GO gd Chao wooo EN SOND OOboD OmoD do CoCo OnE oboRG » Hil
Lateral mesothoracic lobes not rar ea with Hadk along the inner margin, at the most with a black
spot.. Bee nee eee eh eer a EO RRM E MPI ioe tohhe ee Tak rel See aiia vate ow aS alemaelee SR eA 2 OS
Lateral mesothoracic lobes margined with black along the inner margin.
Hind femora with a black spot on disk outwardly ............................ chapadensis.
Hind coxe immaculate, except at extreme apex ; abdomen conic-ovate, fusiformly pointed or lanceo-
late . O36 Oh 9 DbIG iS. G, 0 20 SOBA Aen ot aac rye er Ot ORR SC RT a er ee eee emer OP)
Hind coxze with a anes spot ore
ENGL OMMEMES MOT usg ol OW OSE mare ature icuee ie mio siecle? Mereie acta a) orenev ee eteiny er) ei-earav- 9-1 ONOMCENSTS.
Hind femora immaculate, or at most with a small spot at apex, the disk never maculate.......... 70
Hind femora with a curved black spot across the disk and a small black spot at apex.
PND LOMMENE COMIC=ONALE Mere rrsnisy cite Ba srete aie cae ucvaeses terre ia) ceed ct eet cle Gio. ois bauaraahe oeoi s . S. vagabunda.
Abdomen fusiformly pointed or lanceolate, the petiole at ae thrice as long as thick... ..S. magrettii.

Lateral mesothoracic lobes with an abbreviated black line on the inner margin.

Hind femora immaculate or at most with a small black spot at apex .. 72
Hind femora with an oblong black spot on disk near the upper margin.
TEIN @Oreeo TMA VET, cg nigel scion eo oled 66 34 Hs OE ceo Tea econ Hence eee eS Ce

Hind coxee with a small black spot above ; loop on the middle mesothoracic lobe more or less incom-
plete, the lines interrupted on each side of the line from the base of the scutellum. .. .S. incompleta

Hind coxee immaculate ; loop on the middle mesothoracic lobe complete ...............S. persimilis.

. Scutellum with three triangular black spots at base and a triangular black spot at apex. ....S. fullert.

75
Scutellum with a transverse black line at base or with only two black spots..................... 76

. Lateral mesothoracic lobe with a black spot ; hind femora with a black spot at apex ; abdomen fusi-

formly pointed, the petiole from two and one half to three times as long as thick.
Hind coxe with a black spot at base above ; petiole of abdomen yellow; pronotum with four
black spots . Pe ea eke MT ise POE ceca Gras ere Slay eier eeu sites ats .S. hollandi.
Hind coxee elie: or without a black spot at es above ; petiole of abdomen oe ; pro-

428 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

notiim immaculate...) s doesn ae Saws te Aon ae coe IGS ae eee COLE

76. Scutellum with a transverse lee line at base, wapalld in the basal suture. Seas oitdls ete cues te ene

Secutellum with two black spots at base, connected with a black line in the basal suture ; a small black
spot at apex.

Lateral mesothoracic lobes with a black spot at apex ; abdomen fusiformly pointed, the tip alone

black, the petiole only a little longer than thick; 92 : jeunesse se ae se 1 Sa Gesenupia Walker:

. Hind femora with a small black spot at apex ; scutellum with a small triangular black spot at apex ;

~I
~I

abdomen conic-ovate, the petiole about twice as long as thick; (.................S. paraguayensis.
78. Thorax yellow, a puncture on each side of pronotum, a spot on the lateral mesothoracic lobes, two
short lines on the middle lobe anteriorly and a spot posteriorly near the scutellum, a spot on the
axille and a spot at apex of scutellum, black ; legs immaculate ; apical half of abdomen black, the
petiolemeanhyaierimesias) lon eyasy thick jaee eer eee etter . 8S. dimidiata.
79. Thorax yellow but with the middle ee acie lobe with one or more black ais, soietereetisnst 100)
Thorax yellow but with the middle mesothoracic lobe immaculate, the lateral lobes with a black spot.
81
80. Middle mesothoracic lobe with two black spots anteriorly ; apex of metathorax black ; legs yellow, the
extreme apex of hind cox black, the hind femora with a small black spot at apex...S. meridionalis.
Middle mesothoracic lobe with a small central black spot, the lateral lobes with a minute black spot ;
scutellum with a delicate median black line ; abdomen fusiform ; segments two to six with fuscous
DAMS 55 soe x din a dist wis osiols oieigctin cee ORES SERA Ae Enea ee eee ee . S. tripunctata.
81. Scutellum immaculate ; abdomen subglobose ; hind femora with two black spots........S. bipunctata.
82. Abdomen in 9 fusiformly pointed, the sheaths of the ovipositor black, the ae not quite twice as
long as thick (in ' three or more times longer than thick),.................-...S. flava Fabricius.

SPILOCHALCIS TARSALIS, Sp. noy.

Female.-—Length 5.5 mm. Black, coarsely punctate ; front orbits, face below the
insertion of the antennee, hind orbits, scape beneath, the hind margin of the prono-
tum, except medially, a line on each side of the scutellum, the base and apex of
front tibiee, all tarsi, and the petiole of the abdomen, yellow. Abdomen subglobose,
polished black, except a reddish spot at base beneath.

Brazil: Chapada, in May. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS ATRATA, sp. nov.

Female-—Length about 7 mm. (Head lost.) Black, coarsely punctate; hind
margin of protonum, a spot on the hind angles of the parapsides, a line across the
base of the scutellum and the ridge at apex, and the front knees and tarsi, yellow,
the tarsal joints more or less dusky medially.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen in bad condition.

SPILOCHALCIS SANTAREMENSIS, Sp. Dov.

Female.-—Length 5.5 to 6mm. Black, coarsely punctate ; front and hind orbits,
scape, pronotum above, tegule, apical half of scutellum, except the ridge at apex,

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 2 429

the apical half or more of front and middle femora and their tibize and tarsi, a large
spot on upper outer angle of hind femora and the hind tarsi, yellow. Abdomen
ovate, the basal half yellowish, the apical half black; the petiole is short, hardly
twice as long as thick.

Male.—Length 6 mm. Agrees well with the female, except the middle meso-
thoracic lobe is margined with yellow, the scutellum has two large yellow spots at
the sides, the front and middle legs, except the coxe, are yellow, while the abdom-
inal petiole above is yellow and five or six times as long as thick.

Brazil: Santarem ; Chapada, in August. One male and three female specimens.

SPILOCHALCIS RUFODORSALIS, Sp. Nov.

Female.—Length S mm. Mostly red and almost smooth, the mesopleura, the
reticulated metathorax and the hind coxee, except at base beneath and at apex,
being black ; flagellum brown-black ; front and middle legs, tips of hind cox, the
hind tarsi, and the petiole of the abdomen yellow. The abdomen is ovate, the
petiole hardly five times as long as thick.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS LATICEPS, Sp. nov.

Female.—Length 8.5mm. Mostly red and feebly punctate, the sutures of thorax
dusky, the pronotum yellowish; the scape, the front and middle legs, except the
thickened part of the front and middle femora and the middle tibiz basally, and |
the hind tarsi, are yellow; hind legs reddish, the hind cox with a dusky spot
above toward base. The abdomen is ovate, the petiole yellow and about thrice as
long as thick. The head is abnormal, seen from in front, about twice as wide as
long, the face being concave; the eyes are large, rounded and occupy nearly the
whole sides of the head, the temples being flat, undeveloped.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS NIGROPETIOLATA, Sp. Noy.

Female—Length 4mm. Mostly red and faintly rugulosely punctate, the middle
mesothoracic lobe posteriorly and the petiole of the abdomen being black; the
flagellum, except the first three joints beneath, is brown-black ; the front and middle
legs are yellowish; the hind legs are pale ferruginous; while the body of the abdo-
men is pale ferruginous with a black spot on the disk above.

Brazil: Santarem. One-specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS RUFOSCUTELLARIS, sp. noy.
Female.—Length 8mm. Black, faintly punctate, the middle mesothoracic lobe
posteriorly, the lateral lobes and the scutellum red; scape, tegule, the front and

430 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

middle legs and the long abdominal petiole, yellow ; hind legs, except the femora,
ferruginous, the femora black ; body of abdomen black.
Brazil: Chapada, in November. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS FLAVOBASALIS, sp. noy.

Female-—Length 3 mm. Mostly red; the head, the pleura and the metanotum
black ; scape, front and middle legs, hind tarsi and basal half of abdomen, including
the petiole, pale yellowish; hind legs, except tarsi, pale ferruginous, the femora
darker than the coxee.

Brazil: Chapada. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS JANEIROENSIS, Sp. Noy.

Female-—Length 3.5mm. Black, punctate ; a line on hind orbits, a dot at sum-
mit of eyes, a short line on the front orbits, two approximate spots on the middle of
the pronotum posteriorly, the lateral margin of same and two dots before, two dots
on the middle mesothoracie lobe, three dots of the lateral lobes, and the lateral mar-
gins of the scutellum, yellow or yellowish-red ; knees, tips of tibize and beneath, and
all tarsi, yellow ; hind legs mostly black, the hind femora with a minute spot above
and two irregular spots at apex, yellow; hind tibize yellow with a black ring near
the middle. The abdomen polished black except two yellowish-white spots on dor-
sum of the third segment.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, in August. One specimen. ‘This species is allied to S.
nigrita Howard, described from St. Vincent.

SPILOCHALCIS FLAVOORBITALIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 7.5 mm. Black, coarsely punctate ; irregular marks on vertex,
the front and hind orbits, face below antennze, dorsum of pronotum, except a black
spot at sides, the margins of the middle mesothoracic lobe, a spot at the outer basal
angle of the lateral lobes, the tegule, a spot in front and a spot beneath, two large,
oblique, nearly confluent spots at base of scutellum and the ridge at apex, two spots
on metathorax, the front and middle legs, except coxe, more or less of their femora
yellow ; the hind legs are mostly black, the coxe striped with yellow beneath and
above, the femora margined with yellow at base and above, and with a curved yel-
low mark outwardly, starting a little beyond the middle and extending to the apex ;
the hind tibiee are yellowish outwardly from basal third. The abdomen above is
mostly black, banded with yellow, the petiole and the basal half of the second seg-
ment being yellow, the following dorsal segments more or less distinctly banded
with yellow basally.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 431

SPILOCHALCIS PERSIMILIS, sp. Nov.

Male.—Length 6.5mm. Black, coarsely punctate ; orbits, cheeks, pronotum, ex-
cept in front, spots on each side, the margins of the middle mesothoracic lobe, a line
on the outer margin of the lateral lobes, two large nearly confluent spots towards
apex of scutellum, metathorax, except at base above, tegulee, a spot on mesopleura
at insertion of the hind wings, front and middle legs, except coxee, the petiole of ab-
domen and the basal half of the second abdominal segment, yellow. The hind legs
are broken off and cannot be described. Wings hyaline, with a fuscous spot or
cloud enclosing the apex of the stigmal vein ; veins dark brown.

Brazil: Chapada. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS UNIMACULATA, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 4.5 mm. Black and yellow, punctate. Head yellow, the
occiput, a large spot on the forehead and the scrobes black ; thorax black, the pro-
notum above, the margins of the middle mesothoracic lobe, the outer margins of
the lateral lobes, the scutellum except a central black spot, the axille except a spot
at base, the tegule, a spot beneath, spots on pleura above, and a transverse spot on
each side of the metathorax nearly confluent, yellow; legs yellow, the hind coxze
with a black spot at base beneath and a black or fuscous streak or spot above; the
-hind femora on outer face are mostly yellow but with a black spot above towards
apex, a black streak beneath and a black spot beyond it at apex; the inner face is
mostly black with a large yellow spot towards apex. ‘Wings hyaline, with a fuscous
spot at apex of the stigmal vein.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. ‘Two specimens.

SPILOCHALCIS PERPLEXA, sp. noy.

Female.—Length 5mm. Head yellow, the occiput, vertex and scrobes black ;
thorax black marked with yellow, the pronotum yellow, the front face and a small
area on each side of dorsum black ; middle mesothoracic lobe marginal with yellow,
the lateral lobes margined with yellow outwardly at base and along the inner margin
at base; scutellum yellow, with a black central spot, the axillee with a small black
_ spot at base; pleura mostly yellow with two black spots, the metathorax yellow
except a black spot at base; legs yellow, the hind coxe with a black spot above
toward base, the femoral teeth small, black, the hind tibize with a black line beneath ;
abdomen conically pointed, a little longer than the head and thorax united, the
petiole yellow, a little more than thrice as long as thick, the body of abdomen red-
dish-yellow, the sheaths of the ovipositor black, the first segment with a yellowish
spot at each side near base, the second and following segments marked with yellow

432 : MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

at the sides and along the venter. Wings hyaline, with a fuscous spot or cloud from
the apex of the stigmal vein; veins brownish.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS IMITATOR, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 5mm. Stature and form of S. perplewa, but differing in color
of thorax, hind legs and abdomen. ‘The parapsidal sutures are black, the middle
mesothoracic lobe has a black line down the center, the lateral lobes are reddish,
broadly margined with yellow, the scutellum is yellow, with a large central black
spot, the hind coxve have only a faint trace of the black spot above, while the body
of the abdomen except the sheaths of the ovipositor, is entirely pale ferruginous,
without the yellow marks; otherwise it is scarcely distinguishable from 8S. perplexa.

Brazil: Chapada, in August. One specimen.

. SPILOCHALCIS SIMILLIMA, Sp. nov.

Female.—Length 5mm. Stature and form as in the two previous species but
differing in color. Yellow, the occiput, the parapsidal furrows, the pronotal suture,
a short median line on the middle mesothoracic lobe posteriorly, and the sheaths
of the ovipositor, black ; the scutellum has a dark line down the center; the hind
coxe, except at the extreme apex, are wholly yellow.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS CHAPADZ, sp. nov.

Male.—Length 3.8 mm. Yellow; legs and flagellum brown; middle meso-
thoracic lobe anteriorly and the tip of the metathorax black or dusky, the hind
coxee above reddish or ferruginous ; abdomen ferruginous, the body oblong oval,
with some fuscous or blackish stains or marks at sides toward apex, the petiole
longer than the metathorax. Wings hyaline, with a fuscous cloud from the apex of
the stigmal vein.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

This may be the male of S. wmatator.

SPILOCHALCIS ALBOMACULATA, Sp. nov.

Female—Length 7 mm. Head black, with the hind and front orbits, the
clypeus, the face, the mandibles, except teeth, and the scape, yellowish-white ;
thorax black, with the dorsum of pronotum, margins of the middle mesothoracic
lobe, the outer margins of the lateral lobes, two large spots on scutellum, nearly
confluent at apex, and the depression on each side of the metathorax, yellowish-
white; petiole of abdomen and front and middle legs, yellowish-white ; body of

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 433

abdomen conic-ovate, the basal half pale ferruginous, the apical half black; hind
legs mostly black, the hind coxee reddish at base above, the hind femora with three
large whitish spots, the tibiee black or brown-black, the tarsi white.

Brazil: Corumba, in May. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS SANTAREMA, sp. Nov.

Female.—Length 4mm. Head mostly yellow, the occiput black, the vertex
brownish at the middle; flagellum black ; thorax black beneath and at apex, the
pronotum yellow, the mesonotum reddish or reddish-brown, the lobes margined
with yellow, the middle lobe blackish down the center, the scutellum black mayr-
gined with yellow; body of abdomen ovate, ferruginous, the petiole yellow and
about thrice as long as thick, the sheaths of the ovipositor black; the front and
middle legs are entirely yellow, the hind legs are mostly black, their femora with a
large yellow spot at the upper outer angle and a small spot beneath it, their tibie
narrowly black or dark fuscous at base and at apical third, while the tarsi are yel-
low. Wings hyaline, the veins brown-black.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS ERYTHROGASTER, Sp. Nov. /

Female—Length 5.5 mm. Black, coarsely punctate ; orbits, face below insertion
of antennee, the dorsum of pronotum, the margins of the middle mesothoracic lobe,:
the lateral lobes outwardly, the tegulee, two large spots on the scutellum, a spot en-
closing the metathoracic spiracles, the short abdominal petiole, and the front and
middle legs, yellow ; the hind legs are mostly black, the tarsi, a spot at base of coxze
above and three spots on hind femora, yellow ; body of abdomen ovate, rufous, the
sheaths of the ovipositor black. Wings hyaline, the veins brown-black.

Brazil: Chapada and Santarem. Two specimens.

SPILOCHALCIS FLAVOAXILLARIS, Sp. Nov.

Female—Length 7.5 mm. Black, coarsely punctate; orbits a A-shaped mark
on the face below the insertion of the antennee, the clypeus, the dorsum of the pro-
notum, except a line at the sides, the margins of the middle mesothoracic lobe, the
outer margins of the lateral lobes, a line across the base of the scutellum and the
axilla, yellow; the abdomen, except the petiole, the base of the second segment, a
band at the base of the third and fourth segments which are black, is mostly yellow ;
the front and middle legs are yellowish and ferruginous marked with black, the
hind legs black and yellow; the hind coxee are black with a small yellow spot at
apex and a yellow stripe above, the hind femora are yellow with a black line at

434 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

base, the outer face with a triangular black spot on basal half and a curved black
line at apex; the inner face has two large black bands or stripes. Wings hyaline,
with a yellowish tinge, the veins pale ferruginous.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS MARGINATA, sp. nov.

Female—Length 5 mm. Head, except the occiput and the scrobes which are
black, yellow ; flagellum black ; dorsum of pronotum, except a small black spot on
each side, the margins of the middle mesothoracic lobe and a small spot anteriorly,
the outer margins of the lateral lobes, the scutellum except a large central black
spot, the metathorax except a central black stripe, the tegule, a spot beneath, and
the margins of the metapleura, yellow; legs mostly yellowish-white, the hind coxee
with a large black spot above, the hind femora with three black spots on outer face,
a small spot above towards apex and a single spot on the inner face, black. Abdo-
men yellow, the dorsal segments banded with black.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS TUBERCULATA, Sp. nov.

Female.—Length 4 mm. Yellow; eyes and flagellum brown; lobes of meso-
thorax black margined with yellow ; a spot on scutellum at base, a spot on metano-
tum and the pleura black. The abdomen is conic-ovate, ferruginous, the petiole
yellow and about thrice as long as thick. The hind femora are armed with nine-
teen or twenty minute teeth beneath and have a black or brownish spot at apex.
The face is armed with a very long tubercle, which originates from the ridge be-
tween the insertion of the antenne.

Brazil: Chapada, in January. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS BIDENTATA, Sp. Noy.

Female.-—Length 6.5 mm. Black, coarsely punctate; orbits, the face below
the insertion of the antenne, the scape beneath, the apex of flagellum, the pro-
thorax, except a spot on each side of the front face of the pronotum, the mar-
gins of the middle mesothoracic lobe at sides and base and the outer and basal
margins of the lateral lobes, a band all around the scutellum, the metathorax, and
the upper part of the mesopleura, yellow ; legs mostly yellow, the hind legs marked
with black, the hind tibize with a black annulus at base and another one near the
middle. The abdomen is yellowish or pale ferruginous, the dorsal segments, three
and beyond, more or less blackish or fuscous.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 435

SPILOCHALCIS MACULATA, sp. Novy.

Female.—Length 6.5 mm. Black, coarsely punctate ; orbits, a line connecting
the ocelli, face below antenne, cheeks, the scape, the dorsum of pronotum, except a
triangular black spot at basal lateral angles, the margins of the middle mesotho-
racic lobe, the outer margins of the lateral lobes, the scutellum except a central
black line, the metathorax except a transverse line at base, the tegulee, a spot beneath,
the anterior margin of the mesopleura, a large spot on the side of the metapleura
and the legs, except the hind femora, yellow; the hind femora have a large black
spot toward base, a black spot at apex beneath, and a black spot above toward apex.
The abdomen is short ovate, banded with black, the petiole about four times as
long as thick.

Brazil: Chapada, in December. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS HEMPELI Sp. noy.

Female.—Length 8.5 mm. Head, except the occiput and the scrobes, which are
black, yellow; scape and apex of the flagellum yellow, the first five joints of the
funicle black ; prothorax, except the front face, the margins of the middle meso-
thoracic lobe, the lateral margins of the lateral lobes, the scutellum except a large
oblong, central black spot, the metathorax, except a narrow, central black line, the
sides of the thorax and the legs, except the minute black teeth on the hind femora
and a black stripe on the hind tibize beneath, yellow. The abdomen is conically pro-
duced, longer than the head and thorax united, the eighth segment being styliform,
the petiole very short transverse ; it is yellowish with dorsal segments three to six
more or less dusky or fuscous basally and appearing banded, when viewed from
above.

Male-—Length 5.4mm. Differs from the female in the shape of the abdomen
which is long oval, the petiole being about four times as long as thick, the dorsal
segments not banded, while the hind femora have a large black spot on inner face
near the upper margin.

Brazil: Santarem.

Named in honor of Mr. Adolph Hempel.

SPILOCHALCIS DEYVIA, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 6 mm. Yellow; a spot on vertex extending on to the occiput,
and a line in the antennal depression, black ; flagellum brown at base but becoming
fulvous from the third joint; thorax mostly yellow but marked with black as fol-
lows: The prothorax is yellow with a small black spot on each side above and a
large transverse black band on the front face or the declivity ; the middle meso-

436 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

thoracic lobe is black broadly margined with yellow, the lateral lobes black marked
with yellow along the outer sides; the scutellum is yellow with a large, triangular,
central black spot, and a transverse black line at base, dilated on the axille ; the
metathorax has a transverse black line at base. The abdomen is fusiform, pale fer-
ruginous, except the petiole, the dorsum with four or five brownish bands, the
sheaths of the ovipositor black ; the petiole is yellow and about five times as long
as thick. The hind femora are armed with thirteen or fourteen black teeth, while
the hind tibize have a black spot on the outer face near the middle.
Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS NIGROPLEURALIS, sp. nov.

Female-—Length 4.3 mm. Lemon-yellow, marked with black as follows: The
occiput and a small spot in front of the lateral ocelli black ; flagellum black ; pro-
notum with a small spot on each side and a large median spot on the decliv-
ity or front face, black ; mesothorax black, the lobes margined with yellow, the
middle lobe also with a small yellow spot anteriorly ; scutellum yellow, with a
transverse line across the base, dilated on the axille, and a wedge-shaped central
spot, black ; basal suture of metathorax, the pleuree, except spots beneath the inser-
tion of the wings, black; the body of the abdomen is short, subovate, the dorsal
segments two to seven medially more or less black; all the legs are yellow but
marked with black as follows: The hind coxee at apex, the trochanters, two large
spots on the outer and inner face of hind femora and the base of the hind tibiee, are
black.

Male.—Length 4mm. Colored and marked nearly as in the female, except the
yellow spot on the middle mesothoracic lobe is greatly enlarged and divides the -
black into two parts, while the pleurse, except the femoral furrow, are yellow.

West Indies: Trinidad ; Brazil : Chapada.

SPILOCHALCIS CORUMBICOLA, Sp. noy.

Male—Length 6 mm. Lemon-yellow; occiput, scrobes and the scape above,
black ; flagellum brown-black, fulyous beneath ; pronotum with a median spot on
the front face and a small spot on the dorsum opposite the parapsidal furrows, black ;
mesothoracic lobes black margined with yellow, the middle lobe also with a yellow
median spot; scutellum with a transverse black line at base and a narrow black
line down the center; hind femora with a small rounded spot on outer and inner
face and the minute teeth, about fourteen, black. The body of the abdomen is oval,
mostly ferruginous, the dorsal segments tinged with fuscous basally, while the petiole
is yellow and about twice as long as thick.

Brazil: Corumba, in April. One specimen.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 437

SPILOCHALUIS MULLERI, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 0 mm. Yellow, the occiput black, the black extending forward
on the vertex and enclosing the ocelli; flagellum brown-black basally, the four or
five apical joints fulvous; mesothoracic lobes black broadly margined with yellow,
the black on the middle lobe with usually a central yellow spot; scutellum with a
central black line and a black line across the base. The abdomen is elongate
lanceolate or fusiformly pointed, longer than the head and thorax united, the eighth
segment long, styliform, the petiole very short, transverse.

Brazil: Santarem. ‘Three specimens.

Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Fritz Miiller.

SPILOCHALCIS HOWARDI, sp. nov.

Temale.—Length 7 mm. Yellow; the occiput, scrobes, a broad median line ex-
tending from the insertion of the antennee forwards to the mandibles, the 3-dentate
mandibles, the antennse, a median band on the middle mesothoracic lobe widened
anteriorly, a large spot on the lateral lobes, a central line on the scutellum, the
femoral furrow on the mesopleura and anteriorly, the lower part of metapleura, the
depression on each side of the metanotum, spots on front and middle coxe, a large
spot on the hind coxee at base beneath, their apices, the abdominal petiole and bands
on the dorsal abdominal segments, black. The body of the abdomen is fusiformly
pointed, blackish at apex, the about three times as long as thick. ‘The hind femora
are armed with about twenty small teeth.

Brazil: Chapada, in November. One specimen.
Named in honor of Dr. L. O. Howard.

SPILOCHALCIS INSULARIS, sp. nov.

Male-—Length 5 mm. Yellow; a spot on occiput, a median spot on the front
face of the pronotum, the sutures of the mesothoracic lobes, a line down the center
of the middle lobe, a spot on the lateral lobes, a central line on the scutellum, a
median line on the metanotum, the front margin of the mesopleura, a stripe on hind
coxee beneath and above, and three or four bands on the dorsal abdominal segments,
black. The hind femora are armed with about twenty minute, black teeth.

West Indies: Trinidad.

SPILOCHALCIS TRINIDADENSIS, sp. nov.
Female—Length 9 mm. Yellow; a spot on the occiput, the scrobes, the an-
tenn, except the scape beneath, a median line on front face of the pronotum, the
sutures of the mesothoracic lobes, a central line on the middle lobe, a large spot on

438 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

the lateral lobes, a central line on the scutellum, a median line on the metathorax, a
spot on the mesosternum anteriorly, the femoral furrow on the mesopleura, a stripe
on the hind coxe above, and six bands on dorsum of abdomen, black. The abdo-
men is fusiformly pointed, a little longer than the head and thorax united, the petiole
short, not longer than thick. The hind femora are armed with from twenty to
twenty-two minute teeth.

West Indies: Trinidad. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS INCONGRUA, Sp. Nov.

Male.—Length 6 mm. Yellow, with black markings very nearly as in S.
trinidadensis but with the following differences: The metathorax is without the
median black line, the antennz are wholly yellow, except the flagellum above, the
hind coxee have a small black spot above, while their extreme apices, including the
first joint of the trochanters, are black; the hind femora have two black spots on
outer face, one near the middle, the other at the apex and are armed with sixteen
to seventeen small, black teeth ; the hind tibize are entirely yellow.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS MAYRI, sp. noy.

Female.—Length 5.5 mm. Yellow ; occiput with a transverse black spot ; flagel-
lum brown-black ; a small median spot on front face of pronotum, the parapsidal
furrows, a transverse line on the anterior margin of the middle mesothoracic lobe
and a longitudinal line down the center, a small spot on each lateral lobe, a median
line on the scutellum, a line in the mesopleural furrow and a spot on the hind coxee
above black.

The abdomen is long, lanceolate, about twice as long as the head and thorax
united, the petiole very short transverse, the dorsal segments more or less banded
with fuscous, the terminal segment styliform. The hind femora are armed with one
large tooth, followed by fourteen or fifteen minute teeth.

Brazil : Chapada, in May. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS TIMIDA, sp. nov.

Female-—Length 4 mm. Yellow, with the black markings much as in S. in-
congrua but with the following differences: The flagellum is wholly black, the hind
coxee have the apices alone black, the hind femora have two black spots and
are armed with about seventeen small black teeth, while the hind tibie are black
at base.

Brazil : Corumba, in April.

ASHMEAD ; CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 439

SPILOCHALCIS BIANNULATA, Sp. nov.

Female.-—Length 5.5mm. Yellow, with the black markings much as in S.
tumida, but differing as follows: The black lines on the middle mesothoracic lobe
form an anchor-shaped mark \L, the scutellum has an acute wedge-shaped black
spot at apex, the hind femora have a large, irregular, black spot at basal third and
a small black spot at apex below, while the hind tibiz have two black rings, one at
base, the other near the middle. The abdominal petiole is rather slender and four
or more times longer than thick, the body of abdomen being ovate, black at apex
and with some fuscous stains on the dorsal segments.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS MEDIUS, sp. noy.

Female—Length 4 mm. Yellow, with black markings much as S. timida, but
differing as follows: The black central line on the middle mesothoracic lobe is only
slightly dilated, the spots on the lateral lobes are smaller, nearly round and do not
touch the parapsidal furrow as in S. timida, the hind femora have only a small black
spot at apex and are armed with seventeen or eighteen minute black teeth, while
the body of the abdomen is conic-ovate, black at tip, the petiole not slender, about
thrice as long as thick.

Brazil: Corumba, in March. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS CAMERONT, sp. noy.

Female—Length 4.5 mm... Yellow, with the black markings much as in 8S.
medius, only the middle mesothoracic lobe has besides the median black line two
other lines anteriorly, between the parapsidal furrows and the median line, that
extend to the middle of the lobe; the hind femora have a black spot at base and a
black spot at apex and are armed with about sixteen small black teeth ; while the
abdomen is conically pointed, blackish at apex, the dorsal segments stained with
fuscous near the sutures, the petiole being about twice as long as thick.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS ENOCKI, sp. nov.

Female-—Length 5.75 mm. Yellow, with black markings as follows: The
sutures of the mesonotum, a central line on the middle mesothoracie lobe, an oblong
spot on the lateral lobes, a central line on the scutellum, a stripe on front margin of
the mesosternum and a spot or line in the mesopleural furrow, are black ; legs im-
maculate, the hind femora armed with about seventeen minute teeth, the teeth
tipped with black ; abdomen fusiformly pointed, the sheaths of the ovipositor black,

440 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

the dorsal segments more or less stained with fuscous, the petiole being about twice
as long as thick.

West Indies: Trinidad.

Named in honor of Mr. Frederick Enock.

SPILOCHALCIS FUSIFORMIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 6.5mm. Yellow, with black markings as follows: The parap-
sidal furrows, the suture at base of the scutellum, a median line on the scutellum,
a central line on the middle mesothoracic lobe and two additional short lines ante-
riorly, one on each side of the central line, that extend to nearly half the length of
the lobe, and a spot at base of the metanotum, black ; flagellum brown-black above.
The abdomen is elongate, fusiform, or lanceolate, as seen from the side, and longer
than the head and the thorax united; the sheaths of the ovipositor alone being
black ; the petiole is very short, wider than long. The legs are immaculate, the
hind femora being armed with about seventeen small black or black-tipped teeth.

Brazil: Porto Branca. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS URICHI, sp. nov.

Male—Length 4mm. Yellow marked with black as follows: The occiput, a
central line on the middle mesothoracic lobe that is connected with a transyerse line
along the front margin, a large oblong spot on the lateral lobes, a line across the
base of the scutellum and a wedge-shaped spot at apex, a spot in the mesopleural
furrow, apex of hind coxe, the base of hind femora, an oblong spot on disk of outer
face and a spot at apex, and the hind tibiz, except a broad yellow annulus, black.

‘The hind femora are armed with about twenty-five minute black teeth.

West Indies: Trinidad.

Named in honor of Mr. F. W. Urich.

SPILOCHALCIS AXILLARIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 4mm. Yellow marked with black as follows: The occiput, a
spot on front face of pronotum, a broad central black line on the middle mesothora-
cic lobe, not quite extending to the anterior margin, a small spot on each side of
this line anteriorly, a large oblong spot on the lateral lobes, a large spot at apex of

the scutellum, the sutures at base and the axille, a spot at base of metathorax, a
line in the mesopleural furrow, the apex of the hind coxe, a spot at apex of hind
femora, the apical third of hind tibize and some spots on the dorsum of abdomen,
black,

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 441

The flagellum is black or brown-black, the scape and pedicel being yellow. The
abdomen is conic-ovate, the petiole being about five times as long as thick. The
hind femora are armed with seventeen small teeth.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS TRILINEATA, Sp. Nov.

-Female.—Length 5.5 mm. Yellow; a short line on the middle of the occiput, a
large spot on the front face of the pronotum, a central line on the middle mesotho-
racic lobe connected with a transverse line anteriorly, an abbreviated line on the
inner margins of the lateral lobes, a median line on the scutellum, and a line across
the base, black. The hind femora are armed with seventeen or eighteen minute
teeth. The abdomen is conic-ovate, the petiole being more than five times as long
as thick.

Brazil: Santarem.
SPILOCHALCIS MARSHALLI, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 6.5-7 mm. Yellow; a line on scape above, the flagellum, a
transverse spot at apex of the scutellum and a transverse line across the base, an
abbreviated line along the inner margin of the lateral lobes of the mesonotum, a
median line the entire length of the middle lobe, and two triangular spots on the
anterior margin (one on each side of the median line), black. The abdomen is fusi-
form, the middle dorsal segments more or less blackish, or stained with fuscous, the
base and apex, except the sheaths of the ovipositor, always yellow, the petiole being
about twice as long as thick. The legs are immaculate, the hind femora armed
with one large tooth, followed by about fifteen minute black teeth.

Male.—Length, 4-4.5 mm. Agrees in color with the female, but the body of
the abdomen is long ovate, the petiole being a little more than three times as long
as thick, while the basal tooth of the hind femora is followed by eighteen or nine-
teen minute black teeth.

West Indies: Trinidad. One female and three male specimens.

Named in honor of Rey. T. A. Marshall.

SPILOCHALCIS MORLEYI, sp. nov.

Female—Length 5.5 mm. Yellow; a line on scape above towards the apex, the
flagellum, a clavate, central spot on the scutellum connected with a transverse line
at base, a line along the inner margins of the lateral mesothoracic lobes, a clavate
median line on the middle lobe that is connected with a transverse line anteriorly,
a small spot in the mesopleural furrow, the apex of hind coxe, a spot at apex of
hind femora, and two or three bands on the dorsum of the abdomen, black. The
abdomen is short ovate, or subglobose, the petiole being a little more than three

4492 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

times as long as thick. The hind femora are armed with seventeen or eighteen
minute teeth.

Brazil: Bahia. Taken by Mr. Albert Koebele, March 19, 1883. Named in
honor of Mr. Claude Morley.

SPILOCHALCIS APICALIS, sp. noy.

Female—Length 4mm. Yellow; the apical half of the flagellum, a spot on the
occiput, a spot on front face of the pronotum, a transverse spot at apex and a trans-
verse line at base of scutellum, a median line the entire length of the middle meso-
thoracic lobe, a central black spot on the metathorax, the extreme tips of hind coxee ;
and a spot at apex of hind femora, black. 'The abdomen is conic-ovate, the sheaths
of ovipositor black, the petiole being at least three times as long as thick. The hind
femora are armed with one large acute tooth, followed by twelve minute black teeth.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. -One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS UNILINEATA, sp. nov. :

Female.—Length 6.5 to 7mm. Yellow; the flagellum, a small spot on the oc-
ciput, a dot on front face of pronotum, a central line on the middle mesothoracic
lobe, a transverse line at base of scutellum and a transverse spot at apex, and a spot
at apex of hind femora, black. The abdomen is fusiformly pointed, longer than the
head and thorax united, the apex and the sheaths of the ovipositor black, the petiole
being more than three times as long as thick. The hind femora are armed with one
large tooth, followed by about eighteen minute black teeth.

West Indies : Trinidad.

SPILOCHALCIS LINEOCOXALIS, sp. DOV.

Female.—Length 4 mm. Yellow; the occiput in part, a line along the malar
suture, teeth of mandibles, the flagellum above, a short line on the front face of the
pronotum, a small spot at the apex of the scutellum, a longitudinal median line
anteriorly and a transverse line at base, a median longitudinal line on the middle
mesothoracic lobe and a line across the anterior margin, a line between the pro- and
mesosternum, the mesopleural furrow, the metasternum, a stripe on hind coxee be-
neath and bands on the dorsum of the abdomen, black. The abdomen is fusiform,
the petiole about, or nearly, three times as long as thick. The hind femora are
armed with a moderately large tooth followed by about twelve minute black teeth.

Brazil: Corumba, in May. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS FULLERI, sp. noy.

Female.—Length 7mm. Yellow; a transverse spot on occiput, the flagellum, a
triangular spot at apex of scutellum and three triangular spots at base, an oblong

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 443

spot on the lateral lobes of the mesothorax, two lines on the middle lobe anteriorly
for about two thirds its length, a spot at apex of hind coxe above, a spot at apex of
hind femora and the sheaths of the ovipositor, black. ‘The abdomen is fusiform,
longer than the head and thorax united, the petiole being only twice as long as
thick. The hind femora are armed with one large tooth, followed by about sixteen
minute black teeth.

West Indies: Trinidad. One specimen.

Named in honor of Mr. Claude Fuller.

SPILOCHALCIS CORUMBENSIS, Sp. nO.

Female.—Length 9 mm. Yellow; the occiput, the flagellum, a minute dot
towards apex of the scutellum, the suture across its base, a spot on the lateral lobes
of the mesothorax, a loop on the middle lobe anteriorly, a small spot in the meso-
pleural furrow, and the extreme apex of hind coxe, black.

The abdomen is fusiformly pointed, longer than the head and thorax united,
the petiole very short, transverse. The hind femora are armed with fourteen or
fifteen minute teeth.

Brazil: Corumba, in April. One specimen.

. SPILOCHALCIS CHAPADA, sp. noy.

Female—Length 4.3 mm. Yellow; the occiput, scrobes, flagellum, a median
longitudinal line on scutellum and the suture at base, a broad line along the inner
margins of the lateral mesothoracic lobes, a loop connected with a short median line
from the base of the scutellum, on the middle lobe, the mesopleural furrow, the
apex of the hind coxze, a small oblong spot on disk of the outer face of the hind
femora and a spot at apex, and most of the body of the abdomen, black.

The abdomen is conic-ovate, the petiole at least thrice as long as thick. The
hind femora are armed with fourteen or fifteen minute black teeth.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS BRANCENSIS, sp. nov.

Female—Length 6 mm. Colored and marked very nearly as in S. chapade, ex-
cept that the black spots on the lateral lobes of the mesothorax are shorter, the scu-
tellum has a wedge-shaped black spot at the middle, the hind coxe have a rounded
spot above, while the hind femora have two black spots.

Structurally, however, there is no resemblance: The head in front is deeply
semicircularly emarginate for the reception of the antenne ; the antenne are sepa-
rated at base by a sharp carina or spine; the hind coxe are not nearly so long ; the

444 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

hind femora are armed with sixteen or seventeen small black teeth; while the
abdomen is subglobose, the dorsal segments stained with black or piceous, the petiole
about three times as long as thick.

Brazil: Porto Branca. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS VAGABUNDA, Sp. nov.

Female—Length 7.5 mm. Yellow, the head and thorax marked with black as
in S. brancensis but structurally it is quite different: The head is broader, not
deeply semicircularly emarginate in front; the abdomen is conically pointed, longer
than the head and thorax united, the sheaths of the ovipositor black, the petiole
short, not longer than thick ; some of the dorsal segments are more or less banded
with brown or black; the hind coxee have a black spot at apex, their femora have
a black line at base and along the lower or serrate edge, the same being connected
with an arcuate black mark on the outer face and a spot at apex. The hind femora
are armed with about eighteen minute black teeth.

Brazil : Santarem.
SPILOCHALCIS LANCEOLATA, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 5.5 mm. Colored and marked with black much as in S. vag-
abunda, except that the pleura are immaculate, the hind femora have a black spot
only at apex and are armed with only fourteen minute black teeth. It also differs
decidedly in the shape of the abdomen, which is long, lanceolate, the petiole being
much longer, at least three times as long as thick.

Brazil : Santarem.
SPILOCHALCIS VAU, Sp. nov.

Female.—Length 5 mm. Yellow; a spot on the occiput, a V-shaped mark on
the middle mesothoracic lobe anteriorly, not connected with a black line posteriorly,
a spot on each lateral lobe, a line across the base of the scutellum and an abbrevi-
ated longitudinal line on the disk, a line in the mesopleural furrow, an oblong mark
on the outer face of the hind femora, the abdominal petiole, and bands on dorsal
segments of the abdomen, black ; scape and pedicel wholly yellow (flagellum broken
off). The abdomen is ovate, the petiole being long, about six times as long as thick.
The hind femora are armed with about fifteen minute black teeth.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS INCOMPLETA, sp. nov.
Female.—Length 6.0 mm. Yellow: marked with black as in S. vaw, only the
loop on the middle mesothoracic lobe is open, posteriorly and there is a black line
extending from it to the base of the scutellum, the scape has a black line above, the

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 445

flagellum being wholly black, the hind coxee have a small black spot near the mid-
dle above, the hind femora have a minute spot on the middle of the disk and a black
spot at base and apex.

The abdomen is conically pointed, longer than the head and thorax united, the
sheaths of the ovipositor and a slender band at base of dorsal segments 3 to 7, black ;
the petiole is hardly longer than thick. The hind femora are armed with one mod-
erate sized tooth, followed by about eighteen minute black teeth.

Brazil : Corumba, in May. — One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS PERSIMILIS, sp. nov.

Female—Length 4mm. Yellow; the thorax marked with black as in previous
species, except that the loop is complete, not interrupted before uniting with the
median black line posteriorly ; the hind coxee and femora are immaculate.

The abdomen is conic-ovate, not so long nor so pointed as in previous species, the
dorsal segments four to seven brownish or blackish, the petiole being three times as
long as thick. The hind femora are armed with about fifteen minute black teeth.

Brazil : Corumba, in April. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS HOLLANDI, sp. noy.

Female.—Length 0.5mm. Yellow; the occiput, a line on the scrobes enclosing
the front ocellus, a line on the scape above, the flagellum, two median lines on the
front face of the pronotum and a line on each side of the dorsum, two broad lines
on the middle mesothoracic lobe anteriorly, a spot on the lateral lobes, three trian-
cular spots at base of scutellum, the middle one being connected with a central line
that extends to and terminates in a spot at the apex of the scutellum, a large
rounded spot at base of hind coxee above, the apex of hind coxee, a spot at apex of
hind femora, the extreme base of hind tibize and an annulus at the middle, all
black.

The abdomen is conically produced, longer than the head and thorax united,
the petiole only about twice as long as thick. The hind femora are armed with one
large tooth, followed by about eighteen minute teeth.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Named in honor of Dr. W. J. Holland.

SPILOCHALCIS CORUMBZ, sp. nov.
Female—Length 7.5 to8 mm. Yellow, marked with black as in S. hollandi ex-
cept that the spots at base and apex of scutellum are not connected by a central
black line, the hind cox being without the spot at base above, while the apical seg-

446 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

ment of the abdomen is wholly black, the petiole being hardly longer than thick-
The hind femora are armed with one large tooth followed by fifteen or sixteen
minute black teeth.

Brazil: Corumba; Porto Branea; West Indies: Trinidad.

SPILOCHALCIS PARAGUAYENSIS, Sp. nov.

Male.—Length 6mm. Yellow, marked with black asin S. corwmbz, except that
the scutellum has a slender black line across the base and a triangular spot at apex ;
the hind coxee have the apex black ; the hind femora have black spot at apex as in
S. corumbx, but a large tooth is followed by seventeen or eighteen minute black
teeth. The abdomen is fusiform, the petiole being three times as long as thick.

Paraguay: Villeta. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS DIMIDIATA, Sp. nov.

Male.—Length 4.5 mm. Yellow; a spot on occiput, the ocelli, a small spot on
each side of the dorsum of the pronotum, a quadrate spot at the base of the middle
mesothoracic lobe, just in front of the scutellum, and two short longitudinal lines
anteriorly, a spot on the lateral lobes, a triangular spot at apex of the scutellum, and
the apical half of the abdomen, black. The body of the abdomen is ovate, the
petiole being long, a little more than four times longer than thick. The hind fem-
ora are armed with sixteen or seventeen minute; black teeth.

Brazil: Chapada, in October. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS MERIDIONALIS, sp. nov.

Female.-—Length 4 mm. Yellow; the occiput, the flagellum, two triangular
spots on the anterior margin of the middle mesothoracic lobe, a faint dot on the
lateral lobes, the axillee anda spot at base of scutellum, a median line on the meta-
notum and its apex, the extreme apex of hind coxe, a spot at apex of hind fem-
ora, and the sheaths of the ovipositor, black.

The abdomen is conic-ovate, the petiole being a little more than three times as
long as thick; the dorsal segments are more or less stained with brown or fuscous.

The hind femora are armed with one large acute tooth, followed by thirteen or
fourteen smaller teeth, those near the apex being very minute.

West Indies: Trinidad. One specimen.

SPILOCHALCIS TRIPUNCTATA, Sp. noy.
Male.—Length 3.5 mm. Yellow; a spot on the occiput, the flagellum above, the
sutures surrounding the middle mesothoracic lobe, a minute spot on the disk of
the lateral lobes, an elongate spot on the middle of the middle lobe, a delicate longi-

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 447

tudinal line down the center of the scutellum, a line in the mesopleural furrow, and
a spot on the outer face of hind coxee, near the middle, black.

The abdomen is conic-ovate, the dorsal segments narrowly banded with brown
at base, the petiole hardly more than twice longer than thick. The hind femora
are armed with about fourteen minute black teeth.

Type.—Cat. No. 7317 U.S. N. M.

Brazil: Bonito Prov. Pernambuco (Mr. Albert Koebele).

; SPILOCHALCIS BIPUNCTATA, sp. Nov.

Female.—Length 5.5mm. Yellow; immaculate, except two black spots on the
mesothorax (a spot on each lateral lobe) and two spots on the hind femora ; flagel-
lum brown. ‘The abdomen is subglobose, the petiole short, hardly as long as wide.
The hind femora are armed with ten or eleven small teeth. |

Type.—Cat. No. 7318 U.S. N. M.

Brazil: Bonito Prov. Pernambuco (Mr. Albert Koebele).

XANTHOMELANUS Ashmead, gen. nov.
In this genus the metathorax is quadridentate posteriorly, two teeth on each
side of the petiole ; the plate at apex of the scutellum is emarginate or bidentate,
while the hind femora are armed with several large teeth.

XANTHOMELANUS DIMIDIATUS (Fabricius).
(Plate XXXI., Fig. 5.)
Chaleis dimidata Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 160.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 387.
Conwra dumidiata Sichel, Ann. Soe. ent. France (4), V., 1865, pp. 360, 390, 9.
‘ Smicra dimidiata Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., [V., 1872, p. 56, 2.—Dalla Torre,
Catlyvmy Vetses. ip. 36:
Smiera melanoptera Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1861, p. 180, #.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
lalyyan Wen Wkseheh, 05 80).
Brazil: Venezuela; West Indies: Trinidad.

MELANOSMICRA Ashmead, gen. noy.

This genus in having the metathorax quadridentate agrees with Xanthomelanus
but otherwise it is quite distinct. The scutellum is normal, unarmed; the antenne
are long, the scape reaching beyond the ocelli ; while in its abdominal characters it
shows some affinity with Ceratosmicra, only the petiole is not so long as in typical
species. The black color of the head and thorax is characteristic.

448 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

MELANOSMICRA CLAVATA (Fabricius).

Chaleis clavata Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 162.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 387.

Brazil.
MELANOSMICRA IMMACULATA, Sp. Noy.

Male.—Length 5mm. Head and thorax entirely black; scape of antenne, the
front and middle legs, the hind tarsi, and the long abdominal petiole, yellow; body
of abdomen red ; flagellum filiform, brown-black ; while the hind legs, except the
tarsi, are pale ferruginous. as

Brazil: Chapada, in December.

Genus THAUMAPUS Kirby.

THAUMAPUS DECORUS (Walker).

Smiera decora Walker, Notes on Chale., Pt. 3, 1871, p. 54, &%.
Thaumapus decorus Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVIL., 1883, p. 56.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 403.

Brazil.
THAUMAPUS MASUS (Walker).

Smeera masus Walker, The Entom., I., 1841, p. 184, 9 o&%.
Thaumapus masus Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 56.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 408.
Brazil.
THAUMAPUS WALKERI Kirby.
Thaumapus walker Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 74, &.
—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 403.
? Smiera luteipenmis Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1861, p. 173, &.
Brazil: St. Paulo (Mr. Bates).

THAUMAPUS ACUMINATUS, Sp. nov.

Fremale—Length 9 mm. Reddish-yellow; a line on the scape above, the flagel-
lum, a triangular spot at apex of the scutellum and a transverse line at base, a spot
on the lateral mesothoracic lobes, a curved line anteriorly on the middle lobe,
interrupted medially, the extreme apex of the hind coxe, the large femoral teeth,
and some spots on the dorsum of the abdomen, black. The abdomen is long, lan-
ceolate and ends in a long stylus. The hind femora are armed with six large teeth,
the last tooth very large and tricuspidated.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 449

Genus EPINAXUS Kirby.

EpiIn&Zus Dux (Walker).

Smiera dua Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1861, p. 173, 9.
EHpineus dux Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 58.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 395.
Brazil: Para (Bates).

ENNEASMICRA Ashmead, gen. nov.

In this genus the hind femora are armed with nine moderately large teeth and
the scutellum is usually bidentate or emarginate at apex, rarely normal.

ENNEASMICRA EXINANIENS (Walker).

Smiera exinamens Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), IL., 1864, p. 198, Q.
Smicra eananiens Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 377.
Brazil.

ENNEASMICRA CORUMBENSIS, sp. nov.

Female—Length 6.5 mm. Yellow; a spot on the occiput, a small dot on the
middle of the front face of the pronotum, an oblong spot on the inner margin of the
lateral mesothoracic lobes anteriorly, two long triangular spots on the middle lobe
anteriorly and a median line posteriorly, a spot at apex of the scutellum which is
connected with a central line, the mesopleural furrow, a small spot on the hind coxee
near the base, and three spots on the hind femora, black. The abdomen is conic-
ovate, the body brownish or fuscous above, the petiole hardly twice as long as thick
and yellow. The hind femora are armed with nine large, black teeth, the last
two more or less united at base.

Brazil : Corumba in April. One specimen.

ENNEASMICRA INCERTA, Sp. Novy.

Male—Length 7 mm. Reddish golden brown ; the flagellum, a large median
spot on the front face of the pronotum, a transverse spot at apex of the scutellum
and a transverse line at base, both being connected by a central line, a spot on the
lateral mesothoracic lobes, a large triangular spot extending from the anterior mar-
gin of the middle lobe, and a spot at the apex of the metanotum, black. The
abdomen is oblong-oval, the petiole a little more than three times as long as thick,
the dorsal segments tinged with brown. The hind femora are about thrice as long
as wide and armed with nine large, black teeth. |

Brazil: Corumba, in May. One specimen.

450 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Genus PROTOCERAS Kirby.
PROTOCERAS CAUDATUS (Guérin).
Chaleis caudatus Guérin, Iconogr. régn. anim., VII., Insect., 1845, p. 412; T. 6, f. 6.
Protoceras caudatus Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 60.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 370.

Brazil.
PROTOCERAS LEUCOTELUS (Walker).

Smacra leucotelus Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1861, p. 181, Q.
Protoceras leucotelus Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 60.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 370.

Brazil.
OCTOSMICRA Ashmead, gen. nov.

This genus comes near Protoceras Kirby, agreeing with it in having the hind
femora armed with eight large teeth, but differs in haying the parapsidal furrows
distinct, entire; the plate at the apex of the scutellum is emarginate or bidentate,
while the abdomen, in the female, is lanceolate or conically produced, the eighth
segment usually long or styliform.

OCTOSMICRA ATTALICA (Walker).
Smiera attaica Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 1938, 3%.
Snucra attalica Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.
Brazil.

OCTOSMICRA CORRECTA (Walker).
Smiera correcta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 191, Q.
Snicra correcta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.

Brazil.
? OCTOSMICRA REFERATOR (Walker).

Snuera referator Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), L., 1862, p. 347, 9.
Smicra referator Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 381.
Brazil.

OCTOSMICRA NIGROACMULATA, sp. noy.

Male.—Length 8 mm. Yellowish-red ; the scrobes, a dot on face, a dot on the
clypeus, the teeth of mandibles, a spot on middle of the pronotum anteriorly, a large
triangular spot on the middle mesothoracic lobe, a spot on each lateral lobe, a trans-
verse spot at base of the scutellum, another near the apex, a spot at base of the
metanotum connected with a median line, a line along the front margin of the
mesopleura, the femoral furrow, and the flagellum, black. The triangular black
spot on the middle mesothoracic lobe is interrupted by a reddish spot anteriorly.
Wings hyaline, the veins testaceous. The hind femora are armed with eight teeth,

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 451

the teeth tipped with black ; the first or basal tooth is long, acute, the following
triangular, about equal in size.

Brazil: Chapada, in May. One specimen.

OcTOSMICRA TRIMACULATA, Sp. Nov.

Female-—Length 10 mm. Yellowish-red, with a spot on each lateral lobe of meso-
notum and at the apex of the scutellum, black. The body of the abdomen is coni-
cally pointed, the terminal segment styliform, the sheaths of the ovipositor at apex
and the ovipositor, black ; the dorsal segments are stained with brown or blackish
marks. The femoral furrow of the mesopleura has a black spot low down, but
otherwise, except as noted, the thorax is immaculate. The hind femora are as in
O. nigromaculata, except that the teeth, after the first, are not nearly equal in size,
the second tooth being small, the eighth tridentate at apex or tricuspidated, so that
the femora appear as if ten-dentate.

Brazil: Corumba in May. One specimen.

HEPTASMICRA Ashmead, gen. nov.

The hind femora in this genus are armed with seven large teeth, the second
usually reduced in size and sometimes tricuspidate : the abdomen is fusiform or
conically produced, rarely ending in a stylus ; while the mandibles in the female are
bidentate, in the male tridentate.

HEPTASMICRA ADSCITA (Walker).
Smiera adscita Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 193, Q.
Smicra adscita Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.

Brazil.
HEPTASMICRA CAPTIVA (Smith).

Smuera captiva Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), I, 1862, p. 42, 9.
Smiera adaptata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 190, —.
Smicra capiwa Marshall, Ann. Soc. ent. France, LXI., 1892, p. 70; Pl. 4, f. 1.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 374.
Brazil: Maruru, in April; Venezuela: Corozal.

HEPTASMICRA CHYSOMERA (Walker).
Smiera chysomera Walker, Journ. Ent., I., 1861, p. 182, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat.
iiyme, V5, 1898; p. 374.
Brazil: St. Paul (Mr. Bates).

HEPTASMICRA OBLITERATA (Walker).
Snuera obliterata Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1861, p. 175, 2 &.
Smicra obiterata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 380.

452 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Brazil: Santarem ; Chapada; Corumba; Rio de Janeiro.
HEPTASMICRA PERSIMILIS, Sp. Noy.

Female.—Length 11 mm. Reddish-yellow, with black marks asin H. lineati-
coxis, except that the black on the middle mesothoracic lobe is interrupted by a
reddish-yellow spot anteriorly, the hind coxe being immaculate, while the dorsal
abdominal segments are banded with black.

The body of the abdomen is much larger and longer than in H. lineaticoais, the
petiole being about five times as long as thick.
Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

HEPTASMICRA AFFINIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 9.2 mm. Colored as in H. lineaticowis, except the back of the
head, the forehead and the scrobes are wholly black ; the hind coxze have two black
stripes instead of one; the hind femora have a black band at base, along the lower
margin, besides a spot on the inner face; while the hind tibiee, except at the basal
third, are black. é

The abdomen is totally different in shape; it is lanceolate, much longer than
the head and thorax united, with a very short petiole, which is wider than long ;
the dorsal segments are banded with black.

Brazil: Santarem. Two specimens.

)

HEPTASMICRA LONGICAUDATA, sp. nov.

Female-—Length 8.5mm. Colored as in H. lineaticoxis, except that the hind
cox are immaculate except at extreme apex above, while the hind tibie are black
or dark fuscous, with a yellowish annulus before the middle.

The abdomen is long, lanceolate and terminates in a long, compressed stylus, as
long as the previous segments united; the petiole is very short, wider than long.

Brazil: Maruru, in April. One specimen.

HEPTASMICRA LINEATICOXUS, sp. nov.

Female-—Length 9.5 mm. Reddish-yellow ; a transverse spot on the occiput, a
spot in the frontal depression, the flagellum, a triangular spot on the scutellum ex-
tending from its apex, an oblong spot on the lateral mesothoracic lobes anteriorly,
the middle mesothoracic lobe, except the outer margins broadly, the sheaths of the
ovipositor, and a line on the hind coxee above, black.

The body of the abdomen is long-ovate, the petiole very long, six or more times
longer than thick. ‘The hind femora are armed with seven large teeth, the first
three very acute, the following broader and rounded at apex.

Brazil: Santarem. Four specimens.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 453

HEPTASMICRA QUADRIMACULATA, Sp. nov.

Male.—Length 6mm. Yellow; a line on the scape above, the flagellum, two
triangular spots on the anterior margin of the middle mesothoracic lobe, a small
spot on each of the lateral lobes and the terminal ventral segment, black.

The abdomen is long-ovate, the petiole a little more than twice as long as thick ;
the dorsal segments are more or less marked with brown or fuscous stains. The
hind femora are armed with seven black tipped teeth, all large, except the second,
which is small.

Brazil : Corumba, in May.

Genus METADONTIA Ashmead.
METADONTIA FLAVOLINEATA, sp. nov.

Female—Length 7mm. Black; a dot between the ocelli, front orbits, cheeks
pronotum above, a line on each side of the middle mesothoracic lobe, abbreviated
posteriorly, a transverse line at base of the scutellum, another at apex, the meta-
thorax, a spot beneath the tegulee, the front legs from the tips of the femora, the
middle tarsi, the hind coxee, except apices and a broad line beneath, a transverse
line near apex of hind femora both outwardly and inwardly, an annulus on the
hind tibiee near the middle, the abdomen at base, including the petiole and second
segment, and an elongate spot at tip of abdomen above, yellow.

The ridge or plate at the apex of the scutellum is emarginate and wholly yellow.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Resembles Metadontia (Chalcis) ngricornis Fabr. but differs in the color of the
hind legs and by the emarginate plate at apex of the scutellum.

METADONTIA SIMILIS, sp. nov.

Male.—Length 5mm. Colored very much as in JL. flavolineata, but the prono-
tum above, although yellow, has a black spot at the sides posteriorly ; the scutellum
is margined all around with yellow, the axille being black ; the metathorax, except
a central black spot, is yellow; the front and middle legs, except the first joint of
the trochanters above and the base of the femora above for about two thirds their
length, are yellow; the hind coxe except at basal third are black: the hind femora
are mostly yellow, but outwardly have a large black spot at base, connected with a
black line beneath, above on the ridge is a black line at the basal two thirds, which
itself is connected with a black line on the inner face: the inner face has also a
black spot; the hind tibiee are black except the apical two thirds of the outer face ;
the hind tarsi are yellow.

The abdomen is yellow, the dorsal segments banded with black.

454 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.
Allied to M. nigricornis Fabr.

METADONTIA AFFINIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 6 mm. Black and marked with yellow much as in I. similis.
The front orbits, the cheeks, scape entirely, pronotum above, except a small black
spot on each side, a line on each side of the middle mesothoracic lobe clear to the
base of the scutellum, the outer margins of the lateral lobes, the sides and apex of
the scutellum, except a median black spot on the emarginate plate at apex, yellow.

The legs are asin M. similis except that the hind femora are black, with a
curved yellow line on outer face near apex, the base being margined with yellow,
within similarly marked; femoral teeth, two and three small, the others larger.
The abdomen is mostly black, the petiole yellow, the second segment (first body)
reddish except at apex above.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

HEXASMICRA Ashmead, gen. nov.

In having the hind femora armed with six large teeth this genus comes nearest
to Metadontia Ashm., but is easily separated from it by the totally different shaped
abdomen, which is lanceolate or fusiform, longer than the head and thorax united,
the petiole being short, not longer than thick. The scutellum at apex is usually

bidentate or emarginate.
HEXASMICRA TRANSVERSA (Walker).

Smeera transversa Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1861, p. 182, 9 o.
Smicra transversa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898., p. 383.
Brazil: Hga; Tapayos (Mr. Bates); Chapada; Santarem. ‘Two female and

seven male specimens.
? HEXASMICRA TRINIDADENSIS, Sp. Nov.

Female.-—Length 4mm. Yellow; a transverse spot on the occiput, the flagellum
above, a transverse line at base of scutellum, the femoral teeth and the apex of the
hind tibize black. The abdomen is fusiform, the petiole at least five times as long as
thick, the middle dorsal segments stained with black or fuscous. ‘The hind femora
are armed with six large teeth, the first four acute, the last two broad, rounded at
apex.

West Indies: Trinidad.

? HEXASMICRA BRASILIENSIS, sp. Dov.
Male-—Length 4mm. Yellow; a transverse spot on the occiput, the flagellum,
a transverse line on the anterior margin of the middle mesothoracic lobe and a deli-

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 455

cate median line posteriorly, a spot on the axille, a median line on the scutellum
posteriorly and the femoral teeth, black. The abdomen is ovate, the petiole being
about three times as long as thick. ‘The hind femora are armed with six large
teeth, all acute.

Brazil: Corumba, in May.

PENTASMICRA Ashmead, gen. nov.
In this genus the hind femora are armed with five large teeth ; eyes large, occu-
pying nearly the whole sides of the head; mandibles three-dentate ; while the scu-

tellum at apex is bidentate.
PENTASMICRA APERTA (Walker).

Smiera aperta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 187, 9.
Smicra aperta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 373.

Brazil.
PENTASMICRA APPRESSA (Walker).

Simera appressa Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 186, @.
Smicra appressa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V, 1898, p. 373.

Brazil.
PENTASMICRA BRASILICA (Walker).

Smiera brasilica Walker, ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 188, Q.
Smicra brasilica Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 374.
Brazil.

PENTASMICRA CERINA (Walker).
Smera cerina Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 187, &%.
Snicra cerina Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 374.

Brazil.
PENTASMICRA CERTA (Walker).

Smiera certa Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 187, Q.
Smicra certa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 374.
Brazil.

PENTASMICRA COMMODA (Walker).
Smeera commoda Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc, London (38), II., 1864, p. 195, 9.
Smicra commoda Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 374.

Brazil.
PENTASMICRA CONTEMINATA (Walker).

Smiera conteminata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soe. London (8), II., 1864, p. 194, @.
Smacra contemmmata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.

Brazil.
(?) PENTASMICRA EFFICTA (Walker).

Smiera efficta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), IL, 1864, p. 184, &%.
Brazil : Amazon,

456 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

PENTASMICRA SCISA (Walker).
Smiera scisa Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), II., 1864, p. 192, o&%.
Smicra scisa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 381.

Brazil: Amazon.
TETRASMICRA Ashmead, gen. nov.

This genus is at once recognized by the hind femora being armed with four large
teeth and by the scutellum being emarginate or bidentate at apex.

TETRASMICRA CONCITATA (Walker).

Smiera concitata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), I1., 1864, p. 188, 9.
Smicra concitata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.

Brazil: Amazon region.

TETRASMICRA CROCATA (Walker).

(Plate XXXIL., Fig. 2.)

Smiera crocata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1864, p. 186, Q.
Smucra crocata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.

Brazil : Amazon region.

TETRASMICRA DESTINATA (Walker).
Snuera destinata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), II., 1864, p. 185, 9.
Smicra destmata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 376.

Brazil.
TETRASMICRA MACULATA (Fabricius).

Chalcis maculata Fabricius, Mant. Ins., I., 1787, p. 273.—Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat.,
Hd. 13°, I, 1790, p. 274.—Oliver, Encye. Méthod. Ins., V., 1790, p. 440.—
Fabricius, Ent. Syst., II., 1793, p. 198.—Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 162.

Snuera maculata Walker, The Entom., I., 848, p. 287.

Smicra maculata Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1V., 1872, p. 57.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Hym., V., 1898, p. 378.

Brazil.
TRISMICRA Ashmead, gen. noy.
In this genus the hind femora are armed with three large, strong teeth ; other-
wise it is similar to Tetrasmicra.

TRISMICRA CONTRACTA (Walker).

Simera contracta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), IL., 1864, p. 184, &%.
Smicra contracta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 375.
Brazil : Amazon region,

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES A457

~Tripe III. Chalcitellana.

No species is known in this tribe from South America.

TrinE 1V. Haltichellini.
Genus HALTICHELLA Spinola.

HALTICHELLA DORSALIS Walker.

Haltichella dorsalis Walker, Journ. Entom., I., 1861, p. 185, &.
Halticella dorsalis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 597.

Brazil.
HALTICHELLA REMOTOR Walker.

Haltichella remotor Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 8367, 2.—Dalla
Home Caty Llyn, VY. 1698, p: 3796.

Brazil.
Genus CONURA Spinola.

CoNURA ANNULIPES (Spinola).
Snmuicra annulipes Spinola, Mem. accad. se. Torino (2), XIII., 1851, p. 44, Q.
Conwra annulipes Sichel, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), V., 1865, pp. 360 and 394, 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 403.
Brazil.

CoNURA FLAVICANS Spinola.
Conwra flavicans Spinola, Mag. de Zool., VIIL., 1837, p. 180, Q, T. 180.—Blanchard,
Hist. nat. Ins., [II., 1840, p. 256.—Sichel, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), V., 1865,
pp. 359 and 387, 9.—Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883,
Da Oo lees. f. 26 and 27.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 403.

Brazil.
Genus ANTROCEPHALUS Kirby.

ANTROCEPHALUS PUNCTIGER (Fabricius).
Chalcis punctiger Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 167.
Antrocephalus punctigera (Howard) Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX V., 1894, p.
81, 9 &.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 396.

Brazil.
Genus ASPIRHINA Kirby.

ASPIRHINA DUBITATOR (Walker).
Halticella dubitator Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 366.
Aspurhina dubitator Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII., 1883, p. 60.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 399.
Brazil; Santarem.

458 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Tripe V. Dirhinini.

Genus HONTALIA Cameron.

HONTALIA CAMERONI, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXII, Fig. 4.)

Female.—Length 6.1 mm.; ovipositor 3.6mm. Blue, with a slight greenish tinge
the head and thorax coarsely punctate, the metanotum and the metapleura metallic
green ; abdomen eeneous black, the petiole longitudinally striate, the second segment
very large, smooth, impunctate, the following segments united not longer than the
second and microscopically shagreened ; eyes light brown; ocelli pale; antennee
brown; front and middle legs, except cox, ferruginous, the tarsi paler, more of a
yellowish-white ; hind legs eeneous black, except the long coxee which are bluish
and the tarsi which are yellowish-white. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellowish, the
veins light brown.

‘Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Named in honor of Mr. Peter Cameron.

HONTALIA KIRBYI, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXII., Fig. 5.)

Male.—Length 3.5 mm. neous black, reticulately punctate, the mesopleura
with an opaque, shagreened depression that extends from the tegule to the middle
coxee, the metanotum with several carine ; the hind tarsi, the front and middle legs,
except coxee, the thickened portion of the femora, and a large part of the tibize basally
are honey-yellow or testaceous ; the abdominal petiole is longitudinally striate, the
second abdominal segment, except apically, being smooth and polished, the apex of
the second segment and the following segments are finely microscopically punctate.

Brazil: Santarem. ‘Two specimens.

Faminy LX. BURY TOMA:
Tre I. Aaimini.
Genus AXIMA Walker.

TABLE OF SPECIES.
Doe Wass ee se SS acl dysh dye ates acd coe, sokh apaliglaeuchteylo: ava. ws alse CRN ENO RIT oRec ne Rar an STE CTR Re eee Te AC cL ee OD
Females.
\Waneass Lonyeibbae, ahuiowe ay ENC ISI Jornal BE TRIE, oa anon oo sso on cn vo do obo OH oc an ED cD GOUSDD BD
Wings hyaline, with a broad blackish band at base.

Front legs, except tips of the tibize, red ............,.07+--+7-+ =A. Spinifrons Walker.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 459

meron opumenotnywollvplacksmedsat une SideSwerprreria ear rt eo ra dclc ene eee ees eee cces was oe 8
Pronotum wholly black ; frontal spines distinct but not acute.

Antenne, except a streak on the scape beneath and at base, and the legs, except knees, tibize
and tarsi, black ; knees, tibise and tarsi honey-yellow, the middle and hind tibie faintly dusky
at the middle ; abdomen wholly black..........................-.-.-A. hoebelei, sp. nov.

EL LOMtales pIMesINe Ly SIMIMLILeM Meal Va ODSOLELC apm artes cte e/seie slelervers ste cieisie/eIsiaie esis eve rie we ce es ee eee A
Frontal spines long, acute, twice longer than wide at base.

Trochanters, knees, tips of tibize and tarsi, honey-yellow ; abdomen with a reddish spot on sides

Ofmlourthyand iit hiseomentshs erm eee er eerie serenade see 4. Orasiliensis, Sp. NOV.

4. Face below antennez, sides of pronotum, sides of the fifth abdominal segment and most of the sixth,
red ; trochanters, knees, tips of tibiz and the tarsi, honey-yellow ; antenne rather short, black,
except the scape at base ; scutellum and metanotum sometimes reddish......A. brevicornis, sp. nov.

dS, Lrontall gormes wachiguines, mesiahy OOSMGIS. +550c0carcus cond oguode coed uGcE Gonuaounea deus eoEsnooES
Be eee race Ghee ses neem Coa SpInyTons Waller.
6. Wholly black, except the legs, the knees, tibiz and tarsi honey-yellow, the middle and hind tibiz

sometimes dusky or fuscous medially ; antennz long, the funicle joints long, contracted medially,

Frontal spines distinet...........

each funicle joint with two whorls of long sparse hairs...........................-A. brevicornis.

AXIMA SPINIFRONS Walker.

Axima spinifrons Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 874.—Kirby,
Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., XVII., 1883, pl. 57; Pl. 3, f. 19.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
lyme OVE SIS, (peo0.

Brazil: St. Paul.

AXIMA KOEBELEI, sp. nov.

Female—Length 4.5 mm. Black; scape beneath and basally, tegule, trochan-
ters, knees, tips of tibie and the tarsi honey-yellow; pronotum, except a median
stripe, and spots on sides of the fifth and the sixth abdominal segments, red.

_ The frontal spines are large, acute, and fully twice as long as wide at base.

Type.—Cat. No. 6394, U.S. N. M.

Brazil: Bonito Proy., Pernambuco. (Mr. Albert Koebele.)

AXIMA BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 4.5 mm. Resembles A. koebelei, but differs in color. It is black,
with the face below the antenne, the cheeks, the pronotum except a median stripe,
the metathorax at apex and at sides, and the sides of the fourth and fifth abdominal
segments, red; trochanters, knees, tips of tibize and the tarsi, honey-yellow.

Type.—Cat. No. 6395, U. S. N. M.

Brazil: Bonito Proy., Pernambuco. (Mr. Albert Koebele.)

AXIMA BREVICORNIS, sp. nov.
Female.—Length 4 to 4.6 mm. Black; the face below the insertion of the an-
tenne, the sides of the pronotum, the prosternum, sometimes the metapleura and the

460 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

sides of the fifth and sixth abdominal segments, more or less, red; scape at base,
tegulee, trochanters, knees, tibize and tarsi, honey-yellow; the tibize are sometimes
dusky except at tips. Wings hyaline, the veins brown.

The frontal spines are very minute, nearly obsolete, only represented by a carina
close to the eye.

Male-—Length 3-4 mm. Black, with the second joint of the trochanters, the
front tibiee, usually entirely, the tips of middle and hind tibiz, and all tarsi, honey-
yellow. The flagellum in this sex is very long, extending to the apex of the ab-
dominal petiole, the joints of the flagellum long, contracted at the middle, each
joint of the funicle with two whorls of long hairs. The apex of the metathorax has
a quadrate area just above the insertion of the petiole while the petiole is very long,
narrowed towards apex, shagreened, and with some longitudinal ridges or carine.

Brazil » Chapada, in April; Corumba; Santarem.

Described from two female and five male specimens.

AXIMOPSIS Ashmead, gen. nov.

Allied to Azima Walker, but easily separated by the different venation and by
the totally different shape of the abdomen. The marginal vein is much shorter
than it is in Axima, being hardly twice the length of the stigmal vein, while the
abdomen is much shorter, never long lanceolate, the relative length of the segments
being totally unlike those in Axima, with a much shorter petiole. The head, too, is
different, not so acutely horned, the lateral ocelli being nearer to the eye margin than
to each other; in Azima the ocelli are nearer to each other than to the eye margin.

AXIMOPSIS MORIO, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXII, Fig. 6.)

Female—Length 4.2 mm. Black; the sutures between the femora and tibie,
the extreme tips of tibiz and the tarsi honey-yellow. Wings hyaline, bare, the
tegule black, veins yellowish. The head is wider than the thorax, has a carina
extending around the inner orbits, another bounded the scrobes and extending to
the clypeus; otherwise it is much as in Axima, only not so transverse, the malar
space being larger.

Tre II. Lsosomini.
Genus ISOSOMODES Ashmead.
TSOSOMODES BRASILIENSIS, sp. Noy.

(Plate XXXIIL., Fig. 1.)

Female—Length 3.5 mm. Black; the scape, pedicel, first joint of funicle, ex-
cept sometimes at apex, the tegulee, the trochanters, the tibize and the tarsi, honey-

ASHMEAD : CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 461

yellow. Wings hyaline, the veins brownish-yellow. The abdomen is long, conic-
ovate, a little longer than the head and thorax united, subcompressed, smooth and
shining, the petiole short, rugose, not or hardly longer than thick.

Brazil: Corumba, in May; Santarem. Five specimens.

ISOSOMODES NIGRICEPS, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXIII., Fig. 2.)

Male.—Length 4.5 mm. Brownish-yellow, the head above, the abdominal
petiole, a spot at base of second dorsal abdominal segment, a spot at apex of the third
and fourth dorsal segments, all the following segments above, black ; eyes brown, the
ocelli red. The head has a deep frontal channel ; the antenne are long, filiform, in-
serted a little above the middle of the face, the scape reaching beyond the ocelli,
the pedicel of same being very short, the funicle joints long, about two thirds the
length of the scape, briefly pedicellate and with two whorls of long, black hairs as
in [sosoma.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Genus ISOSOMA Walker.
ISOSOMA ORCHIDEARUM Westwood.
Isosoma orchidearum Westwood, Gardener’s Chron., 1869, p. 330.—Westwood, Trans.

Ent. Soc. London, 1882, p. 323, 29 o&; PI. 13, f£.1.c¢,4 9.—Fitch, Trans.
Ent. Soc. London, 1884, Proe., p. xi.—MacLachlan, Trans. Ent. Soc. London.
1884, Proc., p. xiv.—Riley, Insect Life, I., 1898, p. 121.—Riley, Insect Life,
iy S80 pp. Zo) 251.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 349.

Brazil: Living in buds of Cattleya sp.

This is probably not a true [sosoma.

TrrBe III. Hurytomin.
Genus CHRYSEIDA Spinola.

CHRYSEIDA AMAZONICA Westwood.
Chryserda amazonica Westwood, Thesaus. Ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 140; pl. 26, f. 5, 9.
—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 352.

Brazil.
CHRYSEIDA CYANEA (Fabricius).

Chaleis cyanea Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 164, 9.
Chryserda cyanea Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, III., 1895, p. 106, 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 352.
Brazil: Chapada. A single female specimen taken in April.

AGZ, is - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

CHRYSEIDA SUPERCILIOSA Spinola.

Chryseida superciliosa Spinola, Mag. de Zool., X., 1840, p. 12. 9, T. 42.—Rev. Zool.,
1840, p. 18.—Westwood, Thesaur. Ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 140.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 352.
British Guiana.
CHRYSEIDA ANEIVENTRIS, Sp. nov.

(Plate XX XIIL., Fig. 3.)

Female-—Length 6 mm. Head and thorax blue, coarsely punctate, the disk of
the metathorax, the mesopleura, coxee, and the punctures along the eyes and on the
face, metallic green ; flagellum black, the basal two thirds of the scape at least
beneath, yellow ; third joint of the flagellum fully three and, one half times as long
as thick, legs rufous, the coxee metallic greenish, the tarsi yellowish; abdomen
eeneous or bronzed, the last segment bluish. Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish.

Brazil: Santarem ; Chapada, in April.

Genus BEPHRATA Cameron.
BEPHRATA STRIATIPES, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXIII., Fig. 4.)

Female.-—Length 6.5 mm. Black, coarsely punctate; the face, except the
scrobes, the cheeks, the temples, a large oblong spot on each side of the pronotum,
the tegule, and the legs, except black stripes on the front and middle femora above,
and the hind femora which are black, except at tips, are yellow. Wings hyaline,
with a fuscous cloud beneath the marginal vein.

The abdomen is much compressed, about as long as the head and thorax united;
seen from the side it is nearly as wide as long, the eighth segment represented by an
aculeus; the fourth and fifth segments have a band of faint punctures before the
middle, the sixth segment is punctured along the base, while the seventh segment
is punctured towards the apex.

Brazil: Para, in June. ‘Two specimens.

AXIMOGASTRA Ashmead, gen. nov.

This genus comes nearest to Bephrata Cameron, but is easily separated by the
totally different shape of the abdomen which is long-lanceolate and compressed,
much as in Axima Walker, by the first joint of the funicle, although long, bemg
shorter than the scape, and by the venation, which is nearly as in Jsosoma Walker

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 463

AXIMOGASTRA BAHIA, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXIII., Fig. 5.)

Female—Length 5.5 mm. Yellow, umbilicately punctate; a large spot on dor-
sum of pronotum posteriorly, a stripe on the scutellum, the mesopleura medially,
and the metathorax, black. Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish. ‘The long, lanceo-
late, much compressed abdomen, which is longer than the head and thorax united,
is yellow, with some of the dorsal segments marked with black, the last two seg-
ments being mostly black.

Type.—Cat. No. 7342 U.S. N. M.

Brazil: Bahia. Collected by Mr. Albert Koebele, March 19, 1883.

PRODECATOMA Ashmead, gen. noy.

This is another singular genus. In its cephalic and thoracic characters it resem-
bles Decatoma Spinola, while in venation and in its abdominal characters it is not
unlike Hurytoma Iliger. Both mandibles are three-dentate, the two outer teeth
acute, the inner tooth blunt; the marginal vein is long, slender, the postmarginal
being very long, much longer than the marginal, while the stigmal vein, with its
knob, is only about half as long as the marginal ; the abdomen is compressed, not
or hardly longer than the head and thorax united, usually shorter ; seen from the
side it is broadly oval or short ovate, usually pointed at apex, the petiole being
slender and either short or long; the hind tibie are fringed with stiff bristles
behind as in Decatoma. .

PRODECATOMA BRUNEIVENTRIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 3.5 mm. Head and thorax yellow, immaculate, umbilicately
punctate; abdomen brownish; the flagellum and eyes brown black; the ocelli are
placed nearly in a straight line and are sometimes encircled with black. The first
Joint of the flagellum is more than thrice as long as thick, the following impercep-
tibly shortening to the club. Legs yellow, except the apical half of the hind tibiee
which is fuscous. Wings hyaline, the veins light brown. ‘The abdomen is short,
- compressed; seen from the side it is oval and hardly longer than the thorax, acutely
pointed at apex.

Male-—Length 2.1mm. Yellow, with the upper part of the head, the thorax
above and the abdomen, black ; the flagellum is black, the funicle joints long, con-
tracted at the middle, each joint with two whorls of long hairs; legs yellow, with
the apex of hind femora and the apical two thirds of hind tibiee black.

Brazil: Chapada, in April and August; Santarem. Four specimens.

464 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

PRODECATOMA FLAVESCENS, sp. noy.

(Plate XXXIIL, Fig. 6.)

Female-—Length 1.5 mm. Yellow, the legs much paler, the eyes brown. The
first joint of the flagellum is about twice as long as thick, the second about two
thirds the length of the first, the third oval, only a little longer than thick. Wings
hyaline, the veins yellowish. The abdomen is subcompressed, shorter than the
thorax, the petiole longer than thick.

Brazil. One specimen. —

PRODECATOMA THORACICA, Sp. Noy.

Female.—Length 3.1 mm. The upper part of the head, the occiput, dorsum of
pronotum, metathorax and the abdomen, except a spot on the sides of the fifth and
sixth segments, are black, rest of body yellow, the club of the antenne, a spot
towards apex of the hind femora and the middle of the hind tibieze being fuscous.
Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish. The first joint of the funicle is long, about
three and one half times as long as thick, the second a little more than twice as
long as thick, the third about twice as long as thick, the following still shorter.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

PRODECATOMA NIGRA, sp. nov.

Female-—Length about 4 mm., the abdomen acutely pointed. Wholly black,
except the legs, which are yellow, with the coxee black, the femora more or less
black or brown, except at tips, eyes brown : ocelli red.

' Brazil: Santarem.
Genus EURYTOMA Iliger.
KuRYTOMA ARGENTATA Cameron.
Hurytoma argentata Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Am. Hym., I., 1884, p. 108.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 334.
Guyana.
EuRyToMA CucLUS Walker.
Kurytoma cuclus Walker, Monogr. Chale., I., 1839, p. 62, 9 o'.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
bly V5 13985 p: dob:
Brazil: Bahia.
EURYTOMA PHILAGER (Walker).
Decatoma philager Walker, Monogr. Chale., IL., p. 81, &.
Hurytoma philager Walker, List. Chale., Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 10.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 341.
Chile: Chiloe.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 465

(?) EURYTOMA MELLEA Westwood.
Eurytoma mellea Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 189; Pl. 26, f. 2—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 339.
Brazil: Para.

EURYTOMA MENON Walker.
Eurytoma menon Walker, Monogr. Chalc., II., 1839, p. 62, 9 ¢'.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Hym., V., 1898, p. 339.
Brazil: Bahia.
EURYTOMA POMORUM (Fabricius).
Chalcis pomorum Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 163.
Eurytoma pomorum Westwood, 'Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 138.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 341.
Brazil.
EURYTOMA PALLIDICEPS Spinola.
Eurytoma pallidiceps Spinola, Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 467, Qo.
—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 340.
Chile.
EURYTOMA SIMPLEX (Fabricius).
Chalcis simplea Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 164—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1398, p. 392.
Brazil.
Genus EUDOXINNA Walker.

EUDOXINNA TRANSVERSA Walker.

(Plate XXXIV., Fig. 1.)

Sosuetra transversa Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 37, 9.

EHudoxinna transversa Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), II., 1864, p. 207. —
Westwood, Thes. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 188; Pl. 25, f. 9, 9.— Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 352.

Brazil: Ega ; Benevides in J uly. One female.

In the Herbert H. Smith collection is a single male, taken at Chapada in April,
which I think is the male of this species. It measures only 3.2 mm., is yellow
with a spot on the vertex enclosing the ocelli, a spot at apex of scutellum, a spot at
apex of the hind femora, the apical two thirds of the hind tibiz, a stripe along the
petiole above, and the body of abdomen above, black. The antenne are inserted far
up on the face, the scape being long and extending beyond the ocelli, with a minute
tooth at apex beneath ; the flagellum is similar to that in the males of /sosoma, each
of the funicle jomts having two whorls of long hairs. The abdomen is longly peti-

466 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

olated, the petiole being as long as the hind femora, the body being small, triangu-
lar in outline, the third segment being the largest segment.

Genus SYSTOLODES Ashmead.

SYSTOLODES BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.

Female. — Length 1.5 mm. Black, the scape and the legs, except the coxee and
the hind femora, honey-yellow. Wings hyaline, the veins pale yellowish.

The joints of the funicle are a little longer than thick, the first joint being a
little the longest. The abdomen is subglobose, subcompressed, the petiole being
slender and as large as the hind coxe.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen. Differs from all other species placed
in this genus by the long abdominal petiole.

TRIBE LV. Rileyini.

NEORILEYA Ashmead, gen. nov.

Head transverse, not wider than the thorax at its widest part, the eyes large,
broadly oval or subrotund, the malar space very short; mandibles short, broad,
4-dentate ; antennee thirteen-jointed, with two ring-joints, alike in both sexes, the
flagellum being stout, filiform, pubescent, stoutest in the female, the pedicel shorter
than the first joint of the funicle; first two joints of the funicle in the male are
submoniliform. Thorax robust, the pronotum very large, subquadrate, as wide as
the mesonotum or very nearly, the latter being a little the longer, with the parap-
sidal furrows usually vaguely defined, rarely sharply defined or complete; the met-
athorax is extremely short. Abdomen short oval, shorter than the thorax, depressed,
wider than deep, subsessile, the petiole very short, the first and third body segments
the longest, nearly equal, the second very short, the fourth and the fifth longer than
the second, the following more or less retracted.

In sculpture this genus agrees with Hurytoma, being umbilicately punctate.

NEORILEYA FLAVIPES, Sp. nov.
(Plate XXXVL, Fig. 2.)

Female.—Length 2.3-2.6 mm. Robust, black, umbilicately punctate, the ab-
domen oyal, slightly depressed and delicately shagreened ; scape and legs pale yel-
lowish, rarely with the hind femora and tibize toward apex blackish, or dusky ;
flagellum filiform, the funicle joints two to six quadrate. Wings hyaline, the
tegulee and veins yellowish or brownish-yellow. The male is usually smaller, with

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 467

the abdomen more depressed, the pedicel as well as the scape being yellow ; other-
wise it is hardly distinguishable from the female.

Brazil: Chapada; Santarem. ‘Ten specimens.

Genus RILEYA Ashmead.
RILEYA ORBITALIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 2 mm. Head and thorax, except the pronotum which is more
or less brownish or yellowish, mostly black, the abdomen brown, the apex black ;
orbits, face below antennee, scape, tegulee, and the legs, except the basal half of the
hind femora, yellow or brownish-yellow, the tips of the tibiee and the tarsi paler or
yellowish-white ; flagellum subclavate, ight brown, joints five and six of funicle
wider than long. Wings hyaline, the veins pale yellowish ; the marginal vein is a
little more than twice the length of the stigmal, the postmarginal vein being long,

The abdomen is conic-ovate, cylindrical, nearly twice the length of the thorax,
pointed at apex, the third segment very large, occupying the greater part of the
whole surface of abdomen.

Brazil: Santarem.

Faminty LXIV. PERILAMPID.
Genus PERILAMPUS Latreille.
PERILAMPUS BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXIV., Fig. 4.)

Female. — Length 4.8-5 mm. Blue, the head behind the ocelli, the fore part
of the middle mesothoracicl obe, and the inner front angle of the lateral lobes
eeneous ; the head is smooth with several longitudinal strize between the eyes and
the scrobes, the pronotum coarsely, irregularly punctate, the middle mesothoracic
lobe and the scutellum coarsely transversely striate, the lateral mesothoracic lobes
with some long, oblique strive posteriorly. The extreme tips of the tibizee and the
tarsi are testaceous.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. Two specimens.

Faminty LXV. EUCHARID/.
Genus EUCHARIS Latreille.

EUCHARIS DICERODERA Spinola? = Kapala.
Hucharis dicerodera Spinola, Mem. Acad. Se. Torino (2), XIII., 1851, p. 43, d.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 360.

Brazil.

468 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Genus ORASEMA Cameron.
ORASEMA FESTIVA (Fabricius).
Hucharis festiva Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 157.
Orasema festiva Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p. 29.— Dalla
Norre, Cat iy mye Ve wSde. pare olle
Brazil.
ORASEMA RAPO (Walker).
(Plate XXXIV., Fig. 5.)
Kucharis rapo Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 66, @.
Orasema rapo Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p. 26. — Dalla.
Nore, Cats ciyme, Vo s93) ps sole
Brazil: Chapada, in April; Santarem; Corumba, in May. Fifteen specimens.

PSEUDOCHALCURA Ashmead, gen. nov.
This genus resembles Chalewra Kirby, but the wings are hyaline, without a fus-
cous spot, and the antennee, in the male, have only fowr branches.

PSEUDOCHALCURA NIGROCYANEA, Sp. nov.
(Plate XXXIV., Fig. 6.)

Male.— Length 3.5 mm. Blue-black, coarsely, reticulately punctate, with a
faint sneous tinge above, the trochanters, apices of femora and all tibee and tarsi,
and the scape and pedicel of antennee honey-yellow, the flagellum brown-black or
brown, paler towards apex, joints one to four each with a long branch above. ‘The
abdomen is zeneous black, with a very long petiole, the length of the hind femora,
the body subcompressed, viewed from the side subtriangular.

Female. — Length about 4 mm. Agrees fairly well with the male except that
the flagellum is brown, joints one to four acutely lobed above, while the abdomen
is larger, the petiole much shorter, being hardly two thirds the length of the hind
femora.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. Six specimens.

Genus STIBULA Spinola.
STIBULA NIGRICEPS, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXYV., Fig. 2.)

Male.— Length 8 mm. Brownish-yellow, the head, except the eyes which are
brown, being entirely black; the flagellum from the second joint is brown-black,
the scape, pedicel, and the first joint of the flagellum being yellow ; the first joint
of the flagellum is very long, more than twice as long as the scape.

ASHMEAD : CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 469

The thorax is brownish-yellow marked with black as follows: The middle meso-
thoracic lobe has two oblong, nearly confluent, spots anteriorly, the lateral lobes
have a spot above, while the scutellum has a transverse line across the base and a
central line ending on the two spines at the apex of the scutellum, black. The
abdominal petiole and the legs are yellow.

Brazil: Santarem, in April. One specimen.

Genus SCHIZASPIDEA Westwood.
SCHIZASPIDEA MACULATA Westwood.
Schizaspidea ? maculata Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 153, 9; Pl. 28, f. 1.
Orasema maculata Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p. 29.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 361.

Brazil.
SCHIZASPIDEA PRETENDENS Walker.

Schizaspidea pretendens Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (38), I., 1862, p. 385, 3.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 364.
Brazil: Chapada, in May. One specimen, badly damaged.

Genus TETRAMELIA Kirby.
TETRAMELIA MERIDIONALIS Kirby.
Tetramelia meridionalis Kirby, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), [V., 1889, p. 144, 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 364.

Brazil.
TETRAMELIA PLAGIATA (Walker).

(Plate XXXV, Fig. 1.)
Schizaspidia plagiata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), I, 1862, p. 385, dj.—
Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 152; Pl. 28, f. 11.
Tetramelia plagiata Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p. 31.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 364.
Brazil: Chapada, in November. One male specimen.

Genus THORACANTHA Latreille.
THORACANTHA LATREILLEI Guérin.
Thoracantha latreille. Guér. Iconogr. Régn. an. Ins., VII., 1829-44, p. 415; PL
LXVIL., f. 8— Blanchard, Hist. nat. Ins., I11., 1840, p. 257.— Walker, Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist., XII., 1843, p. 45, 9.— Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London
Zool., XX., 1886, p. 32.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., X., 1898, p. 365.
Thoracantha coleopteroides (Waterhouse) Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, IL.,
1839, p. 196.
Galearia violacea Brullé, Hist. nat. Ins., Hym., IV., 1846, p. 572.

470 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Thoracantha apta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), IL, 1862, p. 384, o.— West
wood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 153; Pl. 28, f. 3.
Acrostela apta Shepp, The Entom., XXVI., 1894, p. 188.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
V., 1898, p. 366.
Brazil : Santarem and Villa Nova; Chapada, in March, April and November;
Santarem. ‘Twelve male and two female specimens.

THORACANTHA ROMANDII Guérin.
Thoracantha romandii Guérin, Ieonogr. Régne anim., VII., Ins., 1845, p. 415.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 366.

Colombia.
Genus UROMELIA Kerby.

UROMELIA STRIATA (Perty).
Thoracantha striata Perty, Delect. anim. artic. Brasil, 1833, p. 184; T. 28, f. 15
and 16. — Blanchard, Hist. nat. Ins., Ti, 1840) pr 2a
Uromelia striata Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XX., 1886, p. 37. — Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 367.
‘Thoracantha flabellatus Westwood, Proc. Svc. London, II., 1835, p. 52, ¥.
Thoracantha aculeata Westwood, opus cit., 1835, Q.
Chalcis (Thoracantha) aculeata Blanchard, Cuvier: Régne anim., Ed. 3%, Ins., II.
GAOT Maal Sater:
Thoracantha aculeata Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 154; Pl. 28, fi 9.
Lasvoiychus flabellatus Shipp, The Entom., XXV., 1894, p. 188. — Dalla Torre, Cat.
Hyms Vel S93, pom
Brazil: Santarem. Five specimens.

Genus DICGSLOTHORAX Ashmead.
Allied to Letocantha Shipp, but easily distinguished by the deep impressions on
the mesonotum and the scutellum, and by the very broad and different shape of the
scutellar processes, which form a broad shield over the abdomen.

DIC@LOTHORAX PLATYCERUS, Sp. Noy.
(Plate XXXY., Fig. 3.)

Female. — Length 3.8 mm. neous black, the antenne, the legs, except the
coxee and a median longitudinal stripe on the closely united scutellar projections,
testaceous. The disk of the mesonotum and the scutellum are concavely excavated,
the bottom of the concavities being smooth and highly polished, the scutellar proc-
esses being longitudinally striated. ‘The pronotum is greatly elevated and coarsely

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES . 471

transversely striated. The head is coarsely shagreened, with some irregular elevated
lines. The antenne are short, the first joint being very long, clavate, about the
length of the scape, or nearly as long as all remaining joints united, the second fun-
icle joint only a little longer than thick, the following transverse.

The male differs from the female only slightly in the antenne. ‘The first joint
of the flagellum is a little shorter about the length of the flagellum, the funicle
joints two to four being much wider, subdentate above.

Brazil: Santarem. ‘Two specimens.

Genus DILOCANTHA Shipp.
DILOCANTHA FLAVICORNIS (Walker).
Thoracantha flavicorns Walker, Trans. Ent. Soe. London (3), L, 1862, p. 382.—
Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 153; Pl. 28, f. 3.
Dilocantha flavicorms Shipp, The Entom., XX VII., 1894, p. 184.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Elvin V5. 1898; p: 366:
Brazil : Villa Nova (Bates).
Genus ISOMERALIA Shipp.
JSOMERALIA CORONATA (Westwood).
Thoracantha coranata Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 154; Pl. 28, f 10.
Isomeralia coranata Shipp., The Entom., XX VII., 1894, p. 188.— Dalla Torre, Cat.
lysine Ve SOS) ps Sb:
Brazil: Bonito Provence, Pernambuco (Albert Koebele).

‘Genus LIRATA Cameron.

LIRATA BATESELLA (Westwood).

Thoracantha batesella Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 154; Pl. 28, f. 8, o&%.
—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 365.
Brazil: Santarem. One male specimen.

LIRATA PALLESCENS (Walker).

Thoracantha pallescens Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 380, &%.
Larata pallens Shipp, The Entom., XX VII., 1894, p. 188.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
V., 1898, p. 367.

Brazil: Villa Nova (Bates) ; Chapada, in March and November. Four speci-
mens, two males.

The female has not been described. It may be easily recognized by the differ-
ence in the antennee ; the first joint of the funicle is very long, as long or a little
longer than the scape, or nearly as long as all the remaining joints united, acute
at apex above, joints two to four of funicle short but also acute at apex above.

472 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

LIRATA SURGENS (Walker).
Thoracantha surgens Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), L., 1862, p. 384, &%.
Lirata surgens Shipp, The Entom., XX VII., 1894, p. 188.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
V., 1898, p. 367.
Brazil : Santarem.
Genus KAPALA Cameron.
KAPALA ALTA (Walker).
Thoracantha alta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), I., 1862, p. 383, 9.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 365.

Brazil.
KAPALA ANCHURA (Walker).

Thoracantha anchurus Walker, List Chale. Brit. Mus., I., 1846, p. 88.—Dalla Torre,

Cat. Hym., 1898, p. 360.
Brazil.
KAPALA FURCATA (Fabricius).

Eucharis furcata Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 158, 9.—Latreille; Gen. Crust. et
Ins., IIT., 1807, p. 21.—Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. s. vert., 1V., 1817, p.
160.—Lamarck, opus cit., Ed. 2%, IV., 1835, p. 370.—Walker, Monogr.
Chale Is ASSoF pssoo:

Eucharis flabellatus Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 158, &.

Thoracantha furcata Walker, The Entom., I., 1841; Pl. 9, f. 2.

Chirocerus furcatus Brullé, Hist. nat. Ins. Hym., IV., 1846, p. 571; T. 38, f. 5.—
Lucas, La Sagra’s Hist. fis., ete, Cuba., VII., 1856, p. 762. — Desmarest,
Chenu. Encyel. hist. nat. Annelles, 1860, p. 161 ; fig. 141.

Schizaspidia furcata Walker, Notes on Chalc., Pt. 4, 1871, p. 66, f. 2.—Walker, The
Entom., VI., 1872, p. 88, fig.

Kapala furcata Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Am. Hym., L, 1884, p. 103; Pl. 5, f 15.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 365.

Brazil: Chapada, in May and April; Santarem. Six female and four male
specimens.

When in Berlin in the winter of 1889-90, I saw specimens of this species bear-
ing MS. names: Thoracantha elevata Westw., T. spinosa Mliger, ete.

KAPALA INEXAGENS (Walker),
Thoracantha inexagens Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 381, 29.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 365.
Brazil : Santarem (Bates) ; Chapada, in May. One specimen.
I am inclined to think this species is only a variety of K. furcata Fabr.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 473

KAPALA ATRATA (Walker).
Thoracantha atrata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc., London (8), I., 1862, p. 383, J'.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 365.

Brazil.
KAPALA CYNIPSEA (Walker).

Thoracantha cynipsea Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), I., 1869, p. 379, 9dv.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 365.
Brazil : Santarem, Villa Nova.

KAPALA DICERODERA (Spinola).
Eucharis dicerodera Spinola, Mem. accad. sc. Torino (2), XIII., 1851, p. 438, t.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 360.

Brazil: Para.
KAPALA REFLEXA (Walker).

Thoracantha refleca Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 382, 9.—Dalla
Porre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 366.
Brazil: Santarem (Mr. Bates).

KAPALA ROMANDII (Guérin).
Thoracantha romandii Guér. Iconogr. régn. anim., VIII., Ins., 1845, p. 415.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 366.

Colombia.
KAPALA STRIATISSIMA (Walker).

Thoracantha striatissema Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), L., 1862, p. 380, 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 366.
Brazil : Santarem (Mr. Bates).

KAPALA SPLENDENS sp. noy.
(Plate XXXV., Fig. 4.)

Female.—Length 8-8.5 mm. Very robust, the head and thorax brilliant me-
tallic green, the abdomen blue or blue green, with eeneous reflections, usually brassy
above, the antenne and the legs except the coxe, yellowish, the wings subfuscous,
the veins brown. The face is longitudinally striate, the striz becoming transverse
below the insertion of the antennee, the thorax coarsely transversely striate, the
scutellum and the scutellar processes longitudinally striate.

Brazil: Chapada, in April and November. Four specimens.

This is the largest and most brilliant of any Eucharid yet discovered.

Genus LASIOKAPALA Ashmead.
Allied to Kapaia Cameron, but easily distinguished by being hairy or pubescent,
and by the smoothness of the head. The lateral lobes of the mesonotum and the

A474 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

scutellum, including the long processes, are also smooth, not striate; the scutellar
processes are transversely striate or serrate at their apices.

LASIOKAPALA SERRATA, Sp. nov.

(Plate XXXYV., Fig. 5.)

Female.—Length 3.5 mm. Afneous black; the antenne, the long scutellar
processes and the legs are honey-yellow. ‘The head in front is smooth without
strie ; the thorax is hairy or pubescent, perfectly smooth, except the middle meso-
thoracic lobe above which is coarsely, transversely striate ; the middle lobe and the
scutellum have a deep depression on their disks; while the long scutellar processes
are smooth to near their apices, their apices or tips above are laterally transversely
striate or serrate. |

Brazil : Chapada.

Faminy LXV. MISCOGASTERIDA.

SUBFAMILY I. PIRENINA.
Genus HERBERTIA Howard.

HERBERTIA HOWARDI, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXV., Fig. 6.) ;
Female.—Length 2.4 mm. Blue black, the thorax above with a slight zneous
tinge ; eyes very large, brown, pubescent ; scape honey-yellow, the flagellum brown-
black ; tibize and tarsi pale yellow. ‘The head and thorax above are shagreened or
feebly punctate, pubescent ; the mesopleuron has a broad, rather deep sulcus; the
wings are hyaline, the veins brownish, the stigmal vein very small, the marginal
vein very long, while the postmarginal vein is also long. The abdomen is ovate, a
little longer than the thorax, the first body segment being the longest and occupying
nearly the half of the whole surface, the following segments very short, subequal
in length.
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro in August. One specimen.

HERBERTIA BRASILIENSIS, Sp. Nov.
Female. —Length 1.6 mm. Head and thorax bluish, the abdomen eeneous

black ; ocelli reddish-yellow ; eyes large, hairy ; flagellum brown-black ; tibiee and

tarsi yellowish-white. The head and the thorax are only feebly shagreened, the
lateral mesothoracic lobes being almost smooth ; the wings are hyaline, the veins as
in H. howardi except paler in color. The abdomen is ovate, pointed at apex, on

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 475

account of the sheaths of the ovipositor projecting slightly, but not longer than the
thorax.
Brazil: Chapada, in April.

SuBFAMILY IJ. TRIpyMIN&.
Tripe I. Tridymini.
Genus GASTRANCISTRUS Westwood.
GASTRANCISTRUS CEPHALON Walker.

Gastrancistrus cephalon Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 30, 9.—
Spinola, Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 461, 9. — Dalla Torre, Cat.
bynes Ve S98 py 203:

Chile : Conception (C. Darwin).

GASTRANCISTRUS FULGINAS Walker.
Gastrancstrus fulginas Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 85, 9.— Dalla Torre
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 203.
Chile : Chiloe.

GASTRANCISTRUS POLLES Walker.

Gastrancistrus polles Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 186, 2.—
Spinola, Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 460, 9.— Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 204.
Chile : Coquimbo (C. Darwin).

GASTRANCISTRUS VONONES Walker.
Gastrancistrus vonones Walker, Monogr. Chaleid., II., 1839, p. 67, 3’ — Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 205.
Brazil: Bahia.
Genus ASPOCERUS Mayr.
/EPOCERUS EMARGINATUS Mayr.
Atpocerus emarginatus Mayer, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. W ien., XXXV., 1885, p. 244,
O.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 315.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

ZEPOCERUS EXCAVATUS Mayr.

Apocerus excavatus Mayr., Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien., XXXV., 1885, p. 248,
Qo. — Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 315.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

476 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

AMPOCERUS FLAVOMACULATUS Mayr.
Alpocerus flavomaculatus Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien., XX XV., 1885, p. 244,
3’. — Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 316.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

AXPOCERUS INFLATICEPS Mayr.
Afpocerus inflaticeps Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien., XX XV., 1885, p. 245; T.
16, f. 45.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 316.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Muller).

ZEPOCERUS PUNCTIPENNIS Mayr.

Aipocerus punctipennis Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien., XX XV., 1885, p. 245,
§.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 245.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

AMPOCERUS SIMPLEX Mayr.
Afpocerus sinyplec Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien., XXXV., 1885, p. 244, 9. —
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p: 316.
Brazil: St. Catharina (Dr. Fritz Miller).

Trise Il. Metastenine.
Genus LYRCUS Walker.

LyRcus orn1Go Walker.
Iyrcus origo Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 114, 9.— Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 415.
Chile: Valparaiso (C. Darwin).

SuBFAMILY III. MuiscoGastTERIn Zz.

TriBE I. Halticopterim.
Genus HALTICOPTERA Spinola.

HALTICOPTERA CLEODORA (Walker).
Pachylarthrus cleodora Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 116, o%.
Halticoptera cleodora Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 197.
Peru: Lima (C. Darwin).
HALTICOPTERA HERSE (Walker).
Pachylarthrus herse Walker, Monogr. Chalc., II., 1839, p. 82, o.
Halticoptera herse Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 198.
Chile: Chiloe.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES A(7

HALTICOPTERA SARIASTER (Walker).
Pachylarthrus sariaster Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 271, 9c.
Halticoptera sariaster Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 199.
Chile: Valdivia (C. Darwin).

Genus DICYLUS Walker.
DICYLUS ARDUINE Walker.
Dicylus ardwine Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 115, 9.— Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V. 1898>-p. 200.
Peru: Lima (C. Darwin).
DICcYLUS LYNASTES Walker.
Dicylus lynastes Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 271, 9. — Spinola,
Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 457.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 200.
Chile: Valdivia (C. Darwin).

Tribe Il. JIscogastervm.
Genus LAMPROTATUS Westwood.
LAMPROTATUS ALCANDER Walker.
Lamprotatus alcander Waiker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XII., 1843, p. 30, ot. —
Spinola, Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 452, #.— Dalla Torre,
Catal vine SOS np. Loi
Chile.

LAMPROTATUS BISALTES Walker. =
Lamprotatus bisaltes Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 272, 3. — Spinola
Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 455, o&. — Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
We SOS aos el(Sie
Chile: Valdivia (C. Darwin).

LAMPROTATUS CHCINA Walker.

Lamprotatus cecina Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 114, 9. — Spinola,
Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 452, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
Weelsoseip: sie

Chile: Valparaiso (C. Darwin).

LAMPROTATUS DIOXIPPES (Walker).
Miscogaster dioxippes Walker, Monogr. Chalc., II., 1839, p. 67, 2.
Lamprotatus dioxippes Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 33.— Dalla
Rome, Cain, Ielyaiay, Wo, sie, jou Mes)
Brazil: Bahia.

478 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

LAMPROTATUS CLEUS Walker.
Miscogaster clews Walker, MonorsrChalcs my 1339 sos co, oe
Lamprotatus cleus Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 833.— Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 189.
Chile: Chiloe.

LAMPROTATUS HAGES Walker.
Miscogaster hages Walker, Monogr. Chalc., I1., 1839, p. 83, <%.
Lamprotatus hages Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I. 1846, p. 33.— Spinola,
Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 451, 0.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym,
We, JNShe, Jos 6.
Chile: Chiloe.

LAMPROTATUS NAZ&VOLUS Walker.
Lamprotatus? nevolus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XL, 1848, p. 185, o.—
Spinola, Gay’s Hist. fis.. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 456, o.— Dalla Torre,
Cat: chy Vig S98s ips Ge
Chile : Coquimbo (C. Darwin).

LAMPROTATUS NATTA Walker.

Lamprotatus natta Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 271, o’.— Spinola,
Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 455, o&.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
Ve usos spl Olle
Chile: Valdivia (C. Darwin).

LAMPROTATUS NUMITUS Walker.

Lamprotatus nwnitus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 184, #.—
Spinola, Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI, 1851, p. 453, o'.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. tym, VV. 1893) plo
Chile: Isle Chonos (C. Darwin).

LAMPROTATUS OROBIA Walker.
Lamprotatus orobia Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 272, 0. — Spinola,
Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 454, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
We, LOIS pele
Chile: Valdivia (C. Darwin).
LAMPROTATUS. TUBERO Walker.
Lamprotatus tubero Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 185, 9.—Spinola,
Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 450, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
V.. 1893; "pa 193:
Chile : Coquimbo (C. Darwin).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 479

Genus SELADERMA Walker.
SELADERMA EPULO Walker. ‘
Seladerma epulo Walker, Monogr. Chalc., IL, 1839, p. 86, 9.— Spinola, Gay’s
Hist. fis. Chile, Zool, VI, 1851, p. 449, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 194.

Chile: Chiloe.
Genus MISCOGASTER Walker.

MIScOGASTER APHAREUS Walker.
Miscogaster aphareus Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 83, 9.— Dalla Torre,
Chis Jalimang, Won Isley (Os SID
Chile : Chiloe.

MIScOGASTER NICETAS Walker.
Miscogaster nicetas Walker, Monogr. Chalc., II., 1839, p. 84, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Livi pV Sos. p: 195.
Chile: Chiloe.

MIScoGASTER TYCHE Walker.
Miscogaster tyche Walker, Monogr. Chalc., IT., 1839, p. 84, o&'.— Dalla Torre, Cat.
iyi We SIS. p18,
Chile: Chiloe.
SuBFAMILY IV. LELAPIN”.
Genus LELAPS HALIDAY.

LELAPS AVICULA Haliday.
Lelaps avicula Haliday, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, III., 1843, p. 300, o%.
Lelaps avicula Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 184.

Brazil.
LELAPS CALLISTO (Marshall).

Lelaps callisto Marshall, Ann. soc. ent. France, LXI., 1892, p. 73; Pl. 4, £ 3—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 184.

Venezuela.
LELAPS DECORATA Walker.

Lelaps decorata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 390, 9.
Lelaps decorata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 184.
Brazil: Ega.

LELAPS picrA Walker.
Lelaps picta Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 390, @.
Lelaps picta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 184.
Brazil: Ega.

LELAPS APICALIS sp. nov.
Female—Length 4mm. Head, thorax and abdomen pale ferruginous, the base
of the abdomen and the stylus black ; scape, pedicel and antennal club pale yel-

480 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

lowish, the funicle black ; legs, including coxee, flavo-testaceous. Wings hyaline,
with a curved fuscous streak at basal third, a large fuscous spot beyond this, includ-
ing the disk, connected with the basal nervure and extending to the hind margin ;
there is a large hyaline spot beneath the marginal vein and the apex of the stigmal
vein ; another triangular hyaline spot at the hind margin, while the apex of the
wing is also hyaline. The head and thorax are opaquely punctate, without strize ;
the abdomen is conic-ovate, smooth and polished and terminates in a black, sub-
compressed stylus. The antenne are subclavate, not long, the flagellum being only
about twice the length of the scape, the last three joints of the funicle a little wider
than long.
Brazil: Chapada, in August.

LELAPS AFFINIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 4 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen, except the tip of the
stylus which is black, pale ferruginous ; scape, pedicel, first three joints of funicle,
the last joint of funicle, and the club, pale yellowish or whitish ; legs, including the
coxe, flavo-testaceous, the coxee and tarsi however tinged with white. Front wings
hyaline, with a fuscous band across from the base of the marginal vein and enclos-
ing the basal part of the stigmal vein; this is followed by a hyaline transverse band
and then by another narrow transverse fuscous band ; the apex of the wing is hya-
line. The head and thorax are finely opaquely sculptured ; the face above the in-
sertion of the antenne is finely, transversely aciculate, but smooth near the eye
margin ; the axillee are finely longitudinally aciculate. The abdomen is shaped as
in L. apicalis.

Brazil: Santarem.
LELAPS FERRUGINEA, Sp. Nov.

Female. — Length 3.6-4 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen, pale ferruginous,
the extreme tip of the stylus black ; antennze pale yellowish with the two last joints
of the funicle and the club black; the funicle, without the pedicel, is fully three
times as long as the scape; legs, including the cox, pale flavo-testaceous, the
coxe and the tarsi tinged with whitish, the hind tibize fuscous or subfuscous. Front
wings mostly fuscous, the base and tips hyaline and with two wedge-shaped hyaline |
spots vis-a-vis across the disk, just beyond the stigmal vein, their points meeting.
The head and thorax are sculptured as in L. affimis except that the axille are not
longitudinally aciculate and the posterior half of the mesopleura is perfectly smooth
and highly polished.

Brazil: Santarem. ‘Two specimens.

ASHMBAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 481

LELAPS ASNEICEPS, sp. nov.

Female. — Length 3.5-4 mm. Head eneous black, the thorax and the abdo-
men ferruginous, the middle lobe of the scutellum basally, a band across the middle
of the abdomen and the tip of the stylus, black ; face striate; antennee pale yellow-
ish, with the last four or five joints of the funicle black ; the flagellum is long, fully
three times as long as the scape, the joints long, the last joint of the funicle only a
little longer than thick, but the shortest joint; legs pale yellowish, the coxee and
tarsi whitish, the middle femora sometimes dusky or subfuscous basally. The front
wings are hyaline, with the apex fuscous; there is also a faint fuscous streak across
from the origin of the marginal vein. The abdomen is conic-ovate, produced into
a rather long stylus at apex ; the stylus is compressed towards apex and about as
long as the large second segment, the second segment blackish or fuscous at apex.

Brazil: Chapada and Santarem.

LELAPS HALIDAYI, sp. noy.

Female. — Length 10.5 mm. Head and thorax eneous black, with a faint
purplish tinge in certain lights ; face coarsely striate ; pronotum transversely striate,
the strive coarser on the collar; mesonotum anteriorly delicately transversely striate,
the lobes posteriorly roughly punctured ; scutellum striate; metanotum rugulose,
bifoveolate at base. ‘The antennee are long, black, the scape metallic black but more
or less testaceous beneath; the flagellum is about thrice as long as the scape, sub-
clavate, pubescent, the joints elongate. The legs are testaceous, the front and hind
coxee and trochanters, base of middle tibize and the tarsi basally are yellowish-white,
the front tibize at apex and the hind tibie at apical two thirds are fuscous. The
abdomen is rufous and terminates in a long stylus, the sheaths of the ovipositor
being black. The front wings are hyaline, with a large triangular fuscous spot on
the disk, a large oval fuscous spot at apex and a small fuscous spot at the origin of
the marginal vein.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, in October.

Dedicated to the memory of A. H. Haliday, Esq., the describer of the genus,
and who did so much to advance the knowledge of the parasitic Hymenoptera.

LELAPS ABDOMINALIS, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXVI, Fig. 1.)

Female.— Length 8.5 mm. Head and pronotum dark blue, the rest of the
thorax black or eeneous black ; abdomen red, with the extreme apex black ; scape
and pedicel of the antennee and the legs pale testaceous, the tips of the coxe,
sutures of trochanters, knees and tarsi basally, more or less whitish, the tips of the

482 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

middle and hind tibize fuscous. The front wings are very similar to those in L.
haliday?, only the fuscous spot at the apex extends all across the wing and leaving
a whitish band between it and the apex of the stigmal vein. ‘The face, pronotum
and scutellum are coarsely striate.

Brazil: P. Branca, in April.

LELAPS BIMACULATA, Sp. nov.

Female.— Length 3-4 mm. Head and thorax eneous black, the thorax above
more or less bronzy green, the abdomen polished black ; scape, pedicel, basal two or
three joints of the flagellum and most of the legs pale yellowish, the coxee basally
and the femora, especially the front and hind femora, eeneous black or brown, the
tips of the coxee, base of tibize and the tarsi basally, whitish. The front wings are
hyaline, with a fuscous spot at apex and another beneath and including the stigmal
vein. The abdomen, with its long stylus, is longer than the head and thorax
united, the stylus alone being about two thirds the length of the body of the
abdomen. The head is shining, with the face delicately longitudinally striate ; the
thorax is sculptured, the base of the mesonotum, the axille and the apex of the
scutellum being striate. The antenne are long, the flagellum being subclavate and
more than three times the length of the scape, the funicle joints all longer than
thick, the basal joints the longest.

Brazil : Chapada, in April; Santarem ; and P. Branca.

LELAPS STYLATA, sp. nov.

Female.— Length 5.5-6 mm. Head and thorax eneous black, the thorax
above sometimes bronzed green, the abdomen polished black, ending in a long
stylus, which is as long as or a little longer than the body of the abdomen; scape,
base of flagellum and sometimes the tip, and most of the legs, except as noted, pale
yellowish,'the front and middle coxze basally, and the front femora, brown or black,
the hind femora, except basally and at tips, subfuscous, the tips of hind tibiee dusky,
the hind coxee, trochanters, all tibize more or less and especially basally, and all tarsi
basally, more or less white or tinged with white; the stylus is sometimes testaceous
basally or with only the apex black, more rarely wholly black.

Brazil : Chapada, in April ; Santarem.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 483
Faminty LXVII. CLEONYMID/.

SUBFAMILY I. CHALCEDECTINZ.
Genus CHALCEDECTES Walker.

CHALCEDECTES HISTRIONICA (Westwood).
Polychroma histrionica Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 141; Pl. 26, f. 6.
Polychromatium histrionicum Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 186.
Brazil: Santarem. ‘I'wo specimens.

CHALCEDECTES MACULICORNIS Walker.
Chalcedectes maculicornis Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), X., 1853, p. 47, 9.
Chalcodectes maculicornis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 186.
Brazil: Para; Santarem. ‘Two specimens.

CHALCEDECTES REGALIS (Westwood).
Polychroma regalis Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 141; Pl. 26, f 7,
Polychromatiwm regale Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 186.
Brazil: Amazon (Bates).

CHALCEDECTES SEDECIMDENDATUS (Westwood).
Polychroma sedecimdentata Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 141.
Polychromatium sedecimdentatum Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 186.

Brazil.
CHALCEDECTES SEPTEMDENTATUS (Westwood).

Polychroma septemdentata Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 142.
Polychromatium septemdentatum Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 186.
Brazil: Para (Bates).

CHALCEDECTES ANNULIPES, Sp. noy.
(Plate XXXVL., Fig. 2.)

Female. — Length about 7 mm. Metallic purplish and green, with cupreous
tingings, a more decided green spot on the anterior middle of the pronotum and
on the disk of the scutellum, the legs metallic greenish and neous, the hind
coxee more bluish posteriorly, the three basal joints of the tarsi and a broad band
on the hind tibiz at base, white, the terminal joints of tarsi brown or brown
black. The wings are hyaline, the veins light brown, the subcostal vein yellow-
ish towards apex. The swollen hind femora are armed with about thirteen
or fourteen minute teeth. The abdomen is conic-ovate, a little longer than the
head and thorax united, depressed.

Brazil: Chapada, in January ; Corumba, in May.

484 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

SUBFAMILY II. CLEONYMINA.
Genus LYCISCA Spinola.

LycIscA APICALIS Walker.
Lycisca apicalis Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), IL, 1862, p. 393, 9.—Dalla
MNorre; Cate lym Wo 1393). Zolle
Brazil: Ega (Bates); Santarem. ‘Three specimens.

LyciscA HASTATA Walker.
Lycsca hastata Walker, ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. London (38), I., 1862, p. 393, 9.—Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 13898, p. 231.
Brazil : Ega (Bates).

LycIscA IGNICAUDA Westwood.
(Plate XXXVI., Fig. 8.)
Lycisca igmicauda Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 148; Pl. 27, f. 10.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 231.
Brazil: Para (Bates); Santarem ; Chapada, in November; Corumba, in April.
Hight specimens.

LyYcIscA MACULIPENNIS (Philippi).
Proglochin maculipenms Philippi, Stettin. ent. Zeitg., XX XII., 1871, p. 289; Pl. 3,
15 Oy ors
Lycisca maculipenms Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 149.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 231.
Chile: Valdivia, near Los Ulmos.

LyYCISCA RAPTORIA Spinola.

Lycisca raptoria Spinola, Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 18.—Spinola, Mag. de Zool., X., 1840,
p. 18, 2; Pl. 43.—Spinola, Mem. accad. sc. Torino (2), XIII., 1851, p. 44,
2.—Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 148.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
Wh, theo, 10 Zeal.

Brazil : Cayenne.
LyciIscA ROMANDII Westwood.

Lycisca romandu Westwood, Magas. de Zool., XI., 1841, p. 84; Pl. 84.—Guérin,
Iconogr. régn. anim., VII., 1845, p. 416.—Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon.,
1874, p. 148.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 230.

Brazil : Cayenne.
LYCISCA WESTWOODII Guérin.

Lycisca westwood Guérin, Iconogr. régn. anim., VII., Ins., 1845, p. 416. — Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 231.
Colombia.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 485

Genus CLEONYMUS Latreille.

CLEONYMUS COLLARIS Spinola.

Cleonymus collaris Spinola, Mém. accad. sc. Torino (2), XIII., 1853, p. 46, 2. —
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 182.
Brazil: Para.
Genus TRIGONODERUS Westwood.
TRIGONODERUS BRASILIENSIS, Sp. noy.
(Plate XXXVL., Fig. 4.)

Female. — Length 4 mm. Bronzed green, the face in front, the thorax at the
sides and beneath, and the coxee bluish-green ; abdomen elongate, conically pointed,
much longer than the head and thorax united, blue-black, with a metallic eneous
tinge at base; scape, pedical, tegule and legs, except as noted, honey-yellow, the
hind femora dusky ; flagellum brown-black. Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

Genus EPISTENIA Westwood.
EPISTENIA ZQUALIS Walker.
Epistena xqualis Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 392, 9. — Dalla
Norre; Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 177.
Brazil: San Paulo.
EPISTENIA ANIA Walker. :
Epistena ana Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 98, 9. — Dalla Torre,
Catalyse SOS. 17 7.
Brazil.
EPISTENIA BASALIS Walker.
(Plate XXXV., Fig. 5.)
Epistena basalis Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 397, 9. — Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 177.
Brazil: 'Tapagos (Bates); Santarem. ‘Two specimens.

EPISTENIA QUADRIPLAGIATA Walker.
Epistema quadriplagiata Walker, Notes on Chale., Pt. 5, 1872, p. 85, 9.— Dalla
Morre Cat: Ebym:, V., 1398; p, 178.
Brazil.
EPISTENIA SsCcUTATA Walker.
Epistena scutata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (8), I., 1862, p. 391, 2. — Dalla
Nore Cat lyme, Ve, 1893; p. 178.
Brazil.

486 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

SuBFAMILY II]. PELEcINELLINA.
Genus PELECINELLA Westwood.
PELECINELLA HOWARDII Ashmead.

(Plate XXXVI, Fig. 6.)
Pelecinella howard Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, III., 1895, p. 233, 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Htym., V., 1898, p. 178:
Brazil: Chapada, in November. ‘Two specimens.

_ PELECINELLA PHANTASMA Westwood.
Pelecinella phantasma Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1868, p. xxxv.— West-
wood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 142; Pl. 26, f. 8—Ashmead, Proc. Ent.
Soc. Washington, III., 1895, p. 233, Q.
Brazil: Amazon (Bates).

PELECINELLA WESTWOODII Ashmead.
Pelecinella westwoodi Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, III., 1895, p. 233, @.
— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 178.
Brazil: Chapada, in March ; P. Branca, in April. Two specimens.

Famity LXVII. ENCYRTIDA.

SUBFAMILY I. EuPpELMINZ.
TriBpe L. Hupelmin.
Genera OODERELLA Ashmead.

OODERELLA SMITHII Ashmead.
(Plate XXXVIL., Fig. 1.)
Ooderella smithii Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., 1896, p. 11, o.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 268.
Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.
Genus BRASHEMA Cameron.
BRASEMA FUSCIPENNIS, sp. nov.

Female. — Length 7 mm. Uniformly dark blue, closely punctate, the meso-
pleura and the coxee clothed with a white pubescence. Wings fuscous, a little paler
at tips. Head very broad, lenticular, without antennal furrows; eyes brown, faintly
hairy ; ocellired, arranged in a triangle; mandibles small, 3-dentate at apex; legs

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 7 AST

concolorous with the body, the sutures of the trochanters yellowish, the tibize sub-
dilated towards apex, the hind tibize subcompressed, ending in two short spurs, the
middle tibiz ending in one strong spur, the middle tarsi dilated with joints one to
four armed with two rows of black teeth beneath.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Genus IDOLEUPELMUS Ashmead.
IDOLEUPELMUS ANNULICORNIS Ashmead.
Idoleupelmus annulicornis Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, LV., 1896, p. 13,
Q.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 271.
Brazil: Santarem. West Indies: St. Vincent.

Genus MACREUPELMUS Ashmead.
MACREUPELMUS BRASILIENSIS Ashmead.
(Plate XXXVIL., Fig. 2.)
Macreupelmus brasiliensis Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., 1896, P 14,
Q.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 271.
Brazil: Santarem. Four specimens.

Genus ISCHNOPSIS Ashmead.
ISCHNOPSIS THORACICA sp. nov.
Female. — Length 3.6 mm. Head metallic green, finely punctate, the face with
a fine, glittering white pubescence; eyes black; antennee, thorax, legs and abdo-
men honey-yellow. The abdomen is longer than the head and thorax united, and
tinged with fuscous towards apex, the ovipositor short, but distinct.
Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

ISCHNOPSIS CYANEA Sp. nov..

Uniformly dark blue, the thorax with a greenish

tinge in certain lights, closely finely punctate, and clothed with short, scale-like,
white hairs; the tibial spurs and the tarsi, except toward apex, yellowish-white, the
basal joints always white; eyes large, converging AO, brown and faintly pubes-
cent. Wings hyaline, veins light brown.

Brazil: Santarem.
Genus FEUPELMUS Dalman.

EUPELMUS AMERICANUS Spinola.
Hupelmus ? americanus Spinola, Mem. accad. sc. Torino (2), XIII, 1851, p. 47.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 273.
Brazil; Para:

488 _ MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

HUPELMUS AMILLARUS Walker.
Kupelmus amillarus Walker, Ent. Mag., V., 1838, p. 475, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Jalan, Wey Sls), 05 Al.

Brazil.
EUPELMUS BASICUPREUS Walker.

EHupelmus basicwpreus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), X., 1852, p. 45, Q.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 274.

Brazil: Para.
EUPELMUS EXCELLENS Westwood.

Ewupelmus eacellens Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 149.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Heya Vie OOS ips ZO:
Brazil: Para (Bates).

EUPELMUS KOEBELEI, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 2.6mm. Apterous and of a bluish-green color, the head in
front gold-green, the abdomen blue-black, with an eeneous tinge, cupreous at base
and beneath, the ovipositor yellowish, with a black annulus at base and at tip; the
ovipositor is hardly one third the length of the abdomen; the pronotum is bluish,
with a tuft of long black hairs on the anterior middle above ; legs eeneous black,
the sutures of the trochanters, tips of all tibiz, a spot at base of middle tibize, and
all tarsi, except the last joint, brownish-yellow or yellowish-white.

Type.—Cat. No. 7660, U.S. N. M.

Brazil: Bonito Proy., Pernambuco, February, 1883 (Mr. Albert Koebele).

EUPELMUS ACAUDUS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 2mm. Metallic green, the head on the vertex and the meso-
pleura blue-green ; scape, pedicel and legs, including the coxee, pale honey-yellow ;
flagellum brown-black. The wings are hyaline, with the veins yellowish. The
abdomen conic-ovate, as long as the head and thorax united, eeneous black, the
ovipositor not prominent, the sheaths yellowish and only slightly projecting beyond
the tip of the abdomen.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

-EUPELMUS PROXIMUS, sp. nov.
Female-—Length 1.6 mm. JXneous black, the head in front metallic green ;
scape eeneous black, the pedicel at apex and beneath yellowish, the flagellum black ;
legs, except coxee which are metallic, brownish-yellow, the front femora toward
apex faintly dusky. The wings are hyaline, the veins yellowish. The abdomen is
elongate, conically pointed, eeneous black, longer than the head and thorax united,
the ovipositor not prominent, the sheaths yellowish and only slightly projecting.
Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES A489

EUPELMUS COMPRESSIVENTRIS, Sp. Nov.

Female-—Length 3 mm. ; ovipositor about one third the length of the abdomen
and broadly ringed with yellow. Head and thorax blue, with a faint greenish tinge
in certain lights, the mesopleura decidedly eneous; abdomen compressed, eeneous
black ; antenne, except the club, and the legs, except the cox basally, brownish-
yellow, the hind femora faintly dusky medially.

Brazil: Corumba, in March. One specimen.

EUPELMUS APRILIS, Sp. noy.

Female.—Length 2 mm. ; ovipositor short but distinct, the length of the basal
joint of hind tarsi, testaceous. Head and thorax metallic green; antenne black,
the scape eeneous black; legs except the femora, the hind coxe, a spot at base of
the front tibize outwardly, straw-yellow. The wings are hyaline, the veins yellowish.
The abdomen is elongate, conically pointed, longer than the head and thorax united
and seneous black.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

EUPELMUS CHAPADA#, sp. noy.

Female.—Length 2.8 mm.; ovipositor projecting, not ringed with yellow, but
with the tip brownish. Head, thorax and abdomen metallic green, the mesopleura
with a purplish tinge ; antenne except a narrow annulus at the apex of the pedicel,
wholly back; legs, except the front and hind coxee, pale ferruginous or brownish-
yellow. The wings are hyaline, the veins yellowish. The abdomen is conically
pointed, longer than the head and the thorax united.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

EUPELMUS SANTAREMENSIS, Sp. nov.

Female.—Length 3.5 mm.; ovipositor about one third the length of the abdomen,
ringed with yellow. Head and thorax blue or bluish-green, the head in front and the
mesonotal ridges metallic-green ; scape and an annulus at the apex of the pedicel,
yellow ; legs, except the front and the hind coxe and more or less of their femora
which are metallic blue or blue-green, pale ferruginous or brownish-yellow.

Brazil: Santarem.
EUPELMUS PERSIMILIS, Sp. noy.

Female.—Length 4 mm.; ovipositor prominent, broadly ringed with yellowish-
white. This species is allied to H. santaremensis, but it is slightly larger, the lateral
ridges of the mesonotum, the elevated basal part of the middle lobe and the scu-
tellum are more decidedly gold-green ; the disk of the mesopleura is greener ; the
antenne, except the club, are wholly yellow ; while the legs, except the coxe and a

490 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

streak on the hind femora, are pale ferruginous, the apex of the hind tibie and their
tarsi being white.
Brazil: Corumba, in May. One specimen.

EUPELMUS CORUMB#, sp. noy.

Female.-—Length 2.5 mm.; ovipositor short, not ringed with white. Bluish-
green, the anterior part of the middle mesothoracic lobe and the mesopleura pos-
teriorly more decidedly green ; antennee, except the scape beneath, black ; legs me-
tallic brown, the coxe blue-green, the trochanters, knees and base and tips of tibie,
yellowish, the tibial spurs and the tarsi, except the last two joints, white or yellow-
ish-white. Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish.

Brazil: Corumba, in May. One specimen.

EUPELMUS UNIFASCIATUS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 3.8 mm.; ovipositor prominent, more than one third the length
of the abdomen, yellowish basally, brownish towards tip but with the extreme tip
yellowish. Blue, with a glittering white pubescence ; prothorax and the lateral
lobes of the mesonotum gold-green ; antenne black, the scape subcompressed, me-
tallic ceeneous, legs seneous or bronzed, the sutures of the trochanters and the knees
testaceous, the middle and hind tarsi basally whitish. Wings subfuscous, hyaline at
base and with a narrow transverse band from before the origin of the stigmal vein.

Brazil: Chapada, in August. One specimen. |

EUPELMUS SIMILLIMUS, Sp. nov.

Female.— Length 2 mm. ; ovipositor’ prominent, with a broad yellowish band.
Metallic green ; head above smooth, eneous black ; palpi white; front wings with
the apical two thirds fuscous, the fuscous part with two oblique white spots, vis-a-vis,
one extending from the front margin just before the stigmal vein, the other just
opposite it on the hind margin, as in the West Indian EF. albomaculatus ; legs metallic
brownish, the apices of the coxe, the trochanters, the front and middle femora
beneath, and the rest of the legs, except the base of the front and middle tibiz out-
wardly, white or whitish.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

KEUPELMUS MAGNICLAVATUS, Sp. noy.

Female.— Length 4.5 mm.; ovipositor short, only about two thirds the length
the basal joint of hind tarsi, and yellowish-white. Blue, closely, finely punctate,
the mesonotal depression greenish ; wings hyaline, with a fuscous cloud extending
from the tip of the stigmal vein into the discoidal region, then curving backwards

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 491

and connected with a faint cloud that extends from the base of the marginal vein ;
antennze seneous black, ending in a large stout club which is nearly as long as the
scape, the last four joints of the funicle being much wider than long; legs zeneous
black, the trochanters, or at least along the sutures, yellowish.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Genus PHLEBOPENES Perty.
PHLEBOPENES BASILICA (Marshall).
Prionopelma basilica Marshall, Ann. soc. ent. France, XLI., 1892, p. 71; Pl. 4, f. 2.
Phlebopenes basilica Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 279.
Venezuela: San Esteban. .
PHLEBOPENES CONSORS (Walker).
Prionopelma consors Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 395, @.
Phlebopenes consors Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 279.
Colombia: New Grenada.

PHLEBOPENES LONGICAUDATA (Westwood).
Prionopelma longicaudata Westwood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 145, ¢ ; PL. 27,
f. 4.

Phlebopenes longicaudata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 279.

Brazil: Para (Bates).

PHLEBOPENES LONGICOLLIS Westwood.

Prionopelma longicollis Westwood, ‘Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 145; T. 27, f. 1.
Phlebopenes longicollis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 279.

Brazil: Para (Bates); Chapada. One specimen.

PHLEBOPENES LONGIFICA (Walker).
Prionopelma longifica Walker, Notes on Chale., Pt. 5, 1872, p. 84, 9°.
Phlebopenes longifica Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 297.
Brazil: Para (Bates); Santarem. One specimen.

PHLEBOPENES PURPUREA (Walker).
Prionopelma purpurea Walker, ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), I., 1862, p. 395, 9.
Phlebopenes purpurea Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 279.
Brazil: Tapayos and Ega (Bates).

PHLEBOPENES SPLENDENS (Walker).
Prionopelma splendens Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (38), I., 1862, p. 396, o.
Phlebopenes splendens Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 279.
Brazil: Villa Nova (Bates).

492 ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES

PHLEBOPENES SPLENDIDUS Perty.
Phlebopenes splendidus Perty, Delectus. anim. Artic. Brasil., 1833, p. 132; T. 26, f.
11.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 279.
Brazil.
PHLEBOPENES VIRIDIS (Westwood).
Prionopelma viridis Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, III., 1835, p. 51. — West-
wood, Thesaur. ent. Oxon., 1874, p. 144.
Phlebopenes viridis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 279.
Brazil.
PHLEBOPENES ABDOMINALIS, sp. nov.

Female. — Length to tip of abdomen 8.5-9 mm.; ovipositor about 25 or 26
mm. long. Head and thorax blue, with faint greenish tingings in certain lights ;
antennee black, the scape subcompressed, seneous black; legs, except the coxee, and
abdomen pale ferruginous, the long ovipositor being black. Wings hyaline, the
veins brownish.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, in November. One specimen.

PHLEBOPENES PERTYI, sp. Noy.
(Plate XXXVIL., Fig. 3.)

Female. — Length to tip of abdomen about 9 mm.; ovipositor about 27 mm.
long. Head and thorax blue, the ridges of the mesonotum tinged with seneous ;
antennee black; the prosternum, the legs, including all coxe, and the abdomen
pale ferruginous, the abdomen of a darker red.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

This species resembles P. abdominalis, but is easily separated by the color of the

COX.
ENCYRTASPIS Ashmead, gen. noy.

This genus is at once recognized by the tuft of long black hairs on the scutellum
as in the genus Hncyrtus Latreille (=Comys Forster), by the shape of the head, the
scrobes being very short, hardly impressed, and by the abdomen, which has the
hypopygium prominent and ends in a long ovipositor.

ENCYRTASPIS BRASILIENSIS, Sp. NOv.
(Plate XXXVIL., Fig. 4.)

Female.— Length about 4 mm.; ovipositor longer than the body, with a broad
white band before the apex. Blue with greenish reflections, the head in front
ceneous, the abdomen eeneous black, with a testaceous band near the base, the scu-
tellum red with a tuft of long black hairs. The antenne, except the last two or

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 493

three joints of the funicle and the club which are black or dark fuscous, are yellow-
ish; the legs are brownish or fuscous, the trochanters yellowish, the hind tibize
compressed, the hind margin of same being white; joints one to three of the mid-
dle tarsi and joints two and three and apex of joint one of the hind tarsi white.
The front wings, except the basal one third and the apical one fourth, fuscous, the
base and apex hyaline.

Type. — Cat. No. 7661, U.S. N. M.
Brazil: Pernambuco. (Mr. Albert Koebele.)

Genus ANASTATUS Motschulsky.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

lpubhoraxsan deaodomenmnostlyametallic bluecroroneenneersri sneyeeeee eee seiccicicie cise sec ce casera

Thorax and abdomen honey-yellow, or for the greater part.
Thorax honey-yellow ; head gold-green, closely punctate ; front wings subfuscous, the basal third
a transverse band before the apex and two triangular spots, vis-d-vis, beneath the marginal
vein, hyaline or white. . Bode 3b BVO er oie Cc beRneEn Dien epoca rene ..A. auriceps, sp. noy.
Thorax yellowish but with the Eadie mesothoracic Tohts and the metanotum bluish-green ; head
metallic green, closely punctate ; front wings fuscous, with a band at base, and another across
from the base of the stigmal vein, hyaline...........................A4. coreophagus, sp. nov.
Ome VMetalllicubluesonce mora luis lvrrep empty rel teeta etehereneretareVckelete e/aucrs) ae) eVellsyortsl) 2) Shee: eel resece = topoeie missive) cic, eisie)
Metallic green, the disk of the mesonotum purplish, the mesopleura posteriorly, the ridge in front of the
tegule, and a band at base of the abdomen honey-yellow ; front wings subfuscous, the basal third
and a transverse band across from the marginal vein, hyaline or white........ A. pleuralis, sp. nov.
8. Collar and base of abdomen HL OUR CLO Wigan neettagaptan aietetatete Paces a oh reheTa) 1S oe ahh ace sinieletke oe Sievers. siee sve" eievaie wine

Collar and base of abdomen yellow or whitish.

Head gold-green ; front wings fuscous with the basal third, and a band across from before the stig-
MIA WE, leVAllN® 55 94qs0n0cadno cocoon ob eo uDoddeb0 0b 000d 000000007 00 co LUA, Si 0> ION io
4. Abdomen finely punctate or shagreened, with a yellowish band at base; front wings fuscous, paler at
tips, the basal third hyaline, the disk with a narrow transverse band from the apex of the marginal
vein. Pe RE ELT Ie AT Uae hee CaN ee ace ee ee os AG, UNCLIVENtTis; Sp. NOV.
ane smooth, zeneous black ; front wings fuscous, the basal third, and a transverse band across the
disk before the origin of the eat Vel hiyalineee aceite sees ce4. UL pascualus, Sp. NOV.

ANASTATUS AURICEPS, sp. Nov.

Female-— Length 2.5-3 mm. Head metallic gold-green, punctate, the thorax,
abdomen, legs and antenne, except the club, honey-yellow, the palpi white.

The thorax and abdomen are smooth, impunctate ; the metathorax has a me-
tallic band at base, enclosing the spiracles and on the dorsum of the abdomen later-
ally are a few fuscous spots. ‘The antennee, except the club, are yellow, the flagellum
subclavate, twice the length of the scape. The front wings are subfuscous, with the
basal third, a transverse band before apex, and two triangular spots vis-d-vis beneath
the marginal vein, hyaline or whitish.

494 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Brazil: Corumba, lowlands in March ; Chapada, in April. The specimen from
Chapada is the smaller, but agrees well with the other, except the flagellum is fuscous
from the third joint and there is a bluish-green spot on the disk of the mesonotum.

ANASTATUS COREOPHAGUS, Sp. nov.

Female.— Length 2.4 mm. Head gold-green, closely punctate ; thorax, except
the middle mesothoracic lobe and the metanotum, which are bluish-green, and the
abdomen yellowish or honey-yellow ; antenne, except the scape, pedicel and first
two or three joints of the funicle, which are yellowish or yellowish-white, black or
brown-black ; legs yellowish, the tarsi, except the last joint, paler. Front wings,
except at base and a transverse band across from the base of the stigmal vein,
fuscous, at base and the band hyaline or whitish. |

Type.—Cat. No. 7664, U.S. N. M.

Brazil: Pernambuco. Bred June 12, 1883, by Mr. Albert Koebele, from the
eggs on an unknown coreid.

ANASTATUS PLEURALIS, Sp. noy.

Female.— Length 2.6 mm. Metallic green, the disk of the mesonotum and the
mesopleura anteriorly purplish or bluish-green ; the scape, the ridge in front of the
tegule, the tegule, the mesopleura posteriorly, a broad band at base of abdomen,
and the legs, except as noted, honey-yellow; the front femora above faintly, a
narrow stripe on the middle femora above, the hind femora and tibiz above, and
the basal joint of hind tarsi, are brown or fuscous ; the middle coxee basally and the
hind coxee are metallic. Front wings subfuscous, the basal third and a band across
the disk from the middle of the marginal vein, hyaline or whitish.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

ANASTATUS BASALIS, Sp. Nov. i
Female.— Length 4.2 mm. Blue-green ; the prothorax, scape and legs, yellowish
or pale ferruginous, the middle tibize and the hind femora and tibize more or less
brown or fuscous, the tarsi whitish ; abdomen eneous black, with a broad whitish
band at base. Front wings with the apical two thirds, except a narrow whitish
band across from the marginal vein, fuscous, the basal third hyaline.
Brazil: Chapada, in August. One specimen.

ANASTATUS PUNCTIVENTRIS, Sp. nov.

Female.—Length 4mm. Metallic blue-green, more decidedly green on the disk
of the mesonotum anteriorly and on the vertex ; the whole body, including the
abdomen, is closely punctate. The scape, pedicel, first three or four joints of the
flagellum, and a band at the base of the abdomen, are honey-yellow ; legs brownish

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 495

or fuscous, the front trochanters, a spot on the knees, a stripe on the middle tibie
beneath and the hind femora beneath, yellowish. The front wings, except the basal
third and a narrow transverse band on the disk from near the apex of the marginal
vein, are fuscous, the basal third and the narrow transverse band being hyaline or
whitish.

Type. — Cat. No. 7662, U.S. N. M.

Brazil: Chapada; Bahia (Mr. A. Koebele).

This is the only species known in this genus with a punctate abdomen. The
specimens from Bahia were bred in March, 1885, by Mr. Albert Koebele, from the
eges of an unknown locustid.

ANASTATUS UNIFASCIATUS, Sp. Nov.

Female.—Length about 5 mm. Dark blue-green, the vertex and disk of the
mesonotum more decidedly green ; scape yellow, the flagellum, including the pedi-
cel, brown-black, the club with a whitish spot on the oblique truncature ; legs dark
brown or fuscous, the front and middle tarsi and joints two to four of hind tarsi be--
neath, yellowish-white. Wings much as in A. basalis.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro.

TriBe Il. Tanaostigman.
TRICHENCYRTUS Ashmead, gen. nov.

This genus is allied to Tanaostigmodes Ashmead, and resembles it in shape, but
the body is not bare, as in that genus, but clothed with short, scale-like, white hairs.
It is also easily separated by the difference in the antenne, the scape being subcom-
pressed, the funicle joints one to three being wider than long. In Tanaostigmodes
the funicle joints are cylindrical and longer than wide.

TRICHENCYRTUS ROBUSTUS, Sp. nov.
(Plate XXXVIL, Fig. 5.)

Female.—Length 2mm. Robust, eneous black, with metallic bluish reflections
in certain lights, the whole body clothed with short, scale-like white hairs, the head
with a white band across the lower part of the face and extending on to the cheeks
back of the eyes; there is also another slender white line above this, on each side ;
extending from the insertion of each antenna to the eye margin; the very short
pronotum has a triangular white spot on each side; the front tarsi, or at least more
or less beneath, and the short sheaths of the ovipositor, are testaceous. The scape
of the antennee is flat, dilated, eeneous black, the flagellum dull black, pubescent,
the basal joints wider than long. The wings are hyaline, the costal cell broad, the

496 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

veins light brown, the stigmal vein long, ending in a small knob, the postmarginal
much shorter than the stigmal.
Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen

SuBFAMILY II. Encyrrina.
TriBEe III. Morin.
Genus PARENCYRTUS Ashmead.
PARENCYRTUS BRASILIENSIS, Sp. Nov.
(Plate XXXVIL., Fig. 6.)
Parencyrtus brasiliensis Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, X XII., 1900, p. 368, 9.

Brazil: Chapada.
Genus ASNASIUS Walker.

AHNASIUS CHAPADH Ashmead.
(Plate XXXVIIL., Fig. 1.)
Anasius chapade Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXII., 1900, p. 371, Q.

Brazil : Chapada.
Genus BOTHRIOTHORAX Ratzeburg.

BoTHRIOTHORAX BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.

Male.— Length 1.8 mm. Aneous black, the head and thorax with close,
thimble-like punctures, sparser on the scutellum ; the antennee are brownish-yellow
the first four joints of the flagellum shghtly emarginate at apex, with long hairs;
the legs are eeneous black, the front femora toward apex, the apex of the middle
femora, front and middle tibie and tarsi, and the hind tarsi, yellowish. Wings
hyaline, the veins light brownish, the postmarginal vein only slightly developed.
The abdomen in outline is triangular ; shorter than the thorax, depressed and eeneous.

Brazil: Chapada, in September. One specimen.

Genus HEMENCYRTUS Ashmead.
HEMENCYRTUS HERBERTII Ashmead.
(Plate XXXVIIL., Fig. 2.)
Hemencyrtus herbertii Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXII., 1900, p. 375, 9.
Brazil: Chapada, in August and November.

Genus HEXACLADIA Ashmead.

HEXACLADIA SMITHII Ashmead.

Hexacladia smithii Ashmead, Ins. Life, III., 1891, p. 456, 9. — Dalla Torre, Cat.
Hym., V., 1898, p. 230. — Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXII, 1900,
Daromde

Brazil: Chapada, in April.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES A497

Genus APHIDENCYRTUS Ashmead.
APHIDENCYRTUS EPYTUS (Walker).
Encyrtus epytus Walker, Monogr. Chalcid., II., 1839, p. 69, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat.
iby Vey 89S,) ps 258:
Brazil: Bahia.

APHIDENCYRTUS BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.

Male. — Length 0.8 mm. neous black, nearly smooth, the abdomen triangular
with a metallic luster ; antennze brownish-yellow, the joints of the funicle oval, with
long hairs ; legs, except the coxee and the femora, honey yellow, the coxee black, the
femora brown. Wings hyaline, the veins brown, the stigmal vein about twice as
long as the marginal.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

Genus COCCIDENCYRTUS Ashmead.
(?) COCCIDENCYRTUS VITIS Guérin.
Encyrtus vitis Guérin, Iconogr. régne anim., VII., Ins., 1845, p. 416, &'; T. 67, f.
14.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 265.
Brazil.
SUBFAMILY III. SIGNIPHORIN®.
Genus SIGNIPHORA Ashmead.
SIGNIPHORA NOACKI Ashmead.
Signiphora noacki Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, XXII., 1900, p. 410, 9.
Brazil : San Paulo. |
Type.—Cat. No. 4793, U.S. N. M.

SIGNIPHORA RHIzOcoccI Ashmead.

Signiphora rhizococct Ashmead, Proce. U. S. Nat. Museum, XXII., 1900, p. 411, 9.
Brazil: Minas Geras.
Type.—Cat. No. 4858, U.S. N. M.

Famitry LXIX. PTEROMALIDA.

SUBFAMILY I. PTEROMALINA.
Trise I. Metaponina.
Genus METOPON Walker.
METOPON BRASILIENSE, sp. nov.
Female.—Length 2 mm. Metallic bronze-green, the head and thorax closely
punctate, the abdomen with a brassy tinge, except the flagellum, the antenne, and

498 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

legs, except the coxee, honey yellow, the flagellum strongly clavate, pale brown, the
joints after the second wider than long, the last funicle joint being more than three
times as wide as long. The metathorax is almost smooth with a delicate median
carina which is forked on the produced neck ; no transverse fold on the metano-
tum. Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish. Abdomen ovate, not longer than the
thorax, subcompressed beneath towards apex.

Male.—Length 2.5mm. Agrees with female in color but easily recognized by
the antenne, the flagellum being long, filiform, the joints of the funicle being
briefly pedicellate, with moderately long hairs.

Brazil: Corumba, in May ; Santarem. One male and three female specimens.

METOPON MAGNICLAVATUM, Sp. nov.

Female.—Length 3 mm. Bronzed black, with a purplish tinge, the head and
thorax closely punctate, the abdomen conically pointed, longer than the head and
thorax united, zeneous black ; the scape, pedicel and legs, except coxee, honey yel-
low, the flagellum black, the club greatly enlarged and as long as the pedicel and
funicle joints united.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Quite different from all other species known by the greatly enlarged antennal,
club and by the conically produced abdomen.

ACANTHOMETOPON Ashmead, gen. noy.
Allied to Metopon Walker, but easily separated by the spined scutellum and by
the flagellum having only two ring-joints.

ACANTHOMETOPON CLAYVICORNE, Sp. nov.
(Plate XXXVIIL., Fig. 3.)

Female.—Length 3.8 mm. Bronzed green, closely punctate, the first six joints
of the antennze and the legs honey yellow, the rest of the antenne black or brown-
black. Abdomen compressed, the ventral valve prominent ; above it has a brassy
tinge, beneath towards apex and the ventral valve yellow.

Brazil : Corumba, in May. One specimen.

Trrpe III. Huteloni.
Genus PLAYTERMA Walker.

PLAYTERMA NEPHELE Walker.
Platyterma nephele Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 186, &%.
Chile : Coquimbo.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 499

TriseE IV. Pteromalini.

Genus PAPHAGUS Walker.
PAPHAGUS SIDERO Walker.
Paphagus sidero Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XII., 1848, p. 48, 9.— Dalla
Morne, Catetlyis, Ve, 1898) p. 213. :
West Indies: St. Vincent.

j Genus PTEROMALUS Swederus.
Very few of the hundreds of species described by Francis Walker in this genus
belong to it. The types must be studied before his species can be placed in their

proper genera.
PTEROMALUS ARCHIA Walker.

Pteromalus archia Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 18438, p. 116, 3. — Dalla
‘ome, Cert. Ibi. Wo, eich. Jos Ie

Peru: Lima.
PTEROMALUS CALENUS Walker.

Pteromalus calenus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 31, &'. —Spinola,
Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 445, o’. — Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
Woy USBISS, jos Il,
Chile: Conception.

PTEROMALUS CLEOPHANES Walker.
Pteromalus cleophanes Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 68, 9.— Dalla Torre,
Cat. Tym, V5 13898). Li. :
Brazil: Bahia.

_PTEROMALUS Cosis Walker.
Pteromalus cosis Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 68, 9. — Dalla Torre, Cat.
lebyram, Wo, teh qo), JUS)
Brazil: Bahia.

PTEROMALUS DRIOPIDES Walker.
Pteromalus driopides Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 68, 9.—Dalla Torre,
Cate rym) V. 1893, p. 122:
Brazil: Bahia.

PTEROMALUS EURYPON Walker.
Pieromalus ewrypon Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XIX., 1847, p. 398, 9.—
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., p. 124.

PTEROMALUS GRYNEUS Walker.
Pteromalus gryneus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 115, 2.— Spinola,
Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool, VL, 1851, p. 442, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
We, 1683, jo. 1
Chile: Valparaiso.

500 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

PTEROMALUS MEGAREUS Walker.

Pteromalus megareus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 272, 9.— Spinola,
Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 447, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
V., 1898, p. 134.
Chile: Valdivia.

PTEROMALUS MYDON Walker. .
Pteromalus mydon Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 87, 9.—Spinola, Gay:
Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 439, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 136.
Chile: Chiloe.

PTEROMALUS G@NOE Walker.
Pteromalus enoe Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 187, 9.— Spinola,
Gay : Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 444, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
Ve) 1893) px138:
Chile : Coquimbo.

PTEROMALUS OXYNTHES Walker.

Pteromalus ? oxynthes Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI, 1843, p. 184, 9.—
Spinola, Gay : Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 446, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat.
Fly Vi SISe ps 139:

Chile: Isle of Chonos.

PTEROMALUS PROTHOUS Walker.
Pieromalus prothous Walker, Monogr. Chale., I1., 1839, p. 87, 9.—Spinola, Gay :
Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 440, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898,
p. 142.
Chile : Chiloe.

PTEROMALUS RH@BUS Walker.

Pteromalus rhebus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 187, 9. —Spi-
nola, Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool., VIL, 1851, p. 442, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat.
Hym., V., 1898, p. 146.

Chile: Coquimbo.

PTEROMALUS SESTIUS Walker.
Pteromalus sestius Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 186, 9. — Spinola,
Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 448, 9. — Dalla Torre, Cat Hym.,
V., 1898, p. 147.

Chile: Coquimbo.
PTEROMALUS TOXENUS Walker.

Pteromalus toxenus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 186, 9.—Spinola,
Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 447, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
Ve 13935 ptoile
Chile : Coquimbo.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 501

PTEROMALUS TRAULUS Walker.
Pteromalus traulus Walker, Monogr. Chale., IJ., 1839, p. 88, 9.—Spinola, Gay: Hist.
de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 440, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 151.
Chile: Chiloe.

PTEROMALUS VITULA Walker.
Pteromalus vitula Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 187, o'.— Spinola,
Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 444, co’. — Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
We IS9S) pr los:
Chile : Coquimbo.

PTEROMALUS VULSO Walker.
Pteromalus vulso Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 89, &.—Spinola, Gay: Hist.
de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 448, #'.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 154.
_ Chile: Chiloe.
SUBFAMILY IV. SPHEGIGASTERIN&.

TriBE I. Asaphini.
Genus ASAPHES Walker.
ASAPHES VULGARIS Walker.

Decatoma metallica Spinola, Ann. mus. hist. nat., XVII., 1811, p. 151 (s. descrip.).

Hurytoma enea Nees, Hym. Ichn. affin. Monogr., II., 1834, p. 42, °9.—Reinhard,
Stettin. ent. Zeitg., XX., 1859, p. 192.

Colax aphidii Curtis, Journ. Agric. Soc., III., 1842.

Pteromalus petiolatus Zetterstedt, Insect. Lappon., I., 1838, p. 482, 9.

Chalcis vulgaris Blanchard, Cuvier : Régne. anim., Ed. 3%, Ins., II., 1849; T. 114, f. 4.

Chrysolampus suspensus Nees, Hym. Ichn. affin. Monogr., II., 1834, p. 127.—Rein-
hard, Stettin. ent. Zeitg., XX., 1859, p. 192, Q.

Chrysolampus altwventris Nees, Hym. Ichn. affin. Monogr., II., 1834, p. 127.

Chrysolampus eneus Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstius, II., 1848, p. 185, 9.—Ratzeburg,
opus cit., III., 1852, p. 228.

Isocratus vulgaris Forster, Hym. Stud., I., 1856, p. 58.—Thomson, Hym. Skand.,
IW a5 ISH, to. ZO Qt

Asaphes vulgaris Walker, Ent. Mag., II., 1834, p. 152, 9¢°.—Blanchard, Hist. nat.
Ins., III., 1840, p. 265.—Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II., 1840 ; Synop.,
p. 67.—Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 114, 9.—Spinola, Gay:
Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 462.—Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstius, IIT,
1852, p. 229.—Reinhard, Berl. ent. Zeitschr., I., 1857, p. 76.—Reinhard,
Stettin. ent. Zeitg., XX., 1859, p. 194.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898,
p. 205.

502 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Chile. This species is now distributed into all parts of the world. It is parasitic
on various Aphids and is also occasionally bred from Coccids.

Trise III. Sphegigasterv.
Genus ACROCLISIS Forster.
ACROCLISIS BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov. .

Male.—Length 2.5 mm. Bluish-green, closely punctate ; scape, pedicel and legs,
except coxee, honey yellow, the femora more or less brownish toward base, the tips
of the femora, the tibize and tarsi more of a yellowish-white ; flagellum filiform,
brown, pubescent, the funicle joints more than twice longer than thick ; metanotum
rugulose, with a median carina; abdomen oblong, the petiole rugulose, opaque,
with a delicate carina above, the body of abdomen neous black, smooth and shiny.

Wings hyaline, the veins brownish-yellow.
Brazil: Chapada, in January. One specimen.

SUBFAMILY V. SPALANGIINA.

Genus SPALANGIA Latreille.
SPALANGIA BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.

Female. — Length 3.1 mm. neous black, the tip of hind tibiee testaceous, the
tarsi, except last joint, yellowish-white ; eyes pale, hairy. The oblong head is shin-
ing but in front with sparse thimble-like punctures and a median grooved line, the
cheeks being long and closely opaquely punctured ; the pronotum is closely umbili-
cately punctate, the lobes of the mesonotum are smooth, but posteriorly in front of
the scutellum is a median carina formed by two longitudinal rows of coarse punc-
tures; there are also punctures on each side of these rows and coarse punctures
in the parapsidal furrows posteriorly; the axillar sutures are coarsely punctured ;
the scutellum proper is smooth, impunctate, except a transverse row of coarse elon-
gate punctures posteriorly ; the metathorax is rugose from coarse pits, while the meso-
pleura has a large deep median sulcus and a depression filled with elevated lines
along the anterior margin. Wings hyaline, faintly dusky, with the veins dark brown.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Famity LXX. ELASMID/..
Genus ELASMUS Westwood.
ELASMUS BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.
Female. — Length 2mm. _ Blue black, with a yellow line between the scutellum
and the postscutellum ; thorax above delicately reticulate, finely pubescent, the

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 503

scutellum smooth, the head in front, except a few minute punctures, smooth and
shining; the scape of the antenne, the coxe apically, the trochanters, front and
middle femora, apex of hind femora, and the tibize and tarsi, yellowish-white, the
hind tarsi fuscous at apex ; the hind femora, except at apex, are bluish ; the hairs on
the hind tibize are arranged so as to form nine areas ; flagellum light brown, the club
darker. The abdomen is conically produced, compressed at sides, blue black except
towards base beneath, where it is testaceous. Wings hyaline, the tegule and the
subcostal vein pale yellowish, the rest of the veins brown.
Brazil: Corumba,in May. One specimen.

ELASMUS PERAFFINIS, sp. noy.

Male. — Length 1.8 mm. Blue black with the apex of the scutellum yellow ;
antenne, including the branches, brown, the scape yellowish; mandibles and
palpi pale; legs yellowish-white, the base of middle and hind coxe, and a very
broad band on their femora, black ; the hairs on the hind tibie are so arranged as
to form six or seven areas. Wings hyaline, the veins light brown, the tegule yel-
lowish-white.

Brazil: Exact locality not given. One specimen.

ELASMUS CHAPADZ, Sp. nov.

Female.— Length 2 mm. Blue black, the apex of the scutellum yellow, the
basal two segments of the abdomen red; the face is rather closely and distinctly
punctate, the thorax reticulately sculptured, the scutellum smooth, shining; anten-
nee brown black, the scape yellowish; legs blue black except as follows: The front
legs, except the coxee basally, the sutures between the trochanters and femora of
middle and hind legs, and the tibie and tarsi, are pale yellowish-white, the hind
tarsi appear fuscous from the pubescence; the hairs on the hind tibiee are arranged
in two longitudinal rows, the inne row, however, being intersected by a short, cross
hair line, forming two long areas. Wings hyaline, the veins brown.

Brazil: Chapada. One specimen.

Famity LXXI. EBULOPHID A.

SUBFAMILY I. ENTEDONIN#.

Tripe I. Tetracampini.

No species belonging to this tribe are yet known from South America.

5O4 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

TriBE Il. Omphalim.
Genus OMPHALE Haliday.

OMPHALE BRASILIENSIS, sp. noy.

Female.-—Length 2 mm. Blue, the thorax with an neous tinge; a dot on the
front and middle knees, the extreme apex of all tibize and the tarsi, except the last
joint, pale yellowish-white ; mandibles pale; antennze brown black, pubescent, the
scape yellowish. Wings hyaline, bare or nearly, the veins pale, the postmarginal
vein hardly developed, shorter than the very short stigmal vein. The abdomen is
conically pointed, subcompressed beneath at base, and a little longer than the head
and thorax united.

Brazil: Chapada, in April ; Corumba, in May.

This species is allied to O. nigrocyanea Ashm. described from Grenada, W. I.

Genus CLOSTEROCERUS Westwood.
CLOSTEROCERUS CERCIUS Walker.
Closterocerus cerciuus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 31, Q.
Entedon cercius Walker, List. Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 62.— Spinola, Gay :
Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 435, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898,
p. 34.
Chile : Conception.

CLOSTEROCERUS PELOR Walker.
Closterocerus pelor Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 185, &.
FEntedon pelor Walker, List. Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 62.— Spinola, Gay :
Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 436, 3.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 42.
Chile: Isle of Chonos.

CLOsTEROCERUS XENODICE Walker.
Closterocerus xenodice Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1848, p. 273, Qo.
Entedon xenodice Walker, List. Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 62.—Spinola, Gay :
Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 436, 9¢'.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 45.
Chile: Valdivia.
Trrpe III. Hntedonini.
UROENTEDON Ashmead, gen. noy.
This genus is based upon one of the most striking yet discovered in the sub-
family Entedoninz. It is easily recognized by the long, compressed abdomen which
terminates in a long ovipositor, and has the hypopygium prominent, acutely plow-

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 505

share-shaped ; by the very long, ten-jointed antenne, with two ring-joints, the funi-
cle joints being globosely swollen towards base, with whorls of long hairs somewhat
as in the males in the genera Hoplocrepis and Lophocomus ; and by the wings, which
are fringed, the marginal vein being very long, the stigmal vein short, while the
post-marginal vein is long. The male is unknown.

UROENTEDON VERTICELLATUS, Sp. Noy.
(Plate XX XVIII., Fig. 4.)

Female. — Length 3 mm. ; ovipositor as long as the abdomen. Highly polished,
impunctate, the head, the prothorax beneath and the legs, honey yellow, the face
with a greenish metallic luster ; antennze black, except the long slender scape which
is yellowish at its basal half; thorax bottle blue, the axille faintly testaceous
towards the sutures anteriorly at the sides, the scutellum and the mesopleura
eneous black; abdomen black, the tip neous, the extreme base bluish. Wings
hyaline, fringed, the veins yellowish.

Brazil: Chapada, in September. One specimen.

Genus HOPLOCREPIS Ashmead.
HOPLOCREPIS BIFASCIATA, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXVIIL, Fig. 5.)

Male. — Length 1.7mm. neous black, the occiput, the metathorax, the petiole
of abdomen and the legs mostly testaceous, the trochanters, the extreme base of the
femora and the tarsi pale yellowish, the femora and tibiz brown, the hind tibie,
except at base and tips, black; the lateral lobes of the mesonotum are brownish ;
while the body of the abdomen is small, spatulate, black.

The ten-jointed antenne are black with the scape and pedicel yellowish ; the
joints of the funicle are long, nodose-pedicillate, with whorls of long hairs, the
first, second and third joints with a short branch above. Wings hyaline, the front
wings with two transverse fuscous bands, the first band very narrow, situated a little
before the basal third, the other broad, extending across the wing from the apical
middle of the marginal vein and enclosing the stigmal vein.

Brazil: Chapada. One specimen.

Differs from all other males in this genus by having short branches on funicle

joints one, two and three.
HOPLOCREPIS BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.

Female. — Length 1.6 mm. Brownish-yellow with the collar anteriorly, the
mesopleura, the metanotum, the petiole and the body of abdomen above, fuscous or
brownish-black. The antenne are black with the scape yellowish; legs flavo-tes-

506 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

taceous, the hind femora medially and the hind tarsi fuscous. Wings banded as in
H. bifascrata.
Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

EULOPHOPTERYX Ashmead, gen. nov.

This genus comes nearest to Lophocomus Haliday, agreeing with it in all charac-
ters except the antenne. The antenne are ten-jointed, as in Lophocomus, but the
joints of the funicle are longer than thick, cylindrical, loosely joined, not pedicellate
nor compressed, with the club black or brown black, not white. In Lophocomus the
funicle joints are distinctly although briefly pedicellate, compressed, two or three
wider than long, while the club is white or yellowish-white.

KULOPHOPTERYX CHAPADA, sp. nov.

(Plate XXXVIIL., Fig. 6.)

Female.—Length 1.5 mm; robust, «neous black, impunctate, except the pro-
notum, which is distinctly punctured ; the scape, the pedicel and the legs, except as
hereafter noted, are honey yellow; flagellum brown black, the front and middle
femora and the base of their tarsi are metallic brown. ‘The front wings are hyaline,
with a subfuscous cloud on the disk, the veins yellowish. ‘The abdomen is broadly
oval, petiolate, not longer than the thorax, above depressed, beneath subconvex.

Brazil: Chapada, in August. One specimen.

Genus LOPHOCOMUS Haliday.

LopHocomMuUS ANAITIS (Walker).

Cirrospilus anaitis Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 91, 9.

Lophocomus anaitis Haliday, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, III., 1848, p. 297.—Spinola,
Gay : Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 432, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym..,
V., Us8ss p40:

Bellerus anaitis Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 32, j'.— Spinola
Gay : Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 429, &.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
V5 18985) p-126:

Chile: Conception ; Isle of Chiloe.

LOPHOCOMUS CYANEUS, sp. nov.
Female.— Length 1.6 mm. Dark blue, with eeneous reflections, the middle lobe
of the mesonotum and the inner margins of the lateral lobes, eneous; antenne, except
the club, which is yellowish-white, black: legs honey yellow, with the hind tibiee

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 5O7

fuscous, the hind coxee and trochanters somewhat whitish ; abdomen beneath rufo-
piceous. Wings subhyaline with a large subfuscous discoidal cloud.
Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

Genus HORISMENUS Walker.

HORISMENUS CLEODORA Walker.
Horismenus cleodora Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 18438, p. 31, Q.
Entedon cleodora Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 66.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hiym., V., 1898, p. 30.
‘Peru: Lima.
TABLE OF NEW SPECIES.
ie Speciespmashiyreneomsn plac Or IME rar repeie te aolerars) stele ca cilelelccie ecisie sc aie vlc athvis velo t alae sissies aie vee &
Species mostly metallic green or at least above.
Prothorax at the sides, the mesopleura and the cox blue, rest of legs and the scape pale yel-
lowish ; metanotum long with two opaque sulci.......................+..+..... HM. bisulcus.
PORES WE CLES HIMOSE Ve CRP Mt ne stn eer warn craton creo creas ys tstiarn\ alo, sccleledccci\clsfov roa: sie alc jalelide aioe elaieieniols cise bee OS
Species mostly zneous black.
Metanotum brassy ; scape, pronotum anteriorly, pleure and legs, except as noted, dark blue ; tips
of femora, the tibize and tarsi, except last joint, yellowish-white ............. H. brasiliensis.
Metanotum not brassy ; head in front ; the axille and a spot on upper margin of the mesopleura
metallic greenish ; scape and legs, except coxze, honey yellow, a spot on knees, tips of tibiz
and the tarsi yellowish-white ; abdomen conically pointed, a little longer than the head and
thorax united..... dees SRE React eter rinel Ay rates aca ae sare ae Es CORUIMO LS
3. Scape and legs, except coxe and parts hereafter noted, honey yellow, the femora dusky basally, the

knees, tips of tibiz and the tarsi, whitish ; scutellum with an eeneous tinge...........H. persimilis.
Scape and legs, except coxe, honey yellow, the tarsi whitish ; frons, the dorsum of pronotum and the
dick-omihe-mesomo tum (eneOuUse erie sak aes sae cuese Se sees cee ts ck we deen ess sce Hd. Seneicollis.

HORISMENUS BISULCUS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 2.4 mm.; above metallic greenish, the prothorax at the
sides, the mesopleura and the coxe blue, the abdomen black; the scape of the
antennee, except at apex, and the legs, except coxee, are pale yellowish or yellow-
ish-white. The head and the thorax, except the metanotum, are mostly scaly
punctate or punctate, the metanotum being smooth and shining, with two
broad longitudinal sulci, extending from base to apex. Wings hyaline, the veins
pale yellowish. The abdomen is shorter than the thorax, short ovate, the ter-
minal segments retracted within the large second segment which occupies most of
the whole surface ; the petiole is opaque, furrowed and a little longer than thick.

Brazil: Chapada, in April.

HOoORISMENUS BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.
Female-—Length 1.6 mm.; eneous black, with a bluish tinge on the parapsidis
and at the sides of the thorax, the metathorax being brassy ; the legs, except the

508 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

coxee, the femora and the last joint of the tarsi, are yellowish-white, the coxe, the
femora except at apex and the abdomen, are dark blue, the last joint of the tarsi
being black or brown. The metanotum is smooth, with two longitudinal sulci.
The abdomen is ovate, not longer than the thorax, the second segment occupying
hardly half its whole surface, the following segments short, nearly equal.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, in August.

HoRISMENUS CORUMB4, Sp. noy.

Female.—Length 2 mm. Aineous black, the thorax smooth except the middle
mesothoracic lobe; the legs, except the coxee, are honey yellow, with the knees, tips
of tibee and the tarsi yellowish white. The abdomen is conically pointed, a little
longer than the head and thorax united, the second segment being very long, occu-
pying two thirds the whole surface.

Brazil: Corumba, in February.

HoRISMENUS PERSIMILIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length about 0.9 mm. Mostly blue, the scutellum with a decided
eeneous tinge ; flagellum brown black, pubescent ; scape and legs, except as hereafter
noted, honey yellow, the knees, tips of tibize and the tarsi whitish. The abdomen
is ovate, not longer than the thorax, the second segment occupying more than half
the whole surface.

Brazil: Chapada, in April.

HORISMENUS ASNEICOLLIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 1.6 mm. Mostly blue, the pronotum above and the metanotum
eeneous or metallic greenish, the scape of the antenne and the legs, except the coxe,
honey yellow. The abdomen is ovate, a little longer than the thorax, the second
segment occupying hardly half the whole surface.

Brazil : Santarem.
PELOROTELUS Ashmead, gen. nov.

Allied to Plewrotropis Forster, but easily separated by the absence of the lateral
metathoracic carine, by the metathorax being produced into a long neck at apex
and by the abdomen, which is very lengthy-petiolated, the petiole being about as
long as the hind femora.

The head is very wide, sublenticular, seen from in front wider than long, the
occiput concave ; the antenne are ten-jointed, with one ring-joint, the scape clavate,
the pedicel obconical, not much longer than wide at apex, the funicle joints oblong,
about thrice as long as thick, briefly pedunculate at apex, clothed with rather long

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 509

hairs; the front wings have the marginal vein long, the stigmal vein short, the post-
marginal vein not developed ; otherwise it is similar to Plewrotropis.

PELOROTELUS C@RULENS, sp. nov.

Male-—Length 1.8mm. Dark blue, the head and thorax reticulately punctured-
the middle mesothoracic lobe and the lateral ridges of the metanotum with a metal,
lic greenish tinge; a spot on the knees, extreme apices of tibize and the tarsi are
yellowish-white ; mandibles testaceous. The antenne are rather long, ten-jointed,
the scape elongate, the funicle four-jointed, the joints rather long, loosely joined, with
sparse, moderately long hairs, the last joint being fully thrice as long as thick at
the middle, the club three-jointed, longer than the first joint of the funicle, the last
joint being represented by a little spur. The abdomen is clavate, the petiole, which is
attached to the long neck of the metathorax, very long, shagreened, the body smooth
and polished. Wings hyaline, the veins pale yellowish.

Brazil: Santarem, in April. One specimen.

Genus ENTEDON Dalman.
ENTEDON ANTANDER Walker.
Eintedon antander Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 70, 3’. — Dalla Torre, Cat.
lelyaiats Wo, WSIS. Te, een
Brazil: Bahia.

ENTEDON BADIUS Walker.
Hntedon badius Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1848, p. 115, o.—Spinola,
Gay : Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI, 1851, p. 433.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 34.
Chile : Valparaiso.

ENTEDON EMPERAMUS Walker.
Entedon emperamus Walker, Monogr. Chale.. II., 1839, p. 70, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat.
lve SIS. ps 30:
Brazil : Bahia.

ENTEDON FLACILLA Walker.
Entedon flaciila Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1843, p. 115, o’.—Spinola, ,
Gay : Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 4834.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,

ISOS, 10. Ole
Chile: Valparaiso.

ENTEDON HEGELOCHUS Walker.
Entedon hegelochus Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 70, &'.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
leben; Wi, ILS, jos eter
Brazil : Bahia.

510 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

ENTEDON THESTIS Walker.
Cirrospilus thestis Walker, Monogr. Chale., IL, 1839, p. 74, 9.
Entedon thestis Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 67.— Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 44.

Brazil: Bahia.
ENTEDON UFENS Walker.

Kntedon ufens Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 184, 9. — Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 45.
Entedon rifens Spinola, Gay : Hist.de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 433, 9.

Chile: Isle of Chonos.
Genus DEROSTENUS Westwood.

DEROSTENUS ALCESTAS Walker.
Derostenus alcestas Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 18438, p. 31, &.
Entedon alcestas Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 137.— Spinola, Gay :
Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 437, o&'—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 32. :

Chile : Conception.
TriBE IV. Pediobiine.

PARACRIAS Ashmead, gen. nov.

A genus allied to Acrias Walker. Form short and robust, the thorax coarsely
reticulately sculptured, the head highly polished, impunctate in front.

The head is very wide, lenticular, wider than the thorax and very thin antero-
posteriorly, the occiput concave ; the eyes are large, ovate, the malar space short but
distinct ; the antenne are nine-jointed, with a ring-joint, the funicle four-jointed,
the joints oblong oval, briefly peduncled, hairy, the club two-ointed, the last joint
represented by a spur; the thorax is shaped as in Hntedon but without parapsidal
furrows, the metathorax being produced into a neck at apex, with a delicate median
carina ; the abdomen is ovate or conic-ovate, distinctly petiolate, the second seg-
ment (first body segment) being very long, occupying most of the surface, the fol-
lowing segments very short, apparently capable of being retracted.

PARACRIAS LATICEPS, sp. nov.
(Plate XXXIX., Fig. 1.)

Female-—Length 1.6-1.8 mm. Aineous black, the thorax with a greenish tinge
above, and coarsely reticulately sculptured, the coxee and legs bluish, the trochan-
ters, a spot on the knees, the extreme apex of tibize, and the tarsi yellowish-white.
Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish, the postmarginal vein hardly developed, the
stigmal vein very short, its knob subsessile. The metathorax is contracted into a

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 511

neck at apex and punctate. The abdomen is petiolate, the body in one specimen is
conic-ovate, pointed at apex, in another specimen short oval, the terminal segments
in the latter evidently being retracted within the very large second segment which
occupies nearly the whole surface of the abdomen.

Brazil: Chapada, in August and September.

URODEROSTENUS Ashmead, gen. nov.

This genus is based upon a species from St. Vincent, W. I., and is easily recog-
nized by the strongly exserted ovipositor and by the wings having a long marginal
fringe, as in some Mymarids.

AMETALLON Ashmead, gen. nov.

This genus comes very close to Chrysonotomyia Ashmead, but is easily recognized
by its non-metallic color, and by the very short stigmal vein. The antenne are nine-
jointed, with one ring-joint, the flagellum being filiform, tapering off towards apex,
clothed with sparse hairs, the funicle being three-jointed. The abdomen is long,

conic-ovate.
AMETALLON CHAPADA, sp. nov.

Female.— Length 1.4 mm. Honey yellow, the abdomen mostly of a brownish-
yellow, with a transverse fuscous band a little before the middle; eyes brown ;
antennee filiform, the flagellum tapering off to a point at apex, with long,
sparse hairs. Wings hyaline, fringed, the veins yellowish, the marginal vein
very long, fully twice the length of the submarginal, the stigmal vein short “but
with its knob petiolate, and longer than the postmarginal. |The abdomen is conic-
ovate, a little longer than the head and thorax united and ends in a short ovipositor.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. Two specimens.

SuBFAMILY IJ. APHELININZ.
Genus ASPIDIOTIPHAGUS Howard.
ASPIDIOTIPHAGUS CITRINUS (Craw).
Coccophagus citrinus Craw, Destructive Insects, Sacramento, Cal., 1891.
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Howard, Insect Life, Vol. VI., 1891, p. 234.—Howard,
Lechn. Series, No. 1, U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 31, f 10—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Hym., V., 1898, p. 224.
Brazil: Bahia, March, 1883 (Albert Roel

SUBFAMILY III. TErrRAstTicHINaA.

TRIBE I. Ceratonewrin.
This tribe is at present known only from Mexico and the West Indies, but rep-
resentatives will undoubtedly be discovered in South America.

pal? MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Tre Il. Tetrastichini.
Genus TRICHOPORUS Forster.
TRICHOPORUS COLLIGUAYA (Philippi).
Exurus colliguaya Philippi, Stettin. ent. Zeitg., XX XIV., 1873, p. 296; T. 1.—Dalla
ihorre, Cat. Hiymr Ven Lso3aipa liad:
Chile.

TRICHOPORUS MELLEUS, Sp. noy.

Female.-—Length 1.8 mm. Honey yellow, punctate, the eyes brown, the abdo-
men with a blackish spot on each side near the middle, the scape and legs pale yel-
lowish ; flagellum long, filiform, hairy ; wings hyaline, the veins pale yellowish.
The abdomen is cylindrical, pointed at apex and as long as the head and thorax
united.

Male. — Length 1.4 mm. Agrees in color with the female except that the
blackish spots near the middle of the abdomen unite and form a transverse band,
while the veins in the front wings are brownish. The flagellum is long and the
hairs are much longer than in the female.

Brazil: Santarem ; Chapada.

TRICHOPORUS VIRIDICYANEUS, Sp. noy.

Female.— Length 2-2.6 mm. Metallic bluish-green to blue, punctate; scape,
trochanters, apices of all femora, and all tibiz and tarsi, except the last joint, pale
yellowish ; flagellum brownish-yellow, pubescent; wings hyaline, the veins yel-
lowish. ‘The abdomen is long, cylindrical, twice as long as the thorax, pubescent,
the first and second body segments about equal, shorter than the third, the first
segment longer than the third, the sixth and seventh short, the seventh conical.

Male. — Length 1.4-1.5 mm. Agrees well with the female, except in the usual
sexual differences and in a slight difference in the color of the antenne and legs:
The flagellum is darker with longer hairs and with only one ring-joint, while the
front and middle femora are dusky only at base. The abdomen is cylindrical, a
little longer than the head and thorax united.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. Fourteen females, six male specimens.

TRICHOPORUS PERSIMILIS, sp. NOV.

Female.—Length 2.8 mm. Metallic brown black, punctate, the abdomen brown
beneath ; flagellum brown, hairy ; scape, pedicel and legs, including the coxe, honey
yellow, the femora more or less dusky or brownish, especially basally ; otherwise it
is very similar to T. viridicyaneus except that the first body segment of the abdomen
is twice the length of the second.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. ‘Two specimens.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES lis

Genus TETRASTICHUS Haliday.
TETRASTICHUS ARCHIDEUS (Walker).
Cirrospilus archideus Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 75, 9.
Tetrastichus archideus Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 81.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 10.
Brazil : Bahia.

TETRASTICHUS ATHENAIS (Walker).
Cirrospilus athenais Walker, Monogr. Chalc., II., 1839, p. 72, Q.
Tetrastichus athenas Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 80.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 10.
Brazil: Bahia.

TETRASTICHUS CACUS (Walker).
Cirrospilus cacus Walker, Monogr. Chale., I1., 1839, p. 75, &.
Tetrastichus cacus Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 80.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 12.
Brazil: Bahia.

TETRASTICHUS CLEONICA (Walker).
Cirrospilus cleonica Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 69, &%.
Tetrastichus cleonica Walker, List. Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1896, p. 81.—Dalla
> -Worre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 12.
Brazil: Bahia.

TETRASTICHUS DAIMACHUS (Walker).
Cirrospilus daimachus Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 73, 9. :
Tetrastichus daamachus Walker, List. Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 80.—Dalla
Morre, Cat. Elym., V., 1898, p: 13.
Brazil : Bahia.

TETRASTICHUS DEILOCHUS (Walker).
Cirrospilus deilochus Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 74, Q.
Tetrastichus deilochus Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 81.—Dalla
Morrey Cat. Ellyn, V.,.1898, p. 13.
Brazil : Bahia.

TETRASTICHUS FEBRUUS (Walker).
Cirrospilus febrwus Walker, Monogr. Chalc., II., 1839, p. 73, 9.
Tetrastichus februus Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 80.— Dalla
Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 15.
Brazil : Bahia.

TETRASTICHUS NARCHUS Walker.

Tetrastichus narceus Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 188, 9. —
Spinola, Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 427, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat.
EhyMaee Ve S98 aps 19:

Chile : Coquimbo.

514 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

TETRASTICHUS NAUCLES Walker.
Tetrastichus naucles Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 32, 9. — Spinola,
Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 425, @.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
V., 1898, p. 19. .
Chile : Conception.

TETRASTICHUS NORAX Walker.
Testrastichus norax Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1843, p. 32, 9. —Spinola,
Gay : Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 425, 2.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
Ve 13987 ole:
Chile: Conception. -

TETRASTICHUS PHRYNO (Walker).
Cirrospilus phryno Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 90, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
Evan Vo S980: «3:
Brazil: Bahia.

TETRASTICHUS POLYBHA Walker.

Tetrastichus polybea Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 116, 9o°.—Spi-
nola, Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 426, 23'.—Dalla Torre, Cat.
liye Vi Loos peeZik

Chile : Valparaiso.

TETRASTICHUS SCADIUS Walker.
Tetrastichus scadius Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XI., 1848, p. 116, 9.—Spinola,
Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 424, 9.—Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
We S98) p. 22
Chile: Valparaiso.
TETRASTICHUS VALERUS (Walker).
Cirrospilus valerus Walker, Monogr. Chale., I1., 1839, p. 72, 9.
Tetrastichus valerus Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 79.—Dalla Torre,
Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 24. |
Brazil: Bahia.
TETRASTICHUS XENOCLES (Walker).
Currospilus xenocles Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 90, Q.
Tetrastichus xenocles Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 8!1.—Spinola,
Gay: Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 427, 9.
VW.) LS9Siap: Zo:
Chile : Chiloe.

Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,

TABLE OF NEW SPECIES.

1. Not wholly blue, . ae Ce OM moT Ee cacok oo. OgotoottoGet anode ao dodoon &
Wholly blue, the tarsi vue
Abdomen conically produced, longer than the thorax..................Z. albitarsis, sp. nov.

2, ‘Black: or blue-blaek. 2) Frc dic go a)b sae ae ew ape reea ree De ee

ae),

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 515

neous black, the mesonotum and the scutellum metallic, delicately shagreened ; two rows of punc-
tures along the parapsidal sutures ; legs, except the coxee, yellowish, the femora dusky basally ; abdo-

men conic-ovate, not longer than the thorax..............0++ee-ee+++-+++++- sl. chapade, sp. Nov.

3. Blue-black ; the mesonotum microscopically shagreened ; a single row of punctures along the parapsidal
furrows ; legs, except coxee, honey-yellow, the femora dusky medially and basally ; abdomen coni-
cally pointed, longer than the head and thorax united.,..................... 1’. brasiliensis, sp. noy.
Black ; mesonotum microscopically shagreened ; without a row of punctures along the parapsidal fur_
rows; scape and legs, except Coxe, honey yellow ; abdomen, seen from above, rounded, shorter than

CCR CIO Laker ee epee eee ers ue oR See Eee Na Le persis steemsés) sie wae e ee MCOnNgrTuUsS. Sp. NOV.

TETRASTICHUS ALBITARSIS, Sp. noy.

Female.—Length 1.5 mm. Wholly dark blue, except the parapsides which are
eeneous, the base of the antennal scape which is honey yellow, and the tarsi
which are yellowish-white except the last joint. The insect is smooth impunctate,
except the head which has a few minute punctures on the face; otherwise I can
detect no distinct sculpture, although under a very high power the thorax above
appears feebly shagreened. Wings hyaline, the veins brown. Abdomen conic-ovate,
little longer than the head and thorax united, smooth and shining, depressed above,
subcarinate beneath towards base. The flagellum is broken off at the pedicel and
cannot be described in detail.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, in August. One female specimen.

‘'TETRASTICHUS CHAPADA, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 1.8mm. neous black, the mesonotum and scutellum with
a metallic greenish tinge, shagreened, the head punctate in front ; scape, pedicel and
legs, except coxe, honey-yellow, the femora faintly dusky basally ; flagellum brown,
pubescent, the first joint of the funicle is the largest, more than twice longer than
thick. ‘The middle lobe of the mesonotum has two rows of punctures on each
side, along the parapsidal furrows. The metanotum is punctate and has a distinct
median carina. The wings are hyaline, the veins yellowish. The abdomen is conic-
ovate, smooth impunctate and about the length of the thorax, the first body seg-
_ ment being the longest.
Brazil: Chapada, in April. One female specimen.

TETRASTICHUS BRASILIENSIS, sp. Noy.
(Plate XXXIX., Fig. 2.)
_ Female. — Length 2 mm. Dark blue black, nearly black, with a faint seneous
tinge, the head except in the scrobes with thimble-like punctures, the thorax above
shagreened, the middle lobe of the mesonotum with a single row of punctures
along the parapsidal furrows ; scape and legs, except coxze, honey yellow, the femora

516 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

more or less dusky medially, the tarsi paler yellowish. Wings hyaline, the veins
yellowish. Abdomen conically pointed, longer than the head and thorax united,
depressed above, convex beneath towards base.

Brazil: Chapada, in January. One female specimen.

TETRASTICHUS INCONGRUUS, Sp. noy.

Female.— Length 1.5 mm. Black, the head smooth, shining, except some
minute punctures, in front near the eyes, the thorax microscopically shagreened,
without a row of punctures along the parapsidal furrows; scape and legs, except the
coxee honey-yellow, the femora a little darkened. Wings hyaline, the veins yel-
lowish. The abdomen, as seen from above, is rounded, as in the genus Syn

Forster, shorter than the thorax ; beneath it is carinate.

Brazil: Santarem. One female specimen.

SuBFAMILY IV. EQLACHERTINA.

Trize I. Huplectrini.
Genus EUPLECTUS Westwood.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Aneous black.
AN Comee: yellowiSh= wie irs, < joc ac ee re co el cin rei ee retencto Oe te leer rear Oe Ieee TR en orate renee Rem
Hind coxee black.
Legs, except the hind coxae and the hind femora, honey yellow, the hind femora brownish
at the thickened portion. Female:....................-.--------+-+. &. brasiliensis.
2. Legs yellowish-white.
Antenne wholly pale yellow or with the flagellum wholly brown.....................-.--+. 3
Antenne not wholly pale yellow, the six last joints brown; basal half of abdomen beneath and
above, testaceous, the apical half black, as well as a streak at sides basally ; clypeus and malar
Space: lack ssi eivy.cee: aieis ere siete yet ele sro telalesiee she armueto nate eure aioli ne TCR OE eC ONTO ces
3. Antenne wholly pale yellowish ; scutellum basally purplish ; metallic green apically ; a triangular area
at base of metanotum connected with a median carina; body of abdomen rufous basally ; clypeus
reddish; malar space black. Malesia ry. aa tere aie te toils aiid ene eee eee SON COE TILSe
Antennze not wholly pale, the pedicel and flagellum brown; scutellum wholly black; clypeus and
cheeks testaceous ; body of abdomen beneath, except just at apex, and above basally, rufous.
Mia eis oc sie sce aie ieveyn aici ape ere Sie a nice. -ove) ove age terelfaver ercuete ure te eyes eed act EORTC Ree etm er nC OIC ces

EUPLECTRUS BRASILIENSIS, Sp. Noy.

Female.— Length 1.6 mm. A®neous black, the head and thorax with long,
sparse hairs ; clypeus honey yellow ; antenne, except faintly toward apex, and the
legs, except the hind coxe and the hind femora, honey yellow, the hind coxee
black, the hind femora more or less brownish except at base. Wings hyaline,
pubescent, the tegulze and the veins pale yellowish. The abdomen is black, with a

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES lea

reddish spot basally both above and beneath, the petiole shagreened. The joints of
the funicle are long, the last joint being fully thrice as long as thick.
Brazil: Porto Branca, in April. One specimen.

EUPLECTRUS CORUMBA, sp. Nov.

Female.-— Length 1.5 mm. neous black, the clypeus black ; first three joints
of antennee and the legs, including all coxe, pale honey yellow or yellowish-white ;
rest of antennee brown ; basal half of abdomen beneath and above testaceous ; other-
wise hardly distinguishable from HH. brasiliensis, except that the last three joints of
the funicle are much shorter than in that species, being only a little longer than
thick.

Brazil: Corumba, in May. One specimen.

HUPLECTRUS SOLITARIUS, sp. nov.

Male—— Length 2 mm. Atneous black, the clypeus testaceous ; antenne and
legs, including coxee, yellowish-white ; body of abdomen rufous at basal half above
and with a small spot of the same color beneath ; the petiole is more than twice as
long as thick, shagreened.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, in November. One specimen.

EUPLECTRUS CHAPADZ, sp. nov.

Male.— Length 1.6mm. neous black, the clypeus and the cheeks testaceous ;
flagellum, including the pedicel brown ; scape of antennee.and the legs, including all
coxee, yellowish-white ; body of abdomen, except apically and a streak along the
sides, rufous or testaceous.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. Two specimens (one badly broken).

‘Trrpe Il. Ophelonini.

Genus ARDALUS Howard.

ARDALUS HOWARDII, sp. nov.
_ Male.—WLength 1.8 mm. Black; the mandibles and the flagellum are testa-
ceous; the trochanters, base and tips of femora, base of hind tibiee, and rest of the
legs pale yellowish, the femora, except as noted, and the apical two thirds of the
hind tibize being brown or brown black. The head is smooth, impunctate, the eyes
_ grayish-brown, pubescent, the ocelli red; flagellum filiform, tapering off towards
apex, the funicle joints loosely joined, the last fully twice longer than thick, the pre-
ceding joints a little longer. The thorax is rather coarsely rugulose, the metathorax
polished, with two median carinee and some wrinkles on each side. Wings hyaline,

518 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

with a faint discal spot beneath the apex of the stigmal vein, the veins pale yel-
lowish. The abdomen in outline is nearly round, depressed, the petiole long,
smooth and shining, the first and second body segments occupy half the whole sur-
face, the second the larger, the following short, about equal.

Brazil: Chapada, in May. One specimen. Named in honor of Dr. L. O.

Howard.
Genus LEUCODESMIA Howard.

LEUCODESMIA FLAVICEPS, sp. noy.

Female. — Length 2.5 mm. Head yellow, the eyes brown, pubescent ; thorax
and abdomen black ; scape and the legs, except coxee and the front femora medially,
honey yellow, the coxee black, the front femora medially brownish ; flagellum
brown black, subcompressed, the joints of the funicle loosely joined, the first joint
the longest, about twice as long as wide, the last joint only a little longer than wide.
The head is smooth impunctate, except a slight shagreening on the frons above ;
the thorax is scaly punctate, the metanotum being smooth, with a median carina.
Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish: The abdomen is ovate, depressed, not longer
than the thorax.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

ELACHERTOMORPHA Ashmead, gen. nov.
This genus resembles Hlachertus Spinola, and could be easily mistaken for it,
except that the hind tibize have two apical spurs. From Leucodesmia Howard, it is
separated by the antenne being ten-jointed and by having the scutellum grooved.

ELACHERTOMORPHA FLAVICEPS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 1.5 mm. Head, except the eyes and two converging black
lines on the scrobes, honey yellow ; thorax and abdomen neous black, the former
shagreened, with the scutellum rugulose and the metanotum carinate ; scape of an-
tenn and the legs, except as noted, honey yellow, the middle and hind coxe black,
the front and middle femora basally, more or less dusky, the hind femora medially
and the apex of the hind tibiee brownish. Wings hyaline, the veins yellowish. The
abdomen is rounded, smooth and shining, shorter than the thorax, with a short
petiole.

Brazil: Santarem. One specimen.

SYMPIESOMORPHA Ashmead, gen. noy.
This genus has the general habitus of Sympiesis Forster, with which I at first con-
fused it, but one may easily distinguish it by the two spurred hind tibize and by the

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 519

distinct parapsidal furrows. It also resembles Stenomesius Westwood but is easily
separated by the pubescent eyes, and by the longer and more sessile abdomen.

SYMPIESOMORPHA BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.

Female.—Length 3 mm. Black; the abdomen is eneous black, with a large
rufous spot at base both above and beneath ; scape and legs, including the coxe,
honey yellow, the tips of the coxee and the trochanters whitish ; flagellum black.
Wings hyaline, the tegule and veins pale yellowish. The head is smooth, with a
few minute punctures in front; thorax reticulately punctate, clothed with whitish
hairs, the metanotum with a sharp median carina. The abdomen is ovate,
depressed, about as long as the head and thorax united.

Brazil: Chapada, in September. One specimen.

SYMPIESOMORPHA OBSCURA, Sp. Nov.

Female.—Length 1.8 mm. Black with a bluish tinge, the head in front and the
metapleura metallic greenish, the abdomen eneous black, the dorsum with a yel-
lowish band before the middle, the base before the band being blue, the venter with
a yellowish spot near the middle; the scape and legs, except the coxee and most
of the femora, are pale yellowish or yellowish-white ; flagellum black. Wings hya-
line, the veins yellowish.

Brazil: Corumba. One specimen.

Genus STENOMESIUS Westwood.

STENOMESIUS DIMIDIATUS, Sp. NOv.
(Plate XXXIX., Fig. 3.)

Female.—Length 2.1mm. Flavo-testaceous, the head in front below pale yel-
lowish, the scutellum subfuscous, the metathorax and apical half of the abdomen
black ; scape and legs, including the coxe, pale yellowish; wings hyaline, the front
pair with a fuscous spot from the apex of the stigmal vein. ‘The head is smooth,
the thorax, and especially the middle mesothoracic lobe, is rugulose, the scutellum
coriaceous, the furrows with large punctures; the metanotum has a sharp median
carina and is transversely regulose on each side. The abdomen is ovate, smooth and
polished, except the petiole, which is finely rugulose.

Brazil: Chapada. One specimen.

ALOPHUS Ashmead, gen. nov.
This genus falls in between Diglyphomorpha Ashm. and Sympvesis Forst.; it comes
nearest to the first mentioned but differs in not being metallic, by having ten-jointed

520 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

antennee, and by having only two dorsal grooved lines on the scutellum. In Sym-
presis the antenne are ten-jointed, but it is metallic and the scutellum is without

dorsal grooved lines.
ALOPHUS BRASILIENSIS, sp. nov.

Female—Length 2.8-3 mm. Honey yellow, the eyes brown, the flagellum
and the apex of the abdomen above, black, the legs yellowish, the tarsi whitish, the
apical half or more of hind tibize sometimes fuscous. Wings hyaline, with a fuscous
cloud beneath the stigmal vein.

The abdomen is long, conical, depressed above, convex beneath, usually consider-
ably longer than the head and thorax united, black or blackish at apex above.

Male—Length 2 mm. Head, except the clypeus, the lower part of the cheeks
and the mouth parts, black, the thorax honey yellow, with the disk of the scu-
tellum, the mesopleura and the metathorax black ; flagellum light brown ; scape and
the legs pale yellowish. The abdomen is oblong, briefly petiolate, depressed, about
the length of the thorax, the basal part of the dorsum yellowish.

Brazil: Chapada, in April; Rio de Janeiro, in September.

Tripe III. EHlachertons.
Genus ELACHERTUS Spinola.

ELACHERTUS CATTA (Walker).
Eulophus catia Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 71, @.
Elachestus catta Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., 1846, p. 69.
Hlachistus catta Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 77.
Brazil: Bahia.

ELACHERTUS GYES (Walker).
Eulophus gyes Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 89, ot.
Elachestus gyes Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I,, 1846, p. 69.
Hlachistus gyes Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V., 1898, p. 78.
Chile: Isle of Chiloe.

SUBFAMILY V. EULOPHIN2.

TriBE I. Hulophine.
Genus SYMPIKSIS Forster.
Genus EULOPHUS Geoffroy.
EULOPHUS? LAONOME Walker.
EKulophus laonome Walker, Monogr. Chale., II., 1839, p. 90, 9.—Spinola, Gay :
Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 481, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., V.,
1898, p. 62.
Chile: Isle of Chiloe.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 521

EULOPHUS RHIANUS Walker.
Eulophus rhianws Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., X., 1842, p. 116, 2.— Spinola,
Gay : Hist. de Chile, Zool., VI., 1851, p. 430, 9.— Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym.,
We, UCTS), [Os (Di
Chile: Valparaiso.
Famiry LXXII TRICHOGRAMMID A.
Genus PENTARTHRON Riley.
PENTARTHRON BRASILIENSIS, Sp. nov.

Female.—Length 0.4 mm. Head and thorax above uniformly honey-yellow,
the temples, cheeks, mouth parts, sides of thorax and the abdomen beneath yellow-
ish-white, the eyes brown; the antennze, except the club which is dusky, and the
legs are very pale or yellowish-white ; the pedicel is hardly longer than thick, much
shorter than the first joint of the funicle which is conical and more than twice
olnger than thick at apex, the second funicle joint being small, annular, the club
large, fusiform, as long as the scape. The wings are hyaline, with a long marginal
fringe, the front wings with the pubescence arranged in eight hair lines.

Type.—Cat. No. 6596, U.S. N. M.

Brazil: Bahia. Taken on cotton, March, 1888, by Mr. Albert Koebele.

Faminty LXXIII. MYMARIDA.
SUBFAMILY I. GONATOCERINZ.

I have seen no representative of this subfamily from South America, although
it must be well represented by many species in several genera.

SupramMity I]. MYMARIN ZA.
Genus POLYNEMA Haliday.
POLYNEMA BRASILIENSIS, Sp. Noy.

Female.—Length 1 mm.; ovipositor about one third the length of the abdomen.
Polished black; antennze brownish-fuscous, with the scape, pedicel, first joint of
funicle, the apex of the fourth and base of fifth funicle joints, yellow; the legs
except as noted, and the abdominal petiole pale yellow, the hind femora toward
apex and the apical two fifths of the hind tibiee, dusky or fuscous.

Brazil: Chapada, in April. One specimen.

POLYNEMA RUFESCENS, sp. nov.

Male—Length 0.8mm. Reddish-brown, the eyes and the flagellum brown
black ; scape, pedicel and legs, except the hind tibiee which are fuscous, honey yel-
low; the abdomen towards the apex is tinged with fuscous.

Type.—Cat. No. 6595 U.S. N. M.

Brazil: Pernambuco, February, 1883 (Mr. A. Koebele).

LITERATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS.

Act. Ac. Germ.— Nova Acta Academie Caersareze Leopoldino-Caroline Nature Curiosorum
(Erlangen, Breslau, Bonn, and Jena, 1818 et seq). [Called also Verhandlungen der Konig-
liche Leopoldino Carolinae deutschen Akademie der natur forscher. |

Act. Soc. Espan. — Actas de la sociadad espandle de historia naturel. Madrid. 8vo.

Am. Ent. — The American Entomologist: an illustrated magazine of popular and practical ento-
mology. Edited by Benj. D. Walsh and Charles V. Riley. St. Louis, Mo., 1868 et seg.

Am. Nat. — American Naturalist. 8vo.

An. Mus. Buenos Aires. — Anales del Museo national de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires. 4to.

André (Edm.).

André (Ernest). :

André’s Hym. Kur. — Species des Hyménoptéres d’ Europe et d’ Algérie enrichi de plancher colorées
donnant d’apres natur, outre un ou pleusiéurs specimens des insectes de chaque genre, de nom-
breux dessins au trait des caracteres utiles 4 Vintelligence du text; Rédigé d’aprés les princi-
pales collections les mémoires les plus récent des auteurs et les communications des entomolo-
gistes specialistes. Par Ed. André. 8vo. Paris.

Ann. Hofmus. Wien. — Annalen des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Wien. 8vo. I., 1866
et seq.

Ann. Mag. N. H.— Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London, 1841 et seq.

Ann. Mus. Belg. — Annales du Musée royal des Sciences naturelle de Belgiques. Bruxelles. 4to.

Ann. Mus. Genova. — Annali del Museo civico di storia Naturale di Genova. Genova. 8vo.

Ann. mus. hist. natur.— Annales du museum d’histoire naturelle, par les professeurs de cet étab-
lissement. Tome dix-septiéme. Paris. 1811.

Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist.— Annales du Museum d’ Histoire naturelle. Paris, 1802-1813. 20 vols.

Ann. Mus. Zool. Napoli.—Annuaria Museo Napoli.

Ann. Nat. Hist.—Annals of Natural History. London. 5 vols. 1838-1840.

Ann. Soc. nat. Modena. :

Ann. Soc. ent. Belg.— Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique. Bruxelles. 8vo, I,
1857 et seq.

Ann. Sco. ent. Fr.— Annales de la Société entomologique de France. Paris, 1832 et seg.

Ann. Se. nat. Zool. (3), V., 1846.

Anz. Ak. Wiss.— Anzeiger der kaiserlicher Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch naturwis-
schaftliche classe. Wien. 8vyo.

Arch, Java.—Suikerind. 1896 et seq.

Arch. Ver. Mecklen.— Archiv des Vereins der Freunde der naturgeschichte in Mecklenburg,
Giistrow. 8vo.

Archiv fiir Naturg.— Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. Berlin. 8vo, I.—XLII., 1835-76.

Ashm.— Ashmead (William H.). (See Serials.)

Ashm. Bull. No. 1, Col. Biol. Assoc.— Ashmead (Wm. H.), Bulletin No. 1 of the Colorado Bio-
logical Association. Washington, D.C., 1890.

Ashm. Fn. Hawatiensis.— Fauna Hawaiiensis (Hymenoptera Parasitica), Vol. 1, Pt. 3. 1901.

522

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Do

Ashm. Orange Ins.— Orange Insects: A Treatise on the Injurious and Beneficial Insects found
on Orange Trees in Florida. Jacksonville, Fla. 1880.

Atti Ace. Torino.— Atti della Royal Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. ‘Torino. 8vo.

Auriy.— Aurivellius (Ch.) (see Serials), Ent. Tidskr.

Beckstein (Johann Matthias) & Scharfenberg (G. L.), Naturg.—Vollstiindige Naturgeschichte aller
Shidlichen Forstinsekten, ete. Leipzig, 1804—5.

Beitr.— Beitraige zur Monographie der Pteromalinen von A. Forster. Aix-la-Chapelle, 4to. 1841.

Bericht. Naturf. Niirnb.—Amtlicher Berichte der Versammlung der Naturforscher zu Niirnberg.
Nirnberg.

Bericht. Ver. Harz.— Berichte des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins des Harzes. Wernigerode,
1840 et seq.

Berl. ent. Zeit.— Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift herausgegeben yon dem entomologischen
Verein in Berlin. Berlin. 8vo, I., 1857 et seq.

Biol. Centr.-Amer.— Biologia Centrali-Americana. Hymenoptera, I., 1883-1899. London. 4to.

Blanch.— Blanchard (Emile).

Bohm.— Boheman (Carl H.).

Bost. Journ. N. H.— Boston Journal of Natural History. 8vo, I., 1836 et seq.

Bouché, Naturg.— Bouché (P. F.). Naturgeschichte der Insecten, besonders in Hinsicht ihrer
ersten Zustiinde als Larven und Puppen. Berlin, 1834.

Bréb.— Brébisson, or De Brébisson, Encyclopédie méthodique. Insect, X., 1825.

Bridgm.— Bridgman (John B.). (See Serials.)

Brischke.— Brischke (C. G.). (See Serials.)

Brit. Ent.— British Entomology. London. 16 vols. 1823-1840.

Brullé, Hym.— Brullé (A.). Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, par M. le Comte Amédée Lepeletier
de Saint-Fargeau. Hyménoptéres, par M. Aug. Brullé. 4 vols. Paris, 1837-1846.

Briinnich (Martin Throne), Prodr. insectol. Siaelland, 1761. — Prodromus insectologiz Sizellan-
dice. Dissert. resp. Urb. Brunn Aascow, Hafnie, 1761, 8vo.

Bull. Ac. Belgique.—Bulletins de l’Academie royal des Sciencés, des Lettres, et des Beaux-Arts
de Belgique. Bruxelles. 8vo, I., 1832 et seq.

Bull. acead. natural. Napoli, 1863.

Bull. comm. agrar. Parma, ITI., 1870.

Bull. Labr. Iowa.—Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of
Towa. Iowa City. 8vo.

Bull. N. Mex. Stat.—New Mexico College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Agricultural
Experiment Station. Las Cruces. 8vo.

Bull. No. 2, Fla. Agric. College.-—Bulletin No. 2 of the Experiment Station of Florida at the
State Agricultural College, Lake City, Florida, 1888.

Bull. No. 1, Kans. Agric. College.—Bulletin No. 1. Kansas Agricultural College. Manhattan,
Kansas, 1888.

Bull. Ohio Exper. Sta.—Bulletin Ohio Experiment Station. No. 3.

Bull. (Techn. Series) U. S. Dept. Agric.—Bull. U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Technical
Series, No. 1 e¢ seg.

Bull. Michigan State Agric. College.—Bulletin Michigan State Agricultural College, No. 73.

Bull. Soc. ent. France.—Bulletin des Séance et Bulletin bibliographique de la Société entomologique
de France. Paris. 8vo, I., 1873 et seq.

524 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Bull. Soc. ent. Ital.—Bulletino della Societa entomologica italiano. Firenzi. 8vo, I., 1869 et seq.

Bull. Soc. Moscou.—Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Moscou. 8vo,
I., 1829 e€ seq.

Bull. U. 8. Dept. Agric. Ent. Div.—Bulletin U.S. Department of Agriculture. Technical Series.
Washington, D. C. 8vo.

Cam.—Cameron (P.). (See Serials.)

Can. Ent.—Canadian Entomologist. London, Ontario, Canada. 8vo, I., 1868-69 et seq.

Cat. Brit. Ichn. B. M.—Catalogue of British Ichneumonide in British Museum. London, 1856.

Cat. Hym.—Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptoram systematicus et synonymicus Auc-
tore Dr. C. G. de Dalla Torre, Professore Oenipontano. 10 vols. Leipzig. 8vo.

Christ (Johann Ludwig). (See Naturges. d. Ins.)

Cook & D. (Cook, A. J. & Davis, G. C.)—Bull. Michigan Agric. College.

Ckll.—Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A. (See Serials.)

Coqueb.—Coquebert, de Montbret (Antoine Jean). Tlustrata Iconographica. Insectorum que
in Musaeis parisinis observatit et in lucem edidit Johann Christ. Fabricius, ete., 4to. Paris.

Coq.—Coquerel (Charles). (See Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1855.)

Comp.-rend.—Comptes-rendus de l’ Académie des sciences 4 I’Institut de France, Paris, 1835
et seq. :

Corresp. Zool.-mineral. Ver. in Regensburg.—Correspondenz blatt zooiogischer mineralogischer
vereins in Regensburg. 8vo, I, 1847 et seq.

Costa.—Costa (Achille). (See Serials. )

Craw.—Craw (Alex).

Cress., Syn. Hym.—Cresson (E. T.). Synopsis of the Families and Genera of Hymenoptera of
America, North of Mexico, together with a catalogue of the described species, and bibliog-
raphy. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, 1887.

Curt.—Curtis (John).

Curt., Brit. Ent.—Curtis (J.). British Entomology. 16 vols. London, 1823-1840.

Curt., Brit. Guide, British Guide.”

Curt., Farm Insects ; being the Natural History and Economy of the Insects injurious to the Field
Crops of Great Britain and Ireland, and also those which infest Barns and Granaries, etc.
8vo, 1860.

Cuvier (George Leopold Christian Dagobert). Histoire des science naturelle depuis leur origine
jusqu’a nos Jours, chez tous les peuples connus. Paris. 5 vols. 8vo, 1841-1845.

Dahlb.—Dahlbom (A. G.). (See Serials.)

D. T.—Dalla Torre (K. W. von; C. G. de). (See Cat. Hym.)

Dalm.—Dalman (J. W.). (See Serials.)

Davis (G. C.). (See Serials.)

Deg.—Degeer, Carl. Mem. hist. Ins., I., 1752. Mémoires pour servir 4 histoire des Insectes.
Ato. Stockholm, 1752.

Destef.—Destefani (Theodosio Destefani Perez). (See Serials.)

Duf.—Dufour (Leon).

Ent. Amer.—Entomologica Americana. A Monthly Journal of Entomology. Edited by John
B. Smith. 5 vols. 1885, et seg. Published by Brooklyn Entomological Society.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 525

Enc. Brit.—Encyclopedia Britannica. IX., 1830.

Enc. Méth.—Encyclopédie Méthodique. 10 vols. Paris, 1789-1825.

Ent. Mag.—The Entomological Magazine. 5 vols. London, 1833-1838.

Ent. Mo. Mag.—The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. London. 8vo, I., 1864 et seq.

Ent. Nachr.—Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin. 8vo, I., 1875 et seq.

Ent. News.—The Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia. 8vo, I., 1890 et seq.

Ent. The.—The Entomologist. (See Newman.)

Ent. Zeitg. Stettin.—Entomologische Zeitung herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Verein zu
Stettin. Stettin. 8vo, I., 1840 et seq.

Entom.—Newman’s Entomologist. London, 1840-1842.

Eug. Resa Zool. Ins.—Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden under befal af
C. A. Virgin. Aren, 1851-1853. Zoologi, I. Insecta. Stockholm, 1858-1868.

Fab., Ent. Sys.—Fabricius (J. C.). Entomologica Systematica. 4 vols. Copenhagen, 1792-1794.
Supplement, 1798.

Fab., Piez.—Fabricius (J. C.). Systema Piezatorum. Brunswick, 1804.

Fab., Syst. Ent.—Fabricius (J. C.). Systema Entomologica. Flensburg and Leipzig, 1775.

Fall.—Fallen (C. F.). Sp. nov. Hym. disp. meth. Specimen novam Hymenoptera disponend,
methodum exhibens. Lund, 1813.

Faun. du Can. Hym.—(See Prov.)

Faun. Etrus. (See Rossi.)

Fitch.—Fitch (Edw.). (See Serials.)

Fitch.—Fitch (Dr. Asa). Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects of the State of
New York. (14 Reports, published in Trans. New York Agric. Soc., Vol. XIV., 1855
et seq.)

Fonse. — Fonscolombe (Boyer de). (See Serials.)

Forbes (Professor S. A.).—Report of the State Entomologist on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects
of the State of Illinois. 1882 et seq. ;

Férst. — Forster (Dr. Arnold). (See Serials.)

Frogg. — Froggatt (Walter W.).

Gard. Chron. — Gardener’s Chronicle, London, 1841 et seq.

Geer, Mém. — Geer (C. de). Mémoires pour servir A l’ Histoire des Insectes. 7 vols. Stockholm,
1752-1778.

Genres des Mouch dipt. 1803, p. 68.

Geotf. — Geoffroy (Etienne Louis).

Geoffr.— Geoffroy (E.). Histoire abregée des Insectes qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris,
2 vols., 1762.

Germ. Fn. Ins. Eur.—Germar (E. F.). Fauna Insectorum Europe. Halle, 1812-1848.

Girard (J.) (See Serials).

Goureau, Colonel. (See serials.)

Grav. Ichn. Eur. —Gravenhorst (J. L.C.). Ichneumonologia Europea. 3 vols. Breslau, 1829.

Guér. — Guérin-Menneville (Félix Edouard). Le Febures, Voy. Abyss.

Guér. — Iconog. Regn. Anim. (See under Iconog.)

Guér. — Voy. Abyss. (See under Voy. Abyss.)

Guér. — Voy. de Coquille. (See under Voy. de Coquille.)

526 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Hal. — Haliday (A. H.). (See Serials.)

Hal. Hym. Brit. — Haliday (A. H.). Hymenoptera Britannica; Alysia, Fasciculus alte London.
8vo, 1839. (See Hym. Brit.)

Hald. — Haldeman (8. 8.).

Hart. — Hartig (T.). (See Serials.)

Herr-Schaff. — Herrick-Schiiffer (G. A. W.). (See Schiff.)

Heer (Oswald).

Hist. abr. Insect. (See Geoffrey.)

Harris (Thaddeus).

Hartig (Th.). (See Serials.)

Hasselq — Hasselquest (Friedrick). Iter Palaestr. 1757.’ Iter Palaestinum, eller resa til
heliga landet, foerrittadifran ar 1749 til 1752 med beskrifningar, rén anmerkningar ‘ifwer
de maerkwaerdigste naturalier, utgifven af C. Linnaeus. Holmiae, 1757. 8vo.

Holmg. — Holmgren (A. E.). (See Serials.)

Hore Soc. ent. Ross. — Hore Societatis entomologice Rossice. St. Petersburg, I. 1861 ef seq.

How. — Howard (Dr. L. O.). (See Serials.)

Hubbard (H. G.). (See Insects affecting the Orange.)

Hym. Brit. — Hymenoptera Britanica : Oxyura et Alysia, Fasc. I., pp. 15; Fase. II., pp. 28 et 4.
London, Balliére, 1839. ‘

Hym. Stud. — Hymenopterologische Studien. Heft II. Chalcidee und Proctotrupii von Dr.
Arnold Forster.

Tchn. d. Forstins. (See Ratzeburg.)

Icong. Régn. Anim. — Iconographia Régne Animal de G. Cuvier. 8yvo. Insects. Paris, 1829-
1858. |

Tllig. — Illiger (J. C. W.). Tllig. Rossi Faun Etrus.— Fauna Etrusca sistens insecta que in
provinciis FJorentina et Pisana preesertim collegit P. Rossius Iterum edita, et annotatis per-
petuis aucta. (2 vols., Helmstedt, 1807.)

Illus. Woch. f. Ent. — Tlustrierten Wochenschrift fiir Entomologie. S8yo. Neudamm.

Ind. Mus. Notes. — Indian Museum Notes. 8vo. Calcutta, India.

Ins. Life. — Insect Life. Devoted to the economy and life habits of insects, especially in their
relations to agriculture. Edited by C. V. Riley and L. O. Howard. 7 vols., 8vo. 1888-
1895.

Insects affecting the Orange. By H.G. Hubbard. 8vo. 1885.

Jahresb. naturf. Ges. Graunbiirsden. XXVII., 1861.

Jahresb. fortschr. Férstw. I., 1838.

Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil. — Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 8vo,
Ie SiW7 eb ‘seq.

Journ, Linn. Soe. London Zool. — Journal of the Linnean Society of London.

Jurine, Hym.— Jurine (L.). Nouvelle Méthode de classer les Hyménoptéres et les Dipteres.
Geneva and Paris, 1807.

Kaw. — Kawall (J. H.). (See Serials. )
Kief. — Kieffer (Abbe J. J.). (See Serials.)
Kirby. — Kirby (W. F.).

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Sag

Kirch. — Kirchner (L.).

Kirch., Cat. Hymp. Eup. — Kirchner (L.). Catalogus Hymenopterorum Europe, 1867.
Klug. — Klug (J. Ch. F.). (See Serials.)

Kok. — Kokujew or Kokoujew (Nikita). (See Serials.)

Kriechb. — Kriechbaumer (Dr. Joseph). (See Serials.)

Krieg. — Krieger (Dr. Richard). (See Serials.)

Lam. — Lamarck (J. B. P. A. Monet de).

Lam. Syst.— Monet de Lamarck. Systeme des animaux sans vertébres. Paris, 1801.

Latr. — Latreille (P. A.).

Latr., Cuy. Reg. An. — Latreille (P. A.). Articles in Cuvier’s Régne Animal. Ist ed., 3 vols.
Paris, 1817. :

Latr., Gen. Crust. et Ins. — Latreille (P. A.). Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum secundum
ordinem naturalem in familias disposita. 4 vols. Paris and Strasburg, 1806-1809.

Latr., Nat. Hist. — Latreille (P. A.). Histoire Naturelle générale et particuliére des Crustacés et.
des Insectes. 14 vols. Paris, 1802-1805.

Latr., Préc. — Latreille (P. A.). Précis des Caractéres génériques des Insectes. Brive, 1796.

Lefebure (Théophile). (See Voy. Abyss.)

Lepel. — Lepeletier de St. Fargeau. (Sce Brulle.)

Linneus (C. de). (See Linné (C. von).)

Linn. Ent. — Linnea Entomologica. 16 vols. Berlin and Leipsic, 1846-1866.

Linn., Fn. Suec. — Linné (C. von). Fauna Suecica. 2d ed. Stockholm, 1761.

Linn. Soc. London. (See Proc.)

Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales. (See Proc.)

L., Linn. — Linné (C. von) also Linneus.

Linn., Sys. Nat. — Linné (C. von). Systema Nature. 12th ed. Stockholm, 1766-1768.

List Chale. Brit. Mus. — List of the Hymenoptera in the British Museum —Chalcidea. By Francis
Walker. 2 vols.

Loud. Mag. — Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History. 9 vols. London, 1829-1836.

Lucas. — Lucas (H.). Exploration de ’ Algerie Hymenoptéres. 1849.

Mag. de Zool. — Magasin de Zoologie. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et appliquée, ete. Par
M. F. Guérin — Méneville — Paris.

March. — Marchal (Dr. Paul). (See Serials.)

Marsh. — Marshall (T. A.). (See Serials.)

Marsh., Cat. Brit. Ichn. — Marshall (T. A.). A Catalogue of the British Hymenoptera ; Ichneu-
monide, Braconide and Evaniide. London, 1872.

- Mask. — Maskell (W. M.).

Mayr. — Mayr (Dr. Gustav). (See Serials.) WVerhand1. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien. -

Mém. Ac. Belgique. — Mémoires de l’ Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts
de Belgique. Bruxelles. 4to, I., 1818 ct seq.

Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersbourg. — Mémoirs de I’ Académie de St.-Pétersbourg. 1869-70.

Mem. Accad. Tor. — Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 2d series, XIT.,
1853.

Mem. Acc. Bologna. — Memorie della R. Accademia delle Scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna. 4to,
I., 1850 et seq.

528 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Mem. Acc. Torino. — Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Science Torino. Torino. 4to.

Mém. Cour. Ac. Belgique (8vo). — Mémoires couronnés et Mémoires des Savants étrangers publiés
par Academie Royal des Sciences des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Bruxelles.
8vo, I., 1832 et seq.

Mém. Cour. Ac. Belgique (4to). — Mémoires couronnés et Mémoires des Savants étrangers publiés
par l’ Academie Royal des Sciences des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Bruxelles.
Ato, I., 1818 et seq.

Mem. hist. Ins. (See De Geer and Geer.)

Mem. Manchester Soc. — Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society. Manchester. 8vo.

Mem. Mus. Milano. — Museo civico di Staria naturale di Milano e Societa italiana di Scienze
naturali. Memorie. Milano. 4to.

Mem. Soe. ent. Belgique. — Mémoires de la Société entomologue de Belgique. Bruxelles. 8vo.
I., 1892, et seq.

Mem. Soc. Manch.— Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical

Society, 4th series.

Mocs. — Moesary (Alexandro.)

Moes. Lit. Hym. — Literatura Hymenopterorum ab Alexandro Mocsary, 8vo. Budapest, 1882.

Moes., Maygar Fn. — Magyar Fauna masnejii darasai (Heterogynide Faune Hungarice). Term.

Kozlem, XVII., pp. 1-93, pls. II.

Menn.—Mennier (Fernand). (See Serials.)

Moeller (Christian Heinrich).

Motsch.— Motschulsky (Genl. V.). (See Serials.)

Motsch. Etud. Ent.-— Etudes Entomologiques rédigees par Victor de Motschulsky, Lieutenant-
Colonel d’Etat-Mayor, en retraite ete. Helsingfors, 1832 et seq.

Mt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. — Mittheilungen der Schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft. Bul-
letin de la Société entomologique Suisse. Schaffhausen. 8vo.

Mill., Fn. Fridr.— Miller (O. F.). Fauna Insectorum Fridrichsdalina. Copenhagen and
Leipsic, 1764.

Mill., Naturs. Linn. — Miller (P. L. 8.). Vollstiindiges Natursystem des C. v. Linné, mit einer
Erklarung. 6 vols. and supplement. Nuremberg, 1773-1776.

Nat. Sicil. — Naturalista Siciliano. 8yvo. Palermo.

Nat. His. Rev.— The Natural History Review ; a quarterly journal of science, conducted by Hali-
day and others. 5 vols. Dublin, 1854-1858.

Natural. Canad. — Le Naturaliste Canadien — Bulletin de recherches, observations et découvertes se
rapportant a Vhistoire naturelle du Canada. Quebec et Chicoutimi. 8vo, I., 1869 et seq.

Natural. Sicil.—I1l Naturalista Siciliano. Organo della Societa dei Naturalisti Siciliani.
Palermo. 4to.

Naturges. d. Ins.— Naturgeschichte Classification und Nomenclatur der Insecten yom Bienen,
Wespen, und Ameisengeschlecht ; als der fiinften Klasse fiinften Ordnung des Linneischen
Natur-Systems von den Insecten Hymenopteren, ete. 4to. 1791.

Naturgesch, Schidl. — Forstins. III. 1805. (See Beckstein.)

Nees. — Nees ab Esenbeck (C. G.).

Nees, Monog. — Nees von Esenbeck (C. G.). Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affintum Mono-
graphie Genera Europe et Species illustrantes. 2 vols. Stuttgardt and Tiibingen, 1834.

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 529

Newp. — Newport (G.). (See Serials.)

No. Amer. Entom.— The North American Entomologist. 1880.

Nort. — Norton (Edw.). (See Serials.)

Notes on Chale. — Notes on Chalcidie by Francis Walker, F.L.S. 5 pts. 1871.

Nouv. Mém. Ac. Sci. Brux. — Nouveau Memoirs Academie des Science, Bruxelles. 8vo.

Nouy. Meth. Hym. — Nouvelle Méthode de classer Les Hyménoptéres et Les Diptéres. Par L.
Jurine. 4to. Geneve, 1807.

Nov. Act. Ac. L. C. (See Acta Ac. Germ.)

Ofy. Vet., Ak. Férhl. — Ofversigt af K. Vetenskaps — Akadamiens Forhandlingar. Stockholm.
8vo. 1845 et seq.

Oliv. — Olivier (A. G.). (See Encye. méthod.)

Orange Ins. — Orange Insects. By Wm. H. Ashmead. 1880.

Opus. Ent.— Opuscula Entomologica. 12mo. I.—XXII., 1869-1897. (See Thomson.)

O. 8S. — Osten Sacken (Baron C. R.). (See Serials.)

Pack.—Packard (A. S.).

Pack., Guide.—Packard (A. 8.). Guide to Study of Insects, and a treatise on those injurious and
beneficial to crops, for the use of colleges, farm schools, and agriculturists, by A. S. Packard, jr.,
M.D. Seventh edition.. New York, 1880.

Panz. Panzer (G. W. F.). (See Serials.)

Panz., Fn. Germ.—Panzer (G. W. F.). Faunz Insectorum Germanice initia. 109 pls. Nurem-
berg, 1792-1810.

Panz., Krit. Revis.—Panzer (G. W. F.). Kritische Revision der Insecktenfaune Deutschlands,
nach dem System bearbeitet. 2 vols. Nuremberg, 1805-1806.

Parfitt Parfitt (E.).—(See Serials.)

Perty. (Maximilian.) Delectus animalium articulatorum, que in itinere per Brasiliam annis
1817-1820 jussu et auspiciis Maximilian Josephi Bavariz regis augustissimi peracto, college-
runt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius ; digessit, descripsit et pingenda cura-
vit Dr. M. Perty, Monachii (auctor), 1830-1834. 4to.

Perris, Ann. Soc. Linn.—Perris (Ed.). Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon Nouvelle
série, IV.

Phil. Mag.—The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 16
vols. London, 1832-1840.

Philip.—Philippi (R. A.). (See Stett. Ent. Zeitg.)

Pinacogr.—Pinacographia. Door Dr. 8. C. Snellen van Vollenhoven. 4to. 1880.

Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil.—Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Phila-
delphia. 8vo. ;

Proe. Boston Soc. N. H.—Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, I., 1836 et seg.
Boston. 8vo.

Proce. Calif. Acad.—Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Zodlogy. San Fran-
cisco. 8yo.

‘ Proc. Ent. Soc. London.—Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, I., 1834 et seq.
London, 8vo. (See Transactions.)

Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil.—Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 8vo.

Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash.—Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, I., 1884 et seq.
Washington. 8vo.

530 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Proc. Essex Inst., [V., 1864.—Proceedings of the Essex Institution.

Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond.—Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. London. 8vo.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8S. Wales.—Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.
Sydney. 8vo.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proceedings of the U. 8. National Museum, VIII e¢ seq.

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.—Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1V., 1902.

Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London.—Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zodlogical Society of Lon-
don. London. 8vo.

Psyche.—Psyche, a Journal of Entomology. Published by the Cambridge Entomological Club
Cambridge. to.

Proy., Add. Faun. Hym.—Additions et corrections au volume II. de la Faune Entomologique du
Canada traitant des Hyménoptéres. Quebec, 1899.

Prov., Faun. Hym.—Provancher (Abbé Léon). Petite Faune Entomologique du Canada. II
Hyménoptéres. Quebec, 1883. :

wy)

Reinh.—Reinhard (D.). (See Serials.)

Ratz.—Ratzeburg (J. Th. C.).

Ratz., Ichn. d. Forstins.—Ratzeburg (J.T. C.). Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten in forstlicher
und entomologischer Beziehung. 3 vols. Berlin, 1844-1852. :

Retz.—Retzius Gen. et sp. Ins. 1783. _

Riley.—Riley (Charles Valentine). (See Serials.)

Riley, Mo. Rep.—Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the State of Missouri
9 vols. 1869 et seq.

Rond. — Rondani (C.).

Rossi.—Rossi (Peter).

Rossi’s Faun. Etrus. — Rossi (Peter). Fauna Etrusca, sistens insecta que in provinciés Floren-
tino et Pisane presertim collegit. Liburni, Mari, 1790. 4to. (See Illiger.)

Saund.— Saunders (W. W.). (See Serials.)

Saund.— Saunders (8. 8.). (See Serials.)

Say.—Say (Thomas). (See Serials.)

Say, Lec. Ed.—Say (T.). Complete writings of Thomas Say on the Entomology of North
America. Edited by John L. Le Conte, M.D. 2 vols. New York, 1859.

Schellenb.—Schellenberg (Johann Rudolt). Genres de Mouches diptéres, représéntes en 42 pl.
col. projectées et dessinées et expliquées par deux amateurs de l entomologie. 1803.

' Schlecht.— Schlechtendal (Dr. H. R.). (See Serials. ) :

Schlett.— Schletterer (Dr. A.).

Schaff., Forts. Germ.— Herrick-Schiffer (G. A. W.). Fortsetzung von Panzer, Faune Insecto-
rum Germanic initia. Ratisbon, 1829-1844.

Shipp.— Shipp (John).

Seop.— Scopoli (J. A.).

Scop. Ent. Carn. 1765.— Entomologia Carniolica exhibens insecta Carnioliz indigena et distributa
in ordines, genera, species, varietates, methodo Linnean. Vindobone Trattner, 1763.

Scudd., But.—Scudder (Saml.). Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada. Cambridge,
1889. Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Canada.

Sich.—Sichel (J.). (See Serials.)

Six.—Six (G. A.). (See Serials.)

ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES bol

Sitz. d. naturf. Gesell. zu Leipzig.—Sitzungsberichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig.
8vo.

Sm.—Smith (Emily). (See Serials).

Sm.—Smith (Fredr.). (See Serials.)

Soe. Ent.—Societas Entomologica. Organ fiir den internationalen Entomologen-Verein. Zurich.
Ato.

Sp. Noy. Hym. disp. Meth. (See Fallen.)

Spin.—Spinola (M.).

Spin. Ins. Lig.—Spinola (Marquis M.). Insectorum Liguriz species novee aut rariores. 2 vols.
Genoa, 1806-1808.

St.-Farg.—St. Fargeau (A. L. M. Le Peletier, Comte de). (See Le Peletier.)

Stadelm.—Stadelmann (A.).

Stef.—Stefani (Theodosio).

Stefani, Nat. Sic.—Stefano (Theodosio de). Il Naturalista Siciliano: Giornale delle Scienze
Naturali, Ragusa, Palermo.

Steph.—Stephens (J. F.).

Step., I]. Brit. Ent.—Ilustrations of British Entomology. 11 vols. London, 1824-46.

Stett. ent. Zeit.—Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Stettin, 1830 et seq.

Stoll (O.). (See Serials.)

Svensk. Ak. Handl.-Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. Stockholm, 1780
et seq.

Swed.—Swederus (N.8.). (See Serials.)

Symb. physic.—Symbole physicz, seu icones et descriptiones insectorum, que ex itinere per Afri-
cam borealem et Asiam F’. G. Hemprich et D. H. Ehrenberg studio nove aut illustrate radi-
arum. Percensuit Dr. Klug. Berolini, Mittler, 1829-1845. Fol. c. 50 tab. col.

Szépl.—Szépligeti (Prof. V.). Termes. Fiizet.

Termes. Fiizetek.—Természetrajzi Fiizetek. Kiadje a Magyar nemzeti Museum. Budapest. 8vo.

Thoms.—Thomson (C. G.). (See Serials.)

Thomson, Opus. Ent.—Opuscula Entomologica. Lunde. I.—XXII., 1869-1897.

Tijdschr. Ent.—Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, uitgaven door de Nederlandsch entomologische
Vereeniging. ’s Gravenhage. 8vo, I., 1838 et seq.

Tr. Am. Ent. Soc.—Transactions American Entomological Society. Philadelphia. 8vo.

Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond.—Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 8vo.

Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond.—Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. London. 4to.

Tr. N. Y. Agric. Soe.—Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society. (Dr. Asa Fitch ~
described many Chalcids in these Transactions. ).

Tr. St. Louis Acad.—Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences. 8vo. St. Louis, Mo.

Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond.—Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. London. 4to.

Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl. — Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Verein der preussichen
Rheinlande und Westfalens. 8yvo. Bonn, 1844 et seq.

Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. — Verhandlungen der k.-k. Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in
Wien. Wien. 8vo.

Vierteljahrschr. naturf. Ges. Zurich, I., 1856.

Villers (J.).— Caroli Linnei Entomologica; Faun Suecice descriptionibus aucta, ete. 4 vols.
Lugduni Batavarum, 1789 Hym., Vol. III., pp. 69-344.

Dow MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Vollenh. Schets. — Vollenhoven (S. C. Snellen van). Schetsen ten gebruike bij de Studie der
Hymenoptera. — Tijdschr. voor Ent.

Vollenh. Schets., Pinacogr.— Pinacographia. 4to. 1880.

Voy. Abyss. — Voyage en Abyssinie exécutée pendant les années 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1845,
par une commission scientifique composée de MM. Théophile Lefebure. Paris. 8vo.

Voy. de Coquille. — Voyage Autour du monde, sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pen-
dant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825, ete. Paris. 4to. 1830. °

Wachtl. — Wachtl (A.). (See Serials.)

Walck., Fn. Paris. — Walckenaér (Baron C. A. de). Faune Parisienne. Histoire Abrégée des
Insectes des Environs de Paris. 2 vols. Paris, 1802.

Walker. — Walker F. (Francis). (See Serials.)

Walk. Mongr. Chale. —Monographia Chalciditum by Francis Walker. 2 vols. London, 1839.

Walk., Notes on Chale. — Notes on Chaleidiz. By Francis Walker. 5 Pts. 1871.

Walsh. — Walsh (Benj. D.). (See Serials.)

Walsh. — Walsh (Benjamin D.).

Web. und Mohr, Beitr. — Archiy fiir die systematische Naturgeschichte. Edited by F. Weber
and W. H. Mohr. Leipzig, 1804. Continued under the title: Beitrige zur Naturkunde,
etc. 2 vols. Kiel, 1805 and 1810.

Westw. — Westwood (Prof. John O.). (See Serials.)

Westw., Intr. — Westwood (J. O.). An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects. 2
vols. London, 1839-40.
Westw., Thes. Ent. Ox. — Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis, ete. Oxford, 1874.

White (A.) (See Serials).

Wiegmann’s Archiv. — Archiy fiir Naturgeschichte. Gegriindet von A. F. A. Wiegmann, Fort-
gesetzt von W. F. Erichsen. 8vo. Berlin.

Wien. Ent. Zeit. — Wiener entomologische Zeitung, I., 1882 et seq.

Willem. — Willem (Victor). (See Serials.) Bull. Sci. d. France et d. Belgique, 1897.

Wollst. — Wollaston (V. T.). (See Serials.)

Zehnt. — Zehnter (L.).

Zeitschr. f. Entom.

Zeits. f. wiss. Zool. — Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Leipzig, XIX., 1869.

Zett. — Zetterstedt (J. W.).

Zett., Ins. Lap. — Zetterstedt (J. W.). Insecta Lapponica descripta. Leipzig, 1840.

Zool. Anz. — Zoologischer Anzeiger, zugleich Organ der deutschen zoologischen Gesellschaft.
Leipzig. 8vo.

Zool. Jahrb. Syst. — Zoologische Jahrbiicher. Abtheilung fiir Systematik, Geographie und
Biologie der Thiere. Jena. 8vo.

Zool. Rec. — The Zoological Record. London. 8vo, I., 1864 et seq.

Zo6|. — The Zoologist, London, 1843 et seq.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL LI. PLATE XXXI

1. Leucospis enderleini Ashmead, Q. 4. Hustypiura bicolor Ashmead, Q.
2. Thaumatelia pulchripennis Ashmead, Q . 5. Xanthomelanus dimidiatus Fabricius, <j.
3. Epitelia stylata Walker, Q. 6. Eustypiura sexmaculata, Ashmead, 9.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXXII.

1. Ceratosmicra petiolata Ashmead, <. 4. Hontalia cameroni Ashmead, Q.
2. Tetrasmicra crocata Walker, <3. 5. Hontalia kirbyi Ashmead, <.
3. Hippota pecticornis Latreille, ©. 6. Aaimopsis morio Ashmead, 9.

.
cs
‘

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXXII.

1. Isosomodes brasiliensis Ashmead, Q. 4. Bephrata striatipes Ashmead, 2.
2. Isosomodes nigriceps Ashmead, ,j\. 5. Aximogastra bahie Ashmead, 9.
3. Chryseida eneiventris Ashmead, 9. 6. Prodecatoma flavescens Ashmead, ©.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. |. PLATE XXXIV.

1. Eudoxinna transversa Walker, Q. 4. Perilampus brasiliensis Ashmead, Y.
2. Neorileya flavipes Ashmead, Q. 5. Orasema rapo Walker, 9.
3. Macrorileya ecanthi Ashmead, Q. 6. Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea Ashmead, Y.

ert a ft er:

oe
| arn.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXXV.

1. Zetramelia plagiata Walker, %. 4. Kapala splendens Ashmead, 9.
2. Stibula nigriceps Ashmead, <j. 5. Lasiokapala serrata Ashmead, Q.
3. Dicelothorax platycerus Ashmead, 9. 6. Herbertia howardi Ashmead, Q.

a, scutellum seen from above.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXXVI.

Y
|

1 Lelaps abdominalis Ashmead, Q. 4. Trigonoderus brasiliensis Ashmead, 9.
2. Chalcedectes annulipes Ashmead, Q. 5. Epistenia basalis Walker, 9.

3. Lycisca ignicauda Westwood, 9. 6. Pelecinella howardi Ashmead, 9.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOI. I PLATE XXXVII.

1. Ooderella smithi Ashmead, Q. 4. Encyrtaspis brasiliensis Ashmead, 9.
2. Macreupelma brasiliensis Ashmead, 2. 5. Trichencyrtus robustus Ashmead, Q.
3. Phlebopenes pertyi Ashmead, ©. 6. Parencyrtus brasiliensis Ashmead, Q.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE Museum, VOL. I. PLATE XXXVIII.

1. dAnasius chapade Ashmead, Q. 4. Urentedon verticillata Ashmead, Q.
2. Hemencyrtus herberti Ashmead, Q. 5. Hoplocrepis bifasciata Ashmead, <%.
3. Acanthometopon clavicorne Ashmead. Q. 6 Eulophopteryx chapade Ashmead, Q.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. I. PLATE XXXIX.

1. Paracrias laticeps Ashmead, 9. 2. Tetrastichus brasiliensis Ashmead, Q.
3. Stenomesius dimidiatus Ashmead, 9.

le a OJLeUE) EIN ID ae

Ablerus Howard, 345, 346, 365, 498

Acanthochaleis Cameron, 249, 365

Acanthometapon Ashmead, 314, 315, 365, 498
clavicorne, 498

Acerophagus Smith, 365

Acrias Walker, 344, 365

Acroclisis Forster, 320, 331, 365, 502
brasiliensis, 502

Acrocormus’ Forster, 283, 285, 365

Acrostela Shipp., 365

Adelencyrtus Ashmead, 304, 365

/Enasius Walker, 300, 307, 365, 496
chapade, 496

Afolomorpha Dalla Torre, 365

AKMpocerus Mayr, 274, 275, 365, 475
emarginatus Mayr, 475
excavatus Mayr, 475
flavomaculatus Mayr, 476
inflaticeps Mayr, 476
punctipennis Mayr, 476
simplex Mayr, 476

Aitroxys Westwood, Walker, 365

Agamerion Haliday, 281, 282, 365

Agaon Dalman, 333, 365

Agaonide, Family LX., 231, 394, 365, 394

Agaonine, Subfamily I., 232, 394

Agonophorus Dalman, 364

Ailomorphus Walker, 210

Ailolomorpha Walker, 365

Ageniaspis Dahlbom, 302, 303, 309, 365

Agrianisa Walker, 365

Alaptus Haliday, 362, 365

Alophus Ashmead, 353, 365, 519
brasiliensis, 520

Allocera Sichel, 255, 365

Alloderma Ashmead, 273, 274, 365

Amblymerus Walker, 317, 365

Ametallon Ashmead, 344, 365, 511
chapade, 511

533

TO MEMOIR IV.

Amotura Cameron, 281, 282, 365
Anacryptus Kirby, 254, 365
Anagrus Haliday, 363, 366
Anaphes Haliday, 363
Anaphini, Tribe I., 363
Table of genera, 363
Anagyrus Howard, 294, 366
Anastatus Motschulsky, 290, 291, 366, 493
auriceps, 493
basalis, 494
coreophagus, 494
pleuralis, 494
punctiventris, 494
unifasciatus, 495
Aneristus Howard, 345, 346, 366
Aneure Nees, 366
Anicetus Howard, 305
Anoglyphis Forster, 284, 285, 366
Anogmus Forster, 323, 366
Anthemus Howard, 363, 366
Anthophorabia Newport, 366
Antigaster Walsh, 366
Antrocephalus Kirby, 255, 256, 366, 457
punctigerus Fabr., 457
Anusia Forster, 294, 296, 366
Anysis Howard, 366, 366
Aperilampus Walker, 266, 366
discolor Walk., 467
Aphidencyrtus Ashmead, 304, 310, 366, 497
brasiliensis, 497
ephytus Walk., 497
Aphelinine, Subfamily II., 344, 511
Table of tribes, 344
Aphelinini, Tribe I., 345
Table of genera, 345
Aphelinus Dalman, 346, 366
Aphobetoideus Ashmead, 328, 366
Aphobetus Howard, 328, 366
Aphycus Mayr, 302, 309, 366

(sal &

534 SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Apocrypta Coquerel, 235, 366
Apocrypta Coquerel, 366
Apocryptophagus Ashmead, 238, 366
Aprobosca Westwood, 360, 361, 366
Aprostocetus Westwood, 339, 350, 366
Apterolelaps Ashmead, 279
Arachnophaga Ashmead, 290, 291, 366
Aratus Howard, 300, 307, 366
Archinus Howard, 299, 306, 366
Ardalus Howard, 352, 358, 366, 517
howard, 517
Arescon Walker, 367
Arretocera Kirby, 254, 367
Arrhenophagini, Tribe IV., 311
Table of genera, 311
Arrhenophagus Aurivillius, 811, 367
Arthrolysis Forster, 276, 367
Arthrolytus Thomson, 320, 322, 367
Asaphes Walker, 327, 367, 501
vulgaris Walk., 501
Asaphini, Tribe I., 327, 501
Table of genera, 327
Asecodes Forster, 342, 343
Aseiba Cameron, 367
Asemantus Forster, 274, 275, 367
Ashmeadia Howard, 367

Aspidiotiphagus Howard, 345, 346, 367, 511

citrinus, 511
Aspidocoris Costa, 367
Aspirhina Kirby, 255, 256, 367, 457
dubitator Walk., 457
Asteropeus Howard, 305, 367
Astichus Forster, 339, 340, 367 .
Astymachus Howard, 303, 309, 367
Asynacta Forster, 359, 367
Atropates Howard, 305, 367
Aulogymnus Forster, 367
Axima Walker, 258, 367, 458
brasiliensis, 459
brevicornis, 459
koebelei, 459
spinifrons, 459
Aximini, Tribe I., 258, 458
Aximogastra Ashmead, 261, 263, 367, 462
bahize, 463 >
Aximopsis Ashmead, 259, 367, 460

Aximopsis morio, 460

Bactryischion Costa, 367

Beocharis Mayr, 394, 367

Beeotomus Forster, 367

Balcha Walker, 367

Baryscapus Forster, 349, 350, 367

Bellerus Walker, 367

Belonea Westwood, 283, 367

Belonura Ashmead, 318, 321, 367

Bephrata Cameron, 261, 263, 368, 462
striatipes, 462

Berecyntus Howard, 299, 368 :

Blastophaga Gravenhorst, 233, 234, 394
bifossulata, 394
brasiliensis, 394

Blastothrix Mayr, 303, 309

Blatticida Ashmead, 305, 368

Blaphonira Holmgren, 368

Blepyrus Howard, 300, 307, 368

Bootania Dalla Torre, 245, 368

Bothriothorax Ratzeburg, 300, 307, 368, 496

brasiliensis, 496
Bothryothorax Kirchner, 368
Brachista Haliday, 359, 360, 368
Brachycaudonia Ashmead, 283, 285, 368
Brachycrepis Ashmead, 368
Brachyscelidiphaga Ashmead, 324, 325
Brachysticha Forster, 368
Brasema Cameron, 288, 368, 486
fascipennis, 486
Bruchobius Ashmead, 314, 315
Bruchophagus Ashmead, 262, 263, 368
Bubekia Dalla Torre, 331, 332, 368

Cacotropia Motschulsky, 289, 368
Cenacis Forster, 316, 368
Cenocrepis Thomson, 368

Calleptiles Haliday, 368

Callimomus Thomson, 241, 242, 368
Calimome Spinola, 368

Calliopteroma Dalla Torre, 368
Callipteroma Motschulsky, 304, 368
Callitula Spinola, 368

Calocerinus Howard, 298, 368
Calosoter Walker, 288, 290
Calyostichus Ashmead, 368

SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV. 535

Calypso Haliday, 272
Cameronella Dalla Torre, 283, 369
Camptoptera Forster, 362, 369
Caraphractus Haliday, 364, 369
Caratomus Thomson, 369
Cardiogaster Motschulsky, 326, 369
Catolaccus Thomson, 320, 322, 369
Caudonia Walker, 283, 285, 369
Cea Haliday, 283, 369
Cecidostiba Thomson, 316, 362
Cecidoxenus Ashmead, 274, 275, 369
Centrobia Forster, 360, 361, 369
Centrodora Forster, 346, 369
Cephaleta Motschulsky, 326, 369
Cerambycobia Ashmead, 289, 291, 369
Ceranisus Walker, 349, 350, 369
Cerapterocerus Westwood, 305, 310, 369
Ceratomus Dalman, 369
Ceratoneura Ashmead, 347, 369
Ceratoneurini, Tribe I., 347
Ceratosmicra Ashmead, 251, 253, 369

flava, (left out through an error)

koebelei, (left out through an error)
Ceratosolens Mayr, 233, 234, 369
_Cerchysius Westwood, 299, 302, 369
Cercobelus Walker, 306, 311, 369
Cerocephala Westwood, 334, 369
Cheetospila Westwood, 369
Cheetosticha Haliday, 360, 361, 369
Chalcaspis Howard, 300, 307, 369
Chaleidide, Family LXII., 246, 369, 402
Chalcidine, Subfamily IT., 247, 405

Table of tribes, 248
Chalcidini, Tribe I., 248, 405

Table of genera, 248
Chalcidiscelis Ashmead, 281
Chalcedactes Walker, 281, 369, 483

annulepes, 483

histrio, 483

-maculicornis, 483

regalis, 483

sedecemdentata, 483

septemdentata, 483 ;
Chalcedectine, Subfamily I., 281, 483
Chalcis Fabr., 249, 250, 869, 408

aculeata Walk., 408

Chalcis annulata Fabr., 408

augarus Walk., 409

decreta Walk., 409

eurytomoides Walk., 409

ferruginea, 409

fervida, 409

implexa, 409

minuta, 409

mnestor, 410

orseis, 410

producta, 411

quadripunctata, 411

serripes, 411

subfasciata, 411

testacea, 411

vicaria, 411

villosa, 411
Chalcitella Westwood, 254, 369
Chalcitellini, Tribe III., 254, 457

Table of genera, 254
Chalcites Heer, 364, 369
Chalcodectes Dalla Torre, 369
Chalcodectine Dalla Torre, 281
Chaleura Kirby, 268, 269, 370
Charitolophus Forster, 289, 370
Charitopus Forster, 288, 370
Chartocerus Motschulsky, 340
Cheiloneurus Westwood, 304, 310, 370
Cheiropachys Westwood, 283, 284, 370
Chestomorpha Ashmead, 300, 306, 370
Chiroceras Latreille, 370
Chirocerus Brullé, 370
Chirolophus Haliday, 288, 290, 370
Chiropachus Agassiz, 370
Chiropachys Thomson, 370
Choreia Westwood, 304, 310
Choreius Westwood, 370
Choreia Vollenhoven, 370
Chryseida Spinola, 261, 262, 461

eeneiventris, 462

amazonica, 461

cyanea Fabr., 461

superciliosa Westw., 462
Chrysoatomus Ashmead, 342, 370
Chrysocharis Forster, 340, 370
Chrysocharodes Ashmead, 370

536 SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Chrysocharoideus Ashmead, 370
Chrysoglyphe Ashmead, 313, 314, 370
Chrysolampus Spinola, 266, 370
Chrysomalla Forster, 266, 370
Chrysonotomyia Ashmead, 344, 370
Chrysoplatycerus Ashmead, 305, 316, 370
Chrysopophagus Ashmead, 293, 297, 370
Cirrospilus Forster, 370
Cirrospilus Westwood, 354, 355, 370
Cirrospiloideus Ashmead, 354, 355, 370
Cleonymide, Family LX VII., 280, 483
Table of subfamilies, 280
Cleonymine, Subfamily II., 282, 484
Cleonymus Latreille, 283, 284, 370, 485
collaris, 485
Cleptimorpha Walker, 281, 370
Cleptomorpha Dalla Torre, 371
Closterocerus Westwood, 340, 504
cercius Walk., 504
pelor Walk., 504
xenodice Walk., 504
Coccidencyrtus Ashmead, 302, 309, 371, 497
vitis, 497
Coccobius Ratzeburg, 306, 311, 371
Coccophagus Westwood, 345, 346, 371
Coccophoctonus Ashmead, 301, 307, 371
Ceelocyba Ashmead, 324, 325, 371
Celogaster Schrank, 371
Ceelopisthia Forster, 320, 322, 371
Ceelopisthus Thomson, 371
Celops Kriechbaumer, 371
Cenocereus Thomson, 371
Colas Curtis, 371
Colax Curtis, 371
Colotrochning, Subfamily IV., 285
Colotrochnus Thomson, 286, 371
Colyostichus Mayr, 238, 240, 371, 296
longicaudis Mayr, 396
Comedo Schrank, 371
Comys Forster, 371
Conura Spinola, 255, 256, 371, 457
annulipes, 457
flavicans, 457
Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 299, 306, 371
Coruna Walker, 371
Coryna Reinhard, 371

Corynocera Nees, 371
Cosmocoma Forster, 371
Crantor Haliday, 371
Cratzpus Forster, 349, 350, 371
Cratomini, Tribe IV., 332

Table of genera, 333, 371
Cratomus Dalman, 333
Cratotrechus Thomson, 357, 371
Cricellius Thomson, 313, 314, 371
Critogaster Mayr, 371

piliventris, 396

nuda, 396
Crossogaster Mayr, 235, 371
Cryptopristus Forster, 243, 244, 372
Cryptoprymna Forster, 330, 332, 372
Cryptoprymnus Thomson, 372
Cycloneura Dahlbom, 372
Cyniphoctonus Reinhard, 372
Cynipsichneumon Christ, 364, 372
Cynipsillum Lamarck, 372
Cyrtogaster Walker, 330, 332, 372
Cyrtosoma Curtis, 372

Dasyglenes Ashmead, 372
Decatoma Spinola, 265, 372
eequiramulis, (left out through an error)
breviramulis, “ _ 6
longiramulis, ce \ ee
Decatomidea Ashmead, 262, 372
Decatomini, Tribe V., 265
Decatomothorax Ashmead, 273, 274, 372, 510
Derostenus Westwood, 342, 343, 372
alcestas, 510
Destefania Dalla Torre, 268, 269, 372
Diamorus Mayr, 400
variabilis, 400
Diamorus Walker, 243, 372, 399
Diaulus Ashmead, 356, 372
Diaulomorpha Ashmead, 356
Dibrachys Forster, 320, 322, 372
Dicellocerus Mengel, 372
Dichalysis Forster, 372
Dichatomus Forster, 352, 353, 372
Dicladocerus Westwood, 358, 372
Diccelothorax Ashmead, 268, 270, 372, 470
platycerus, 470

SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV. Dom

Dicormus Forster,°372
Dicylus Walker, 277, 372, 477
arduine, 477
lynastes, 477
Diglochis Forster, 320, 322, 372
Diglyphis Thomson, 372
Diglyphomorpha Ashmead, 352, 353, 372
Diglyphus Thomson, 372
Diglyphus Walker, 358, 372
Dilocantha Shipp., 268, 270, 372, 471
flavicornis, 471
Dilophogaster Howard, 372
Dimachus Thomson, 276, 372
Dimmoctia Ashmead, 357, 372
Dinarmus Thomson, 276, 373
Dinocarsis Forster, 294, 373
Dinotus Forster, 316, 373
Dinoura Ashmead, 284, 285
Dipara Walker, 335, 373
Diparine, Subfamily V., 334
Table of genera, 334
Diplectron Dahlbom, 373
Diplodontia Ashmead, 252, 254, 373
Diplolepis Fabricius, 364, 373
Dirhicnus Thomson, 314, 315, 373
Dirhinini, Tribe V., 257, 458
Table of genera, 257
Dirhinus Dalman, 257, 373
Dirrhinus Dalla Torre, 373
Discodes Forster, 373
Disema Forster, 275, 276, 373
Doriclytus Forster, 363, 373
Doryclytus Dalla Torre, 373

Eedamua Walker, 241, 242, 373
Echthroplectis Dalla Torre, 373
Echthroplexis Forster, 302, 308, 373
Ecrizotes Forster, 272, 373
Ectroma Westwood, 294, 373
Eetromini, Tribe I., 292
Table of genera, 293
Eisenia Ashmead, 233, 234, 373, 394
flaviscapa, 394
Elachertine, Subfamily TV., 350, 516
Table of tribes, 351
Elachertini, Tribe III., 354, 520

Elachertini, Table of genera, 354
Elachertomorpha Ashmead, 352, 373, 518
flaviceps, 518
Elachertus Spinola, 354, 355, 373, 520
eatta, 520
gyes, 520
Elachestus Walker, 373
Elachistoide, 350
Elachistus Forster, 373
Elasmide, Family LX X., 335, 502
Table of genera, 335
Elasmus Westwood, 336, 373, 502
brasiliensis, 502
chapade, 502
peraffinis, 503
Elatus Walker, 266, 373
Enearsia Forster, 345, 346
Encyrtaspis Ashmead, 290, 492
brasiliensis, 492
Encyrtide, Family LX VIII., 286, 486
Table of subfamilies, 286
Encyrtine, Subfamily II., 292, 496
Table of tribes, 292
Encyrtini, Tribe II., 297
Table of genera, 297
Encyrtocephalus Ashmead, 255, 256
Encyrtus Latreille, 297, 373 i
_-vitis, 497
Endomychobius Ashmead, 318, 321, 373
Eniaca Kirby, 257, 374
Enneasmicra Ashmead, 252, 253, 374, 449
exinaniens, 449
corumbensis, 449
incerta, 449
Enneatoma Dahlbom, 374
Entedon Dalman, 342, 348, 374, 509
antander, 509
badius, 509
emperamus, 509
flacilla, 509
hegelochus, 509
thestis, 510
ufens, 510
Entedonine, Subfamily I., 337, 503
Table of tribes, 337
Entedonini, Tribe ITI., 340, 504

538 SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Epiclerus Haliday, 374
Epicopterus Westwood, 274, 275, 374
Epiencyrtus Ashmead, 304, 374
Epineoideus Ashmead, 374
Epineus Kirby, 251, 253, 374, 449
dux, 449
Epineus Walker, 374
Epipteromelus Ashmead, 319, 321
Epistenia Westwood, 282, 284, 374, 485
equalis, 485
ania, 485
basalis, 485
quadriplagiata, 485
seutata, 485
Epitelia Kirby, 249, 250, 374, 408
aculeata, 408
basalis, 408
stylata, 408
Epitranus Walker, 250, 253, 374, 412
fulvescens, 412
Eretomocerus Haldeman, 347, 374
Ericydnus Walker, 293, 296, 374
EHrvophilus Haldeman, 374
Erotolepsia Howard, 272, 374
Ktroxys Westwood, 313, 314, 374
EKuargopelte Forster, 326, 374
EKuchalcis Dufour, 255, 256, 374
Eucharide, Family LXYV., 266, 467
Table of genera, 267
Kucharis Latreille, 267, 269, 374, 467
discerodera, 467
Eucharissa Westwood, 267, 269, 374
Euchrysia Westwood, 281, 282, 374
Hucomys Forster, 374
Kudecatoma Ashmead, 265, 374
Euderus Haliday, 339, 340, 374
Huderus Thomson, 374
Hudoxima Waiker, 374
‘Eudoxinna Walker, 262, 263, 374, 465
transversa Walk, 465
Eulophide, Family LXXI., 336, 503
Table of subfamilies, 337
Eulophine, Subfamily V., 355, 520
Table of tribes, 356
Kulophini, Tribe I., 356, 520

Eulophopteryx Ashmead, 341, 342, 374, 506

EKulophopteryx chapade, 506
Eulophus Geoffroy, 357, 374, 520

laonome, 520

rhianus, 521
Euneura Walker, 329, 375
EKunotine, Subfamily IIT., 325

Table of genera, 325
Eunotus Walker, 326, 375
Euophthalnomyia Ashmead, 339, 340, 375
Euoxysoma Ashmead, 259, 260, 375
Eupelmine, Subfamily I., 287, 486

Table of tribes, 287
Eupelmini, Tribe I., 287, 486

Table of genera, 247
Kupelminus Dalla Torre, 289, 375
Eupelmus Dalman, 29, 289, 375

acaudus, 488

americanus, 487

amillaris, 488

apicalis, 489

aprilis, 489

basicupreus, 388

chapadee, 489

compressiventris, 489

corumbe, 490

excellens, 488

koebelei, 488

magniclavatus, 490

persimilis, 489

proximus, 488

santaremensis, 489

simillimus, 490

unifasciatus, 490
Euperilampus Walker, 266, 375
Kuplectrini, Tribe I., 351, 516

Table of genera, 351

_Euplectrus Westwood, 351, 375, 487, 516

brasiliensis, 516

chapadee, 516, 517

corumbee, 516, 517

solitarius, 516, 517
Eupristina Saunders, 233, 334, 375
Hupsilocera Westwood, 375
Eurycephalus Ashmead, 375
Eurycranium Ashmead, 326, 375
Eurydinota Forster, 331, 332, 375

SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV. 539

Euryischia Howard, 336, 375
Euryophrys Forster, 375
Euryrhopalus Howard, 301, 307, 375
Euryscapus Forster, 375
Eurytomide, Family LXIII., 257, 458
Table of tribes, 258
EKurytomini, Tribe IIT., 260, 461
Table of genera, 261, 464
EKurytoma Illiger, 262, 263, 375
argentata, 464
cuclus, 464
mellea, 465
menon, 465
pallidiceps, 465
philager, 464
pomorum, 465
simplex, 465
Kuytomocharis Ashmead, 262, 263, 365
Kusandalum Ratzeburg, 288, 290, 375
EHuscapus Dahlbom, 375
Kusemion Dahlbom, 305, 310, 375
Eustochus Haliday, 363, 375 .
Kustypiura Ashmead, 251, 253, 875, 412
bicolor, 412
sexmaculata, 412
smithii, 413
Kutelini, Tribe ITI., 317, 498
Table of genera, 317
Kutelus Walker, 317
Hutriche Nees, 375
Eutrichosoma Ashmead, 291, 292, 375
Exochlenus Shipp, 247, 375, 405
_ amphidioides, 405
Exurus Philippi, 375

Families, table of, 228

Flabrinus Rondani, 375

Forsterella Dalla Torre, 338, 375
Froggattea Ashmead, 238, 241, 375

Galearia Brullé, 376

Ganahlia Dalla Torre, 376

Ganosoma Mayr, 376

Gastracanthus Westwood, 376

Gastrancistrus Westwood, 273, 275, 376, 475
cephalon, 475

Gastrancistrus fulginans, 475
polles, 475
vonones, 475
Geniocerus Ratzeburg, 376
Gitognathus Thomson, 278, 279, 376
Glyphe Walker, 376
Glyphomerus Forster, 376
Gnatho Curtis, 376
Gonatocerine, Subfamily I., 362, 521
Table of tribes, 362
Gonatocerini, Tribe IT., 362, 521
Table of genera, 362
Gonatocerus Nees, 362, 376
Goniocerus Nees, 376
Goniogaster Mayr, 238, 240, 376
Gyrolasia Forster, 349
Habritus Thomson, 276, 576
Habrocytus Thomson, 316, 317, 376
Habrolepis Forster, 305, 310, 311, 376
Habrolepoidea Howard, 295, 376
Habrolepopteryx Ashmead, 295, 376
Halidayella Dalla Torre, 376
Halidea Forster, 376
Halizoa Forster, 376
Falticella Forster, 376
Haltichella Spinola, 255, 256, 376, 457
dorsalis, 457 :
~ remotor, 457
Haltichellini, Tribe IV., 254, 457
Table of genera, 254
Halticoptera Spinola, 277, 376, 476
cleordora, 476
herse, 476
seriaster, 477
Halticopterini, Tribe I., 277, 476
Table of genera, 277
Harmolita Motschulsky, 376
Harmolyta Dalla Torre, 377
Hemeenasius Ashmead, 300, 377
Hemencyrtus Ashmead, 301, 307, 377, 496
herberti, 496
Hemiptarsenini, Tribe II., 358
Table of genera, 358
Hemiptarsenus Westwood, 358, 377
Hemitorymus Ashmead, . 243, 244, 377,
400

540 SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Hemitorymus thoracicus, 401
Hemitrichus Thomson, 276, 377
Henicetrus Thomson, 377
Henicopygus Ashmead, 294, 377
Heptacondyla Rondani, 377

Heptasmicra Ashmead, 252, 253, 377, 451

adscita, 451

affinis, 452

captiva, 451

chrysomeras, 451

limaticoxalis, 452

longicaudala, 452

obliterata, 451

persimilis, 452

quadrimaculata, 453
Heptomerus Rondani, 377
Herbertia Howard, 272, 377

braseliensis, 474

howardi 474
Heterandrium Mayr, 238, 377

biannulatum, 397
Heterarthrellus Howard, 303, 309, 377
Hetroxys Westwood, 377
Hexacladia Ashmead, 301, 308, 377, 496

smithii, 496
Hexasmicra Ashmead, 242, 377, 454

transversa, 454

trinidadensis, 454

brasiliensis, 454
Heydenia Forster, 282, 284, 377
Hippocephalus Ashmead, 377
Hippota Walker, 256, 257, 377
Hockeria Walker, 255, 256, 377
Holaspis Mayr, 242, 243, 377
Holczus Thomson, 313, 314, 377
Holcencyrtus Ashmead, 303, 309, 377
Holcopelte Forster, 377
Holecopeltoideus Ashmead, 341, 342, 377
FHolcothorax Mayr, 377
Homalopoda Howard, 305, 377
Homalotylus Mayr, 301, 308, 377
Homoporus Thomson, 324, 378
Hontalia Cameron, 257, 378, 458

cameroni, 458
Hontalia kirbyi, 458
Hookeria*Holmgren, 378

Hoplocrepis Ashmead, 341, 342, 378, 505
bifasciata, 505
brasiliensis, 505
Hoplopsis Destefani, 290, 378
Horismenus Walker, 341, 342, 378, 507
eneicollis, 507, 508
bisuleus, 507
corumbe, 507, 508
persimilis, 507, 508
Hormocerus Forster, 378
Howardia Dalla Torre, 378
Howardiella Dalla Torre, 297, 378
Hubbardiella Ashmead, 339, 340, 378
Hybothorax Ratzeburg, 256, 257, 378
Hyperbius Forster, 378
Hyperteles Forster, 348, 350, 378
Hypopteromalus Ashmead, 320, 378
Hypsicamera Forster, 329, 378

Idarnella Westwood, 378
Idarnes Walker, 238, 239, 378, 395
attenuatus, 395
brevicollis, 395
carme, 395
coriaria, 395
forticornis, 395
gracilicornis, 395
parallella, 395
punctata Mayr, 396
Idarnine, Subfamily I., 237, 395
Table of genera, 237
Idoleupelmus Ashmead, 289, 378, 487
annulicornis, 489
TIsanisa Walker, 378
Ischnopsis Ashmead, 289, 378, 487
thoracica, 487
cyanea, 487
Isocratus Forster, 378
Isocyrtus Walker, 318, 321, 378
Isodromus Howard, 301, 308, 378
Isomeralia Shipp., 268, 270, 378, 471
coronata, 471
Isoplatini, Tribe IIT., 324
Table of genera, 324
Isoplata Forster, 324, 378
Isosoma Walker, 259, 260, 378, 461

SPECIAL INDEX TO. MEMOIR IV. 541

Isosoma orchidiarum, 461
Isosomini, Tribe II., 259, 460
Table of genera, 259
Isosomocharis Ashmead, 259, 260, 378
Isosomodes Ashmead, 259, 260, 378, 460
brasiliensis, 460
nigriceps, 461
Isosomorpha Ashmead, 259, 260, 378

Kapala Cameron, 269, 270, 378, 472

alta, 472

auchara, 472

atrata, 473

cynipsea, 473

diceradera, 473

furcata, 472

inexagens, 472

reflexa, 473

splendens, 473
Koebelea Ashmead, 238, 239, 378
Kradebia Saunders, 233, 234, 379
Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre, 256, 257, 379

Lelaps Dalla Torre, 379
Lesthia Haliday, 379
Leetocantha Shipp, 268, 270, 379
Lamprostylus Forster, 379
Lamprotatus Westwood, 278, 279, 379, 477
aleander, 477
bisaltes, 477
ceecina, 477
dioxippes, 477
cleus, 478
hages, 478
nevolus, 478
natta, 478
minutus, 478
orobia, 478
tubero, 478
Larradomorpha Stadelman, 249, 250, 379
Lasiokapala Ashmead, 269, 270, 379, 473
serrata, 474
Lasionychus Shipp., 379
Lathromeris Forster, 360, 361, 379
Lecaniobius Ashmead, 290, 379
Leimacis Forster, 362, 379

Lelapine, Subfamily IV., 279, 479.
Table of genera, 279
Lelaps Haliday, 279, 280, 379
abdominalis, 481
eeneiceps, 481
affinis, 480
apicalis, 479
avicula, 479
bimaculata, 482
eallisto, 479
decorata, 479
ferruginea, 480
halidayi, 481
picta, 479
stylata, 482
Leptomastix Forster, 294, 379
Leucaspis Burmeister, 379
Leucodesmia Howard, 352, 353, 379, 518
flaviceps, 518
Leucopsis Olivier, 379
Leucospidine, Subfamily 1., 246, 402
Table of genera, 247
Leucospis Fabricius, 247, 379, 403
affinis, 403
enderleini, 405
anthidoides, 405
_ eupreoviridis, 404
cayennensis, 403
coxalis, 403
distinguenda, 404
hopei, 404
ignota, 404
egaia, 404
leucotelus, 404
propinguus, 404
santaremensis, 404
speifera, 405
Limacis Dalla Torre. 379
Liocarus Thomson, 379
Lioterphus Thomson, 241, 242, 379
Liothorax Mayr, 299, 306, 379
Lirata Cameron, 268, 270, 379, 471
batesella, 471
pallescens, 471
Lirata surgens, 472
Litomastix Thomson, 299, 379

542 SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Litus Haliday, 379
Lochites Forster, 241, 242, 379, 397
auriceps, 397
salcius, 397
Lonchantedon Ratzeburg, 379
Lonchocerus Dahlbom, 379
Lophocomodia Ashmead, 314, 315, 379

Lophocomus Haliday, 341, 342, 379, 506

anaitis, 506
cyaneus, 506
Lophyrocera Cameron, 268, 269, 379
Leptodites Rondani, 380
Leptodytes Roudani, 380
Lutnes Cameron, 380
Lycisca Spinola, 282, 284, 380, 484
apicalis, 484
hastata, 484
ignicauda, 484
maculipennis, 484
raptaria, 484
romandii, 484
westwoodii, 484
Lymceon Walker, 380
Lyreus Walker, 364, 380, 476
origo 476

Macreupelmus Ashmead, 289, 291, 380, 487

brasiliensis, 487
Macroglenes Westwood, 272, 380
Macromesus Walker, 284, 285, 380
Macroneura Walker, 380
Macrorileya Ashmead, 264, 265, 380
Macrostigma Rondani, 365, 380
Malfettia Meunier, 380
Marietta Motschulsky, 346, 380
Marres Walker, 247, 380
Megalocolus Kirby, 249, 380 |
Magapelte Forster, 380
Megastigmine, Subfamily V., 244, 401
Table of genera, 244
Megastigmus Dalman, 245, 380, 401
Megorismus Walker, 278, 380
Melanosmicra Ashmead, 251, 253, 380
clavata Fabr., 448
Melanosmicra immaculata, 448

Melittobia Westwood, 348, 380

Meraporus Walker, 319, 321, 380
Merisine, Subfamily I1., 322
Table of tribes, 322
Merisini, Tribe IT., 323
Table of genera, 323
Merisus Walker, 324
Merismus Walker, 330, 331, 380
Meroligon Rondani, 380
Meromalus Walker, 380
Meromyzobia Ashmead, 293, 296, 380
Meroporus Blanchard, 380
Meroporus Walker, 380

’ Merostenus Walker, 284, 285, 380

Mesidia Forster, 346, 380

Mesolelaps Ashmead, 279, 280
Mesopolobus Westwood, 317, 318, 381
Mestocharis Forster, 341, 343, 381
Metacolus Forster, 315, 316, 381

flavolineata, 453

similis, 453

affinis, 454
Metagea Kirby, 267, 269, 381
Metallon Walker, 305, 311, 381
Metallopsis Westwood, 381
Metamorpha Walker, 381
Metapachia Westwood, 320, 322, 381
Metapelma Westwood, 288, 290, 331
Metapon Walker, 314, 315, 381, 497

brasiliense, 497

magniclavatum, 497
Metaponini, Tribe I., 319

Table of genera, 319
Metastenini, Tribe II., 275, 476
Metastenus Walker, 275, 276, 381
Metapopachia Dalla Torre, 381
Metopum Forster, 381
Micradelus Walker, 283, 284, 381
Micranisa Walker, 238
Micrapion Kriechbaumer, 381
Microlytus Thomson, 357, 381
Microma Curtis, 381
Micromelus Walker, 323, 324, 381
Microplectron Dahlbom, 357, 381
Microterus Spinola, 381
Microterys Thomson, 303, 310, 381

Metadontia Ashmead, 252, 254, 381, 453

SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Miotropis Thomson, 352, 353, 381
Mira Schellenberg, 299, 306, 381
Mirini, Tribe IIT., 298, 496
Table of genera, 289
Mirocerus Ashmead, 309
Mischogaster Howard, 381
Mischosmicra Ashmead, 251, 253
Miscogaster Walker, 278, 279, 381, 479
aphareus, 479
nicetas, 479
tyche, 479
Miscogasteride, Family LX VI., 270, 474
Table of subfamiles, 271
Micogasterinee, 271
Table of tribes, 271
Miscogasterini, Tribe II., 278, 476
Table of genera, 278
Misina Rondani, 381
Misocampus Latreille, 381
Misocharis Rondani, 381
Misocoris Rondani, 381
Mnoonema Motschulsky, 326, 381
Monobeus Forster, 245, 382
Monodontomerine, Subfamily III., 242
Table of genera, 242
Monodontomerus Westwood, 243, 382, 399
phormio Walker, 399
Moranila Cameron, 382
Mormoniella Ashmead, 316, 317, 382
Muscidia Motschulsky, 326, 382
Muscidides Motschulsky, 325
Myina Nees, 382
Myiocnema Ashmead, 345, 346, 382
Myiomisa Rondani, 382
Mymar, Haliday, 364, 382
Mymaride, Family LX XIII., 361, 521
Table of subfamilies, 362
Mymarinz, Subfamily II., 363, 521
Table of tribes, 363
Mymarini, Tribe IT., 363, 521
Table of genera, 363
Mymarilla Westwood, 363, 364, 382
Myrmecomemesis Dalla Torra, 289, 382
Myrmecopsis Walker, 382
Nannocerus Mayr, 382
Nasonia Ashmead, 317, 318

Necremnus Thomson, 358

Neocatolecus Ashmead, 320, 322

Neochalcis Kirby, 255, 256, 382

Neolelaps Ashmead, 279

Neorileya Ashmead, 264, 265, 382, 416
flavipes, 466

Nesomyia Ashmead, 344, 382

Nobrimus Thomson, 382

Norbanus Walker, 320, 364, 382

Notanisomorpha Ashmead, 356, 382

Notanisus Walker, 284, 382

Notaspidium Dalla Torre, 255, 256, 382

Notaspis Walker, 382

Notopodion Dahlbom, 382

Octosmicra Ashmead, 252, 258, 382, 450
attalica, 450
correcta 450
referator, 450
nigromaculata, 450
trimaculata, 451
Odopea Dalla Torre, 382
Odopoia Walker, 245, 382
Oligosita Haliday, 359, 360, 382
Oligositinz, Subfamily I., 359
Table of genera, 359
Oligostenus Forster, 243, 383
Oline Mayr, 383
Olynx Forster, 354, 355, 383
Omphale Haliday, 339, 340, 383, 504
basiliensis, 504
Omphalini, Tribe II., 338, 504
Table of genera, 339
Ooctonini, Tribe I., 362
Table of genera, 362
Ooctonus Haliday, 362, 383
Oodera Westwood, 288, 290, 383
Ooderella Ashmead, 288, 290, 383, 486
smithii, 486
Ooencyrtus Ashmead, 302, 309, 383
Oomyzus Rondani, 383
Oophthora Aurivellius, 383
Ophelimus Dalla Torre, 383
Ophelinini, Tribe II., 352
Ophelinini, Table of genera, 351, 517
Ophelinus Haliday, 383

5438

544 SPECIAL INDEX

Ophelosia Riley, 328, 383
Ophionus Ratzeburg, 383
Ophioneurus Ratzeburg, 383

Orasemus Cameron, 267, 269, 383, 468

festiva, 468
rapo, 468
Ormocerus Walker, 278, 283
Ormyrine, Subfamily VI., 245
Table of genera, 245
Ormyrus Westwood, 245, 383, 401
brasiliensis, 401
Otetesella Westwood, 240, 383
Oxycoryphe Kriechbaumer, 249, 283
Oxyglypta Forster, 273, 275, 383
Oxymorpha Forster, 383

Pachyceras Ratzeburg, 383
Pachychirus Agassiz, 383
Pachycrepis Forster, 329, 383
Pachycrepoideus Ashmead, 329, 383
Pachylarthrus Westwood, 383
Pachyneuron Walker, 329, 383
Pachyneuronini, Tribe II., 329
Table of genera, 329
Pachyscapha Howard, 351, 383
Pachytomus Westwood, 244, 383
Packardiella Ashmead, 364
Paleomymar Meunier, 383
Palmon Dalman, 384
Pandelus Forster, 315, 316, 384
Panstenon Walker, 334, 335, 384
Panthalis Cameron, 384
Panthus Walker, 384
Paphagus Walker, 319, 384, 499
sidero Walk., 499
Paracaratomus Ashmead, 333, 384
Paracentrobia Howard, 360, 384

Paracrias Ashmead, 343, 344, 384, 510

laticeps, 510
Paralesthia Cameron, 334, 384
Paraolinx Ashmead, 354, 384
Parapsilophrys Howard, 299, 306
Parasaphes Ashmead, 328
Paraspalangia Ashmead, 334
Paraterobia Ashmead, 274, 275
Parencyrtus Ashmead, 299, 306, 496

TO MEMOIR IV.

brasiliensis, 496
Pediobiini, Tribe TV., 343, 510
Table of genera, 343
Pediobius Walker, 344, 384
Pegopus Forster, 284, 285, 384
Pelecinella Westwood, 285, 384, 486
howardi Ashm, 486
phantasma Westw, 486
westwoodii Ashm, 486
Pelecinellinzi Subfamily III., 285, 486
Pelorotelus Ashmead, 341, 384, 508
‘ceerulens Ashmead, 509
Pentacladia Westwood, 358, 384
Pentacnemus Howard, 295, 297, 384
Pentarthron Riley, 360, 361, 384, 521
brasiliense Ashmead, 521
Pentarthrum Dalla Torre, 384
Pentasmicra Ashmead, 252, 254, 384, 455
aperta, 455
appressa, 455
brasilica, 455
cerina, 455
commoda, 455
contaminata, 455
efficta, 455
seisa, 456
Pentastichus Ashmead, 349, 350, 384
Pentelicus Howard, 300, 307, 384
Peridesmia Forster, 364, 384
Periglyphus Boheman, 384
Perilampide, Family LXIV., 265, 467
Table of genera, 266
Perilampus Latreille, 266, 384, 467
brasiliensis Ashm., 467
Perissopterus Howard, 346, 385
Pezobius Forster, 385
Phacostoma Nees, 385
Phenacra Forster, 323, 324, 385
Pheenodiscus Forster, 301, 307, 385
Phagona Curtis, 385
Phasganophora Dalla Torre, 385
Phasgonophora Westwood, 249, 385, 405
batesii Kirby, 405
Pheidoloxenus Ashmead, 328, 385
Philachyra Haliday, 260, 385
Philomides Haliday, 266, 385

SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV. 545

Philotrypesis Forster, 237, 339, 385
Phlebopenes Perty, 290, 385, 491

abdominalis, 492

basilica, 491

consors, 491

longicollis, 491

longifica, 491

pertyi, 492

purpurea, 491

splendens, 491

splendidus, 492

viridis, 492
Photismus Thomson, 284, 285, 385
Phylloxeroxenus Ashmead, 262, 263, 385
Physcus Howard, 346, 385
Physothorax Mayr, 243, 385, 399

annuliger, 399

biarticulatus, 399

dorsigera, 400

mayri, 400

variabilis, 400
Picroscytus Thomson, 385
Pireninz, Subfamily I., 271

Table of genera, 271
Pirene Haliday, 272, 385
Plastocharis Forster, 385
Platygerrhus Thomson, 284, 285, 385
Platymesopus Westwood, 317, 385
Platyneura Motschulsky, 238, 385
Platynocheilus Westwood, 338, 385
Platyscapa Motschulsky, 235, 385
Platyterma Walker, 317, 318, 385, 498

nephele, 498
Platytermus Thomson, 385
Pleistodontes Saunders, 233, 234, 385
Plesiostigma Mayr, 248, 244, 400

bicolor Mayr, 400
Plesiostigmodes Ashmead, 243, 244, 385, 400

brasiliensis, 400
Pleuropachus Westwood, 385
Pleuropachys Forster, 386
Pleurotropis Forster, 341, 342, 386
Plutothrix Forster, 338, 386
Podagrion Spinola, 244, 386, 401

brasiliensis, 401

_ eyaneus, 402

Podagrion melleus, 402
Podagrioninz, Subfamily TV., 244
Table of genera, 244
Polanisa Walker, 237, 386
Polistomorpha Westwood, 247, 386, 402
fasciata, 402
sphegoides, 402
surinamensis, 402
Polycelis Thomson, 386
Polychroma Westwood, 386
Polychromatium Dalla Torre, 386
Polycystus Westwood, 331, 332, 386
Polymoria Forster, 288, 386
Polynema Haliday, 364, 386, 521
brasiliensis, 521
rufescens, 521
Polyscelis Dalla Torre, 319, 321, 386
Poropea Forster, 360, 386
Prestwichia Lubbock, 359, 360, 386
Priomerus Walker, 386
Prionomastix Mayr, 298, 386
Prionomitus Mayr, 299, 306, 386
Prionopelma Westwood, 386
Prionopus Dalman, 364, 386
Prodecatoma Ashmead, 261, 263, 386, 463
bruneiventris, 463
flavescens, 464
thoracicus, 464
nigra, 464
Proglochin Dalla Torre, 386
Proglochis Philippi, 386
Prosodes Walker, 386
Protoceras Kirby, 252, 253, 386, 450
caudatus, 450
leucotelus, 450
Prosopon Walker, 386
Prospalta Howard, 345, 346, 386
Pseudencyrtus Ashmead, 303, 310, 386
Pseudisa Walker, 386
Pseudochalcis Kirby, 249, 250, 386, 407
conica, 407
declarator, 407
flavopicta, 407
Pseudochaleura Ashmead, 268, 269, 386, 468
nigrocyanea, 468
Pseudometagea Ashmead, 267, 269, 386

546 SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Psilocera Walker, 314, 315, 387
Psilogaster Blanchard, 267, 269, 387
Psilonotus Walker, 317, 387
Psilophrys Mayr, 298, 306, 387
Psyllephagus Ashmead, 302, 309, 387
Pterosema Forster, 331, 332, 387
Pterotomus Packard, 387
Pterolycus Ratzeburg, 387
Pteromalide, Family LXIX., 311, 497

Table of subfamilies, 312
Pteromaline, Subfamily I., 312, 497

Table of tribes, 313
Pteromalini, Tribe 1V., 318 , 499

Table of genera, 318
Pteromalites Heer, 387
Pteromalodes Dahlbom, 387
Pteromalus Swederus, 320, 321, 387, 499

archia, 499

calenus, 499

cleophanes, 499

cosis, 499

driopides, 499

eurypon, 499

gryneus, 499

megareus, 500

mydon, 500

cenoe, 500

oxynthes, 500

prothous, 500

rheebus, 500

sestius, 500

toxenus, 500

traulus, 501

vitula, 501

vulso, 501
Pteroncoma Forster, 387
Pteroptricini, Tribe II., 347

Table of genera, 347
Pteropthrix Dalla Torre, 387
Pteroptrix Westwood, 347, 387
Pterosema- Forster, 387
Pterotriz Walker, 387
Ptinobius Ashmead, 283, 284, 387
Rachistus Forster, 387
Raphitelus Harris, 387

Ratzeburgia Forster, 387
Rhachistus Dalla Torre, 387
Rhaphidotelus Forster, 387
Rhaphitelini, Tribe II., 315

Table of genera, 315
Rhaphitelus Walker, 315, 316, 387
Rhicnopelte Forster, 355, 387
Rhipipallus Kirby, 267, 268, 387
Rhopalicus Forster, 316, 387
Rhopalotus Forster, 342, 343, 387
Rhopoideus Howard, 311, 387
Rhopus Forster, 387
Rhytidothorax Ashmead, 301, 307, 387
Rileya Ashmead, 264, 265, 388, 467

orbitalis, 467
Rileya Howard, 388
Rileyini, Tribe TV., 263, 466

Table of genera, 264
Roptrocerini, Tribe I., 322

Table of genera, 323
Roptrocerus Ratzeburg, 323, 388

Saccharissa Kirby, 267, 269, 388
Sayiella Ashmead, 251, 253, 388
Sceptrophorus Forster, 302, 308, 388
Schizaspidia Westwood, 268, 269, 388, 469
maculata, 469
pretendens, 469
Schizonotus Ratzeburg, 283, 284, 388
Schwarzella Ashmead, 256, 388
Sciatheras Ratzeburg, 388
Scotolinx, Ashmead, 354, 355
Scutellista Motschulsky, 325, 326, 388
Scecodes Forster, 339, 340, 388
Scymnophagus Ashmead, 319, 321, 388
Seladerma Walker, 278, 279, 388, 479
epulo, 479
Selimnus Walker, 388
Selitrichus Roudani, 339, 340, 388
Semiotellus Westwood, 274, 275, 388
Semiotus Walker, 388
Sericops Kriechbaumer, 266, 388
Sigmophora Rondani, 388
Signiphora Ashmead, 311, 388, 497
Signiphora noacki, 497
rhizococci, 497

SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV. 547

Signiphorine, Subfamily III., 311, 497
Simopterus Forster, 388
Siphonura Nees, 388
Smaragdites Westwood, 388
Smicra Spinola, 250, 253, 388, 411
clavata, 412
Smicrini, Tribe IT., 250, 411
Table of genera, 280
Smiera Spinola, 388
Solenoderus Motschulsky, 326, 388
Solenotus Forster, 388
Solenura Westwood, 283, 386
Solindenia Cameron, 288, 388
Sosvetra Walker, 388
Spalangia Latreille, 334, 388, 502
brasiliensis, 502
Spalangiine, Subfamily 1V., 333, 502
Table of genera, 333
Spalangius Say, 389
Spaniopus Walker, 331, 332, 389
Sparthiophilus Rondani, 389
Spartiophilus Rondani, 389
Spathopus Ashmead, 272, 389
Spheropalpus Forster, 389
Spheropisthus Thomson, 299, 306, 389
Sphegigaster Spinola, 330, 332, 389
Sphegigasterine, Subfamily LV., 327, 501
Table of genera, 327 5
Sphegigasterini, Tribe III., 330, 502
Table of genera, 330
Sphenolepis Nees, 389
Spilochaleis Thomson, 251, 253, 389, 413
abdominalis, 413
accila, 413
acuta, 413
adjuncta, 413
admixta, 413
emula, 414
eequalis, 414
afflecta, 414
albomaculata, 432
alienata, 414
andrei, 418
annexa, 414
Spilochalis annulifera, 414
apicalis, 442

Spilochalis apparata, 414

appressa, 414
atrata, 428
attracta, 414
axillaris, 440
bergii, 415
biannulata, 439
bidentata, 434
blanda, 415
bimaculata, 424
bipunctata, 447
brancensis, 443
burmeisteri, 415
cameroni, 439
capitulata, 415
celsa, 415
chapade, 432
chapadensis, 443
cognata, 415
composita, 415
congrua, 415
contracta, 415
contributa, 416
corumbensis, 413
corumbe, 445
corumbicola, 436
costalis, 416

dares, 416

decipiens, 416
decisa, 416
deducta, 416
defuncta, 416
dimidiata, 446
demonstrata, 416
demota, 416
depicta, 417
descripta, 417
detracta, 417
devia, 435
dimota, 417
discalis, 417
discolor, 417
disposita, 417
enocki, 439
enyo, 417
erythrogaster, 433

548 SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Spilochalis exhauriens, 417 Spilochalis persimilis, 431, 445
expleta, 418 picta, 420
femorata, 426 pielus, 420
flava, 418 pygmea, 420
flavoaxillaris, 433 quinquesignata, 420
flavobasalis, 430 referator, 420
flavoorbitalis, 430 rufodorsalis, 429
foveata, 418 rufoscutellaris, 429
fulleri, 442 santarema, 433
fusiformis, 440 santaremensis, 428
ghilianii, 418 simillima, 432
gracilis, 418 sordida, 420
hempeli, 435 tarsalis, 428
hollandi, 445 terminalis, 420
howardi, 437 timida, 438
illata, 418 torrida, 420
imitator, 432 trilineata, 441
incerta, 418 trinidadensis, 437
incompleta, 444 tripunctata, 446
incongrua, 438 tuberculator, 434
insularis, 437 unilineata, 442
janeiroensis, 430 i unimaculata, 431
lanceolata, 418, 444 urichi, 440
laticeps, 429 vagabunda, 444
lepreuri, 419 variegata, 421
lineatocoxalis, 442 vau, 444
lobata, 419 vicillans, 420
? leuteipennis, 419 Spintherus Thomson, 314, 315, 389
maculata, 435 Stenocera Walker, 389
marginata, 434 Stenoceroides Dalla Torre, 288, 389
marshalli, 441 . Stenomalus Thomson, 316, 389
mayri, 438 Stenomesius Westwood, 352, 354, 389, 519
media, 439 dimidiatus, 519
meridionalis, 446 Stenophrus Forster, 389
morleyi, 441 Stenoterys Thomson, 294, 389
mesomela, (left out through an error) Sternodes Destefam, 389
multinotata, 419 Sterrhocoma Forster, 389
miulleri, 437 Stichocrepis Forster, 389
nebulosa, 419 Stichothrix Forster, 364, 389
nigropetiolata, 429 Stictomischus Thomson, 278, 279, 389
nigropleuralis, 436 Stigmatocrepis Ashmead, 273, 274, 389
obliterans, 419 Stilbula Spinola, 268, 269, 389, 468
paraguayensis, 446 nigriceps, 468
peirolerii, 419 Stinoplus Thomson, 314, 315, 389
pera, 419 Stomatocera Kirby, 255, 256, 389

perplexa, 431 Stomoctea Dufour, 389

SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Storthygoceras Ratzeburg, 389
Stylocerus Ratzeburg, 389
Stylophorella Ashmead, 275, 389
Stypiura Kirby, 249, 250, 389, 407
conigastra, 407
Sycobia Walker, 241, 389
Sycobiella Westwood, 240, 389
Sycocrypta Coquerel, 389
Sycophaga Westwood, 235, 389
Sycophagine, Subfamily II., 234
Table of Genera, 235
Sycophila Walker, 238, 241, 389
Sycoryetes Mayr, 238, 390
Sycoscaptella Westwood, 237, 240, 390
Sycoscapter Westwood, 239, 390
Sycoscapterella Ashmead, 239, 390
Sycoscapteridea Ashmead, 239, 390
Sympiesis Forster, 357, 390
Sympiesomorpha Ashmead, 352, 353, 390, 518
brasiliensis, 519
obseura, 519
Sympiezus Thomson, 390
Syntomaspis Forster, 241, 242, 390, 397
aprilis, 397
eubura, 297
flavicollis, 398
holeaspoides, 397
Syntomocera Forster, 274, 275, 390
Syntomopus Forster, 330, 331, 390
Syntomosphyrum Forster, 349, 350, 390
Syrphophagus Ashmead, 304, 310, 391
Syntasis Walker, 274, 275, 390
Systole Walker, 262, 263, 390
Systolodes Ashmead, 262, 263, 390, 466
brasiliensis, 466
Systolomorpha Ashmead, 281, 282, 390

Tachardizphagus Ashmead, 303, 390
Tachinzephagus Ashmead, 304, 390
Tanaoneura Howard, 301, 308, 390
Tanaostigma Howard, 291, 292, 390
Tanaostigmini, Tribe II., 291, 495
Tanaostigmodes Ashmead, 291, 292, 390
Telegraphus Ratzeburg, 390

Teleogmus Forster, 353, 390

Terobia Forster, 274, 275, 390

Terobiella Ashmead, 324, 325, 390
Tetracampe Forster, 338, 390
Tetracampini, Tribe 1., 337, 503

Table of genera, 338
Tetracladia Howard, 295
Tetracnemopsis Ashmead, 28
Tetranemopteryx Ashmead, 239
Tetracnemoidea Ashmead, 295, 297
Tetradontia Ashmead, 396
Tetracnemus Westwood, 295, 297, 390
Tetragonaspis Mayr, 391
Tetralophidea Ashmead, 293, 391
Tetralophiella Ashmead, 295, 391
Tetramelia Kirby, 268, 269, 391

meridionalis, 469

plagiata, 469
Tetramesa Walker, 391
Tetranemopteryx Ashmead, 391
Tetrapus Mayr, 233, 234, 391, 394

americana Mayr, 394
Tetrarhopala Motschulsky, 391
Tetrasmicra Ashmead, 252, 254, 391, 456

concitata, 456

erocata, 456

destinata, 456

maculata, 456 ‘
Tetrastichine, Subfamily III., 347, 51

Table of tribes, 347
Tetrastichini, Tribe I1., 347, 512

Table of genera, 347
Tetrastichodes Ashmead, 348, 350, 391
Tetrastichus Haliday, 349, 350, 391,513

albitarsis, 514, 515

archideus, 513

athenais, 513

brasiliensis, 515

cacus, 513

chapadee, 515

cleonica, 513

daimachus, 513

deilochus, 513

februus, 513

incongruus, 516

narceeus, 513

naucles, 514

norax, 514

549

550 SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Tetrastichus phryno, 514

polybzea, 514

seadius, 514

valerus, 514

xenocles, 514
Thaumapus Kirby, 251, 253, 448

acuminatus, 448

decorus, 448

masus, 448

walkeri, 448
Thaumasura Westwood, 283, 391
Thaumatelia Kirby, 249, 250, 391, 406

pulchripennis, 406

separata Walker, 406
Theocolax Westwood, 391
Thoracantha Latreille, 268, 269, 391, 469

latreillei, 469

romandi, 470
Thusanus Walker, 291
Thysanus Haliday, 346, 391
Tineobius Ashmead, 289, 391
Tinomyzus Rondani, 391
Tineophaga Rondani, 391
Tineophoctonus Ashmead, 293, 391
Tityros Walker, 332
Tomicobia, 283
Tomocera Howard, 328
Tomologon Rondani, 391
Torymide, Family LXI., 235, 395
Torymine, Subfamily II., 241, 397
Torymoides Walker, 242, 391
Torymus Dalman, 242, 391, 398

chapade, 398

cumelis, 398

monacris, 398

smithii, 398

sylvicola, 399
Toxeuma Walker, 278, 391
Tribus Forster, 245, 392
Tiichasius Provancher, 365, 392
Trichaulus Mayr, 238, 239, 392, 396

flavescens Mill, 396

goldiana Mill, 396

nuda Mayr, 396

singularis Mayr, 396

versicolor Mayr, 396

Trichocerus Ratzeburg, 392
Trichencyrtus Ashmead, 291, 292, 392, 495
robustus, 495
Trichoglenes Thomson, 318, 321, 392
Trichogramma Westwood, 360, 392
Trichogrammide, Family LX XII., 358, 521
Table of subfamilies, 359
Trichogrammine, Subfamily II., 360
Table of genera, 360
Trichomalus Thomson, 318, 321
Trichomasthus Thomson, 392
Trichoporus Forster, 348, 349, 350, 392, 512
colliguaya, 512
melleus, 512
persimilis, 512
viridicyaneus, 512
Trichoxenia Kirby, 255,257, 392
Tricoryna Kirby, 267, 269, 392
Tricoryphus Forster, 392
Tridymine, Subfamily I., 272, 475
Table of tribes, 273
Tridymini, Tribe I., 272, 475
Table of genera, 273
Tridymus Ratzeburg, 2738, 274, 392
Trigonoderus Westwood, 284, 285, 485
brasiliensis, 485
Trigonogastra Ashmead, 330, 331, 392
Trigonura Sichel, 249, 250, 392, 406
dentipes, 406
dorsalis, 406
Trimorphocerus Dahlbom, 372
Tripedias Forster, 392
Triphasius Forster, 392 -
Trismicra Ashmead, 252, 254, 392, 456
contracta Walk, 456
Tritypus Ratzeburg, 392
Trogocarpus Rondani, 392
Tropidogastra Ashmead, 323, 392

Uriella Ashmead, 323, 392

Uroceryptus Westwood, 392

Uroderostenus Ashmead, 343, 344, 392, 511

Uroentedon Ashmead, 341, 342, 392, 504
verticillatus, 505

Urolepis Walker, 318, 321, 392

Uromelia Kirby, 268, 270, 392, 470

SPECIAL INDEX TO MEMOIR IV.

Uromelia striata, 470

Volkerella Westwood, 393

Walkerella Westwood, 240, 393
Websterellus Ashmead, 242, 243, 393
Westwoodella Ashmead, 359

Xanthoatomus Ashmead, 360
Xanthomelanus Ashmead, 251, 253,393, 447

Xanthomelanus dimidiatus Fabr., 447
Xanthosoma Ashmead, 262, 263, 393
Xenocrepis Forster, 276, 393

Zagrammosoma Ashmead, 354, 355
Zaomma Ashmead, 304
Zaommomyia Ashmead, 340, 393
Zapachia Forster, 283, 285, 393
Zarhopalus Ashmead, 305, 310, 393

551

list?
2
i fi
s/f

ie ily)
als
ig :

CGHNEE AL UN DHX:

N. B. A special index, covering all the material described in the paper of Dr. William H.
Ashmead on the Chaleidoidea, has been provided, and will be found on p. 533.

Accipitres, 114, 217

Actiornis, 165; A. anglicus, 165

Amphicyon, 66, 67, 97, 98, 99; americanus,

ie Dish DS) Sains (orl

Anhinga, 112, 125, 151, 158, 159, 161, 163,
167-174, 196, 197, 215, 216; anhinga,
111, 117, 151 ; Osteology of, 150-165

Anhingide, 111, 113, 150, 169,175, 215, 217

Anseriformes, 114

Archeopteryx, 38

Ardeide, 116

Ardeiformes, 115

Ashmead, William H., Classification of the
Chalcidoidea, 225-551

Atlantosaurus beds, 9

Audubon, 112

Aves, 129, 219

Baptanodon beds, 9

Brandt, Prof., 112, 115, 154, 157

Brontosaurus, 3, 8, 34, 39, 40, 46, 47, 49, 51,
55; eaxcelsus, 39, 52

Canis, 66 ; azare, 77 ; cancrivorus, 77, 80; fa-
miliaris, 73, 77; lagopus, 77, 973 occi-
dentalis, 77, 97; parvidens, 79, 97, 106;
urostictus, 77, 79, 106; vulpes, 77

Carnegie, Andrew, 3, 57

Cardiodontide, 55

Carpenter, Mr. W. J., 4

Cathartidiformes, 14, 114

Cervicals, 18, 20, 25

Cetacea, 2

Chalcidoidea, 225

Ciconiide, 116

553

Ciconiiformes, 113

Coggeshall, A.8., 3, 4, 9, 10, 95
Coggeshall, Louis S., 3

Contents of Mem. IV., v, Mem. IV.
Cope, Prof., 101

Creodonta adoptiva, 106

Crocodilia, 56

Cynodictis, 83, 106 ; gregarius, 105
Cyon, 106

Dakota Sandstones, 9

Dalla Torre, Dr. Carl W., iii, Mem. IV.

Dapheenus, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 81,
83, 91-938, 95-106; dodgei, 95; felinus,
65-105 ; hartshornianus, 100—-102.; vetus,
66, 68, 80

Desmognathe, 114

Dhole (The), or Red Dog of India, 106

Dinosauria, 2, 3

Diomedea, 205, 206, 217; albatrus, 204; ex-
ulans, 207

Diomedeide, 203, 204, 206

Diplodocus, 1-61 ; Carnegit, 1-61 ; longus, 5,
8, 9, 19, 33, 42, 55, 56, 57

Donitz, 154, 157

Dromeide, 135

Dysporomorphe, 111, 114

Elotheres, Oligocene, 70

Errata in Mem. IV., ix, Mem. IV.

Falconiformes, 115

ace Ors vier Seno

Forbes, 112

Fregata, 112, 113, 114, 161, 203-217 ; aquila,
A111, 117, 208, 209

554 GENERAL INDEX.

Fregatidee, 111-115
Fregatoidez, 113, 215-217
Fiirbringer, Prof., 113

Gadow, Hans, 115

Garrod, 112-113, 154, 157, 174
Graculide, 113

Graculus carbo, 218, 219
Grandidier, 111, 112

Hatcher, J. B.; Diplodocus, Its Osteology, etc.,
1-61 ; Oligocene Canidee, 65-106

Herodii, 116

Holland, W. J., 61

Hoplophoneus, 81, 90, 91

Ehoxleys rots tes telat tg 2

Hyzenodons, Oligocene, 70, 79, 81.

Ichthyornithiformes, 114
Ichthyornis, 147

Iguana, 40

Tlliger, 115

Iterson, von, F., 106

Laboratory Methods, p. 1

Lacertilia, 41

Lakes, Prof. Arthur, 56

Laride, 118, 129

Lartet, 66

Leidy, 66, 72, 73

Linneus, 112

Longipennes, 216, 217

Lucas, F. A., 110, 165, 166, 167, 177, 178,
179, 183, 186, 203, 219

Lydekker, 165

Macgillivray, 111, 112

Machairodonts, 79, 106

Marsh Prot. O7€.4 5, 8,9) 18. oe sibs.
36, 40, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 65

Matthew, G. D., 65, 67,68, 106

McGregor, R. C., 168

Milne-Edwards, Prof. A., 111, 112

Mivart, Professor, 80, 112, 154, 192

Morosauridee, 55

Morosaurus, 6, 40

Nannopterum, 165, 215
Natatores, 113

Odontopterygide, 114

Oligocene Canide, 65, 106

Osborn, Prot Hah 4s lgeois 34=390F 4 bene
61

Otocyon, 79

Owen, Prof. Richard, 111

Pallasicarbo, 165

Pallas’ Cormorant, 185

Paradoxurus, 66

Parker, Professor, 133, 167

Patriofelis, 81

Patton, Wm., 11

Pelargi, 116

Pelagornithes, 113

Pelagornithide, 114

Pelican, Brown, 189

Pelecani, 114

Pelecanide, 111, 112, 1138, 114, 115, 126,
203, 215, 219

Pelecaniformes, 114, 165

Pelecanoidea, 215, 216

Pelecanoidex, 113

Pelecanus, 114, 125, 203, 215, 216; califor-
nieus, 111; erythrorhynchus, 111, 219;
jrscms, ANIL ks KS IG OS, 202.
219; mitratus, 192 ; onocrotalus, 192, 219 ;
Sacmra, IMO0 1So, 10, 1915, 19s 200),
219

Perdicine, 133

Peterson, O. A., 3, 10, 11, 65, 68, 94,
95, 96

Phaéthon, 118-117, 121-130; e@thereus, 111,
117-129, 132, 142; americanus, 117;
flavirostris, 110, 117-129, 132, 216; fulvus,
Gs indicus, It; leptunus, Wii nubri=a
cauda, 117

Phaéthonide, 130, 131, 148, 150

Phaéthontes, 114

Phaéthontide, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 132,
915, 217

Phaéthontidesx, 113

Phaéthontoidea, 215, 216

Phalacrocoraces, 114

Phalacrocoracide, 111-115, 165-188, 215,
217, 218

GENERAL INDEX.

Phalacrocorax, 111, 114, 161, 162, 165, 167,
WO, WL WIS, WD, Ie Wake AAO Ss alta),
216 ; albwentris, 172, 185, 218, 219; hi-
eristatus, 109, 168; carbo, 157, 167, 175—
179, 185-188 ; carunculatus, 203 ; dilophus,
Oop NGO plea e218 ZO onaeula,
167; harrisi, 219; lugubris 157; magel-
lanicus, 185, 187, 219; melanogaster, 112 ;
melanoleucus, 185, 218, 219; pelagicus, 218,
219; pelagicus robustus, 218 ; penicillatus,
185, 186, 187, 219; perspicillatus, 165,
Mop MG Lio sz) 184 155. 186, 183:
vigna, 219 ; punctatus, 219; wrile, 117, 163,
WG, WSS, IMG, INOS AMOS), OR a Ure
GiB), Ss Zk)

Pheenicopteridee, 117

Pleuroccelidee, 54

Plotide, 111, 114, 217

Plotus, 114, 124, 150; anhinga, 151, 157;
levaillanti, 157, 158, 217; melanogaster,
151 ; nove-hollandie, 151, 157; rufus, 151.

Predentata, 61

Prentice, Sidney, 106

Proamphicyon, 99, 100, 102, 105; nebrascen-

gi, YH, YO; Ve, YY)

Procellariiformes, 115

Prodapheenus scotti, 77 _

Protemnocyon, 103, 105; inflatus, 99-104

Puffinis, 216, 217

leone, Wile lee. MAT

Ratites, 38
Reed, W. H., 9, 10, 11
Reichenow, Anton, 113
Reptilia, 56

Sabre-toothed cats, 81

Sauropoda, 2, 6, 7, 55, 56

Scopidee, 116

Scott, Wm. B., 65, 67, 68, 72, 73, 79, 80, 94,
102

Or
Ol
Or

Seebohm, Mr., 113

Sharpe, Dr. R. Bowdler, 114, 117, 132, 150,
165, 203, 217

Shufeldt, Dr. R. W., The Osteology of the
Steganopodes, 109-219

Smith, H. H., 225

Steganopodes, Relationships of the, 215-217

Stegosaurus, 3, 5

Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard, 113, 175, 185

Sternum, The, 39

Struthio, 38

Swi, idl, 11, 14 182, 1S i, ONG.
abboti, 132; alba, 135; bassana, 111, 117,
132, 138, 134, 136, 141, 142, 144, 145,
147, 148, 150; brewsteri, 111, 117, 132, 133,
141, 142, 150, 216 ; capensis, 132 ; cyanops,
111, 117, 132, 133, 1385, 139, 141, 144,
145, 147, 150; gossi, 111, 117, 132, 183,
188, 141, 142, 145, 147, 150; neboumi,
132 ; piscator, 111, 117, 182, 133, 185, 141,
144, 145, 147, 150; serrator, 132; sula,
111, 132; variegata, 132; websteri, 132

Sulide, 110, 111, 1138, 114, 132, 138, 139,
143, 215, 216, 217

Taxonomy, 54

Temnocyon corypheus, 101, 102

Theropoda, 61

Titanosauride, 55

Tubinares, 109, 110, 113, 117,132, 189, 216,
219

VanKirk, A. W., 3
Vulpavus, 106

Weber, Mr. Rudolph, 4

White River Canide, 105

Wwrorsorin, 1, ds Ibe, 3, 8), 0), Ul Ob Old, Ue
97, 106

Young, Mr. Curtis Clay, 168

= pna®

M
Pre

“ cig)?
a ni

Publications of the Carnegie Musewm. Serial No. 11.

MEMOTRs

CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
a Vou |. No. 1.

W. J. HOLLAND, Ps.D., LL.D., Eprror.
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