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AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION EUROPEAN CHILDREN'S FUND

DANZIG PORT MISSION 1919-1922

A SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE

AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION EUROPEAN CHILDREN'S FUND

„Die Dicke Marie": The famous Danzig Cathedral.

DANZIG PORT MISSION 1919-1922

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DRUKARNIA TECHNICZNA. SP. AKC. 'WARSZAWA. UL. CZACKlEGO 5

NOTICE

The object of this booklet is to relate briefly the story of the Danzig Port Mission which, during the four years following the war, did its share in carrying out the relief work of the AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION in Poland and the Upper Baltic States. In the execution of a port operation there were naturally no touching scenes of starving kiddies and hungry mothers as were met with in childfeeding work; but the task was never devoid of interest, never prosaic, because it was through the ports that flowed the vital nourishment which fortified the body of thousands of undernou- rished children and adults aided by the A. R. A.

Besides making shipments to Poland, the Upper Baltic States and Russia, the Danzig office carried on various other A. R. A. ac- tivities such as distribution of food packages, childfeeding and Intel- ligentsia relief within the Free City territory, and the sale of Food Remittances to Russia.

582367

TRANSLATION

SENATE OF THE Danzig, October 6th. 1922,

FREE CITY OF DANZIG

Dear Sir,

With reference to your letter of September 20 th in which you advise us of the cessation of your ReUef Work, begun in 1 920, we beg you to accept our most heartfeh thanks for the valuable aid given to our young nation, and especially to our children.

The adverse consequences of the war affected particularly our youth, and threatened severely its spiritual and physical de- velopment. It was a great help to us when in October, 1920, the American Friends Service Committee in co operation with the American Relief Administration E. C. F. began the feeding of 7,400 children and mothers, a work which was destined to bring so many blessings upon our population during the following two years. Thousands of parents will remember for a long time the magnificent work which did so much good to the health of their children.

In the name of the Free City of Danzig, of the various in- stitutions, of the parents and children who were benefited by the feeding, we wish to express to the American Relief Administra- tion our most sincere and profound thanks for the noble work and generosity of your nation.

We beg you to transmit our thanks also to your esteemed Chief, Mr. Herbert Hoover.

(Signed) SaHM (President of the Free City of Danzig)

(Signed) Dr. Schwartz

(Senator)

TO: The Chief of American Relief Administration E. C. F. Free City of Danzig.

SOCIETE DES NATIONS Danzig, 23-rd September. 1922.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

Dear Sir,

As High Commissioner of the League of Nations at Danzig I beg to thank you and the American ReHef Administration for the work you have done in the Free City to feed the poor chil- dren during a period when it w^as so urgently required. Had it not been for the aid given by your Administration and by the generous people of America who provided a great part of the necessary funds, many children would have died from want and from the diseases which accompanied it.

It is a matter of satisfaction to me and I am sure to the League of Nations, that the local authorities of the Free City by their good administration enabled the children to benefit to the full from your endeavours to deal with the many cases of distress amongst children in the Free City, and thus there was no waste of effort.

Everyone who is acquainted with your methods of carrying on this great scheme of beneficence, is full of admiration for the effective, economic, and sympathetic system which you have adopted.

You have gone about your work without advertisement, and with the single purpose of saving children from disease and death through inadequate nourishment. Assistance has been given to all undernourished children without distinction as to class, and many families who were in prosperous circumstances before the war have benefited by your Administration.

If it is possible I should like you to convey to the kind Ame- rican people who have subscribed the money to enable you to carry on your w^ork, my thanks as High Commissioner, and to assure them that I am certain that the League of Nations, to whom I shall communicate the results of your work, will be anxious to add their own appreciation.

I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient Servant,

(Signed) R. Haking

• High Commissioner, League of Nations,

Free City of Danzig

TO: Chief of Mission, Free City of Danzig, American Relief Admi- nistration European Children's Fund.

I

DANZIG AND AMERICAN FIRST-AID TO POLAND

Danzig, the quaint Hanseatic city which Germany had treated as a stepchild in order to foment the development of her sister port, Koenigs- berg, — Danzig which up to 1914 had never been able to boast of handling more than 600,000 tons of merchandise per year, mostly sugar and timber outgoing to England, Denmark, Norway, and Holland, — Danzig whose peaceful existence was disturbed only by the daily parade of the Uhlan garrison, the memorable visits of the Kaiser and the more frequent ones of the Crown Prince, — woke up on November II th, 1918, and found itself the gateway to newborn Poland arisen from the ruins of three empires.

South Side of FREE BASIN Unloading directly into cars.

Poland was like a man who has just been put together by a most won- derful process of grafting; he is whole, but requires assiduous attention and careful nourishing. And thus it was that Mr. Hoover decided to rush to Po- land about 300,000 tons of foodstuffs on credit, firstly in order to appease the hunger of the population, and secondly to hush the threatening grum- blings of those who were unable to find their bearings in the political chaos resulting from the war. During the six months following the Armistice, dozens of American ships crowded into the puny port of Danzig, with their valuable cargoes of flour, fats, and milk, which were discharged into cars scheduled to roll off the very same day towards hungry Poland, or were stuffed into warehouses when cars were insufficient, or were dumped into barges when every foot of waterfront was occupied. The Danzig ship- agents in their wildest dreams had never foreseen such a plethora of mer- chandise; now they beheld with dismay the small Free Basin with its scanty depth of 18 to 26 feet, its five 1 V2 ton cranes on its north side, and the di- lapidated wooden sheds flanking both the north and the south sides, trying to play the role of an international port.

DANZIG'S SCANTY PORT EQUIPMENT

In order to understand and appreciate the difficulties which beset the A. R. A. men who had been entrusted with the task of handling the thou- sands of tons of relief goods for Poland, it is necessary to study the lay-out of the Port of Danzig and examine a few salient figures about its rudiment- ary equipment.

Total length of the quays : 5.8 ^m (of which 4.8 km in stone).

Railway mileage within port territory: 17.58 ^m (cf. Hamburg 2] 3 km).

Total surface of port territory : 160,000 sq m.

Total water surface : 60,000 sq m.

Length of quays of Free Harbor: 1,300 m.

Total floor space of Warehouses in Free Harbor : 25,000 sq m.

Depth of Free Basin: 7.5 m.

Depth of Hafenkanal and Kaiserhafen : 8 m.

The Free Basin cannot accommodate more than six large ships at a time, always provided that their draught does not exceed 7 meters. It is true that the Vistula has a depth of over 8 meters in the middle, but the bed forms an abrupt curve sloping upward towards the quays, so that large ships must lie at a distance of 1 5 to 20 feet, thus rendering the discharging very difficult and expensive.

8

Danzig had never seen such a galaxy of ships as during the spring days of 1919. The 300,000 tons of foodstuffs shipped by the Grain Corpora- tion were consigned to the Polish Government cif., Danzig, and were re- ceived by PUZAPP (National Administration for Articles of First Neces- sity), which was virtually the Polish Food Administration, organized imme- diately after the Germans withdrew from Poland. The A. R. A. office in Danzig exercised primarily an adviso- ry control, although its word was law as to placing of ships, arrangements for discharging, disposition of cars, etc. As many as 120 cars rolled off toward Poland on a single day.

FIRST CHILDREN'S RELIEF IN POLAND

The reports of the American in- spectors induced the A. R. A. to be- gin special relief work among the chil- dren who, more than the adults, were feeling the effects of a long period of malnutrition. Between March and July, 1919, more than 15,000 tons of these relief commodities passed through Danzig, consisting as follows :

Commod	ities		Metric Tons
Wheat Flour .... 858. 183
Rice . . .				2,176.09!
Beans & Peas				2.887.763
Milk ...				6,276 432
Sugar .				1.643.010
Cocoa .				765.668
Bacon .				765.000
Soap				436.901
Cod Liver Oil				20.290
		Fo	tal	1 5.829.338

Port of Danzig.

CONTINUATION OF CHILD RELIEF

During his trip in August, Mr. Hoover realized that with the winter coming on, Poland would be ill fit to take care of the thousands of under- nourished children who had been kept alive thanks to American help. Upon his recommendation, therefore, it was decided to continue the good work until the following spring. The first steamer, the „Yseel", arrived in October from London, carrying 600 tons of sugar, 12,886 cases evaporated milk, 29,634 cases of condensed milk, and 1 ,232 bales of clogs, woollen cloth, stockings, needles, thread, buttons, etc. The steamer was closely followed by the S/S „Reval" and the S/S „E. H. Stinnes" with a combined cargo of 246 tons of sugar, 21,000 cases evaporated milk, 25,185 cases condensed milk, 122 tons of lard substitute, 7,802 cases of soap, together with 427 bales of clogs, woollens, and accessories. The relief work had begun in real earnest. In view of the pressing need in Poland an effort was made to discharge all cargoes directly from the ships into cars. All the clothing was addressed to Warsaw, while the foodstuffs were distributed among the fifteen regional warehouses in Poland, in compliance with dispositions re- ceived from the Warsaw Mission. Full credit is due to the Polish Organiza- tion PUZAPP, which gave to the A. R. A. their full measure of co-opera- tion, often working far into the night in order to despatch the cars bound for the hungry and naked children.

The clothing shipments were the source of infinite trouble. The Free City Government had not yet been definitely established and Police con- trol was naturally inadequate. This fact, coupled with the general condi- tions of restlessness prevailing especially in these parts of Europe, tended to make the stevedores insolent and rebellious. In open defiance of the police officers they ripped open bales, smashed cases, slashed bags, stuf- fing their pockets and blouses with flour, tins of milk, and yards of cloth. PUZAPP organized a special detective bureau to catch the offenders and bring them to judgment.

SHIPMENTS FOR OTHER RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS

Along with the A. R. A. shipments, the Danzig Office looked after the consignments arriving in behalf of the other Relief Organizations oper- ating in Poland, such as the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., the American Friends, and the J. D. C. Each organization thought its commodities the most urgently needed, and clamoured for priority in shipment, little realiz- ing the difficulties which had to be overcome.

10

HARBOR CONGESTION IN EARLY 1920

The serious trouble started in February, 1920, simultaneously with the beginning of the A. R. A. W. operations. The clothing campaign in Poland was in full swing, and the five thousand bales which arrived during that month had to be despatched with the utmost speed in order to reach the shivering children before the winter was over. At that time the Polish Gov- ernment was importing thousands of tons of grain and flour. Every foot of water frontage was occupied ; often ships had to lie in the roads one and

The Free Basin filled to capacity. All these ships are laden with A. R. A. food.

two days before securing a berth ; many of them had to be discharged in the stream, the cargo being dumped into barges w^here it lay for days and weeks. For instance, the A. R. A. W. milk ex „Valacia" and „Vasconia" lay stored in barges for two months before it could be taken out. Three trains per day did not suffice to relieve the congestion ; the Danzig Harbor with its primitive unloading equipment and limited railway facilities could not cope with the situation.

WAREHOUSING FACILITIES

Danzig's limited pre-war trade did not require the spacious warehous- ing accommodations of a world port, such as Hamburg and Rotterdam. Wooden sheds on the north and south sides of the Free Basin took ample care of the miscellaneous merchandise; as for the grain shipments there were Anker's Grain Elevator on the Hafenkanal, with a capacity of ca. 5,000 tons and the modern silos of the Westpreussische Landwirtschaft on the Holm Island capable of holding 10,000 tons. In order to meet the de-

The RUSSENHOFS.

Notefthe four electrically driven elevators. Discharging from cars.

mands of the sugar trade, Wieler and Hardtmann had built two large, fireproof warehouses on the Weichselbahnhof, with electrically driven ele- vators for conveying sackgoods from cars to the top floor, whence they could be distributed to any part of the building by means of spiral chutes. Un- fortunately for the A. R. A., these elevators had been built for outgoing trade and were of no use for discharging steamers. But they proved of in- finite value during the periods of congestion, when there was a shortage

12

of empties, or when the PoHsh regional depots were amply protected and shipments from Danzig had to be suspended.

The A. R. A. W. commodities were housed in ..Primus", a one-storey brick structure on the Hafenlcanal, with a capacity of over 4,000 tons, with railway sidings' but twenty feet away and about 1 50 feet from the water- front.

The spiral chutes for sack goods in the RUSSENHOFS.

EFFECTS OF THE BOLSHEVIK INVASION

In 1919, the Polish Government had been farsighted enough to take over part of the sheds on both sides of the Free Basin, as well as the row of favorably situated warehouses along the Hafenkanal, together with the Russenhofs. When the Bolsheviks invaded Poland, resulting in the tempo- rary disorganization of the childfeeding program in that country, rail ship- ments were at a complete standstill for practically two months. Stocks had been accumulating ever since the danger had loomed in the east, several thousand tons poured in from America and Hamburg, along with about 80,000 cases of milk; PUZAPP was making frantic efforts to rush flour and

13

other supplies for the use of the retreating Polish army ; some small ship- ments of ammunition for Poland were the subject of a bitter controversy between the Free City and the Polish representatives; the unruly element in Danzig, particularly the harbor workmen, emboldened by the successes of the Bolsheviks, turned decidedly „red", to such a degree that often their insolence verged on mutiny. To make matters worse, the food situation in the Free City became acute, because Poland, which supplied Danzig with regular quotas of flour and potatoes, could not very well fulfil its obligations

During the Bolshevik invasion. Shipments to Poland were impossible ; storing com- modities transferred from the Free Basin by cars. Over 10,000 tons of sack goods and 3000 tons of milk, lard etc. were crammed into the Russenhofs.

during those abnormal days. As the stevedores emptied the ships laden with flour, milk, and other food which they knew were intended for the Polish children, they gnashed their teeth and muttered threats and impre- cations. Bands of hoodlums gathered late in the evening before the ware- houses teeming with A. R. A. suppHes. Primus, crammed with about 4,000 tons of A. R. A. W. milk, bacon, corned beef, etc., was the special object of ominous comments; armed guards patrolled the precincts of this ware- house and the Russenhofs.

14

SPOILED MILK

The S/S „Havel II." which arrived from Hamburg on July 14-th pro- ved to be a Pandora's box. About 1 ,000 cases of condensed milk from this steamer were stored in Johannes Ick's shed. On a fateful morning, the store- keeper was greeted by an unpleasant odour and noticed that a sticky, white substance oozed from the stack of cases and literally covered the floor of the warehouse. Loud reports as of bursting hand grenades resound- ed intermittently.

Upon investigation he discovered that milk was actually gushing forth from tins which had burst, presumably as a result of the heat. The cases were immediately restacked and those which showed signs of spoilage opened and the tins segregated into four categories : sound, slightly blown, strongly blown, and burst.

This parcel seemed to have established a bad precedent for the other consignments w^hich followed in quick succession, and before the summer was over 10,763 cases had arrived in Danzig in a more or less tainted con- dition. Every single case had to be opened and the contents divided into the four classes obove mentioned. A careful chemical analysis determined that the milk in the slightly blown tins was still fit for human consumption provided it could be used immediately. Consequently such tins were re- packed and shipped without delay. On the other hand the contents of the strongly blown tins had so deteriorated that they could be used only for fattening animals. Needless to say, when a tin had burst open its contents had completely lost their value as food.

The segregation of the 516,624 tins was a laborious and often unplea- sant task. The badly spoiled milk had to be completely isolated, especially as its offensive odour pervaded the entire warehouse and threatened to taint the cocoa and other foodstuffs stored therein. At times cases with slightly blown tins had to be reopened and re-examined because further deterioration had developed so rapidly that it was dangerous to use the milk for childfeeding. In all 2,663 cases were condemned and sold at public auction, either for account of the milk manufacturers, when the period of the guarantee had not yet expired, otherwise for account of the A. R. A.

SHIPMENTS RESUMED

When the tide turned in favor of the Polish army, early in August, the childfeeding machinery in Poland was immediately reassembled, so that urgent shipments from Danzig were imperative. The first task was to rush

15

over 1,000 tons of flour to Modlin. However, Poland had mobilized all available cars for its supreme military effort, so that Danzig's supply of empties was very meagre indeed. As the Vistula was still running pretty full, the situation was saved by using barges. The critical conditions in Po- land necessitated the increasing of the childfeeding program from 500,000 to 900.000 during the fall and up to 1,300,000 during the winter of 1920—21, so that a constant stream of supplies had to be kept up.

From then on the car situation improved apace, so that shipments could be effected with no special difficulty. In connection with the Polish

^H

After the Bolshevik tide turned-Discharging into cars and barges at the same time.

clothing program of 1920 — 21, the same problems presented themselves as during the fall of 1919, only somewhat more vexatious. The next snag was struck in the spring, — the eternal car question. The Polish Government was importing thousands of tons of saltpeter and other chemical fertilizers in order to rehabilitate its agriculture. These shipments took precedence over all other goods, and at times it was only by threatening to sever rela- tions that PUZAPP placed cars for the childfeeding supplies. The Warsaw Mission, as well as the American Technical Mission, at times co-operated in solving the transportation problem.

16

1921 - 22 CLOTHING PROGRAM

Following the favorable harvest of 1921 childfeeding in Poland was rapidly reduced from the maximum of 1 ,300,000 down to 500,000; therefore the stream of supplies from Danzig became proportionately weaker. But the A. R. A. had undertaken a vast clothing relief program. The woollen cloth began to arrive as early as July, followed in quick succession by hun- dreds of cases of shoes, buttons, etc. On October 19 th, the last parcel arriv- ed, making approximately a total of 300,000 pairs of shoes, 350,000 pairs of stockings, and cloth from which the Warsaw Mission manufactured about 300,000 overcoats.

END OF SHIPMENTS TO POLAND

The Polish relief work was coming to an end just as the stupendous task of relieving famine-stricken Russia began. From August on, all efforts were bent on rushing supplies to that country by way of the upper Baltic ports, so that shipments to Poland assumed a secondary importance. Be- fore withdrawing entirely and turning the childfeeding over to the Polish Committee, the A. R. A made a final donation of 480 tons of milk The arrival of the S/S „Brake" on June 26 th, 1922, with the last lot of this gift, marked the closing chapter of the history of the Danzig Port Mission. The relief work in Poland was over; the shipments for Russia were being sent directly to the Baltic ports ; Danzig's role in the magnificent work of the A, R. A. was at an end, except for several minor shipments of foodstuffs for the Polish and Danzig Intelligentsia Program November 1922 — June 1923.

11

SHIPMENTS TO THE BALTIC MISSIONS

Toward the end of January, 1921, an urgent telegram from London ordered a rush shipment to Reval and Libau. Two steamers were charter- ed and the loading effected with the utmost speed under most trying weat- her conditions. The S S „Mietzing", 700 gr registored tons, carried a deck- load of over 2,000 cases of milk and steamed out of the harbor accompanied by the most fervent godspeed and prayers to Neptune. It is true that the cases were well lashed, but great fears w^ere entertained that the rough win- ter seas would play havoc with them. Fortunately, as the w^ater washed

17

Over the deck, a thick, firm coating of ice was formed, encasing the entire deckload.

Ten such shipments were made. In each instance, the policy was fol- lowed of chartering the vessel and loading it without the intervention of a broker, so that the lowest possible rates were secured.

Commodities shipped to Baltic Ports

Cocoa . Sugar . . . Flour . . . Beans & Peas Rice . . . Evaporated Milk Condensed Milk Lard ....

Oil

Miscellaneous .

Total

Metric Tons	Bal<	;s & Cases
87.617		—
238,180		—
1.917.254		—
362.078		—
768,216		—
—		39.409 13.914

105.834 76,106

678

3.555.285

54.001

III

SHIPMENTS TO RUSSIA

a) By Water

The urgent appeal from the Riga Conference of August, 1921, for im- mediate shipment to Riga in order to begin the „big job" in Russia, came like the supreme clap of thunder in a storm. Just then the S/S „Neva" was being loaded with 1,200 tons for the Baltic Missions; the S/S ..Guernsey", ^Panama" and „West Kedron" were in port with 60,000 cases of milk and 7,000 tons of sack goods ; about a thousand cases of shoes w^ere lying about the harbor waiting to be shipped to Poland. But there was no time for hesitation, since the message expressly stated that the reputation of the A. R. A. depended on the speed w^ith which the supplies would be forward- ed. On August 21 St the call came; on the 23rd the motor-sailer „Annen" of 600 tons began loading, and on the 25 th it glided out of the harbor with a cargo of 192 tons of sugar and 408 tons of rice. This was the vanguard of a number of shipments which followed in quick succession. On the 30 th the S/S „Bolores" sailed with 1,135 tons, on September 3-rd went the S/S

18

„Planet" with 760 tons, and the S/S „Oberpresident Delbrueck" followed in the wake on September 6 th with over 1,300 tons.

Rushing the first food to famins-stricken Russia. Steamer loading for Riga (right)

and barge unloading (left) at the Russenhofs. Danzig sent the first relief supplies

to Russia. The motor-sailer ANNEN arrived in Riga Aug. 25 th, 1921.

The little port of Danzig played an important role in mobilizing the

first supplies for the big Russian relief campaign.

Commodities shipped %m ^ ■ t /-

^"^ Metric 1 ons Cases

to Russian Unit

Cocoa 253,708 —

Sugar 1,878,131 —

Flour 7,938.535 —

Beans & Peas ..... 1,810.629 —

Rice 1.849,792 —

Corngrits 1,458,197 —

Bacon 11,659 —

Evaporated Milk ... — 166.004

Condensed Milk ... — 45.830

Lard 255.296 —

Oil 161.782 —

Miscellaneous .... — 2,535

Total: 15.617.729 214.369

19

b) Shipments to Russia by Rail

The next big task came in the early days of 1922 when Congress plac- ed at the President's disposal funds for the purchase of corn, seed grain, and milk for relief in Russia. The elevators of Anker and of the Westpreus- sische Landwirtschaft mentioned above had handled thousands of tons of grain from Poland and Pomerania before the war. Why not the Russian corn? This information was passed on to London who promised Danzig a share in the job. The original plan was that the corn would be discharged

Anker's grain elevator on the Hafenkanal used for the corn schipments to Russia

in Danzig, bagged, and reshipped by water to the Baltic ports. By this time, however, rail transportation in Poland had so improved, that direct ship- ments from Danzig to the Russian border, through Poland, were not only feasible, but sure and expeditious. The Polish Railway Direction in Danzig offered its hearty co-operation. This suggestion was eagerly taken up by the London Office and within a few days, Danzig, Warsaw and Moscow made arrangements whereby complete trains w^ould leave Danzig, via War- saw and Baranowice to the border station of Stolpce, where the Soviets

20

were to keep a sufficient number of empties for the transshipments. The Polish Government granted free transportation to all these supplies, and the Danzig Senate likewise remitted the Diet Tax of 3^/^%, which was im- posed on all freight passing through the Free City Territory.

Owing to the unusually severe winter, the entrances to the Baltic were completely frozen for a number of days; consequently the S S „West Cha- tala", which had leff Baltimore on January 21 st with 6,361 tons of corn, did not put into Danzig until March 1 st. Part of the cargo was discharged into Anker's Elevator and the balance into the Silos on the Holm Island. Over 82,000 sacks arrived with the corn, but they were so torn and weak that less than one half could be used. Work went on feverishly day and night in the attempt to make up the demurrage which the steamer had accumu- lated on account of the ice.

On March 4th, the first train, „ America 1", rolled out of Danzig at 3,45 p. m., arriving safely in Stolpce five days after.

The scheme had proved a success. By this time, the upper Baltic ports, which had been ice-bound, became accessible, and so there was no further necessity of diverting the corn cargoes to Danzig. But as the Reval- and Riga-Moscow railway was being worked to full capacity, the Danzig-Stolp- ce route was used to relieve the pressure as late as June 30 th,. when the last train, „America 48", marked the finish of this activity of the Danzig Port Mission.

Danzig also purchased and shipped by this route 706 chests of tea for the Russian Food Remittance program.

SHIPMENTS TO RUSSIA BY RAIL

Commodities Metric Tons

Cocoa 355.659

Sugar 1,519.272

Milk Evap 28.729

Milk & Rice 33.701

Flour 13.020.229

Beans 27.687

Peas 58.377

Rice 2,73 .\642

Corngrits 154.426

Corn 6.344.951

Lard Substitute . . . . 1,712.821

Biscuits 19.207

Tea . 25.462

Oil ■ . 10.487

Total: 26,049,650

2)

IV DELIVERIES TO THE QUAKERS

Late in 1920, the American Friends began childf ceding in the Free City and later also in Koenigsberg and Elbing, East Prussia. Deliveries to these kitchens were made from the Danzig stocks upon authorisation from the London Office.

From E. C. F. Stocks :

Cocoa Beans Evap. Milk Rice .... Lard Substitute

3,%2 kilos 16.849 „ 40.056 .. 14.261 „ 10.375 ..

85,503 kilos From A. R. A. W. Stocks:

Rice 2.225 kilos

V AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION WAREHOUSES

Danzig's part in the A. R. A. W. food draft scheme, which was begun early in 1920, was two-fold: the delivery of food packages in the Free City territory, and, — the more important one — the discharging, storing and re- shipping of the commodities for the draft business in Poland.

LOCAL DELIVERIES

Through the kindness of the Danzig Senate, a spacious warehouse in the heart of the city was placed at the disposal of the Danzig Mission, en- tirely free of charge. Packages were made up in „ Primus", — the A. R. A. W. warehouse on the Hafenkanal, and transported to Danzig by means of trucks. The package operation in a tiny country of less then 300,000 inha- bitants cannot be compared with those of Hamburg, Vienna, etc. But in pro- portion to the population, Danzig delivered probably more packages than any of the larger missions.

STATEMENT OF PACKAGE DELIVERIES

A. B. C. D.

Total Packages delivered from

April, 1920, to July. 1921 1.375 205 132 12

Total Value | 13,750 | 10.250 | 1,320 1 600

22

Occasionally the scheme was the object of bitter personal attacks from individuals, and even newspapers, especially after food conditions had con- siderably improved. But on the whole, the benefits were fully recognized, and the Danzig authorities never failed to give their whole-hearted support.

Making up A- R. A. W packages in the warehouse PRIMUS.

SHIPMENTS TO POLAND

The A.R. A.W. cargoes and the evacuations to Poland were handled in the same manner as those of the A. R. A. E. C. F., with the added feature that the delicious bacon, the tinned lard and corned beef were the object of special covetousness on the part of the stevedores. When a parcel of ba- con was expected, the news spread like wildfire throughout the entire har- bor community, and the most rigorous measures had to be adopted to prevent pilferages. By far the most vexatious problem was the handling of the oil in 5-gallon tins. All recommendations to stevedores to use special care in unloading the cases fell on deaf ears. The seams of the bulky tins often cracked, and the precious fluid poured in streams. Practically all of the cases had to be opened, and most of the tins resoldered.

23

VI INTELLIGENTSIA RELIEF

On March 12 th, 1921, the glad tidings were received from the London Office that the sum of $ 9,752,84 was placed by the Commonwealth Fund at the disposal of the Danzig Mission for distribution of food among the needy Intelligentsia. Under the auspices of the Department of Public Wel- fare and Charities, a committee was organized, which finally established the distribution on the following basis :

Danzig proper 70%

Zoppot 10%

District of Danziger Hoehe . 12%

„ „ Niederung 2%

„ Grosser Werder . 6%

The last three districts comprise the agricultural section of the Free City, and were consequently in less need.

The equivalent of 260 B-packages were delivered to the Committee, representing the following commodities :

Flour ....	. . 16.511	kilos
Rice ....	. . 5,910	„
Cocoa ....	. . 390	„
Sugar ....	. . 1,560	„
Bacon A • . .	. . 1,887	„	520 slab
Lard A . . .	. . 1.769	•I	780 tins
Corned Beef	. . 1.415	„	520 „
Evap. Milk . •	. . 321	cases

the committee received them ex warehouse and paid transportation and all subsequent handling charges. The entire personnel for the distribution, as well as space, etc., were loaned by the Senate.

Plight of the intellectual cl^ss. — In February, 1921, an investigation brought out the fact that in the Free City there were about 650 persons with an average income of about 1 ,000 marks per year (less than fifteen dol- lars), mainly widows or daughters of professors, artists, and other pro- fessional men. A second class comprised approximately 2,300 families whose yearly income did notee xceed 600 marks (ten dollars) in most cases. These latter were mostly retired higher officials, — of which Danzig w^as full, — or their widows and children. Before the war they enjoyed social and in- tellectual distinction ; now in their adversity, they felt too proud to apply for public charity and preferred to sell first all their valuables and furniture, piece by piece, and then to starve in secret. But in receiving this gift, their pride was not humbled, because it represented the goodwill of the Ameri-

24

can people, who had been the first of the beUigerent nations to bury the hatchet and extend a helping hand to both friend and foe.

Delivering the first Intelligentsia package. Before the war this woman enjoyed social

distinction and wealth.

In all, 1,417 cases were considered, mostly professors, teachers, cler- gymen, officers, lawyers, and musicians, or their widows and orphans; a few very needy students of the Technical School were also included.

Danzig Zoppot Outside Total

Professors & Widows 2 I — 3

Teachers „ „ 228 33 11 272

Clergymen „ 35 1 12 48

Officers „ „ 83 3 2 88

Lawyers 9 — — 9

Musicians 62 I — 63

Students . 56 — — ' 56

Retired sea-Captains 48 — — • 48

City & State Officials-Retired . . 295 62 19 376

Merchant Widows 91 20 17 128

Technical Engineers • 30 1 — 31

Other professions 232 35 28 295

1,171 197 89 1,417

lb

COMMONWEALTH INTELLIGENTSIA RELIEF

Amount of Gift No of Beneficiaries Total Meals Meals per Person Cost of Meal I 9.752 84 3,351 122,964 37 0,08

NOTE: A meal was calculated at 1,000 calories.

Intelligentsia packages ready for delivery.

TYPICAL LETTER OF THANKS RECEIVED

„We, inhabitants of the Hospital HI. Leichnam (institute for aged and destitute teachers), thank you very much and from whole heart for your generosity, begnignity, and endeavour. We are happy and we are glad so exceedingly of the rich and delicious present, which is a very great help in our distress and in this time of the regret for us.

The best wishes for your health and happiness!

God bless you and the gentlemen iQ America !"

Comment illuminating the last sentence: The „inhabitants" of the above Institute are all female.

26

VII

RUSSIAN FOOD REMITTACE SALES

The Free City had become the haven of hundreds of Russians who had fled from their mother country during the times of turmoil following the revolution. The Russian Food Remittance scheme afforded them the opportunity of aiding their dear ones left behind.

REMITTANCES SOLD

1921 December

1922 January . February March April . May . June , July . August September

Total

I 660 840 1.470 2.030 2,830 2.630 3.220 2.050 1.250 1.300

NOTE: Refunds | 60.

$ 18,280

Some small remnants of shipments to Danzig were stolen by ships* crews. The food was recovered in Koenigsberg and delivered to the jjMittelstand" kitchen there.

27

VIII CHILDFEEDING

The small territory allotted to Danzig as ..hinterland" by the treaty of Versailles was incapable of supporting the entire population: therefore Po- land bound itself to deliver periodically certain amounts of staple foodstuffs such as flour, potatoes, and eggs, in return for the privileges she secured. But political and economic conditions, especially resulting from the Bolshe- vik invasion of 1920, made it impossible for Poland to fulfil its obligations

Early morning in the courtyard of the WIEBENKASERNE. The ..field kitchens* about

to leave for the schools.

in a full measure, so that at times the food situation in the Free City was quite critical. The rations allowed on the cards were meagre ; foodstuffs obtainable through the ..back door" commanded fancy prices, far beyond the reach of the bulk of the population which was composed mainly of small property holders and officials rendered jobless by the change in the political status of Danzig.

28

The local government made several appeals to the A. R. A. ; it was particularly painful for the Danzigers to see thousands of tons of flour and countless cases of milk pass through their port and shipped off to feed the Polish children, while their own children were feeling the same pangs of hunger. At the conference held in Berlin in September, 1920, it was deci- ded that the Quakers would include Danzig in their German childfeeding program.

An aged driver. His two grandchildren will get a share of the cocoa and

porridge.

Within less than a month the actual work began. Of the 26,000 school children examined, more than 10,000 were found to be decidedly under- nourished. But the Quaker program provided only for 7,400, so that over 2,000 who, according to the Rohr Index showed a variation of at least lO'/o below normal, had to be excluded. Incidentally, the Rohr Index was found inadequate for the Danzig children, whose average stature is somewhat be- low that of those of Middle and Western Germany, — the purely Germanic type. Care was also taken of 245 expectant and nursing mothers.

The cooking for Danzig proper was done in a central kitchen in the former Infantry Barracks, the Wiebenkassrne, while the outlying towns of

29

Oliva, Zoppot, and St. AlbrecKt had their own small kitchen. All the form- er military equipment served a good purpose, thanks to which it was pos- sible to prepare 6,000 rations and transport them to the furthest sections of the city, and enable as many children in the 69 schools to enjoy the warm, nourishing cocoa, porridge, etc. during the period of recess, and thus cause no interruption in the regular school schedule.

In a schoolyard. Arrival of the ..field kitchen"

SAMPLE MENU FOR A WEEK

Monday: Cocoa with Sweet Roll .....

Tuesday: Rice soup with beans or vegetables,

and Bread

Wednesday: Milk or Flour Soup with Sweet Roll

Thursday: Cocoa with Sweet Roll

Friday: Rice Milk with Sweet Roll ....

Saturday: Bean Soup with Bread

Total: 1.166.6

	Calorific
Grams	Value
197.6	662
181,1	681
202.1	712
196.6	659
197.1	632
192.1	730

4,076

30

The political inciependence of the Free City having been definitively established, the A. R. A. took over the childfeeding work from the Quak- ers in April, 1921. Conditions had perceptibly improved. The economic progress in Poland made itself felt in the Free City; foodstuffs became more plentiful ; the increased traffic in the port afforded work to many thou- sands ; above all, the population had partly regained its composure lost du-

Zero weather outside. The steaming cocoa fortifies these boys against the cold.

ring the stormy days of 1920, and had seriously set itself to work. There- fore with the beginning of the new school period in August, the childfeed- ing program was considerably reduced, beginning with 2,300 school chil- dren from August to October, increasing to 3,300 during November and December, and to 4,000 during the winter months; 400 supplementary rations were allowed to the institutions for crippled children, and to or- phanages. •

31

THE GOVERNMENT'S SHARE IN THE FEEDING PROGRAM

In conformity with the A. R. A's policy the Danzig Government con- tributed its share, firstly by supplying all the flour and sugar, and secondly by paying all the operation expenses as well as all charges for unloading, handling, and transporting the A. R. A. foodstuffs. About oneand a half million marks (equivalent to $ 1 5,000) were appropriated for this purpose.

The ..kiddies" of the St. Josephsheim, — about 200 of them. Many have no parents and the others receive but little or no parental care.

LOCAL COMMITTEE CONTINUES FEEDING

Towards the middle of April the feeding was discontinued, although the A. R. A. donated to the Local Committee the balance of stocks on hand besides delivering another two months' rations on the basis of 4,000, to coincide with the closing of the childfeeding program in Poland on June I St., 1922.

FOODSTUFFS TURNED OVER TO LOCAL COMMITTEE

Kilos Cases

Cocoa . 508 —

Evap Milk — 250

• Rice 2.500 —

Peas & Beans .... 2.500 —

Lard Sub 1.556 —

») Flour 8.168 —

•) Sugar 43 —

•) The Senate supplied the flour and sugar, for the entire operation.

32

In view of the approaching school vacation and because in summer the need is decidedly less pressing, the Committee thought it advisable to suspend the work altogether and resume it in the fall. The Senate voted a credit of 500,000 marks (approximately | 2,000) with which the Com- mittee purchased sufficient foodstuffs to carry on the feeding from No- vember, 1922, to March, 1923, on the basis of 4080 children.

March 17.. 1923.

The last A. R. A. car to leave Danzig. Loading corngrits

for the Intelligentsia program in Poland.

33

A. R. A. DIGEST OF STOCK AUDIT FROM

Commodities

r r I V a 1 s

Evacuations

S V ^

O ki ?

h 0 o

U. U. CO

Kilos.

Overages

and Shortages as

per Outturn

(9 •" O V

H Q

Kilos.	0/ /o
- 6373	-0.19
- 20664	-041
— 74 236	- 0 50
- 60287	-0.75
- 94 781	-0.26
+ 3208	+ 0.29
-101 155	-0.57
— 40977	- 0.25
+ 7 936	+ 0.17
- 063	-0.01
- 7 244	— 0.53
— 10777	-0.18
- 3575	-0.90
- 3607	— 3.00
— 146	-0.20
- 46	-0.10
- 286	-0.30
— 54650	-0.70

Kil<

.2* —

jC « o en OS H

Jos

0. « .Si

Cl *^ *j -- BJ —

en ? OQ

KiU

Kile

Cocoa . . . .

Sugar

Evap. Milk . . •

Cond. Milk . . .

Flour

Peas

Beans

Rice

Lard Substitute

Lard Bulk . . .

Oil

Corngrits & Cornfl.

Soap

Bacon

Corned Beef ■ .

Clothing, in bales & cases

G. C. Evap. Milk .

G. C. Corn

1 922 986

5029 195

14 856 568

8010313

36062 000

1102 016

17661984

16C64 587

4 822 998

327 418

1 259 502

5822 599

396 725

121 981

72 689

27 672

86 787

6361626

1 919 349

5008 531

14 782 332

7980 026

35967 219

1105 224

17 560 829

16523 610

4 830 934

327 355

1 252 258

5811822

393 150

118 374

72 543

27 626

86 501

6 306 976

1256 414 1 225 220

10 229 531 7 123043

13041144

954 840

15 234 844

11 129085 2966 711

319 664

1002 336

4 245 945

327 450

102 254

37 878

22 603

79 392

313112

748 437

281 276

1225114

360 246

1 051 842

147163

76160

16500

65 297

120539 646

-464987

120074 659 jl 69218 962 , 4364 539

NOTE: G. C. means Grain Corporation.

34

E.C.I. OCTOBER 14 th

1919 TO JUNE 30 th 1922

		E	vacua	t i o n
Shipped by Rail To Russia	Shipped by Water To Hamburg	Delivered To Local Comit- tee Danzig	Q S IS 1 Harbour 5 2 0 Shortages and Over- •2: •« 00 1	Sales Damaged Commodit.	0 t
Kilos.	Kilos.	Kilos.	Kilos.	Kilos.	%	Kilos.	Kilos.
565 686	—	10 588	3 962	—	3 259	-0.17	048	1919 349
3458 344	-	2 653	—	—	2 006	— 0.04	7 196	5 008 531
3632 798	—	104 248	40 056	—	26 286	-0.18	976	14 782 332
490 542	—	17 841	—	-	15 670	+ 0.20	50 654	7 980 026
21 647 901	—	30 954	—	+	38 955	+ 0,08	61061	35 967 219
142 383	—	7 915	—	+	142	+ 0.01	228	1 105 224
1 795 365	—	39 292	16 849	+	16 898	-f 0,10	131131	17 560 829
4217137	—	2 872	14 261	—	38 219	-0.23	70 194	16 523 610
1 691 202	—	16 643	10 375	+	1 160	+ 0.03	—	4 830 934
—	—	7 295	—	—	396	-0.01	—	327 355
170 889	—	748	—	—	2125	-0.16	~	1 252 258
1 620 947	—	—	—	+	100118	+ 1.70	45 048	5 811822
46 325	—	—	—	—	2 875	-0.70	—	393 150
8 921	—	3 717	—	—	3 482	— 2,90	—	118 374
—	32 715	1632	— '	—	318	-0.44	—	72 543
5 015	—	—	—	—	8	- 0,03	—	27 626
21204	—	—	—		—	—	—	86 501
6306 976	—	—	--		—	—	—	6 306 976
45 821635	32 715	246 398	85 503	+	61629		366536	120074 659 ■

35

A. R. A.

RECAPITULATION

Date	d 0 y o	u a bo 9			lour	• s s ^	o
	U	to	ui S	O S	u	O, .8	s,
	NMT	NMT	Cases	Cases	NMT	NMT	NMT
1919
October ....	—	600	12 886	29 634	—	—	—
November . . .	—	246	21000	25185	—	—	—
December	—	—	—		1682	1400	—
1920
January ....	—	566	29 765	76 824	1986	5 244	2 207
February .			52	—	27 431	61894	—	—	1002
March . .			151	—	35636	26413	—	—	566
April . .			102	—	10 333	—	—	—	461
May . .			—	—	26 318	23695	—	889	—
June . .			—	—	2 999	7 000	—	243	—
July. . .			152	—	4000	17 687		768	—
August			152	—	2000	5 898		72	—
September			—	—	—	12100	—	—	—
October .			—	—	—	35 401	—	342	—
November			—	2	—	—	—	—	—
December			—	—	—	8179	—	—	800
1921
January ....	127	—	74 095	24 987	4 544	3966	80
February .			—	—	12 976	—	1354	—	1211
March .			—		38 915	—	18	—	430
April . .			142	— '	13 885	—	689	53	549
May . .			143	40	91 122	11948	749	2156	1558
June			76	—	5 459	10 491	1 110	—	307
July . .			254	50	46 996	10 577	1000	475	1592
August			—	200	46998	18183	2 016	1788	2 341
September			—	1006	—	2 882	2811	567	—
October .			100	410	47p27	11999	1511	—	—
November			118	380	60 966	—	3 474	128	890
December			—	—	44 526	—	—	—	—
1922
January ....	45	• —	1308	—	—	575	.—
February .			—	—	(G.C) 3006	1 100	—	—	—
March .			309	404	3 700	__	5178	71	434
April . .			—	729	(G.C.) 980	—	6 590	27	1007
May . .			—	396	—	.._	1285	—	1 130
June . .			—	—	21998	—	65	—	—
			1923	5 029	686 325	422 077	36062	18 764	16 565

36

E. C. F.

OF ARRIVALS

1^	T3 J4
NMT	NMT

o

NMT

C o

O o

o u

NMT

CQ

NMT

U

T3 <* * « CO *

O « 0

U CQ g

Cases

S u

o U O

Kilos


122	—	—	—
491	—	—	862
771	—	—	613
—	—	203	—
88	—	»	—
45	—	—	—
—	17	—	—
—	293	105	—
—	17	191	—
202	—	144	—
202	—	—	1016
199	—	161	51
209	—	161	407
249	— .	105	210
387	—	190	762
—	—	-	254
279			261
—	—	—	1228
149	"		—
374	—	—	—
1056	—	—	—
—	—	—	159
		—	—
4 823	327	1260	5 823

196

80 17 47 11

46

11799

72 360

37 822

1232

427

2135

7131 1 198 1300

110 198

1311

2 033

228

1369

59633

13 056

6 361626

397 121981

27 672 72 689

6 361 626 57

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40

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY, BERKELEY

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PAT. JAN 2t, 1308

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

^>i t^h^m'^ms'^.

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